INDIAN REMOTE SENSING SATELLITES

CONTENTSIntroductionPrincipal components of satelliteResolutionOrbitIndian Remote Sensing SatellitesApplicationsConclusion References

Introduction

Satellite: an object which has been placed into orbit by human endeavour. Also known as artificial satellite

Remote sensing : the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon, without making physical

contact with the object.

Indian Remote Sensing satellites (IRS) are a series of Earth Observation satellites, built, launched and

maintained by Indian Space Research Organisation

Principal components of satellite

Transponder and antenna systemPower PackageControl and information system & rocket

thruster system

Resolution•There are 3 types of resolutions are present•Spatial resolution: describes the distance between distinguishable patterns or objects in an image that can be separated from each other and is often expressed in meters.•Spectral resolution: the sensitivity of a sensor to respond to a specific frequency range (mostly for satellite and airborne sensors). The frequency ranges covered often include not only visible light but also non-visible light and electromagnetic radiation..•Radiometric resolution: the ability of the sensor to measure the signal strength (acoustic reflectance) or brightness of objects. The more sensitive a sensor is to the reflectance of an object as compared to its surroundings, the smaller an object that can be detected and identified.

1km

360 m

188 m

72 m 36 m

23 m

5.8 m

1 m1 km to 1 m spatial resolution

22 days to every 30 mts repeativity1 million scale to cadastral level

INDIAN IMAGING CAPABILITY

OrbitGeostationary orbit: If a satellite follows an orbit parallel to the equator in the same direction as the earth's rotation and with the same period of 24 hours, the satellite will appear stationary with respect to the earth surface. Sun synchronous orbit: is a near polar orbit whose altitude is such that the satellite will always pass over a location at a given latitude at the same local solar time respect to the earth surface.

Launching vehiclesThe Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle usually known by its abbreviation, GSLV operated by the Indian Space Research Organization(ISRO). It was developed to enable India to launch INSAT-type satellites into geostationary orbit and to

make India less dependent on foreign rockets.The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle commonly known by its abbreviation PSLV, developed and operated by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO). It was developed to allow India to launch its Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites into sun synchronous orbits

IRS-1A SATELLITE

• This is first indigenously built sun-synchronous polar orbiting satellite.

• Orbit Details • Launch date : March 17, 1988 (Soviet Launcher VOSTAK used)• Altitude : 904 Kms.• Inclination : 99.049 degrees• Period : 103.19266 minutes • Repetivity : 22 days• Equatorial crossong time : 10.25 AM descending • Weight : 975 Kg.• Mission completed.

IRS-1B SATELLITE

• IRS-1B Satellite • This is similar to IRS-1A satellite in all aspects. • Orbit Details • Launch date : August 29, 1991 (Soviet Launcher VOSTAK used)• Altitude : 904 Kms.• Inclination : 99.049 degrees• Period : 103.19266 minutes • Repetivity : 22 days• Equatorial crossong time : 10.25 AM descending • Weight : 975 Kg.• Imaging Sensor Characteristics ( LISS-I and LISS-II Cameras) • Mission completed.

IRS-P1• IRS-P1 Satellite (Indigenously Launched (P)

Series) • Launch date:20 September 1993• IRS-P series are being launched by

indigenously developed polar launch vehicle ( PSLV ). Due to failure in last stage of rocket, satellite and rocket were plunged into sea.

IRS-P2 Satellite

• Orbit Details • Launch date : Oct. 15, 1994 • Altitude : 817 Kms.• Repetivity : 24 days• Imaging Sensor Characteristics ( LISS-II Camera )• The Satellite is having only LISS-II Camera and its

parameters are similar to that IRS-1A/1B with small modifications in arrangement of CCDs.

• Mission completed.

IRS-1C SATELLITE

• Launch date:28 Dec 1995• Altitude : 817 Kms.• Inclination : 99.049 degree• Period : 101.35 minutes • Repetivity : 24 days (5 days - revisit)• No. of Sensors : Three; 1) PAN, 2) LISS-III and 3) WiFS • Panchromatic Camera (PAN) • Mission completed.

IRS-P3 SATELLITE

• Orbit Details • Launch date : March 21, 1996 (Indigenous PSLV-D3 rocket is used) • Altitude : 817 km.• Inclination : 99.049 degrees• Period : minutes • Repetivity : days• Equatorial crossong time : 10.30 AM descending • No. of Sensors : Two 1) WiFs, 2) MOS

Wide Field Sensor (WiFS) • Parameters Specifications :Spectral Bands (microns) B3 0.62 -

0.68 • Mission completed.

IRS-1D SATELLITE

• Satellite entered in elliptical orbits instead of circular after it was separated from rocket. Due to this problem, there is change in swath, resolution according to orbit distance from the earth center.

• Launch date : Sept. 29, 1997 (indigenous PSLV-D4 rocket was used)

• Equatorial Crossing time: 10.40 A.M

• Altitude : 737 Km(Perigee)/821 Km. (Apogee)• Repetivity : 24 days; ( 3 days revisit) • No. of Sensors : Three; 1) PAN, 2) LISS-III and 3) WiFS• In service

IRS-P4 (Oceansat-1) • Launch Date : May 26, 1999 by indigenous

PSLV rocket Payloads • OCM (Ocean Colour Monitor) with 8 spectral

bands for the measurements of physical and biological oceanographic parameters.

• In service.

TECHNOLOGY EXPERIMENT SATELLITE(TES)

• Mission type: Earth Observation.• Launch date:October 22, 2001• Launch vehicle: PSLV• Carrier rocket: PSLV C3• Launch site: Satish Dhawan • Altitude: 568 km• In service.

IRS-P6(ResourceSat)

• Launch Date : Launched on Oct. 17, 2003 PSLV-C5 Payloads • It will be the state-of-art satellite, • have 3 band multispectral LISS-IV camera with a spatial

resolution better than 5.86 m and a swath of around 25 km with across track steerability for selected area monitoring.

• An improved version LISS-III with 4 bands (red, green, near IR and SWIR ), all at 23 m resolution and 140 km swath will provide the much essential continuity to LISS-III.

• Together with an advanced Wide Field Sensor (WiFS), with 80 m resolution and 1400 km swath.

• In service.

IRS-P5 (CARTOSAT - 1 )• Launch Date : May 5, 2005 by indigenous PSLV rocket • It has carried two state-of-the-art Panchromatic (PAN)

cameras with 2.5 m resolution with fore-aft stereo capability.• The swath covered by these high resolution PAN cameras is

30 km.• . The satellite will provide cadastral level information upto

1:5000 scale and will be useful for making 2-5 m contour maps.

• The Cartosat-1 also carried a solid state recorder with a capacity of 120 Gigz Bits to store the images taken by its cameras.

• Mission completed.

IRS-P7 (CARTOSAT -2)• Launch Date : Jan 10, 2007 by indigenous PSLV-C7 rocket • It carried a single Panchromatic (PAN) camera with 1 m resolution. • The swath covered by the high resolution PAN camera is 9.6 km.• The satellite will have high agility with capability to steer along

and across the track up to 45 degrees.• It was placed in a sun-synchronous polar orbit at an altitude of

635 km. • It has a revisit period of 4 days, which can be improved to one day

with suitable orbit maneuvers. • In service

CARTOSAT-2A

• Mission type: Earth observationSatellite of Earth• Launch date:28 April 2008, 03:53GMT • Carrier rocket:PSLV-C9• Launch site: Satish Dhawan Space Centre• Mission duration:5 years • Orbital period: 97.4 minutes• Repeat interval: 4 days• Swath width: About 9.6 kilometre• Instruments: Main instrumentsOne panchromatic camera• Spatial resolution:Less than 1 metre• Spectral band:0.5 – 0.85 micrometre.

I.M.S 1• Mission type: Earth observation• Satellite ofEarthLaunch date: 28 April 2008• Carrier rocket: PSLV-C9• Launch site: SLP, Satish Dhawan Space Centre• Orbital period: ~90 minutes (estimated)• Swath width: MS 151, HS 130 Km• Instruments: Main instrumentsTwo cameras, Multi-

Spectral, Hyper-Spectral.• In service.

OCEANSAT-2• Mission type: Oceanography • Launch date: 23 September 2009 • Carrier rocket: PSLV-C14• Launch site: Satish Dhawan Space Centre• Period: 99.31 minutes.• In service.

CARTOSAT-2B

• Mission type : Earth observation.• Launch date: 12 July 2010 • Carrier rocket : PSLV-CA (C15)• Launch site: Satish Dhawan FLP • Mission duration: 5 years• Orbital period: 97.4 minutes• Repeat interval: 4 days• Swath width: About 9.6 kilometers• Instruments Main instruments: One panchromatic camera• Spatial resolution: Less than 1 metre • Spectral band: 0.5 – 0.85 micrometre.

Resourcesat-2Orbit: Circular Polar Sun Synchronous

Orbit Inclination : 98.731º + 0.2º

Orbit Period : 101.35 min

Number of Orbits per day : 14

Local Time of Equator crossing : 10:30 am

Repeativity : 24 days

Launch date : April 20, 2011

Launch site: Sriharikota India

Launch vehicle : PSLV- C16

Mission life : 5 years

ApplicationPreharvest crop area and production estimation of major crops. Drought monitoring and assessment based on vegetation condition. Flood risk zone mapping and flood damage assessment. Hydro-geomorphological maps for locating underground water resources for drilling well. Irrigation command area status monitoring Snow-melt run-off estimates for planning water use in down stream projects Land use and land cover mapping Urban planning Forest survey Wetland mapping Environmental impact analysis Mineral Prospecting Coastal studies

CONCLUSIONSatellite is an object which has been placed into orbit by human

endeavour. Also known as artificial satellite.Indian Remote Sensing satellites (IRS) are a series of Earth

Observation satellites, built, launched and maintained by Indian

Space Research Organisation.ISRO already launched so many earth observation satellites, in

future it plans for widening of applications such as

RESOURCESAT-3, CARTOSAT-3, OCEANSAT-3.These satellites provides lots of benefits like forest survey, mineral

prospecting, mapping, coastal studies.

REFERENCES

►2008, B Bhatta, Remote Sensing and GIS, Oxford Publications, pp:120-136►en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Remote_Sensing►www.isro.org►www.pecad.fas.usda.gov