India’s S & T Scenario Deepak Bhatnagar Indian Institute of Foreign Trade(IIFT)...

India’s S & T Scenario

Deepak Bhatnagar

Indian Institute of Foreign Trade(IIFT)

[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

“ It is an inherent obligation of a great country like India, with its traditions of scholarship and original thinking and its great cultural heritage to participate fully in the march of science, which is probably mankind’s greatest enterprise today.”

Jawaharlal Nehru

Nehru’s dream of inculcating a ‘scientific temper’ –

• Brought to reality by scientists like Homi Bhabha, Vikram Sarabhai and other pioneers.

• They laid the foundations on which modern India has built institutions and enterprises in the field of Science & Technology.

• Time and again, this is a domain that has emerged as one of excellence.

• India’s ‘knowledge assets’ are scientists and technologists turned – entrepreneurs.

• Increasingly these scientists are converting science as an ‘enterprise’-thereby projecting India's modern image.

SCIENTIFIC TEMPER

SCIENTIFIC TEMPER is one of the attributes that Pandit Nehru wanted all of us Indians to cultivate. This involves the application of logic and reasoning, and the avoidance of bias and preconceived notions in arriving at decisions, and becomes particularly valuable while deciding what is best for the community or the nation.

Discussion, argument and analysis are vital parts of scientific temper. It is thus necessarily open — admitting every point of view, however heterodox it might be, or where it comes from. Elements of fairness, equality and democracy are built-in. Two eloquent phrases characterise a group that practices scientific temper — internal pluralism and external receptivity.

INDIA’s S&T System and related DepartmentsMinistry of Science and Technology1. Department of Science and Technology (DST) 2. Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (DSIR-CSIR)3. Department of Biotechnology4. India Meteorological Department (IMD)5. Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES)

Other Scientific Departments1. Department of Atomic Energy (DAE)2. Department of Space (DOS-ISRO)3. Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)4. Ministry of Communications & Information Technology (MOCIT) - DIT5. Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF)6. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy7. Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)8. Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoepathy (AYUSH)

Socio-economic Departments (2% of budget allocated to R&D)1. Department of Steel2. Department of Coal (DOC)3. Ministry of Food Processing Industries (MFPI)4. Ministry of Power, Central Power Research Institute (CPRI)5. Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR)6. Petroleum Conservation Research Association (PCRA)

Higher Education1. University Grants Commission (UGC)2. All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE)

INDIAN S&T SYSTEM

Note: The figure shown against the bubble indicates percentage of R&D expenditure to Gross National Product (GNP)Line shown in the bubble indicates R&D expenditure in Rs. Crores.Year 1- 98-99, 2-99-00, 3=00-01, 4=01-02, 5=02-03, 6=03-04, 7=04-05, 8=05-06, 9=06-07, 10=07-08,11=11-12

0.78

0.7

0.76

0.85

0.81

0.80.84

0.89

.88

.89

.9

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

R&

D E

XP

EN

DIT

UR

E (

Rs

. Cro

res

)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

YEAR

NATIONAL R&D EXPENDITURE AND ITS PERCENTAGE TO GNP

Source: Battelle,R&DMagazine2012

R&D Expenditure as Percent of GDP

Source: http://www.nstmis-dst.org/rdeng.pdf

United States

China

Japan

Germany

South Korea

France

United KingdomIndia Canada Russia

2.7%

1.40%

3.3%

2.30%

3%

1.90%

1.7% 0.90%1.80% 1%

Global Perspective –R&D

• Positive macroeconomic outlook and attractive incentives stimulus lead R&D spending growth by almost 7% in 2011 to USD 1.3 trillion (Gross expenditure on R&D, purchasing power parity)

• Funding growth continues to be driven by Asia, with China emerging as the second largest country after US in R&D spending

• R&D growth in the medium term to be driven by innovation focused economies and countries with R&D spending less than 1% of the GDP (India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia)


India Perspective –R&D• India’s R&D expenditure augmented from USD 28billion in 2009 to

USD 36 billion in 2011,indicating a growth of over 25%• R&D expenditure in 2011 stood at USD 36 billion (PPP), accounting

for 0.9 % of the GDP. Industry sector accounts for 25% of the expenditure

• About 75% of the R&D is undertaken by the public sector, followed by private sector and universities

• Key R&D focus sectors include pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, IT/ITES, auto-components

• Number of R&D centres and talent pool have grown at a impressive rate of 14% CAGR from 2005 to 2010

• Recognizing the need for growth in competitiveness, employment and economy, the Government has declared 2010- 2020 as ‘decade of innovation’ giving impetus to R&D


R&D Spend Structure in India 2010

Government SpendRs. 53,044 Cr (75%)

Pvt. Sector SpendRs. 17,681 Cr (25%)

Source: FICCI

Spending on R&D –Top ten countries in 2011

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

UnitedStates

China Japan Germany SouthKorea

France UnitedKindom

India Canada Russia

USD

36

BLN

Source:Battelle,R&DMagazine2012

Global Perspective –Human Capital• Subsequent to a huge shift of economic growth and

opportunities to emerging economies, particularly in Asia, managing and retaining key talent has become important for sustainable growth. Organizations are having to rethink their talent pipeline and transform their HR function to deal with new priorities and risks

• The impact of technology and need for innovation continue to demand new skills in new places.A clear plan for global talent mobility alongside the development of strong local talent is vital. The paradigm shift has also brought new regulatory obligations, transformed our view of pay and incentives, and refocused our definition of employee engagement


India Perspective –Human Capital• For the Indian economy to grow annually at 8-9%, secondary and tertiary

sectors are required to grow at 10-11%, assuming agriculture grows at 4%. In such a scenario, focus on human capital becomes imperative as a large portion of the work force would migrate from the primary sector (agriculture) to the secondary and tertiary sectors

• •As of 2010- 11, India has one of the youngest populations in the world, with a median age of 25. Growth projections by United Nations Population Division indicate that over the next 30 years, India will have the largest working group population, in the age group of 15 to 64. Developed countries, on the contrary, will face a severe shortage of working age population during the same period

• With initiatives of the Government through NSDC and various other institutions, if the skill gaps are tapped, India has the potential to emerge as manpower surplus by about 47 million by 2020


Working age population in select countries (as % of total population)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

India China US UK Japan

2010

2050

Age in

year

Source:NSDC,UNESCO population division

11th Five Year Plan for Science & Technology (2007-12)

• Planning Commission set up a Steering Committee under the Chairmanship of Dr. R. Chidambaram, Principal Scientific Advisor to Govt. of India and included top scientists and secretaries of S&T Departments.

• Steering Committee further constituted 17 working groups : 6 from Central S&T Departments and remaining 11 from specific areas.

• An ambitious target set to have 2% expenditure of GDP on S&T.

Eleventh Five Year Plan Programme Outlays Departments XIth Plan

Budget (in Rs. Crores)

Xth Plan actual

(in Rs. Crores)

DAE 11,010 3,200

DBT 12,000 1,680

Earth Sciences 12,009 1636

DSIR/CSIR 18,733 3,089

DOS 36,750 11,502

DST 19,300 4,399

11th Five Year Plan for Science & Technology (2007-12)

Four main issues

1. Attracting young people to careers in science

2. Directed Basic Research

3. Cross-disciplinary Technology Areas

4. Leveraging International Collaboration

1. Attracting young people to careers in science

• 15 years career support programme

• Massive revitalisation of science education in universities

• Creation of new institutes/ universities

• Special support to science and engineering colleges

15 years Career Support ProgrammeUnder this proposed scheme attractive scholarships and nurture programmes from post Class XII to M.Sc./Ph.D.; and, assured employment after Ph.D. for at least 5 years should be offered to selected meritorious students for careers in research and development, university/ college teaching, etc., in basic sciences. This will have three phases of five years each.

Phase I Support to KVPY scholars, Medal Winners in Science Olympiads, top rankers in IITJEE examination, etc., who opt for science stream undergraduate and graduate education after 10+2 . A new scheme “Innovation of Science Pursuit for Inspired Research (INSPIRE)”has already been approved. (2009-10: 120,995 INSPIRE Awards given from Class V to X; 55 summer camps with 14000 INSPIRE Interns)

Phase IIFellowships after graduation for pursuing doctoral research, the emoluments, which towards the end of the Ph.D. programme should match the salary including allowances of the first job.

Phase III Appointment for 5 years after Ph.D. in an appropriate grade.

(Recommendation from S&T Steering Committee for the Eleventh Plan)

Massive revitalization of the Science Departments in the University system

Best teaching is done in a research environment. To bring quality science education to under graduate students, high quality 5–year integrated M.Sc. programmes may be started in those universities which have an established tradition for research. Further, these universities may be linked to leading research institutions in their proximity wherever possible.

University of Bombay is setting up a Centre of Excellence for Basic Science in collaboration with BARC/ TIFR.


Creation of new institutions

• Government has already approved creation of three new institutes, named Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research(IISER) at Pune, Kolkata and Chandigarh.

• A National Institute of Science and Research (NISER) operated by Dept. of Atomic Energy is also being set up at Bhubaneshwar.

• These institutions are intended to be world-class institutions offering integrated M.Sc courses.

• More such institutions are expected to come up during the 11th Plan.


Some Possibilities

• Participation in the INSPIRE programme• Joint research programmes with Ph.D scholars• Offering post doctoral fellowships• Suggest curriculum for specialised courses

particularly in the new institutions• Offer courses in selected thrust areas through

institutional collaboration• Network with tier-2 institutions-take up joint

research programmes• Help create research environment in engineering

colleges and universities

2. Directed Basic Research2. Directed Basic Research•In its execution, and in the requirement of no other deliverables than knowledge generation, it is no different from conventional basic research. So the University academics should be comfortable with this kind of research. •The selected areas are determined in a national perspective, just like in Technology Foresight. ‘Directed’ Basic Research may be in an area where the knowledge generation would benefit Indian Society in the long term, or it may be in area where the results of the research would benefit Indian Industry or our strategic interests in the long term

Courtesy: Dr. R. Chidambaram

““Directed”Directed” BasicBasic

ResearchResearch

Pre-Pre-CompetitiveCompetitive

Applied Applied ResearchResearch

AppliedAppliedResearchResearch

And And ProductProduct

DevelopmentDevelopment

Basic Basic ResearchResearch Type:Type:

Participation:Participation: Universities,Universities, National National LaboratoriesLaboratories

Universities, NationalUniversities, National Laboratories and Laboratories and

IndustryIndustry

IndustryIndustry

SocietalSocietalInterestInterest

IndustryIndustryInterestInterest

Varieties of Needed Research & Varieties of Needed Research & Development EffortsDevelopment Efforts

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-- --- ----

--------------------

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Industry-Industry-Consortium Consortium Mode(e.g.CAR)Mode(e.g.CAR)

The Department of Atomic Energy has been very successful in directing basic research to areas of relevance to their mandate and has benefited greatly from it.

Courtesy: Dr. R. Chidambaram

Some Typical Areas of Some Typical Areas of "Directed Basic Research""Directed Basic Research"

Can approach from both sides (Examples)

Societal InterestBasic Science behind Ayurveda (M.S. Valiathan)Health Related Macromolecular Crystallography (M. Vijayan)Megaprostheses implantsNanoelectronics Cyber Security (SETS)Automotive Electronics (CAR)

Industry/ Strategic InterestDirected Basic Research would prepare the students better

to join R&D Centres in Industry and participate in national societal

andstrategic programmes. Courtesy: Dr. R. Chidambaram

Some Possibilities

• Collaboration between research groups and institutions

• Identify areas of common interest for directed basic research

• Bring in industrial partners• Collaborate in developing models for

technology transfer to industries• Institutionalize the process/system

3. Cross-disciplinary Technology Areas

• Desalination and water purification technologies• Nutrition• Health care- medical devices and vaccines• Advanced computing• Advanced manufacturing• Robotics and automation• Combustion research• Sensors and integrated systems• Security technologies• Advanced functional materials


Focus Areas for Research in Electronics

• Robotics and Automation

• Sensors & Integrated Systems

• Terahertz (0.1 to 10 thz) technology

• TFT (Thin film transistor technology)

• VLSI testing and failure analysis

• Distributed sensors and networks

• Wireless technologies- transportation• Petaflop supercomputer (1015 floating point operations

per second)

Some Possibilities

• Identify common areas of interest for research

• Build institutional linkages and locate research groups

• Locate industrial partners

• Develop technology transfer mechanism

4. International R&D Collaboration4. International R&D Collaboration

Mega-science projectsMega-science projects

• The world’s largest accelerator – the Large The world’s largest accelerator – the Large Hadron Collider – is being built in the Centre for Hadron Collider – is being built in the Centre for European Nuclear Research(CERN) in Geneva – European Nuclear Research(CERN) in Geneva – a more than 2.5 Billion U.S. Dollars machine. a more than 2.5 Billion U.S. Dollars machine. India is contributing more than 25 Million U.S. India is contributing more than 25 Million U.S. Dollars – worth hi-tech equipment like a Dollars – worth hi-tech equipment like a thousand superconducting sextupole magnets, thousand superconducting sextupole magnets, etc. etc.

• India has now joined ITER – the International India has now joined ITER – the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor – Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor – programme as a full member.programme as a full member.

• These are mega-science projects. Mechanisms These are mega-science projects. Mechanisms like the Indo-US Forum and IBSA should be used like the Indo-US Forum and IBSA should be used for collaboration in other science and for collaboration in other science and technology areas.technology areas.

Leveraging International CooperationLeveraging International Cooperation

•International Cooperation to be sustainable, should be mutually beneficial. The Eleventh Plan Report for Science and Technology defines the areas of interest to India and this will be followed up by funding of leading research groups in various areas. International cooperation should be used for leveraging collaborating countries’ own efforts. •National priorities/needs to be kept in mind while concluding S&T cooperation.


Some Possibilities

• National programmes/ projects would already be in place. International partners would be welcome to join in.

• Can cover all areas/sectors from basic to applied sciences and directed basic research to industrial product development

India’s S & T Scenario Deepak Bhatnagar Indian Institute of Foreign Trade(IIFT)...

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