Indian Space Programme - NISCAIRnopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/36585/1/IJRSP 15(5&6)...

Indian Journal of Radio & Space PhysicsVol. IS, October & December 1986, pp. 402-432

Indian Space Programme

N PANT

ISRO Satellite Centre, Bangalore

The paper provides an overview of the evolution of the Indian Space Programme right from the daysof modest but well conceived experimental efforts during the early 60's to the present day of operationaland quasi-operational space applications. The organizational structure and the systematic steps bywhich this growth has been accomplished through the phases of learning, experimentation andoperationalization are presented. The significant achievements, in each of the major areas viz., thelaunch vehicles, space-craft, support facilities, space applications and data products are also broughtout along with the technological spin-offs. The action plan for the immediate future in each of the areashas also been outlined which eventually paves the way for achieving self sufficiency in the field of spacetechnology. '

1 IntroductionWith modest start in early sixties, the Indian Space

Programme has now matured to an operational andquasi-operational stage. From the very inception, theemphasis in the Indian Space Programme has been onthe application and utilization of space technology fornational developmental tasks with gradual indigenization for achieving total self-reliance in the longrun. Way back in 1964, when a decision was taken toset up India's first Satellite Communication EarthStation [ESCES] or in 1962 when establishment ofThumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station[TERLS] was set up, this aspect has always been at theback of our mind. TERLS activities were principallyoriented towards application to space sciences and thedecision to set up ESCES was taken to explore thepotential of outer space and artificial satellites in thefield of communications and broadcasting for thecountry. Incidentally, ~n 1964, no operating satellitebased communication systems existed in the world. Wehave had some experiments only - though epochmaking in this direction - using Telstar and Relaysatellites. '

In practical terms, harnessing of space for nationaldevelopmental tasks involves:

Use of space for communications including masscommunication such as TV, radio, etc.

Use of space for remote sensing includingmeteorology to sense, collect, process anddisseminate the resource and weather data for

effective use in planning, monitoring, development and exploitation of natural resources.

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To realize the above goals, we need the capability to:Effectively and efficiently utilize the communciations and remote sensing capabilitiesprovided by satellitesDesign, build and operate communications andremote sensing satellitesLaunch the satellites with our own launchers

ISRO has been striving to achieve this for overtwenty years and during this period our activities havegone through three distinct phases.

First phase, which covered the period of 1960's, wasour learning phase. During this period we establishedlaboratories, collected and trained manpower byundertaking R&D tasks and took up initialdevelopmental activities directly connected with spacesuch as development of sounding rockets andassociated payloads.

Second phase of our activities spanned the period1970-1980. During this period major experimentalprojects for the development of space technology,oriented towards applications and appropriatehardware realization, were undertaken. We had majorapplications-related experiments such as SITE andSTEP in the field of satellite-based communicationsand broadcasting. We developed our own satellitelaunch vehicle SLV-3, which placed 40-kg RohiniSatellite into low-earth orbit and we developed a seriesof satellites for different applications such asAryabhata, Bhaskara-I, Bhaskara-II and APPLE(which was a geo-synchronous satellite for communications). In the field of remote sensing, satelliteand aircraft-based remote sensing activities were

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started in a major way with the setting up of variousfacilities at NRSA and SAC. We have had a very closeinteraction with the user agencies in these areas andmost of these experiments were planned along withthem. We involved industry to a reasonable extent inthis period to deliver various types of hardwareindigenously.

In the current decade, we are entering intooperational and quasi-operational phase of spaceapplications. We have INSA T-I series of multipurposesatellites for communication and meteorology. In thearea of remote sensing, we work with LANDSAT andNOAA satellites and propose to work with SPOTsatellite for obtaining imagery over the Indian region.Indian Remote Sensing Satellites (IRS) and INSA T-IIseries of satellites will be launched during this decade.We have taken up major developmental tasks toupgrade our launch capability so that we will be able tolaunch our operational remote sensing satellites beforethe end of this decade.

During this presentation, I will try to give a briefexposure to the different components of the IndianSpace Programme.

The Department of Space (DOS) is responsible forthe execution of space activities in the country throughthe Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Fig. 1gives the organisation chart of DOSjlSRO. Fig.2 givesthe location of different establishments of theDepartment of Space.

2 Overview of Past Activities2.1 Space ApplicatiOllS '

A major' thrust was directed towards the spaceapplications right from the very beginning of spaceactivities which started in early 60's.

Communication

In the field of communications and broadcasting,activities were initiated with the setting up of ESCES in1967 which was followed by setting up of the firstoperational satellite communication earth station foroverseas communication via INTELSA T at Arvi nearPoona with indigenous efforts. We have had a numberof studies conducted for evolving the optimumsatellite-based multiple application system for thecountry covering communications, broadcasting andmeteorology. These studies provided very usefulbackground in defining the INSA T system. Thesestudies were followed by large scale and variedexperiments spread over a period of years using activesatellites for gaining operational experience andvalidating the system concepts. Satellite InstructionalTelevision Experiment [SITE] using NASA's ATS-6Satellite, Satellite Telecommunication ExperimentProject [STEP] using Franco-German SYMPHONY

Satellite and APPLE Utilisation Project [AUP] usingour own APPLE spacecraft, are examples of thesemajor experiments, wherein we gained necessaryexperience and insight into the planning of theseservices on an operational level. In addition, theseexperiments have provided very valuable feedback todifferent user agencies who were fully involved in theseprojects. Fig.3 presents the activities undertaken in thefield of space applications.

Remote SensingStarting with aerial flights in early seventies and

later on using LANDSAT data, we have gainedsignificant experience in the utilization of land surveydata. All through these 15 years, we have had a veryclose interaction with the users. Joint ExperimentsProjects (JEPs) were carried out during 1970-1983withdifferent user agencies as well as individual scientists.Parallel efforts were made to identify central and stateag~cies who were already involved in t~e survey,identification, monitoring and utilization of naturalresources. Large scale involvement of over dozenmajor user organizations over nearly a decade hasresulted in the design of the space system to meet thepractical needs and has built up sufficient expertise invarious user agencies in data utilization. These studiesand joint activities resulted in a seminar on the NaturalResources Management at Hyderabad in 1983 whichultimately laid the foundation for the NationalNatural Resources Management System (NNRMS).

2.2 Satellites

Maturity in the satellite technology and necessaryconfidence to take on semi-operational andoperational satellites have been gained by successfullybuilding and launching seven satellites in a phasedmanner with different payloads and configurations.Close association with the manufacturer during thefabrication of INSA T-I series of satellites has alsogiven valuable inputs in this respect. Fig.4 gives theevolution of these satellites. Starting with the frrsttechnological satellite 'Aryabhata' launched in 1975,followed by Bhaskara I & II with two band TVcameras and a passive microwave radiometer andsubsequently, Rohini Satellite (RS-D2) with solid state'Smart' sensor, useful experience was gained indesigning of remote sensing satellites. APPLE was ourfirst major effort in the area of communicationsatellites' and the experience gained in its design andfabrication is now directly contributing to the INSA TII satellites which are currently under design anddevelopment indigenously.

2.3 Satellite La•••• VeIIicIes'" ~ roekets

Development of sounding rockets started in. early

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INDIAN J RADIO & SPACE PHYS, VOL. 15, OCTOBER & DECEMBER 1986

sixties and a variety of sounding rockets have beendeveloped for various scientific and technologicalapplications. These cover altitude ranges from 60 kmto 400 km and can carry payloads from a fewkilograms up to 400 kg. Development of these rocketsprovided very good insight into various systemsneeded for t~e Satellite Launch Vehicles (SLV). Fig.Sgives the details of various types of rockets developedso far.

Design and development of Satellite LaunchVehicle, SLV-3, was taken up in 1973 with a view tolaunching a sma1l40-kg satellite in low earth orbit. Thefirst successfullaunc.h of a 35-kg Rohini Satellite [RS1] took place on July 18, 1980. Subsequently two moresuccessful flights of SLV-3 were witnessed on May 31,1981and april17, 1983 which injected RS-DI and RSD2 satellites in near earth orbits.

24 Major FacilitiesSetting up of major facilities which are essential for

design, development, fabrication, testing and launchof satellites and launch vehicles as well as facilities

required for collection, processing and disseminationof data transmitted by the satellites is an essential prerequisite in achieving any success in the spaceprogrammes. Realization of these facilities goes handin hand with the satellite and launch vehiclede\ielopment programmes. These include (a) LaunchFacilities, (b) Tracking, Telemetry and CommandFacilities (c) Data Reception and Processing Facilitiesand (d) Test Facilities.

During the past two decades, considerable effort hasbeen put in this direction in creating these facilitieswhich will no doubt need constant updating. A largemeasure of self-reliance has been achieved in realizingthese facilities indigenously.

3 On-going ProjectsISRO currently has six on-going projects on hand.

These are:(a) INSA T-I series of satellites(b) INSA T-II series of satellites

(c) Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS)(d) Stretched Rohini Series of Satellites (SROSS)(e) Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV)

(f) Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV)

Along with these projects, related facilities are beingparallelly augmented and modified to meet theoperational requirements. These include:

(a) Setting up and updating facilities for launch ofASLV and PSLV

(b) Upgrading of data reception and processingfacilities for fuller utilization of IRS data

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(c) Upgrading offacilities for SPOT and LANDSA Tdata reception and processing

(d) Augmenting of telemetry, tracking and commandnetwork including incorporation of S-bandoperation

(e) Augmentation of Ma~ter Control Facility forsimultaneous handling of multiple INSAT-I andINSA T-II series satellites

(f) Setting up of NNRMS for effective naturalresource management

3.1 INSAT-I

INSA T-I represents our first operational domesticsatellite system which provides communications,broadcasting and meteorological services to thecountry. Fig.6 gives the INSA T-I system concept. It isa joint venture of the Department of Space, theDepartment of Telecommunications, Indian Meteorological Department, Doordarshan and All IndiaRadio. Thus it represents not only a technicalinnovation for practical, cost effective enhancement ofnational telecommunications, meteorological andmass communication capabilities but also a majororganizational innovation where different agencies aredeeply involved.

INSA T series of satellites are designed to providethe following major services:(a) Long distance telecommunication(b) TV programme distribution and direct broad

casting to augmented TV receivers

(c) Radio programme distribution(d) Meteorological data relay involving unattended

data collection and relay platforms

The overall INSAT-I system covers the following:(a) A space segment consisting of two identical

satellites and associated mission control centre

(b) A telecommunications ground segment consisting of 34 earth stations-30 fixed and 4transportable

(c) A meteorological ground segment consisting of aMeteorological Data Utilization Centre(MDUC), 20 secondary data utilization centres(SDUCs) distributed all over the country, 100land based and 10 ocean based unattended DataC-olledion Platforms (DCPs)

(d) A radio networking ground segment(e) A TV ground segment consisting of(i) 2000 direct reception sets (DRS)

(ii) Uplinking facilities including transportablestations

(iii) TV ground segment consisting of 23 high power(10 kW) TV transmitters, 11 medium power (1

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kW) transmitters and 133 low power (100 W) TVtransmitters, along with S-band TV receiver only(TVRO) facility

The space segment consists of 12 C-Bandtransponders, two S-band high power transpondersfor TV direct broadcast service, a very high resolutionradiometer (VHRR) operating in visible and nearinfrared bands and a data relay channel with globalreceive coverage in 402.75 MHz band for relay of datafrom unattended data relay platforms.

The spacecrafts are designed for a seven year life andare built by Ford Aerospace CommunicationsCorporation (FACC) of USA.

The impact of INSAT-I system on the rapid growthof communications, ground segments, TV and radiobroadcasting covera:geand forecasting of weather hasbeen very significant. Figs 7-11 show INSA T-I servicesand other connected facilities.

3.2 INSAT-II

INSA T-II spacecrafts will be second generationspacecrafts of INSA T series providing larger andbetter services. These spacecrafts are being indigenously designed and fabricated. INSA T-II systemis configured with three operating satellites-two ofthese co-located at the primary operating position withorthogonal polarization diversity and the third onewill be located at the major path position.

INSA T-II satellites will have 11/2 times thetelecommunications capacity compared to INSA T-Isatellites. These will also provide better VHRRresolution and will be able to sustain more

communication channels during eclipse operation.Figs 12 and 13 give INSAT-II details.

3.3 Indian Remote Sensing SateUite (IRS)IRS satellites to be launched into polar

sunsynchronous orbits will form the backbone ofIndian Remote Sensing Programme. This is a majorstep in developing indigenous capability in the designdevelopment, deployment and inorbit management ofa remote sensing satellite capable of providingoperational services for reSource management in thecountry. A very important outcome of IRS satelliteprogramme has been the setting up of the NationalNatural Resource Management system for makingeffective use of satellite based remotely sensed data.

IRS will be a 950-kg 3-axis stabilized spacecraftplaced in a 904-km sunsynchronous orbit with a periodof 103.2 min. Total country will be covered in 22 paysusing two day-time passes~The payload will have oneLISS-I (Linear Imaging Self Scanner) and two LISS-IIsensors. LISS-I will have a 73-m spatial resolution and148-km swath. LISS-II will have half the values for theresolution and the swath i.e., 37 m and 74 km as

compared to LISS-I. The coverage is so designed thattwo swaths of two LISS-II sensors fully cover the singleswath ofLiSS-I, thereby providing better resolution ofthe imagery compared to LISS-I. Fig. 14 shows themajor IRS mission elements. LISS-I and LISS-IIpayload sensors work in 4 bands covering 0.4-0.9micron spectral band. The spacecraft will use S-bandfor TTC system and X-band (8.3 GHz) for datatransmission.

National Natural Resource Management System(NNRMS)

An important step in effectively using the remotelysensed data for natural resource management for thecountry has been the setting up of the NationalNatural Resources Management System. With theaccelerated developmental activities, efficient use ofnatural resources attains a very high priority andremote sensing programme can contribute significantly towards this goal. It must be realized thatalthough US LANDSAT satellites have beenoperating for over a decade, as yet there is no fullyoperational natural resource management systembased on remote sensing anywhere in the world.NNRMS will therefore be one of the first such semi

operational natural resource management systems.The Indian programme calls for a family of IRSsateliites to be launched at approximately 2 years'interval with successive improvement in the resolutionand other capabilities and eventually includingmicrowave sensors which will give all weather and soilpenetration capabilities.

NNRMS will have five regional centres located asfollows:

Region LocationFunding agencyNorthern India

Debra DunDept. of Space (DOS)Central India

NagpurIndian Council for Agricul-tural Research/Ministry ofAgricultureEastern India

KharagpurDept. of Science & Tech-nology (DST)Southern India

BangaloreDept. of Mines/GeologicalSurvey of India. Western India

JodhpurDST& DOS

Regional Remote Sensing Service Centres(RRSSCs) are being set up by various CentralGovernment Departments but establishment of lowerorder interpretation and analysis facilities and grounddata collection will be the responsibilities of users fromState Government and Central Government Departments. Quite a number of States have takenappropriate steps by establishing State centres andothers are moving in the matter. Figs 15 and 16 givesalient features of NNRMS system.

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3.4 Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS)

SROSS will be a ISO-kg class satellite suitable for

launch by ASLV in 400 km near circular orbit at anominal inclination of 44°. These satellites are wellsuited to meet the requirements of scientificcommunity for small payloads. Additionally, thesesatellites will also be used as the proving bed for someof the new technologies that are slated for use in futureIRS and INSA T satellites.

Two SROSS satellites are currently underdevelopment, one of which will carry the MonocularElectro Optical Stereo Scanner (MEOSS) payloadan earth-imaging stereo CCD camera built by theGerman Space Agency, DFVLR.

SROSS satellites can be configured either as a 3-axisstabilized system or as a spinner depending on themission requirement. These will have S-bandtelemetry, tracking and command (TTC) and datahandling systems.

3.5 Launch Vehicle Programme

Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASL V)ASLV will be capable of placing ISO-kg class

satellites in 400-km near earth orbit. The first launch of

ASLV is expected in early 1986. It will provide aquantum jump from the present capability of SLV-3.Fig.17 gives ASLV configuration.

ASLV has been conceived with SLV-3 as a corevehicle with minimum essential modifications. Thefirst stage motors of SLV with canted nozzles areattached as strapons to the core vehicle to giveadditional thrust. The vehicle employs all solidpropellant system for four stages and two strapons.The vehicle measuring 23.5 m will weigh about 39tonnes.

The significant improvements undertaken in ASLVare the use of canted and contoured nozzles, closedloop guidance, S-band TTC and a bulbous aluminiumalloy heat-shield-1 m in diameter and 3 m in length.Fig. 18 gives ASL V flight sequence.

Polat Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSL V)PSLV is being designed to launch Indian Remote

Sensing Satellites into sunsynchronouspolar orbits. It will be capable of launching a 1000 kgsatellite in 900 km sunsynchronous polar orbit. It is amajor developmental effort which will greatly enhanceour launch capability and also Nve the way for therealization of geo-synchronous launch vehicles tolaunch the INSA T-II satellites from India.

The vehicle configuration is shown in Fig. 19. It is afour-stage vehicle configured as

(6 x S9 +S125) + L37.5 + S7 + LUS

406

The first stage booster has a nominal propellant

loading of 125tonnes. Six thrust augmentation rockets

(the first stage motors of SLV-3 suitably modified) arestrapped on to the booster. The second stage is aViking class liquid engine with 37.5 tonnes of usablepropellant. The third stage is a 7-ton solid motor andthe fourth one is a liquid upper stage with two liquidengines each of 7 kN thrust rating.

It has a liftoff weight of275 tonnes and is 44.18 m inheight.

Fig. 20 gives the flight sequence of PSLV.

3.6 Interaction with Academic Institutions

ISRO attaches great importance to the interactionwith academic institutions. This, apart from involvingindividual scientists in various design reviews anddesign evaluation, is being actively pursued in thefollowing two modes: (a) sponsored research underRESPOND programme, and (b) setting up of spacetechnology cells.

RESPOND

RESPOND programme started in 1976 and hasbeen reasonably active. Figs 21 and 22 give the locationof various projects sponsored so far and Fig. 23 givesthe break-up of various projects undertaken. Since theinitiation of RESPOND programme, as many as 191research projects, covering a large range of topics inspace SCiences, space applications and spacetechnology at nearly 71 academic and researchinstitutions distributed all over India, have beenfunded. So far 110 projects have been completed and81 projects are in progress. The total support providedby ISRO for these projects is Rs 4.36 crore. On anaverage, Rs 60-70 lakh is spent annually onRESPOND programmes.

Space Technology CellsIn order to develop Institutional capability of space

research in the long run, fully devoted spacetechnology cells are being established in severalacademic centres. The first of its kind has beenestablished at the Indian Institute of Science,Bangalore, and has been functioning since June 1982.Two more have been initiated-one at lIT, Bombayand other at lIT, Madras.

3.7 Interaction with Industry

Realizing fully well that any operational system for alarge country like India needs full involvement of theindigenous industry, ISRO has been having constantinteraction with Indian industry. ISRO has establishedmemorandum of understanding with many industrieswhich undertake our fabrication tasks on a plannedbasis. BEL and HAL are two such examples.

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Further a conscious effort is continuously on tofarm out maximum possible fabrication to industry. In1970-75 time frame, whereas only Rs 54 crore worth ofequipment was fabricated by the industry, it isexpected to go up to Rs 620 crore in 1980-90 timeframe.

In order to transfer the in-house developedtechnologies to the industry, an active TechnologyTransfer Group is functioning in ISRO. Figs 24-27give details of yearwise technology transferagreements, yearwise details on new technologieslicensed, categorywise technologies licensed andmodes of technology transfer from ISRO.

4 International Co-operation' and Sharing of Experience in Space (SHARES)

International co-operation has played a major rolein the evolution of Indian programme. ESCES, SITE,STEP, Aryabhata, Bhaskara, APPLE are majormilestones in the space programme where international co-operation has played a significant role.The reception 'of LANDSAT data, the procurement ofINSA T system, the proposed reception of FrenchSPOT data, the IRS Launch Services agreement withUSSR and a host of similar efforts in space sciences,remote sensing and TTC, represent significant gainsfor the programme for international co-operation.Anuradha payload flown onboard space shuttleincorporating the cosmic ray experiment of the TataInstitute of Fundamental Research, Bombay, and aTERRA experiment of mapping Indian region duringthe joint manned Salyut mission carrying the firstIndian astronaut are further examples of successfulinternational co-operation embarked on by ISRO. TheIndian programme will continue to use availableinternational opportunities to enhance Indian effortand understanding. At the same time, as a part of ourown contribution to international co-operation, ISROis organizing a sharing of experience in space(SHARES) programme. This programme will provideavenues for sharing the modest Indian experience inspace with other developing countries. '

SHARES will comprise:(a) Training including on-the-job training(b) Participation by engineers and scientists from

other developing countries(c) Joint experiments using Indian rockets, satellites

and baloons

(d) Exchange of scientists/engineers(e) Assistance in system studies and consultancy in

specific areas

5 Future Space ProgrammeWith the completion of ASLV, PSLV, SROSS and

IRS projects, indigenous capability in building andlaunching lOOO-kgclass satellites in sunsynchronouspolar orbits would be achieved by the end of thisdecade. With the establishment of INSAT-I system,services in communications, broadcasting andmeteorology are getting operationalized in thecountry. The future space programme will thereforelay a major emphasis in intensifying R&D efforts inspace applications in the fields of communications,resource survey and meteorology to meet the growingneeds in these areas.

Indigenous development of INSA T-II classspacecrafts to replace the procured first generationINSAT-I space segment has already been started andwill fructify by 1990.

Operationalization of remote sensing satellites usingimproved systems and techniques to get more precisedata will continue to get necessary thrust. Efforts willbe made in the direction of achieving higher spatialresolution typically between 10 and 15 m, and use .ofthermal IR band for imaging. Also R&D onmicrowave remote sensing for all weather resource,survey will be taken up.

Launching of INSA T class satellites by indigenouslaunchers will call for major effort in the developmentof cryogenic motors and augmenting of PSLV toachieve such geo-synchronous launch capability.Various technological and other aspects of achievingthis goal are now under study. PSLV growth capabilityis shown in Fig.28.

Fig.29 gives the profile of planned major IndianSpace Missions' during 1985-95.

6 Conclusion

In the past two decades, the stress has been inestablishing the basic capability and the infrastructuredevelopment in the field of launch vehicles, satellitesand space applications. Operational satellite-basedservices are now being provided in the country withINSA T-I. The primary thrust of ISRO will be tomaintain and improve upon these services and at thesame time gain the desired indigenous capability inmeeting the future requirements of both the space andground segments. With the completion of projects onhand, our country is poised to acquire self-reliance inbuilding and launching advanced satellites foroperational services with the complementarydevelopment of ground systems and organizations forfully exploiting the potential of space technology.

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•••• = rNDOOs:l• !')AIlODA

I 5URAl • AMAIlAWATf

• AURANGABAD.-BOMBAY I Al

•• roaNA,.MADRAS

• 0 •... .• • 0... .-o •• P~OJECT5

.5rAn 5CI£NCE

.5PACE APPLlCATIONS

'5PACE lEOlUOLOGY

•••

.t~=

)

426

The distribution of RESPON 0 projects in the three areas for

CRPs at various Institutions In the country

Fig. 21 Completed RESPOND projects (1975-80)

'1'1' , 1'/1"1""1' I! I ~ I


.J.r: BANGALORE\lit ~!TMADRAS .~

PROJECTS

• SPACE SClENCE '. •_ SPAC E AFPUCATIQN

, SPACE TECHNOLOG~

The distribution of RESPOND projects in the three are.i1s for

ORPs at various institutions in the country

fig. 22 _ Ongoing RESPON [) projcds (Il/HO-H5)

427


RESPOND Projects at different types of Institutions

The number of projects carried out at each type of institution in the three areas

COMPLETEO RESPONO PROJECTSIONGOING RESPONO PROJECTS

Number of

I ISpaceISpace I Numbe, ofIS ISpaceI Space

InstitutionsInstilu-

Sp~ce Appli-Tech- InSlitu. Pro-

paceTech·Pro- Appli-SCience Science .tiona jeels cationno logy tions jeets cat!onnology

Universities and61

211625492014Deemed Universities28

24 15

Indian Institute of

62521013512327

Technologies (liT's)

Engineering

6632111 1

Colleges

--

Research Institutions and public Sector111810621319892

Industries'.

Total",

511103939324481312624

Fig. 23-- RESPOND projects at different types of institutions

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO INDUSTRIES

INITIA TED IN 1976

PRIMARY MOTIVE IS THE DIFFUSION OF INDIGENOUS HIGH

TECHNOLOGY TO INDIAN INDUSTRY

* SPIN-OFFS FOR NON

SP ACE APPLICA TIONS

* FOR ISRO BUY BACK

* FOR SPACE APPLICA TIONS/

UTILISA TION

* SO FAR

: PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS, LOAD

CELLS, ISRO POL YOL, DRY PO WDER

PUL TRUSION M/C, PCM TELEMETRY

SYSTEM, FEAST SOFT WARE, TV STUDIO

EQUIPMENT

UDMH, ISROSIL, SPACE QUALITY

SIL VER ZINC CELLS

S-BAND DRS, EARTH STATIONS,

D WS, RN TERMINAL, ELECTRO/

OPTIC INSTRUMENTS FOR REMOTE

SENSING UTILISATION

70 PRODUCTS/PROCESSES TRANS

FERRED TO 35 PUBLIC/PRIV A TE SEC

TOR UNITS

SPECIAL CHEMICALS &. MATERIALS - 30

ELECTRONICS/ELECTRO CHEMICAL - 20

ELECTRO - OPTICS - 13

OTHERS - 7

t

,\

428

Fig. 24- Technology transfer to industries

PANT: INDIAN SPACE PROGRAMME 11

50t- 59 AGREEMENTS WERE ENTERED INTO

57 ARE IN FORCE TODAY

60

40

30

20

10

o1979 1980 1981

YEAR

1982 1983 1984

,15

TILLSEP.1985

1985

80

706050403020100

19771978

Fig. 25- Yearwise TT agreements.

22 (19 ADHESIVES OFSEALANTS TO HAL)

Fig. 26-New technologies licensed yearwise

73

DIFFERENTITEMSLICENCEDTILLSEP 85

429

..•.

...•. -ii ,. ~ I~ l~ Ii !~ ~ ~ i~ ~ ~ ~

+-

'''"'

ITEMS

VSSC

SAC

ISAC

NRSA

OTHERS

TOTAL

CHEt~ICALS

27

--- - 27

ELECTRO-OPTICS

-1

12-4

TELECOM

SYSTEMS

-8

--- 8

ELECTRO-MECHANICAL

5-1 -- 6

OPTO-MECHANICAL

-2 -

4-6

ELECTRONICS

213-

2-17

MECHANICAL

1--- 1 2

SOFTWARE

2---- 2

ELECTRO-MECHANICAL

1-- -- 1

,TOTAL

3824

•2

81

73

ADDITIONAL

ITEMS

IN

20

1812

118

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Indian Space Programme - NISCAIRnopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/36585/1/IJRSP 15(5&6)...

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Transcript of Indian Space Programme - NISCAIRnopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/36585/1/IJRSP 15(5&6)...