India. Location & Geography Stretches south from the Himalayas ◦Highest mountain range in the...
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Transcript of India. Location & Geography Stretches south from the Himalayas ◦Highest mountain range in the...
![Page 1: India. Location & Geography Stretches south from the Himalayas ◦Highest mountain range in the world ◦Subcontinent in the Indian Ocean Geography limited.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062401/5a4d1b187f8b9ab059992957/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
India
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Location & Geography
Stretches south from the Himalayas◦Highest mountain range in the world◦Subcontinent in the Indian Ocean
Geography limited contact with other cultures◦Himalaya and Hindu Kush Mountain Ranges◦Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea
Passes in the mountains◦Allowed for migration into the Indus River Valley
Great rivers begin in the mountains◦Indus River◦Ganges River◦Make farming possible down below
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India and its Rivers
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Monsoons
Monsoons Strong winds that blow across the region at certain times of the year◦Dry air blows from NE
Oct – May◦Rains blow up from Indian Ocean
Middle of June Drenches the valleys and plains
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Life in the Indus River Valley
Rich soil◦Wheat and grains◦Lots of food led to population increase
Well planned cities flourished 2500-1500BC◦Harappa◦Mohenjo-Daro◦The larger of the two
On banks of Indus River
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Mohenjo-Daro: Carefully Built
Built above ground level◦To protect from floods
Homes and workshops on one side of the city◦Public buildings on the others
Highest point of the city served as the citadel◦Fortress◦Built on a high mound of earth◦Enclosed by a high brick wall◦Would have protected most important buildings
Storehouse for grain Bath house
Clay pipe drains ran under the brick streets◦Carried waste out of the city
Canals outside the city to handle the flooding◦Redirected the water to where it was needed
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Life in Mohenjo-Daro
Merchants owned shops along the streets◦Trade came from as far as Mesopotamia◦Jewelry◦Bright clothing
Homes opened to courtyards◦Children played with toys and pets◦Adults enjoyed games and music
No idea as to their language ◦Writing on square seals◦Don’t know about their religion or government
either◦Evidence supports they had multiple gods
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Rise of the Aryans
Indus valley farmers began to abandon their land around 2000 BC◦Climate change?◦Earthquakes and floods destroyed canals?
Aryans entered valley b/w 2000/1500BC◦“noble” or “highborn”◦Nomadic herders◦Drove horse-drawn chariots
Overwhelmed local people militarily◦Intermarried with the locals
Combined Aryan and native culture
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Aryan Life
Iron age in 800BC◦Used axes to clear rain forest of northeast◦Built cities
Religion books: Vedas◦“knowledge”◦Tells us much about Aryan Life
Herders and warriors◦Lived in temporary villages
Three social classes◦Aryan Priests: Brahmans◦Warriors and Nobles◦Artisans and Merchants◦Later a fourth formed: Farm workers, laborers, servants
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Caste System
Strict division of classes – Caste systemEach caste (class) had special dutiesPeople had to stay in the caste of their
parents◦People of the same caste had the same
occupation◦People did the same jobs as their parents
Castes divided into hundreds of different groups over times
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Hinduism
The Hindu religion developed over 3500 years◦Absorbed beliefs of many religions◦Different people need different ways of
approaching godThe religion has no single founderWorships many gods and goddessesBelief in one spiritual power: brahman
◦Lives in everything
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Brahma
Different gods and goddesses stand for different parts of Brahman◦Take many different forms (avatars)
Representation of a Hindu god or goddess in human or animal form
Brahma◦Creator◦Born from a golden egg◦Created Earth and everything on it◦Not as widely worshipped
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Vishnu
The PreserverKindly god concerned with welfare of
humansVisits earth to protect mankind
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Shiva
The DestroyerNot concerned with human mattersVery powerfulResponsible for creative and destructive
forces of universe
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Shakti
Wife of ShivaAlso a creator and destroyer
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Upanishads
Hindu religious textMeans “sitting near a teacher”In the form of questions by pupils and
responses by teachers
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Reincarnation
Reincarnation: Rebirth of the soulBelief that when someone dies, the soul is
reborn in the body of another living thingEvery living thing has a soulActions of one’s life affect his fate in the next
◦Good behavior rewarded: reborn into a higher position
◦Bad behavior punished: reborn into a lower caste Maybe even return as animals
◦Perfect life: he or she may be freed from this cycle of death and rebirth Soul becomes one with Brahman
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A Hindu’s Duties
Dharma: Moral duties of each person◦Depend on caste, age, and occupation◦Man’s duty to protect the women in his family◦Ruler’s duty to protect his subjects
Ahimsa: Nonviolence◦All living things are part of Brahman◦Must be treated with respect
Many Hindus do not eat meat◦Try to avoid harming living things
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Yogas
Yoga means “union”◦Goal is to free the soul from the worries of the
worldDifferent types of yoga
◦Yoga of physical activity◦Yoga of selflessness: Giving to the poor◦Yoga of following religious practices
Private devotion◦Personal gods◦Private altars and offerings