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The Indian Space Research is the primary space agency of the Indian government. ISRO is amongst the six

largest government space agencies in the world, alongwith NASA, RKA, ESA, CNSA and JAXA. Its primary objective is to

advance space technology and use its applications for nationalbenefit

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ISRO has achieved numerous milestones since its establishment.India’s first satellite, Aryabhata, was built by ISRO and launched bythe Soviet Union in 1975. Rohini, the first satellite to be placed in orbitby an Indian-made launch vehicle, SLV-3, was launched in 1980. ISROsubsequently developed two other rockets: the Polar Satellite LaunchVehicle (PSLV) for putting satellites into polar orbits andthe Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) for placingsatellites into geostationary orbits. These rockets have launchednumerous communications satellites, earth observation satellites, and,in 2008, Chandrayaan-1, India’s first mission to the Moon.

Over the years, ISRO has conducted a variety of operations for bothIndian and foreign clients. ISRO's satellite launch capability is mostlyprovided by indigenous launch vehicles and launch sites. In 2008, ISRO

successfully launched its first lunar probe, Chandrayaan-1, while futureplans include indigenous development of GSLV, manned spacemissions, further lunar exploration, and interplanetary probes. ISROhas several field installations as assets, and cooperates with theinternational community as a part of several bilateral and multilateralagreements

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Contents

1 Objective 

2 Formative years 

3 Goals and objectives 

•4.1 Satellite Launch Vehicle (SLV) 

•4.2 Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV) •4.3 Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) 

•4.4 Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) 

•4.5 Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark-III (GSLV III) 

4 Launch vehicle fleet 

•5.1 The INSAT series 

•5.2 The IRS series 

•5.3 Radar Imaging Satellites 

•5.4 Other satellites 

5 Earth observation and communicationsatellites 

•6.1 Technology demonstration 

•6.2 Astronaut training and other facilities 

•6.3 Development of crew vehicle 

6 Human spaceflight program 

7 Planetary sciences and astronomy 

•8.1 Research facilities 

•8.2 Test facilities •8.3 Construction and launch facilities 

•8.4 Tracking and control facilities 

•8.5 Human resource development 

•8.6 Commercial wing 

8 Facilities 

•9.1 Future launch vehicles 

•9.1.1 GSLV-Mk III 

•9.1.2 Reusable Launch Vehicle-Technology Demonstrator (RLV-TD) 

•9.2 Extraterrestrial Exploration 

•9.2.1 Lunar exploration 

•9.2.2 Mars orbiter mission 

•9.2.3 Venus orbiter mission 

•9.2.4 Solar exploration program 

9 Future projects 

10 Applications 

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Modern space research in India is most visibly traced to the activities of scientist S. K. Mitra who conducted a

series of experiments leading to the sounding of the ionosphere by application of ground based radio methodsin 1920's Calcutta.[3] Later, Indian scientists like C.V. Raman and Meghnad Saha contributed to scientific

principles applicable in space sciences.[3] However, it was the period after 1945 which saw important

developments being made in coordinated space research in India.[3] Organized space research in India wasspearheaded by two scientists: Vikram Sarabhai—founder of thePhysical Research Laboratory at Ahmedabad—and Homi Bhabha, who had played a role in the establishment of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in

1945.[3] Initial experiments in space sciences included the study of cosmic radiation, high altitude and airborne

testing of instruments, deep underground experimentation at the Kolar mines—one of the deepest miningsites in the world— and studies of the upper atmosphere.[4] Studies were carried out at research laboratories,

universities, and independent locations.[4][5] 

Government support became visible by 1950 when the Department of Atomic Energy was foundedwith Homi Bhabha as secretary.[5] The Department of Atomic Energy provided funding for space

research throughout India.[6] Tests on the Earth's magnetic field—studied in India since theestablishment of the observatory at Colaba in 1823—and aspects of meteorology continued to yield

valuable information and in 1954, Uttar Pradesh state observatory was established at the foothills of the Himalayas.[5] The Rangpur Observatory was set up in 1957 at Osmania

University, Hyderabad.[5] Both these facilities enjoyed the technical support and scientific cooperationof the United States of America.[5] Space research was further encouraged by the technicallyinclined prime minister of India—Jawaharlal Nehru.[6] In 1957, the Soviet Union successfully

launched Sputnik and opened up possibilities for the rest of the world to conduct a spacelaunch.[6] The Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) was found in 1962 with

Vikram Sarabhai as its chairman.

3 Goals and objectives 

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Geopolitical and economic considerations during the 1960s and1970s compelled India to initiate its own launch vehicle program.During the first phase (1960s –1970s) the country successfully

developed a sounding rockets program, and by the 1980s, researchhad yielded the Satellite Launch Vehicle-3 and the more

advanced Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV), completewith operational supporting infrastructure.[11] ISRO further applied

its energies to the advancement of launch vehicle technologyresulting in the creation of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)

and Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) technologies.

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The Satellite Launch Vehicle,usually known by its

abbreviation SLV or SLV-3 was a4-stage solid-fuel light launcher.

It was intended to reach a heightof 500 km and carry a payload of 40 kg. Its first launch took place

in 1979 with 2 more in eachsubsequent year, and the final

launch in 1983. Only two of itsfour test flights were successful.

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The Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle,usually known by its abbreviation ASLV was

a 5-stage solid propellant rocket with thecapability of placing a 150 kg satellite

into LEO. This project was started by the

ISRO during the early 1980s to developtechnologies needed for a payload to be

placed into a geostationary orbit. Its designwas based on Satellite Launch Vehicle. Thefirst launch test was held in 1987, and after

that 3 others followed in 1988, 1992 and

1994, out of which only 2 were successful,before it was decommissioned.

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The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, usually known byits abbreviation PSLV, is an expendable launchsystem developed to allow India to launch its IndianRemote Sensing (IRS) satellites into sun synchronous

orbits, a service that was, until the advent of thePSLV, commercially viable only from Russia. PSLV can

also launch small satellites into geostationarytransfer orbit (GTO). The reliability and versatility of the PSLV is proven by the fact that it has launched

55 satellites / spacecrafts ( 26 Indian and 29 ForeignSatellites) into a variety of orbits so far.[15][16] In April2008, it successfully launched 10 satellites at once,

breaking a world record held by Russia. [17] 

On 9 September 2012 the PSLV flew its 21th

consecutive successful launch mission.[18]

Its onlyfailure in 22 flights was its maiden voyage inSeptember 1993, providing the rocket with a 95

percent success rate.[19] 

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The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, usually known by its abbreviation GSLV, is

an expendable launch system developed to enable India to launch its INSAT-type satellitesinto geostationary orbit and to make India less dependent on foreign rockets. At present,

it is ISRO's heaviest satellite launch vehicle and is capable of putting a total payload of up

to 5 tons to Low Earth Orbit. The vehicle is built by India with the cryogenic enginepurchased from Russia while the ISRO develops its own engine program.

In a setback for ISRO, the latest attempt to launch the GSLV, GSLV-

F06 carrying GSAT-5P, failed on 25 December 2010. The initial

evaluation implies that loss of control for the strap-on boosters

caused the rocket to veer from its intended flight path, forcing a

programmed detonation. Sixty-four seconds into the first stage of flight, the rocket began to break up due to the acute angle of attack.

The body housing the 3rd stage, the cryogenic stage, incurred

structural damage, forcing the range safety team to initiate aprogrammed detonation of the rocket.[20 

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The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch

Vehicle Mark-III is a launch vehiclecurrently under development by the IndianSpace Research Organisation. It is intended

to launch heavy satellites

intogeostationary orbit, and will

allow India to become less dependent onforeign rockets for heavy lifting. The

rocket, though the technological successorto the GSLV, however is not derived from

its predecessor. The maiden flight isscheduled to take place in 2012.[21] 

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India's first satellite, the Aryabhata, was launched bythe Soviet Union on 19 April 1975 from Kapustin Yar using

a Cosmos-3M launch vehicle. This was followed by the Rohiniseries of experimental satellites which were built and

launched indigenously. At present, ISRO operates a large

number of earth observation satellites.

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INSAT (Indian National Satellite System) is a series of multi-purpose geostationary satellites launched by

ISRO to satisfy the telecommunications, broadcasting,

meteorology and search-and-rescue needs of India.Commissioned in 1983, INSAT is the largest domestic

communication system in the Asia-Pacific Region. It isa joint venture of the Department of Space,

Department of Telecommunications, India

Meteorological Department, All India

Radio and Doordarshan. The overall coordination and

management of INSAT system rests with theSecretary-level INSAT Coordination Committee.

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ISRO currently operates two Radar ImagingSatellites.RISAT-1 was launched fromSriharikota Spaceport on 26 April 2012 on

board a PSLV.RISAT-1 carries a C-band Synthetic

Aperture Radar (SAR) payload, operating in amulti-polarisation and multi-resolution modeand can provide images with coarse, fine and

high spatial resolutions.[22]

India also operatesRISAT-2 which was launched in 2009 andacquired from Israel at a cost $110 million.[22] 

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ISRO has also launched a set of experimentalgeostationary satellites known as

the GSAT series. Kalpana-1, ISRO's first dedicated

meteorological satellite,

[23]

was launched bythe Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle on 12September 2002.[24] The satellite was originallyknown as MetSat-1.[25] In February 2003 it was

renamed to Kalpana-1 by the Indian PrimeMinister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in memory

of Kalpana Chawla  – a NASA astronaut of Indianorigin who perished in Space Shuttle Columbia.

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ISRO will set up an astronaut training centre in Bangalore toprepare personnel for flights on board the crewed vehicle.

The centre will use simulation facilitiesto train the selected

astronauts in rescue and recovery operations and survival

in zero gravity, and will undertake studies of the radiation

environment of space.

ISRO will build centrifuges to prepare astronauts for the

acceleration phase of the mission. It also plans to build a

new Launch pad to meet the target of launching amanned space mission in 7 years of funding clearance.

This would be the third launchpad at the Satish DhawanSpace Centre, Sriharikota.

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The Indian Space Research Organisation(ISRO) is working towards a maiden

manned Indian space mission vehicle thatcan carry three astronauts for seven daysin a near earth orbit. The Indian manned

spacecraft temporarily named as OrbitalVehicle intends to be the basis of 

indigenous Indian human spaceflight

program.

The capsule will be designed to carry three people, and a planned

upgraded version will be equipped with a rendezvous and docking

capability. In its maiden manned mission, ISRO's largely

autonomous 3-ton capsule will orbit the Earth at 248 miles(400 km) in altitude for up to seven days with a two-person crew

on board. The crew vehicle would launch atop of ISRO's GSLV Mk

II, currently under development. The GSLV Mk II features an

indigenously developed cryogenic upper-stage engine.[33] The first

test of the cryogenic engine, held on 15 April 2010, failed as thecryogenic phase did not perform as expected and rocket deviated

from the planned trajectory.[34] A future launch has beenscheduled for 2011. If successful then ISRO will become the sixth

entity, after United States, Russia, China, Japan and Europe, to

develop this technology

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Research facilities 

FacilityLocationDescriptionPhysical Research LaboratoryAhmedabadSolar planetary physics, infraredastronomy, geo-cosmo physics, plasma physics, astrophysics, archaeology, and hydrology are some of the branches of study at this institute.[37] An observatory at Udaipur also falls under the control of this institution.[37]Semi-Conductor LaboratoryChandigarhResearch & Development in the field of 

semiconductor technology, micro-electromechanical systems and process technologies relating tosemiconductor processing.National Atmospheric Research LaboratoryChittoorThe NARL carries out

fundamental and applied research in Atmospheric and Space Sciences.Space ApplicationsCentreAhmedabadThe SAC deals with the various aspects of practical use of spacetechnology.[37] Among the fields of research at the SAC aregeodesy, satellite based

telecommunications, surveying, remote sensing, meteorology, environment monitoring etc.[37] TheSEC additionally operates the Delhi Earth Station.[38]North Eastern-Space Applications

CenterShillongProviding developmental support to North East by undertaking specific applicationprojects using remote sensing, GIS, satellite communication and conducting space science research.

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BY