683© The Author(s) 2019T. M. Shaw et al. (eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Contemporary International Political Economy, Palgrave Handbooks in IPE, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-45443-0

Index1

1 Note: Page number followed by fig refers to a figure and by t refers to a table.

NUMBERS AND SYMBOLS9/11, 33, 195, 338, 469

AAAAA (Addis Ababa Action Agenda),

387Aboadze power station, Ghana, 254Abrindo Espaços (Open Schools)

Programme, Brazil, 475–476‘absentee ownership,’ 310–311absolute-income measures of class,

172–173, 174, 176, 178–179Abu Dhabi, 435, 442Acharya, A., 8ACP (Africa, Caribbean and Pacific)

countries, 95, 164, 292–294, 287, 288

Adaptation Committee, 362ADB (Asian Development Bank),

170–171, 175Ad Hoc Working Group on the Paris

Agreement (APA), 361

Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action (ADP), 360

Addis Ababa Action Agenda, see AAAAAdidas, 657advance tax rulings (‘comfort letters’),

350–351, 354AfDB (African Development Bank),

‘Feed Africa’ strategy, 393, 404Afghanistan, 33Africa, 2–3

agency, 163capitalism, 5food imports, 392, 400‘land grabbing,’ 392migration from, 398neoliberal reforms, 536projected population increase, 393,

394water availability, 504African Development Bank, see AfDB

African Tax Administration Forum 2014, 354–355

684 Index

Afro-Caribbean diasporas, 595agency, 45–47, 163agrarianism, 176Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of

Intellectual Property Rights, see TRIPS

agriculturefamily farming, 393, 398smallholder farms, 392–393, 398,

399, 511subsistence farming, 400

agriculture, Sub-Saharan Africa, 391–406

GDP source from, 395t–396timportance of, 397–398and poverty reduction, 400–402responses to help, 399–400

AI (artificial intelligence), 619–621Aid for Trade, 292AIIB (Asian Infrastructure Investment

Bank), 14, 241Adesina, Dr A. 406Alibaba, 55Alliance of Small Island States,

see AOSISAlphabet, 54alter-globalisation movement, 126aluminium, 571Amazon, 54–55America First, 9, 206, 237Americas Barometer, 469anarchy, 76Angola, 257, 394, 443, 504Antigua, 162, 602, 603–611antitrust practice, 51AOSIS (Alliance of Small Island States),

364, 368APACs (Associations for the

Protection and Assistance of the Condemned), Brazil, 478–479

apartheid, 77–78Apple, 53, 54, 352, 559

Arabian Sea, 490Arab states, and migration, 595arbitrage, 304arbitration mechanisms, 64Argentina, 90, 94, 469, 543,

546, 548tAristotelian approach, 169–170arms trafficking, 575Arrighi, G., 592artificial intelligence, see AIartisanal and small-scale mining, see

ASMASEAN (Association of Southeast

Asian Nations)Asian crisis, 90, 94establishment, 89free trade area, 93regional integration, 96, 211, 237

ASEAN+1, 96ASEAN+3, 94, 96, 211, 237Asia

global financial crisis (GFC), 209gross fixed capital

formation as percentage of GDP, 548t

imports, 542middle class, 170–171, 174migration, 185rise of, 234

Asian Bond Fund, 241Asian Development Bank, see ADBAsian Drivers framework, 249, 250tAsian financial crisis, 33, 35, 94Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank,

see AIIBAsia Society, 36n5ASM (artisanal and small-scale

mining), 576Association of Southeast Asian Nations,

see ASEANAssociations for the Protection and

Assistance of the Condemned, Brazil, see APACs

685 Index

AU (Africa Union), 403Maputo and Malabo Declarations,

393, 399austerity, 240, 269, 339Australia

coalition building, 207–208emissions trading, 369human rights, 204path of inequality, 177Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs),

431, 440, 442systemic impact approach, 205–206tobacco industry, 671Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP), 206and US, 205–206

authoritarianism, 204‘automatic enterprise,’ 620–621l’Autorité de la Concurrence and

Bundeskartellamt, 54Azerbaijan, 442

BBab el-Mandeb Strait, Horn of Africa,

490Bahrain, 443Baidu, 55balance-of-power logic, 103–104Baldwin, David, 49Bangladesh, 286Bank for International Settlements, see

BISBan Ki-moon, 379Barbados, 160, 288Barclays, 312base erosion and profit shifting, see

BEPSBasel Accord, 306, 308BAT, see British American Tobaccobehavioural programmes, and

recidivism, 475Belgium, 6, 158, 286Belize, 293, 287

BEPS (base erosion and profit shifting), 347, 354–355

Bermuda, 604BEST program, Los Angeles, 475BETonSPORTS, 609BEUC (The European Consumer

Organisation), 447BICs (Brazil, India, and China), 224Big Data, 54, 320bioenvironmentalism, 521BIS (Bank for International

Settlements), 195, 301blockchain, 621–623, 625Boeing, 51, 458Bokor National Park, Cambodia, 253Bolivia, 469Bombardier, 291border regimes, 587–597

centres and peripheries, 590–592and global re-ordering, 592historical control, 592–596

BOT (Build, Operate, Transfer contract), 252

Botswana, 158, 160, 436British Petroleum (BP), 254brain drain, 191, 194, 423Brazil

anti-inflationary policies, 112and Argentina, 90and China, 539, 543, 544Clean Development Mechanism

(CDM) projects, 365Confederation of Industry, 114currency flotation, 94on ‘currency war’ US and China,

113–114damming projects, 508Fica Vivo program, 477FIESP (Federation of

Industry of the State of Sao Paulo), 114

and G20, 110–113and Germany, 104

686 Index

gross fixed capital formation as % of GDP, 548t

health, 15, 675investment in Africa, 574MERCOSUR, 94–95middle class, 174military police, 471Morar Carioca program of housing

improvement, 662neoliberalism, 128Olympic Games 2009, 661–662organized crime, 473–474Petrobras, 545re-offending programs, 478and renewable energy, 565savings rate, 112as state-permeated, 111–112stimulus distribution, 111sustainable resource management,

369trade negotiations, 5Units of Pacification Police (UPP),

662and World Trade Organization

(WTO), 104, 225youth-based interventions, 475–476 See also BICs; BRICs; BRICS; IBSA

Bretton Woods System, 31–32, 33, 79, 218, 307, 310

Brexit, 283–297Canada-style deal, 289challenge of, 96Chequers Plan, 289and Commonwealth trade,

294–295costs of shipment via EU, 287–288customs union, 289depreciation, 285and development, 292–294economic implications, 285–287financial passporting, 290hard Brexit (no deal), 289, 308

most-favoured nation (MFN) tariffs, 293

impact of, 285–290negotiations, 283–284and Northern Ireland, 283Norway-style deal, 289referendum, 283regulatory standards, 288trade relationships, 288–292transitional period, 284, 288

BRIC/S (Brazil, Russia, India, China,/South Africa)

G20 meeting, 29gross domestic product (GDP),

235peer recognition, 222rise of, 2, 155as development donor, 12energy demands, 563financial statecraft (FS), 27–28,

37–38and global health, 15and global reordering, 7, 8governance, 2, 241growth of, 94investments in Global South, 574summit, 3support of Russia, 34

Bridgewater Canal, UK, 509Britain, 32, 77

See also BrexitBritish American Tobacco (BAT), 673British Virgin Islands, 604Brundtland, G. H., 518Brundtland Report, 518–519Brunei, 442Brzezinski, Z., 660Buffett, W., 301Build, Operate, Transfer contract, see

BOTBundesbank, 111Burkina Faso, 399Burundi, 235, 394, 398

Brazil (cont.)

687 Index

Bush, G. Sr., 369Bush, G. W., 33, 206BusinessEurope, 447

CCAADP (Comprehensive African

Agriculture Development Programme), 399–400, 404

Cairns Group, 207–209, 605Cambodia, 252–254, 286Cameroon, 504Canada

competition laws, 451European Union free trade

agreements (FTAs), 290and G7, 32legalisation of cannabis, 10outlawing landmines, 204path of inequality, 177rehabilitation, 478sports branding, 657–658Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs),

431Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), 206

cannabis industry, 10CANZUK, 295Cape Town, 506Cape Verde, 158, 193Capgemini, World Wealth Report, 559capital, international movements of, 33capitalism

‘dependent capitalism,’ 139–140diversity of, 5domestic, 140and ecology, 523–534East Asian model, 126and governance, 83hegemonism and, 82–83hierarchical, 138history of, 143and institutions, 108Marx on, 82–83

and socialist regimes, 81 See also CC (comparative

capitalism); CCC (critical comparative capitalism); carbon capitalism

capitalization, 560–561, 563–564carbon capitalism, 555–567

climate change and renewable energy, 562–566

energy and capital as power, 559–561energy and traditional international

relations, 556–559‘carbon credits’ (certified emissions

reductions) (CERs), 364carbon-offset trading programmes, 523,

582Cardoso, F.H., 112CARICOM CARIFORUM,

293–294cartels, 49, 52, 451Cayman Islands, 604CBD (Convention on Biological

Diversity), 359, 519CC (comparative capitalism), 135–144

economic growth, 137–138emerging economies, 140, 141foreign economic policies, 140–141institutional features, 136–137international institutions, 139–140long-term tendencies, 142–143multinational corporation strategies

(MNCs), 142non-democratic countries, 141

CCC (critical comparative capitalism), 138–139

CCS (Climate Change Secretariat), 361, 362

CDB (China Development Bank), 249, 254–255

CDMs (Clean Development Mechanisms), 360, 364–367, 370

Central African Republic, 397

688 Index

Central American Common Market, 673

Central Arizona Project, 509Central Valley Project, California, 509CERS (certified emissions reductions),

see ‘carbon credits’CGIAR (Consultative Group on

International Agricultural Research), 402

CGPCS (Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia), 486, 491, 495

Chad, 397, 437Chiang Mai Initiative, 96, 241Chicago, CureViolence, 476–477Chicago School approach, 593Chile, 121, 160, 543, 546, 548tChin, G. 219–220China

and Africa, 246–249, 254–256, 539, 574

agriculture and poverty reduction, 401–402, 404

and Australia, 207Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), 37,

237, 241border with India, 3and Brexit, 291and Cambodia, 252–254Chinese Communist Party, 257Clean Development Mechanism

(CDM) projects, 365comparative capitalism (CC), 140competition law, 455currency, 38damming projects, 508decline in formal borrowing, 319development, 246–248diaspora, 191divestment projects, 126e-commerce, 55as emerging market (EM), 234–236energy security, 247, 563

engineering and construction sector, 249

environmental issues, 5, 247, 565exchange rate, 35, 36, 113–114expansionary capitalism, 246–247exports and competitiveness, 542financial statecraft (FS), 27, 35–38foreign exchange reserves, 36, 247global financial crisis (GFC), 211and global leadership, 209, 210and global resources, 245–259and Global South, 36–38and Gulf of Aden, 489globalisation, 207, 247gross fixed capital formation, 548tgrowth, 247, 539–544health, 675hydraulic works, 252–254, 505impact on Lower and Middle

Income Countries (LMICs), 249–252

import of iron ore, 541–542inward foreign direct investment

(FDI), 35and Latin America, 256–258,

535–536, 546–547and liberalism, 53Manchu dynasty, 595middle class, 174, 175migration, 591, 592Navy, 37negative net income balance, 271neoliberalism, 128net international investment

position (NIIP), 272figObama and, 369outward foreign direct investment

(FDI), 35–37, 248, 256, 543rare-earth elements (REE), 49remittance recipient, 193resource extraction, 539–544rise of, 10–11, 155and South China Sea, 211

689 Index

Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs), 35–36, 430, 431, 432, 435, 442

state-owned enterprises (SOEs), 247, 249, 543, 675

state-permeated capitalism, 141state sovereignty, 212stimulus programme, 240Vision 2050, 236 See also ASEAN+3; BRICs; BRICS

China Development Bank, see CDBChina International United

Petroleum & Chemicals Co, see UNIPEC

China Investment Corporation, see CIC

China National Offshore Oil Corporation, see CNOOC

China National Petroleum Corporation‘China Threat Theory,’ 226, see

CNPCCIC (China Investment Corporation),

432, 433, 435CIFUS (Committee on Foreign

Investments in the United States), 433

Cignifi, 320Ciudad Juarez (Mexico), CureViolence,

477civil society, 46, 66–67class

and car ownership, 175globalisation and, 26figGramscian approach, 83migration and, 187relative-income measure, 173, 176,

178reproduction and, 172SLDCs, 160struggle, 50and water security, 503 See also elites; middle classes

Clean Development Mechanism, see CDMs

climate change, 5–6, 383, 561Climate Change Secretariat, see CCS

Clinton, W.J. (Bill), 34, 203, 369CNOOC (China National Offshore

Oil Corporation), 248, 254CNPC (China National Petroleum

Corporation), 248coal industry, 123, 437, 440, 509, 525,

539, 565Cochabamba ‘water wars,’ 504Code of Hammurabi, 301coercion (relational power), 44–45cognitive behavioural therapy, and

recidivism, 475Cold War

and diasporas, 591end of, 33, 89, 125, 201, 202 See also Bretton Woods System

collectivism, 120collusion, 50, 52Colombia, 469, 476colonialism, 450, 537commercial liberalism, 106Committee on Foreign Investments in

the United States, see CIFUScommodities, 571–583

Asian drivers, 243boom, 536, 538, 571derivative markets, 309and environmental issues, 580–582financialization, 577–578flex, 580–581and global development, 574–575and global reordering, 572–574governance, 578–580illicit and informal, 575–577international price cycle, 37niche, 581and political events, 571price of, 437, 578and regionalism, 574

Common Market of the South, see MERCOSUR

690 Index

Common Reporting Standard, see CRS

Commonwealth Games, 15Commonwealth Heads of Government

Meeting London, 294Commonwealth of Nations, 77, 291,

294–295Communism, 187Companhia Brasileira de Metalurgie e

Mineração, 544comparative advantage, theory of,

527–528comparative capitalism, see CCcomparative political economy, see CPEcompetition, 46, 49–50competition law and policy, 447–459

Comparative Political Economy (CPE) approach, 455–457

and economic development, 456and democracy, 456and globalisation, 92and institutionalization, 457–459and international integration of

markets, 451–454law enforcement, 458and market size, 456as political, 449–450and protectionism, 452

competition state, 127Comprehensive African Agriculture

Development Programme, see CAADP

Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, 9, 291

concentration ratio, see CRconcept analysis, 218‘conditioned power,’ 45Confederation of European Business

Associations, 447Confucianism, 170Congressional Research Services, see

CRS

constructivist approachglobal economy, 69market power, 44, 46neoliberalism, 121regionalism, 91, 92small-and least-developed countries

(SLDCs), 161–166transnationalism, 76

Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, see CGIAR

consumer welfare, 51consumption

agriculture and, 403and class, 171, 172, 174–176and environmental impact, 179and microfinance, 322and migration, 187remittances and, 194sports and, 656sustainability, 527and US, 110, 277

Contact Group on Piracy off the Coast of Somalia, see CGPCS

‘contestable market’ model, 47Convention for the Suppression of

Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, see SUA

Convention on Biological Diversity, see CBD

Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, 523

Convention on the Protection of the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of their Families, 188

Convention Relating to the Protection of Refugees, 188

cooperation, 12, 47, 105–106Copenhagen Accord, 367corporate social responsibility, see CSRcorruption, 241, 437–438, 456cosmopolitanism, 78–81

691 Index

Costa Rica, 160, 174‘Cotton Four’ 162cotton trade, 573countervailing power, 46, 51CPE (comparative political economy),

135, 137, 144, 158, 455–457CR (concentration ratio), 47credit scoring, 320–321, 324, 325

and psychometric testing, 321, 325Crimea, 34crime prevention

childhood and family-based measure, 474–475

community-based interventions, 476–477

prison-based measures, 477–479reduction in risk factors, 475strategies, 473tyouth-based interventions,

475–476critical comparative capitalism, see

CCCCRS (Common Reporting Standard),

349CRS (Congressional Research Services),

53cryptocurrencies, 319, 623–626

BitCoins, 623, 625BitPesa, 319

CSR (corporate social responsibility), 622, 673

Cuba, 37CureViolence, 476–477currency leadership, 265–280

‘balance-sheet perspective,’ 266benefits and costs, 271–279macroeconomic policy, 266–270relatively accommodative policy,

265relatively conservative policy, 265US dominance, 265–268

customs unions, 91Cyprus, 295

Ddamming, 506–509, 511, 512da Silva, L. 112‘data revolution,’ 378Davos; see WEFDDoS (Distributed Denial of Service),

628debt securities balance, 270decolonization and migration 66, 187,

508, 594deflation, 32deforestation, 369, 382, 517,

519, 582deindustrialization, 241, 544democratic governance, 178Democratic Republic of Congo, see

DRCDeng Xiaoping, 170Denmark, 51–52dependency theories 50, 138, 654‘deregulation,’ 127derivatives, 301–312

crises 304–305Exchange-Traded (ET), 302gross market values, 301multidisciplinary approach, 303over-the-counter (OTC), 301, 302,

305, 309regulation, 304–312Derivatives Product Group,

see DPGDeutsche Bank, 312diasporas, 189–192, 588–591, 595‘differential ownership,’ 559Diffused Globalisation, 417Digital Solidarity Fund, see DSFdigital divide, 14digital technological innovation, 49,

615–629artificial intelligence (AI), 619–621blockchain, 621–623cryptocurrencies, 623–626financial inclusion, 317–326

692 Index

The Internet of Things (IoT), 626–628

stock trading, 620and transnationalist approach,

420–423displacement, World Wars, 593–594Distributed Denial of Service, see

DDoSDjibouti, 494DNS (Domain Name System), 628Dodd-Frank Act, 308Doha Round, 6, 65, 159, 165, 220,

223, 366; see also, WTO‘dollar exchange rate weapon,’ 271–272Domain Name System, see DNSdomestic politics 6, 103–115

leadership, 104power relations, 421societal approach, 107–110theories of, 105–107

‘Double Irish’ corporate subsidiary structure, 351–352

DPG (Derivatives Product Group), 305–306

DRC (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 257, 319, 369–370, 388, 394, 539

DSF (Digital Solidarity Fund), 14Dubai, 442, 443Dubai Ports World, 433dumping, 50duopoly, 52duopsony, 52DuPont, 457‘Dutch disease,’ 194

EEarth Summit Rio 1992, see UNCED‘East Asian miracle,’ 234Eastern Europe, 36, 139, 187, 189,

575, 591

East Timor, 438, 442ECB (European Central Bank),

268–269ECLAC (UN Economic Commission

for Latin America and the Caribbean), 173–174, 543, 549

ecologism, 524–525Economic Partnership Agreements, see

EPAseconomies in transition, see EITEconomist, The, 2, 3, 14, 37eco-socialism, 517, 523–534Ecuador, 543, 546, 547EDF (European Development Fund),

159EEC (European Economic

Community), 158EEU (Eurasian Economic Union), 90,

94‘Efficient Market Hypothesis,’ 304Egypt, 204, 490EIA (Environmental Impact

Assessment), 253EIG (Environmental Integrity Group),

364EIT (economies in transition), 364EITI (Extractive Industries

Transparency Initiative), 579EKC (Environmental Kuznets’ Curve),

528elites

and colonialism, 510financial, 125, 421and globalisation, 426Gramscian approach, 83local, 163, 164, 258and ‘national interest’, 557neoliberalism and, 121, 124, 643and political power, 161, 246, 438power elite tradition, 83in sports, 656, 660

El Salvador, 469‘embedded neoliberalism,’ 127, 162

digital technological innovation (cont.)

693 Index

emerging markets, see EMsemerging powers, see EPsemissions trading, 364, 369–370empowerment, ‘five components’

approach, 643EMs (emerging markets), 233–243

convergence, 236decoupling, 236demand for commodities, 240ecological sustainability, 241financial role, 237global gross domestic profit (GDP),

233and globalisation, 235, 237governance, 241growth, 51, 236, 239–240industrialization, 241institutional transformation, 241investments, 242–243middle class and urbanization,

236–237middle-income trap, 236production and, 139public sector, 241purchasing power parity (PPP), 233;

see also “BRIC/S” and “EPs (emerging powers)”

energy, 556–559, 563renewable, 565–566

Engel’s law, 175Entrepreneurial Finance Lab, see EFLentrepreneurialism, 322, 641Environment

commodification of, 581–582crime, transnational, 576social and governance standards, see

ESGEnvironmental Kuznets’ Curve, see

EKCEnvironmental Impact Assessment, see

EIAEnvironmental Integrity Group, see

EIG

environmental institutionalism, 521EPAs (Economic Partnership

Agreements), 164–165, 293–294‘epidemiological transition’ model, 670EPRDF (People’s Revolutionary

Democratic Front) Ethiopia, 161EPs (emerging powers), 217–227

characterisation of, 218–219, 223as concept, 223–225diplomatic ambition, 220–221domestic support, 221and G20, 33and global economic governance

(GEG), 221and health, 221institutional disadvantages, 222investment in Africa, 222lack of differentiation, 225–226material capability, 219–220, 222peer recognition, 221–223structural hindrances, 224; see also

“EMs (emerging markets)” and “BRIC/S”

EPZs (export processing zones), 422Equatorial Guinea, 431Eritrea, 193ESG (environmental, social, and

governance standards), 243ESM (European Stability Mechanism),

269Espinosa, P., 362ETFs (exchange traded funds), 10Ethiopia, 160–161, 186, 394, 508,

511EU (European Union)

and Africa, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP), 95, 292–293

antitrust practice, 51austerity, 240, 269border regimes, 587–588, 593, 597Brazil and, 95and CARIFORUM, 164climate governance, 5

694 Index

Common Security and Defense Policy (CSDP), 492

competition regulation, 452crisis, 96Economic and Monetary Union, 89,

139economic governance, 421economic interdependence, 91Economic Partnership Agreements

(EPAs), 164–165, 293Emissions Trading Scheme (EU

ETS), 364free trade agreements (FTAs), 290–294Generalised System of Preferences

(GSP), 292imports, 54and integration, 90–91Lomé protocol, 159non-tariff barriers (NTBs), 289and piracy, 486organised crime, 14refugees, 185Salzburg Summit, 289sanctions on Russia, 429and South Africa, 77structural power, 209tariffs, 289taxation, 347technical assistance in Africa, 573trade with UK, 286 See also Brexit; Eurozone

EUNAVFOR (EU Naval Force), 491, 492

Eurasian Economic Union, see EEUEurope

diasporas, 588extremist ideologies, 32left-wing movements, 50migration, 185, 591nationalism and populism, 53regional integration, 92security, 91tripartite bargain, 50

European Banking Authority, 284European Central Bank, see ECBEuropean Coal and Steel Community,

32European Commission, 351, 457European Consumer Organization, see

BEUCEuropean Development Fund, see EDFEuropean Economic Community, see

EECEuropean Medicines Agency, 284European Stability Mechanism, see

ESMEurozone

austerity, 269conservative macroeconomic policy,

268crisis, 11, 90, 95–96, 270debt-servicing, 267and safe assets, 269unemployment, 2

exchange traded funds, see ETFsExIm Bank, 249, 252Expansive Globalisation, 417export processing zones, see EPZsexports and competitiveness, 113–114Extractive Industries Transparency

Initiative, see EITIextractive resources

artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM), 576

blockchain and, 622–623Chinese investment in, 248,

256–258, 535–537, 539–544, 548

economic impact of, 397, 403–404, 437

and global development, 574governance of, 579nationalism, 544–547reforms, 544taxation, 354water diversion, 509

ExxonMobil, 254, 561

EU (cont.)

695 Index

FFacebook, 54fair trade mineral schemes, 579Fairtrade International, 526family farming, 393, 398Family Integrated Transitions, 475FAO (Food and Agriculture

Organisation), 366FATF (Financial Action Task Force),

195FCPF (Forest Carbon Partnership

Facility), 366FDI (foreign direct investment)

acquisitions and mergers, 50decline, 193growth, 52and taxation regime, 354, 355volatility, 192

Federal Reserve, 276–278Federation of Industry of the State of

Sao Paulo, see Brazil, FIESPfeminist approach

gender analysis, 633, 635, 638, 639, 640, 642, 644–645

on microfinance, 322neoliberal, 129

FFD (financing for development), 378, 387–388

Fiji, 287Financial Action Task Force, see FATFFinancial Conduct Authority, Mortgage

Market Review (MMR), 340financial inclusion, 321–323Financial Stability Board (FSB), 12,

308Financial Stability Forum, see FSFfinancial statecraft (FS), 6, 27–38Financial Times, The, 351Financial Times Stock Exchange, see

FTSEfinancing for development, see FFD‘Fintech’ and financial inclusion,

317–326First Industrial Revolution, 617, 619

First World War, 348Fiscal Compact, 269fishing industry, 490followership, 104, 204, 205, 222Food and Agriculture Organisation, see

FAOfood expenditure and income, 175food security, 12–13, 392–394, 399,

401–405, 511foreign exchange reserves, 35, 36, 38,

247, 267, 269forest activities, 366, 367Forest Stewardship Council, see FSCformal financial institutions, access to

317, 318, 319formal sector employment and class,

173Fortune Global 500, 142fossil fuels, 555–558, 561, 562–563,

564, 566Foucault, M., 122, 334‘Four Industrial Revolutions’

model, 616Fourth Industrial Revolution, 618–619France

and Euro crisis, 95and European Coal and Steel

Community, 32and G7, 32gross domestic product (GDP), 285imperialism, 158, 594–595labour migration, 590path of inequality, 177protection from foreign takeovers,

432Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs),

431free trade

argument for, 527–528and emerging markets (EMs), 237free trade areas, 91as substitute for competition policy,

452, 453; see also, WTOFriedman, M., 123

696 Index

FS (financial statecraft)Second World War, 31China, 35–38defence and, 34definition of, 28–30exercise of structural power, 30financial inducements, 30and foreign policy goals, 28–29instruments and techniques, 30power orientation, 30reconceptualization, 29–30, 31tUS, 31–35

FSC (Forest Stewardship Council), 526, 579

FSF (Financial Stability Forum), 33, 308

FT Global 500, 142FTSE (Financial Times Stock

Exchange), 243functional family therapy, 474–475functionalist approach, 69

GG6, 235G7, 3, 32, 104, 209, 285, 434G8, 237G20

anti-inflationary policies, 112and emerging powers, 225exchange rate controversies,

113–114formation of, 8, 9, 33and global financial crisis (GFC),

29, 209–211, 237, 309importance of, 221institutionalisation of economic

models, 111–112London meeting, 349Principles for Innovative Financial

Inclusion, 324public debt, 110–113‘SME Finance Challenge,’ 324

societal approach, 110–114UK rating in, 285

G30, 305G77, 364, 605GAO (Government Accountability

Office), 431GAPP (Generally Accepted Principles

and Practices; Santiago Principles), 434, 441

gas industryand commodity trade, 574environmental issues, 561, 564,

565figGhana, 254–256impact of extraction, 537investment in sports, 660Latin America, 545, 548liquefied natural gas (LNG), 255,

490Nigeria, 400piracy and, 489, 490

GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services), 602, 605, 606, 608–609, 611

GATT (General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade), 48, 61, 157, 159, 208, 451–452

GCF (Green Climate Fund), 362GCHS (Geneva Convention on the

High Seas), 486GDLP (global division of labour and

power), 418, 422GE, 458GEF (Global Environment Facility),

362GEG (global economic governance),

218, 220, 221, 224gender, 633–646

‘analytical gender’ approach, 636–637

‘empirical gender’ approach, 636empowerment and development,

640–645

697 Index

feminist analysis, 633, 635, 638, 639, 640, 642, 644–645

and global governance, 637–640and health, 15and neoliberalism, 129

General Agreement on Trade in Services, see GATS

General Agreements on Tariffs and Trade, see GATT

Generalised System of Preferences, see GSP

Generally Accepted Principles and Practices, see GAPP

Geneva Convention on the High Seas, see GCHS

GERD (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam), 508, 511

Germanyanti-inflationary stance, 111automatic stabilisers, 111and Brazil, 104and Brexit, 286Chamber of Industry and

Commerce, 113coordination, 112and Euro crisis, 95European Coal and Steel

Community, 32exports and competitiveness, 114and G7, 32and G20, 110–113International Monetary Fund (IMF)

leadership, 104liberalism, 140migration, 590, 591path of inequality, 177remittance outflow, 193savings rate, 111, 112

GFC (global financial crisis), 11, 33, 155, 236

and ‘age of austerity,’ 339and coordinated capitalism, 140

and derivatives, 302, 304–305, 307–308

and emerging powers, 221financial inclusion and, 322and G20, 29housing market, 340and international currency,

266–267and neoliberal capitalism, 127–128,

210–211and remittances, 192and risk, 338, 341sources of credit, 247stimulus programmes and public

debt, 110and Sovereign Wealth Funds

(SWFs), 435tax avoidance, 347, 349and US, 209, 311

Ghana, 248, 254–256, 439Ghana Infrastructure Investment Fund,

439Ghana Petroleum Fund, 439GHG (global health governance),

672–674, 676GHG (greenhouse gas emissions) 361,

364–365, 369–370, 523, 562–563

Gilpin, R., 52, 415Giscard d’Estaing, V., 271Glencore, 578Global Commission on Drugs and

Drug Policy/Health, 14global division of labour and power, see

GDLPglobal economic governance, see GEGGlobal Environment Facility, see GEFGlobal Financial Centre Index,

London, 290global financial crisis, see GFCGlobal Forest Principles, 519GlobalG.A.P agricultural

standard, 527

698 Index

global governance, 75–84and climate change, 383corporate, 177cosmopolitanism, 78–81and emerging powers (EPs), 104,

220, 222–224, 226financial statecraft (FS) and, 29, 31and gender, 635, 637–640and globalisation, 423–426and health, 668hegemonism, 81t, 82–84, 237historical-institutionalist approach,

30legal practice and, 68levels of, 6–7and post-war trade, 61reformism, 78–81statist approach, 142and Sustainable Development Goals

(SDGs), 386transnationalism, 76–78, 81tand US, 5, 34

global health governance, see GHGGlobal Hunger Index, 13, 391globalisation, 413–426

consequences of, 418–420and cosmopolitanism, 81denial of, 414–416and emerging markets (EMs), 235,

237first and second waves, 654globalist perspective, 416–417governance, 79–80, 423–426hegemonism and, 82and inequality, 234and migration, 594and national economy, 55, 421new regionalism and, 92oriental globalisation, 235qualitative definition, 422figquantitative definition, 414–418and regionalism, 89social consequences, 423

and sustainability, 517as unpopular, 48, 53

global markets and power, 43–55agency, 45–47digital economy, 54–55knowledge economy 52–53strategies, 49–52structure, 47–49

Global Northcolonialism, 156commodities, 579, 580credit scoring, 320energy, 566infrastructure, 505Marxist approach to, 558and migration, 183, 187, 191, 192,

193OECD membership, 354privileges of, 8regionalism, 95tax avoidance, 355water supply, 510

global population, 394Global Risk Institute, 12Global South

capitalism, 5commodities, 573–575, 576, 579credit scoring, 320development, 12digital technology, 16environmental issues, 565fintech, 323governance, 637health, 15impact of climate change, 562market power, 51middle classes, 9–10, 170migration from, 183, 185, 187, 191,

192regionalism, 93, 96sports, 652water security, 503–504, 510–511

global value chains, see GVCs

699 Index

GNPC (Ghana National Petroleum Corporation), 255

gold, 571, 578gold standard, 32, 415Goldman Sachs, 9Google, 51, 54Government Accountability Office, see

GAOgovernmentality, 162, 334, 338Grameen Bank, 641Gramsci, A., 82Gramscian approach, 83

neo-Gramscianism, 128, 524Grand Canal, China, 509Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, see

GERDGreece, 96Green Climate Fund, see GCF‘green growth,’ 46green mercantilism, 517, 522green socialism, 521greenhouse gas emissions, see GHGGreenspan, A., 304‘Groupe Danone,’ 432GSP (Generalised System of Preferences),

157, 158, 159, 292–3Guatemala, crime legislation, 469Gulf of Aden, 489, 491, 492–493Gulf of Guinea, 504GVCs (global value chains), 62, 126,

285, 455, 527, 671

HHarare, Zimbabwe, 509hard currency, 30Harvard Research Draft, 486HDI (Human Development Index),

256, 395–396, 398health and healthcare, 667–678

and class, 172co-regulation, 674corporate actors, 672–674

and economic globalisation 670–672emerging powers (EPs), 675–676global health governance (GHG),

672–674, 676inequality of, 670internationalization of, 669Lower and Middle Income

Countries (LMICs), 669marketization of, 668neoliberalism and, 669–670privatization of, 668–669and restructuring of global economy,

669–672self-regulation, 674

hegemonic stability theory, 46hegemonism, 81t, 82–84Held, D., 416, 417, 426Helleiner, E., 128, 266HHI (Herfindahl-Hirschman index), 47High Level Panel of Eminent Persons

on the Post-2015 Development Agenda, 380–381, 383

high net worth individuals, see HNWIshistorical institutionalist approach, 30,

69, 106, 108–109HNWIs (high net worth individuals),

350, 354Hobson, J.A., 450Honduras, 469Honeywell, 458Hong Kong, 33, 431Hoover Dam, US, 506, 508Horn of Africa

drought, 383maritime piracy, 485–496

Howard, J., 205Hu Jintao, 539Human Development Index, see HDIHuman Development Report, The rise

of the South 234human trafficking, 186, 188Hungary, 204hunger levels, indicators of, 391

700 Index

IIADB (Inter-American Development

Bank), 257, 320, 321, 324IBC (‘international business company’),

351, 353IBRD (International Bank for

Reconstruction and Development), 31

IBSA (India, Brazil, and South Africa), 237

ICC (International Chamber of Commerce), 487

Iceland, 162ICIJ (International Consortium of

Investigative Journalists), 352–353ICT (Information & communication

technology)IFAD (International Fund for

Agricultural Development), 385–386

IG (internet gambling), 601–611employment, 604regulation, 603transparency, 603–604

IIC (Inter-American Investment Corporation) and Wyman, O., 320, 321

Ikenberry, G.J., 205illegal fishing, 489ILO (International Labour

Organization), 188IMB (International Maritime Bureau),

487–488IMF (International Monetary Fund)

bailout packages, 94, 437Bretton Woods System, 31BRICS, 37capital controls, 143on commodity boom, 571conditionality loans, 124and emerging powers (EPs), 29,

221, 234leadership, 104loss of importance of, 209

and Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs), 434

and Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) 625

study on investment, 178US hegemony, 238World Economic Outlook, 2

IMO (International Maritime Organization), 487

imperialism, 238, 413, 450, 537, 558, 637, 640–641

import substitution, 90imprisonment, 470‘incomplete contracting,’ 64India

border with China, 3Clean Development Mechanism

(CDM) projects, 365Commonwealth Games, 15Competition Commission of India

(CCI), 457commodities and investment, 574cricket, 652diaspora, 191as emerging market (EM), 234–235and energy, 563, 565European Union free trade

agreement, 291growth, 10, 174, 285and Gulf of Aden, 489health, 675hydraulic works, 505Information and Communication

Technology (ICT), 55low-income borrowing, 319middle class and growth, 174Mughal period, 595Narmada Water Project, 507neoliberalism, 128pharmaceutical industry, 573remittance recipient, 193South Asian Association for Regional

Cooperation (SAARC), 94trade negotiations, 5

701 Index

UK trade, 291and World Trade Organization

(WTO), 225 See also BRIC/S; IBSA

Indonesia, 94, 369, 548t, 592industrialization

and commodities, 240–241and competition, 454first, 617and inequality, 176Marx on, 82and migration, 589natural resources and, 535,

537–538, 546, 548, 550and risk, 336

inequality, 176–179globalisation and, 234governance and, 386and health, 670and the law, 68state institutions and, 241water, 503

infectious diseases, spread of, 670inflation

Brexit referendum and, 285China, 401deficit spending and, 104, 110–112,

268and derivatives, 305, 307oil supply, 557Somalia, 490

‘Inflationstrauma,’ Germany, 111informal remittance systems, 193, 195informal sector employment, 173infrastructure

Chinese investment, 37, 246, 247–249, 255, 256, 401–402, 404

digital technology, 626–627diversion of water and, 509Latin America, 549Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs)

and, 438sports mega-events (SMEs),

659–660, 662

Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), 387

US, 505, 508in-prison rehabilitation, 478institutionalist approach, 83, 91, 104,

136, 138insurance, and risk, 333–336Inter-American Development Bank, see

IADBintergovernmental organizations, see

IOsIntergovernmental Panel on Climate

Change, see IPCCInternational Bank for Reconstruction

and Development, see IBRD‘international business company’, see

IBCInternational Chamber of Commerce,

see ICCInternational Conference on

Population and Development Guidelines, 643

International Consortium of Investigative Journalists, see ICIJ

international economic law, 59–70intergovernmental organizations,

65–66international court systems, 59liberal approach, 69literature, 68market-for-law thesis, 63neoconservative approach, 63non-governmental actors, 65, 66–67political actors, 62–64supply and demand, 63

International Energy Agency, 565International Fund for Agricultural

Development, see IFADInternational Labour Organization, see

ILOInternational Maritime Bureau, see

IMBInternational Monetary Fund, see IMF

702 Index

International Maritime Organization, see IMO

International Olympic Committee, see IOC

International Organization for Migration, see IOM

‘internationally transferred mitigation outcomes’, see ITMOs

International Risk Governance Center, see IRGC

International Swaps and Derivatives Association, 306

International Trade Organization, see ITO

International Union for Conservation of Nature, 508, 519

Internationally Recommended Transit Corridor, see IRTC

internet gambling, see IGInternet of Things, see IoTinvestment memes, 233, 234tIOC (International Olympic

Committee), 658–659IOM (International Organization for

Migration), 385IOs (intergovernmental organizations),

62, 64, 69, 222, 224IoT (Internet of Things), 626–628IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change), 363, 366, 562Iran, 34, 186Iraq, 33, 206Ireland, 286, 351–352, 429, 442IRGC (International Risk Governance

Center), 339iron, 436, 542IRTC (Internationally Recommended

Transit Corridor), 493Israel, 191, 478Italy, 32, 587–588ITMOs (‘internationally transferred

mitigation outcomes’), 370ITO (International Trade

Organization), 451

JJapan

Asian financial crisis, 33Chiang Mai Initiative, 96damming projects, 508and European Union, 290foreign direct investment (FDI)

inflows, 36financial statecraft (FS), 27and G7, 32path of inequality, 177semi-autonomous state, 50state-owned domestic tobacco, 675Trans Pacific Partnership (TPP), 206 See also ASEAN+3

Johannesburg, 175, 509JP Morgan EM Bond Index, 243Jubilee Oil Field, Ghana, 254–255justice targets, 386–387Juvenile Breaking the Cycle program,

US, 478

KKamchay Dam, Cambodia, 252–254Katzenstein, P., 105, 141, 158Kazakhstan, 442Kenya

access to sanitation services, 504BitPesa, 319middle class, 178mobile money accounts, 319Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs),

436trade with UK, 286, 287, 288water availability, 504

Keohane, R. O., 46, 416, 605Keynesianism, 307Khanna, P., 8Kim Jong-Un, 3Kimberley Process Certification

Scheme, see KPCSKiribati, 443Klein, N. 578

703 Index

knowledge economy, 52Kosmos Oil, 254KP (Kyoto Protocol), 360, 361, 362,

364–366, 369KPCS (Kimberley Process Certification

Scheme), 623Krueger, A. 124Krugman, P.R., 453Kuwait, 193, 431–432, 442Kuwait Declaration, 434Kuwait Investment Authority, 431Kuznets, S. 176Kyoto Protocol, see KP

Llabour

collective action, 52and migration, 589–591and production, 50and technological change, 423

LAC (Latin America and the Caribbean) countries, 543, 544, 548t

Lagarde, Christine, 624‘Lagarde List’, 350Lake Kariba, Zimbabwe, 508‘land ethic,’ 524–525land use, land-use change, and forestry,

366Laos, 508Latin America

annual infrastructure gap, 549and China, 256, 547, 575and coalition governments, 178competition, 293gross fixed capital formation as a

percentage of GDP, 548thierarchical capitalism, 138homicides, 465–466labour migration, 590left-wing movements, 50legal system, 469Mano Dura and crime prevention,

465–480

middle class, 173, 175natural resources, 535–551neoliberal reforms, 536oil production, 545police abuse, 469post VoC argument, 138prison sentences, 469–470privatisation, 125resource nationalism, 546–547taxation, 546US lending, 36–37Latin America and the Caribbean,

see LACLatin American Commission on Drugs

and Drug Policy/Health, 14law and order, cost-benefit analyses of

472–475Law of Nations, 486LDCs (least-developed countries), 156t

Everything-But-Arms (EBA), 293exports to UK, 287legal criteria, 157–158Paris Accord (PA), 368population growth, 394post-Brexit, 292UNFCCC, 363, 364LDCF (Least Developed Countries

Fund), 362League of Arab States, 364League of Nations, 348, 451least-developed countries, see LDCsLebanon, 186Lee, E., 589Lehman Brothers, 128Lenin, V., 450Lerner Index, 46liability, limited, 310liberal environmentalism, 517, 519,

520, 522–523liberal institutionalist approach,

418–419, 424–425, 426liberal intergovernmentalism, 91liberal internationalist approach, 184liberal international relations theory, 76

704 Index

liberal market economies, see LMEsliberalism, 106, 120, 521‘libertarian paternalism’ approach, 529libor, see London Interbank Offered

RateLibya, 442, 571, 587–588Liechtenstein, 364Like Minded Southern Countries, 364Lisbon Treaty, 283LNG (liquefied natural gas), 255, 490Loíza, Puerto Rico, 477Lomé protocol, 159, 164London and Brexit, 290London Interbank Offered Rate (libor),

578London School of Hygiene & Tropical

Medicine, 676LTCM (long-term capital

management), 301, 304Luxembourg, 350–351‘Lux Leaks’, 350–351

MM&As (mergers and acquisitions), 422,

544machine-learning algorithms, 320, 326Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure,

see MIPmacroprudential approach, 308Mahama, J., 256Malabo Declaration, 399Malawi, 394, 399, 400Malaysia, 94, 236, 319, 442, 548tMaldives, 158Mali, 394Malta, 162, 295managing for development results, 378Manhattan Project, 566Mano Dura, 465–480

core characteristics, 468tcost-benefits, 472–474lack of theory of change, 472

Mantega, G., 113Maputo Declaration, 399Marcona iron ore mine, Peru,

257–258Marcopolo 175marginalization, 76, 83, 322, 417, 507,

640, 656Marine Stewardship Council, see MSCmaritime piracy, 485–496

combatting, 490–495cost of, 490, 493definition of, 486–488historical background, 488off-shore responses, 493prevention of, 52ransom payments, 493use of citadel rooms, 491, 494, 495

Maritime Security Center in the Horn of Africa (MSC-HOA), 492

market-for-law thesis, 63market power, global 43–55

and competition, 448, 449, 450, 452, 457

definition of, 45government influence, 48neo-classical economics, 44and political power, 449, 450

Marshall Plan, 37Marx, K., 582Marxism, 47, 77, 82–84, 121–122,

246, 523, 590material determination, 82, 84Mauritania, 437Mauritius, 160, 287May, T., 1McDonnell Douglas, 51, 458McKinsey & Co. report, 319MDGs (Millennium Development

Goals), 3, 12, 81, 377–379, 380–381

medical tourism, 669MENA (Middle East and North

Africa), 417, 490

705 Index

Mendota Juvenile Treatment Center, US, see MJTC

Mercantilism, 538MERCOSUR (Common Market of the

South), 89, 90, 93, 94–95mergers and acquisitions, see M&Asmethodological statism, 557Mexico

diaspora, 191CureViolence, 477and European Union trade, 290gross fixed capital formation 548thomicide rate, 471labour migration north, 590middle class, 174Pemex, 545as remittance recipient, 193

micro, small and medium enterprises, see MSME

microeconomic approach, 63microfinance, 318, 322–324, 641–644,

646Microsoft, 51middle classes, 169–180

consumption and, 175definitions, 171–173economic measurements of, 171–174emerging, 9, 10and growth, 174–176and health, 15historical, 169–170inequality and, 176–179occupational status definition,

173–174vulnerability, 176

Middle East and North Africa, see MENA

middle powers, 201–212definition of, 203–205‘followership,’ 204and hegemonic orders, 205–207influence, 207–211‘progressive’ causes and, 204

strategic powers and, 204systemic impact approach, 205theory of, 202, 203, 205

migration, 183–196and Cold War, 589–590definition of, 186demand for cheap labour, 591and development, 385diasporas, 189–192, 588–591, 595governance, 188–189‘gravity model,’ 589historical background, 183, 594‘irregular’ or ‘undocumented’ 186, 188push and pull factors, 187, 588–590‘radiation model,’ 589refugees, 185–186remittances, 192–195, 319, 588South-North, 185, 187South-South, 185and technological change, 423and West-centric power, 590and women, 186, 187, 188

Millennium Development Goals, see MDGs

Miller, M., 311–312Milner, H., 105mindware contamination, 529mining, see extractive industryMinniti, M., 587–588MINT (Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria

and Turkey), 227Minskyianism, 307MIP (Macroeconomic Imbalance

Procedure), 269MJTC (Mendota Juvenile Treatment

Center), US, 478MNCs (multinational corporations)

and Comparative Capitalism (CC), 142

double taxation, 348emerging markets, 9tax avoidance, 347, 350–352,

354–355

706 Index

mobile payment systems, 319, 323–324

mobile phone use, 319Modi, Narendra, 3Molson, 657–658Monaco, 364Mongolia, 436–437monopolistic competition, 47monopoly, 49monopsony power, 51Mont Pèlerin Society, 120‘moral hazard’ and remittances, 194Moravcsik, A., 106Morgan Stanley Capital International

(see MSCI)Morocco, 443mortality and class, 179Mossack Fonseca, 603Mozambique, 394, 399, 436M-Pesa, 319, 323–324MSC (Marine Stewardship Council),

579MSCI EMF ESG Leaders Index, 243MSCI EM Index, 243MSI (Multi-stakeholder initiative)MSMEs (micro, small and medium

enterprises), 320, 321multidisciplinary approach, 68multilateral creditor negotiating

committees, 36multilateralism, 48, 66, 205, 605“multilevel regulatory capture,” 307multinational corporations, see MNCsMurphy, C. N., 82, 83Murray, D., 434

NNAFTA (North American Free Trade

Agreement), 89, 90, 93, 97, 671Nairobi Work Programme (NWP), 361Namibia, 436Narmada Water Project, India, 507

National Business Systems framework, 137

National Football League, see NFLnationalism, 2, 48, 53, 297, 505, 521Nationally Determined Contributions,

see NDCsNATO (North Atlantic Treaty

Organization), 296, 486, 491–492

natural resources, 535–551concentration of, 543institutional reforms, 538Latin America, 547–550metal mining deals, 540–541tprivatization, 544resource nationalism, 546–547response to piracy, 491and sustainability, 518

nature tourism, 581Nauru Phosphate Royalties Trust, 438NCDs (non-communicable diseases),

15, 179, 670NDB (New Development Bank), 9, 14,

218, 227, 241NDCs (Nationally Determined

Contributions), 365neoclassical economic approach, 44,

47, 124, 177, 178, 452neo-colonialism, 246, 543, 588neo-Foucauldianism, 122neofunctionalist approach, 91neo-institutionalist approach, 416–417,

426neoliberal feminism, 129neoliberalism, 119–130

concepts of, 6constructivism, 121–122energy security, 557–558export sector, 538financial inclusion, 322–323and gender, 129and globalisation, 48, 235governance and, 81, 126

707 Index

hybridisation of, 129industrial policy, 544and insurance, 335as intellectual movement, 120–121and post-Marxist approach, 122post-positivist approach, 122privatisation, 121public spending, 125reconstitution of state, 127and social change, 129in social sciences, 122and sport, 652and sustainability, 517ties with finance, 127and Transnational Managerial Class

(TMC), 83and water, 513

neo-Marxism, 246, 558–559neorealist approach, 6, 76, 103, 104,

219, 557NEPAD, 399Nepal, 193net international investment position,

see NIIPNetherlands, 286, 287–288, 590network power 48, 53New Basel Accord, 306New Development Bank, see NDB‘new extractivism,’ 537New International Economic Order, see

NIEO‘new-new’ trade theory, 451,

453–454‘New Right,’ 123new regionalism, 6, 89–90, 91, 92–93new trade theory, 453New Zealand, 442, 657NFL (National Football League), 652NFPs (nurse-family partnerships),

474NGOs (non-governmental

organisations), 67, 77, 80–81, 368, 425, 496, 642

Niamey, Niger, 175NICE (‘non-inflationary constant

expansion’), 305NIEO (New International Economic

Order), 159Niger, 175, 235, 394, 397, 399Nigeria, 5, 9, 193, 225, 319,

400, 443NIIP (net international investment

position), 271–280Nike Foundation, ‘Girl Effect’

campaign, 641, 642Nokia, 559non-communicable diseases, see NCDsnon-governmental organisations, see

NGOs‘non-inflationary constant expansion’,

see NICE‘non-traditional security,’ 13Nordic Europe, 241norms, importance of, 77–78North America, 185, 590North American Free Trade Agreement,

see NAFTANorth Atlantic Treaty Organization, see

NATONorth East Asia, 241Norway

European Union trade, 290in-prison rehabilitation, 478Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs),

431, 435, 437, 440, 442, 549state drug authorities, 51–52windfall profits, 548

nurse-family partnerships, see NFPsNWP, see Nairobi Work Programme

OObama, B., 34, 113, 369occidental globalisation, 235ODA (official development assistance),

12, 34, 192

708 Index

OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development)

Basel Accord and, 306on digital economy, 54global tax governance, 346–347,

349, 353Harmful Tax Competition project,

349Inclusive Framework, 355‘New Rules of the Global Tax

Agenda,’ 354–355Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs),

433, 435, 439OECD-DAC model (Organisation of

Economic Co-operation and Development-Development Assistance Committee), 379

OECS (Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States), 606

OEEC (Organisation for European Economic Co-operation), 348

OFCs (Offshore Financial Centres), 601, 602–605

‘Panama Papers,’ 350, 353, 603‘Paradise Papers,’ 350, 352

official development assistance, see ODA

offshore jurisdictions, 601–602Offshore Leaks, 350, 352–353offshore markets, 421oil industry

crude oil prices 1950–2016, 556figexports, 538Ghana, 254–256imports, 247, 248Latin America, 545and maritime piracy, 489, 490 See also OPEC (Organization of the

Petroleum Exporting Countries)Olifants River Basin, South Africa, 503oligopoly, 49Olympic Games, 15, 653, 658–662O’Malley, P., 334

Oman, 443O’Neill, J., 9, 218–219OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum

Exporting Countries), 49, 364, 572

Open Society Foundations, 386optimal tariff theory, 452ordoliberalism, 120–121, 450Organisation of Eastern Caribbean

States, see OECSOrganisation for European Economic

Co-operation, see OEECorganised crime, 13–14Organization of the Petroleum

Exporting Countries, see OPECoriginate-to-distribute banking model,

306Ottoman Empire, 594–595

PPA (Paris Accord), 2, 367–369, 382Pakistan, 186Palestine, 443Panama, 174Paris Accord, see PApath-dependence, 30PBoC (People’s Bank of China), 35Peace Management Initiative, 477Peace Management Initiative,

Kingston, Jamaica, 477Peace of Westphalia, 80People’s Bank of China, see PBoCPeople’s Republic of China, see ChinaPeople’s Revolutionary Democratic

Front, Ethiopia, see EPRDFPermanent Court of Arbitration, 59Pernambuco, Brazil, 476Peru

elites, 258exports, 257gross fixed capital formation, 548tmining, 256–258, 543, 544

709 Index

neoliberalism, 256taxation, 546

pharmaceutical and hospital sectors, 15Philippines, 94, 191, 193, 204, 548tPhocylides, 169, 170Piketty, T., 176–177pilgrimage and trade routes, historical,

595Pinochet, A., 121platforms, digital, 54–55Polanyianism, 127Population Dynamics in the Post-2015

Development Agenda: Report of the Global Thematic Consultation on Population Dynamics, 385

populism, 53, 184, 241, 297, 418, 454, 468

portfolio capital flows, 35, 192, 193, 249

postcolonialism, 156, 159, 160, 588Potanin, V., 660–661power, 44–45, 49, 50

See also hegemonismPrebisch-Singer hypothesis, 537precautionary principle and risk, 338precedent, legal, 64precision agriculture, 361predatory pricing, 50preferential trade agreements, see PTAsprice formation, 46primitives, 302Prison Entrepreneurship Program, US,

478private protectionism, 453privatization

China and, 401, 536, 544of healthcare, 668, 669mining industry, 256, 545neoliberalism and, 121, 123,

125–126and regionalism, 93of water, 581

probability 334, 335production, internationalisation of,

126protectionism

and competition policy, 452, 453European Union and, 291G20 on, 113rise in, 48US, 90, 97, 128, 237, 291World Trade Organization (WTO)

on, 527Xi Jinping on, 155

Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, 188

Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, 188

PTAs (preferential trade agreements), 452, 456–457

public debt, 110–112, 115, 268, 269figpublic transport, 175Putin, V., 3, 660, 661

QQatar, 431, 432, 435, 442, 490QE (quantitative easing), 28, 112, 113,

240, 243, 268, 275

Rracial equality, 77–78rare-earth elements (REE), 49Ras Al Khaimah, 443rational choice institutionalism, 137rationality and law, 63Reagan, R., 124, 652realist approach, 77, 94, 414–416,

418fig, 426, 522RED (‘reducing emissions from

deforestation’), 366

710 Index

REDD (‘reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation’), 366

REDD+, 366, 367, 369–370, 582redistributionism, 177, 178REE, see rare-earth elementsrefugee crisis, European Union, 96regionalism, 89–98

and commodities, 574and European Union (EU),

90–91and globalisation, 422–423regional agreements, 62, 65, 237regional hegemon, 92–93

regulation perspective, 138relative-income measures of class, 173,

176, 178remittances, 192–195, 319, 588resource curse, 248, 398, 536‘ring fencing,’ 604Rio+20 Conference, 379Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 473, 476

Olympic Games, 661–662‘rise of the rest,’ 235risk, 331–341

as context, 336–339aversion, 333–336dimension of, 332–333evaluation, 338–339and global crises, 340–341mitigation and prevention, 335power and knowledge, 332as social construction, 331–332systemic, 210, 304, 309, 325

risk management, 337risk society, 336–337risk triangle, 339–340Rodrik, D., 126Roessler, F., 61‘rollback’ and neoliberalism, 126Rome, Italy, 503, 505Rousseff, D., 112, 113RPF (Rwandan Patriotic Front), 161

RSPO (Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil), 579

rule of law, 61rural areas and Sustainable

Development Goals (SDGs), 385–386

Russia, 34, 94, 193, 235, 429, 431, 442–443

See also BRICs; BRICSRwanda, 160–161, 394, 399, 431

Rwandan Patriotic Front, see RPF

SSAARC (South Asian

Association for Regional Cooperation), 94

SADC (Southern African Development Conference), 89, 90, 93, 94, 95, 97, 293

safe assets, 266–271Saint Lucia, 288, 293Samoa, 158Sana’a, Yemen, 504sanctions, 27, 30, 33–34, 37, 77, 296,

429sanitation, 386, 503, 504, 505, 506San Pedro Sula, Honduras 477Santiago Principles, see GAPP

(Generally Accepted Principles and Practices)

São Paulo, Abrindo Espaços (Open Schools) Programme, 476

Sao Tome and Principe, 443Sarkozy, N., 128SAS, see Small Arms SurveySaudi Arabia, 28, 193, 432, 442, 549savings rates, 111–112SCCF (Special Climate Change Fund),

362Schäuble, W., 113Schwab, K., 221, 616, 618–619, 620

711 Index

SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals), 377–388

implementation, 387–388on migration, 188Report 2016, 388rural areas, 385–386social concerns, 385success of, 12

SDRs (Special Drawing Rights), IMF loans, 38

SDSN (Sustainable Development Solutions Network), 381, 385

Second Industrial Revolution, 618, 619semi-autonomous state, 50Senegal, 319service economy, 655sexual exploitation, 186‘shadow’ banking system, 308Shanghai Cooperation Organization,

237Shougang Corporation, 257–258SIDS (small island developing states),

156Sierra Leone, 397–398Singapore, 33, 160, 290, 431, 442Sinohydro, 252–254Sinopec, 248, 254–255slavery, modern, 186SLDCs (Small and Least-Developed

Countries), 155–166and agency, 163defined by, 156developmentalism, 160–161post-war, 157–160resilience, 162state bureaucracy, 161systemic vulnerability, 161–165

slum dwellings, 510–511Small and Least-Developed Countries,

see SLDCssmall and medium-size enterprises, see

MSMEsSmall Arms Survey (SAS), 14

small data, credit scoring, 320–321small developing states, 155, 158small island developing states, see SIDSsmallholder farms, 392–393, 398, 399,

511‘smart’ consumer goods, 627–628‘Smart Economics,’ 642‘Smarter Economics,’ 642–643SMEs (sports mega-events), 653,

658–662SMEs (state-permeated market

economies), 143, 521SNM (Somali National Movement), 489Sochi Winter Olympics, 659–660social movements, 76–78, 81tSocial Structures of Accumulation

(SSA) approach, 143‘soft’ profit-seeking, 46Solomon, S., 503, 507, 508Somali National Movement, see SNMSomalia

maritime piracy, 487–495population growth, 394

South Africa‘African’ capitalism, 5apartheid, 77–78borrowing from formal institutions,

319European Union trade, 293and G20, 225health, 675Southern African Development

Conference (SADC), 94, 95sanctions, 77Trade, Development and

Cooperation Agreement (TDCA), 95

water inequality, 503 See also BRICS; IBSA

South America, leftist governments, 128

South Asia, agricultural productivity, 401

712 Index

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, see SAARC

Southern African Development Community, see SADC

South Korea, 12, 50, 94, 290, 364, 442, 548t, 675

See also ASEAN+3South-South cooperation, 3, 543South-South migration, 185, 193South-South trade, 573, 575sovereign-to-sovereign loans, 30Sovereign Wealth Funds, see SWFssovereignty

China, 212Convention for the Suppression of

Unlawful Acts (SUA), 487cosmopolitanism and, 80delegation of, 69emerging powers (EPs) and, 225and globalisation, 421and liberalism, 106Offshore Financial Centres (OFCs)

and, 601Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs)

and, 432Soviet Union, 31, 84, 508Soweto, 175‘Soziale Marktwirtschaft’ Germany, 111Special Climate Change Fund, see

SCCFSpecial Drawing Rights, see SDRssports 651–662

branding and sponsorship, 656–658and globalisation, 654–656and identity, 653, 656and media, 653and migration, 655multinational corporations (MNCs),

656sports mega-events, see SMEs

SSA (Sub-Saharan Africa)conflict and instability, 397–398Chinese aid, 37

crop productivity, 392, 398demography, 394, 397dependency rates, 404employment, 403extractive industries, 397family farming, 393fragile states, 391impact of maritime piracy, 490mobile phone use, 319neoliberal development, 322population, 392, 394, 404poverty, 394, 397, 404–405rural food insecurity, 392–393smallholder farmers, 392–393subsistence farming, 400water use per capita, 503

SSA approach, see Social Structures of Accumulation

STABEX, 159state–firm coordination, 50state-owned enterprises, 50statist approach, 142, 452, 526Steinbrück, P., 112St Kitts and Nevis, 288Stolper-Samuelson theorem, 48Structural Adjustment Programmes,

247structural-material determinism, 161SUA (Convention for the Suppression

of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation), 487

Sub-Saharan Africa, see SSAsubsistence farming, 400Sudan, 248, 257suicide, 322sukuk lending (sharia-compliant), 319surveillance, 335Susa, Iraq, 301sustainability, 517–530

and certified trade, 526–529governance of, 517–518,

525–529

713 Index

Sustainable Development Goals, see SDGsSustainable Development Solutions

Network, see SDSNSWFs (Sovereign Wealth Funds),

429–443Forum of, 434global, 433–439growth of, 440International Working Group

(IWG), 434non-democratic countries, 430OECD countries, 431total assets, 429

Switzerland, 193, 290, 364, 433SYSMIN, 159

TTaiwan, 675Tajikistan, 193Tanzania, 319, 394tariffs, 48, 50tax avoidance, 345–356, 350–352

and derivatives, 311–312banking regulations and, 578and concealment, 347corporate practices, 350definition of, 346developing countries, 353–356intermediaries and individuals,

352–353and Organisation for Economic

Co-operation and Development (OECD), 349

and Offshore Financial Centres (OFCs), 603

as societal problem, 349–350tax evasion definition, 346tax fraud definition, 346

taxationCommon Reporting Standard

(CRS), 349Currency Transaction Tax, 14

historical background, 348–349and investment, 178and OFCs, 603

Technology Mechanism (TM), 361Temasek, 435Tencent, 55TF, see transparency frameThailand, 94, 204, 548t, 675Thatcher, M., 123, 652Thick Globalisation, 417, 426Thin Globalisation, 417Third Industrial Revolution, 618, 619‘tied aid,’ 30Timor-Leste Petroleum Fund, 438TM, see Technology MechanismTMC (Transnational Managerial

Class), 83tobacco industry, 3, 675–676Tobin Tax, 14Togo, ‘Nana Benz,’ 175Tonga, 193tourism, 253–254, 490TPP (Trans-Pacific Partnership), 97, 206Trade Facilitation Agreement, 66trade unions, 124, 125, 258, 259, 423tragedy of the commons, 518Transatlantic Trade and Investment

Partnership, see TTIPTransnational Managerial Class, see

TMCtransnationalist approach, 48, 76–78,

81t, 418fig, 419–423Trans-Pacific Partnership, see TPPTranspacific Stabilization Agreement, 52transparency

blockchain and, 621–623and corruption, 437cryptocurrencies and, 623, 625derivative trading, 302, 309internet gambling (IG) and, 603legal development and, 67and middle class definition, 172power and, 45, 48

714 Index

transparency frame (TF), 368Treaty of Rome, 51TRIPS (Agreement on Trade-Related

Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights), 52, 605

Trudeau, J., 3Trump, D.

and Dodd-Frank Act, 308on environmental issues, 2and global governance, 12, 34protectionism, 1, 90, 97, 155, 211,

237on trade wars, 53and unilateralism, 3, 206and World Trade Organization

(WTO), 611Trust Fund to Support Initiatives of

States Countering Piracy off the Somali coast, 495–496

TTIP (Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership), 6, 97

Tuek Chhu, Cambodia, 253Tunisia, 174Turkey, 12, 186, 204, 290turnkey contracts, 252–253

UUAE (United Arab Emirates), 193,

431, 432, 442, 443, 549UG, see Umbrella GroupUganda

access to sanitation services, 504BitPesa, 319oil exports, 574population growth, 394refugee host, 186resource abundance and weak

institutions, 248Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs),

436water availability, 504

UK (United Kingdom)and Africa, Caribbean and Pacific

(ACP), 287, 288canal building, 509development assistance, 292, 379Economic Development Strategy,

292exports, 285, 289financial services, 290free trade agreements (FTAs) outside

EU, 291growth rate, 285miners’ strike, 123–124path of inequality, 177post-Brexit trade, 286–287privatisation, 123residential mortgage market, 339–340services-based economy, 290sports, 655–656trade flows, 286; see also Brexit

Umbrella Group, (UG) 364UN (United Nations)

Agenda 21, 359–360Agenda 2030, 188, 377–388Commission on Sustainable

Development., 519Department of Political Affairs

(DPA), 495development goals, 3‘High-level Dialogue on

International Migration and Development’, 188

and migration, 184, 188, 590Multi-Partner Trust Fund Office

(MTFO), 366‘New York Declaration for Refugees

and Migrants,’ 189Recommendations on Statistics of

International Migration, 186response to piracy, 489, 491Security Council, 486Statement of Forest Principles, 359

715 Index

System Task Team on the Post-2015 UN Development Agenda, 379–380

taxation, 348‘Women’s Empowerment Principles

Forum,’ 643World Commission on Environment

and Development, 518 See also MDGs (Millennium

Development Goals)UN Convention on Biological

Diversity, 359UN Convention on Combatting

Desertification, 359UN Economic Commission for Latin

America and the Caribbean, see ECLAC

UNASUR (Union of South American Nations), 90, 95

‘unbanked’ population, 318–319, 320, 326

UNCED (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development), 359, 519

UNCHE (United Nations Conference on the Human Environment), 518

UNCLOS (United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea) 486–487

UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development), 142, 158, 575

UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), 243, 366

UNEP (United Nations Environmental Programme), 363, 366, 518, 565

UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), 475

UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change), 359–370

Climate Change Secretariat (CCS), 361, 362

Conference of the Parties (COP), 361, 363–364, 365, 367, 382

focus of, 365historical mechanisms, 364–365institutional structures and

processes, 360–363on reduction in greenhouse gas

(GHG), 562support sustainable development

(SDM), 367state and non-state actors, 363–364Subsidiary Body for Implementation

(SBI), 361Subsidiary Body for Scientific and

Technical Advice (SBSTA), 361transparency and accountability,

368–369 See also PA (Paris Accord)

Unilever, 284UNIPEC (China International United

Petroleum & Chemicals Co.), 255

United Arab Emirates, see UAEUnited Nations Conference on Trade

and Development, see UNCTADUnited Nations Human Development

Programme, 562United Nations Model Tax

Convention, 355United Nations Office for Disaster Risk

Reduction, 562United Nations Office of Drugs and

Crime, 495UN-Water, 386Union of South American Nations, see

UNASURurbanization, 82, 510–511Uruguay, 174Uruguay Round, 52, 159, 208, 221; see

also, WTO

716 Index

US (United States)antitrust practice, 51, 453and Australia, 205–206bilateral trade agreements, 97Bretton Woods Conference, 31–32capital markets, 34–35Chamber of Commerce, 113and China, 36, 113–114crime prevention, 476–478competition, 51, 451currency, 8, 32, 33, 36, 104, 113,

265–268, 271, 277–278damming, 506development aid, 33–34, 324, 379digital economy, 55distribution of world financial assets,

276figemission reduction targets, 369era of unipolarity, 206export lobby, 113financial globalisation, 275fiscal deficits, 269financial statecraft (FS), 31–35and G7, 32and global financial crisis (GFC),

11, 104, 270global governance, 5, 8–9, 33, 34,

210global health, 15hegemony, 127, 201, 203, 204–207hydraulic works, 505, 508, 509–510imports, 542innovation, 52and internet gambling (IG), 602Kyoto Protocol (KP), 369law, 63liberalism, 111loss of trade surplus, 32macroeconomic rules, 238middle class, 174and middle powers, 209migrant labour, 591multinational corporations (MNCs),

351

neoliberalism, 124National Intelligence Council, 8(neo)realist approach, 557net international investment

position (NIIP), 272fig–279nuclear security, 91outstanding sectoral liabilities,

279figpath of inequality, 177and piracy, 486, 491protectionism, 97, 128, 237, 291public debt, 110–113remittance outflow, 193response to piracy, 491revenue from privatisation, 126safe assets, 271–275sanctions, 34, 429savings rate, 111, 112shadow banking system, 267social enterprise movement,

525–526and South Africa, 77Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs)

431, 433sports, 655subprime-mortgage market, 33, 128tariffs, 32, 291tax avoidance, 311, 352trade deficit, 36, 113–114, 271and UK trade post-Brexit, 291unilateralism, 206water use per capita, 503Wire Act, 608and World Trade Organization

(WTO), 605–611US Naval Forces Central Command

(NAVCENT), 491

VValue-at-Risk (VaR) systems, 306‘vapour shift,’ 511‘Varieties of Capitalism’ approach, see

VoC

717 Index

Venezuela, 543, 547Vietnam, 443, 548tVision 2020, 236VoC (‘Varieties of Capitalism’)

approach, 135, 136–139, 521CMEs (coordinated market

economies), 106, 136–138, 143LMEs (liberal market economies),

106, 136–138, 143state-permeated market economies,

see SMEsVodacom, 319Volcker rule, 308

WWall Street Journal, The, 242Walmart, 55Warsaw International Mechanism for

Loss and Damage (WIM), 361Washington consensus, 235, 238water, 501–514

and agriculture, 511–512availability in the tropics, 504commodification of, 512–513and development, 512–513and development 506diverting, 509–510insecurity, 13irrigation, 505, 511–512and power, 503–506privatization, 581scarcity of, 502–503and Sustainable Development Goals

(SDGs), 386urban, 510–511urban/rural division, 504

Water-Energy-Food nexus, 512WCD (World Commission on Dams),

508WEF (World Economic Forum), 12,

53, 155, 502, 512Western Corridor Gas Infrastructure

Development Project, 254

Western Europe, privatisation, 125WHO (World Health Organization),

15, 221, 668, 676WilderHill Nex, 564wildlife trade, illegal, 576Williams, S., 652WIM, see Warsaw International

Mechanism for Loss and Damage

windfall profits, 546, 548–549WMO (World Meteorological

Organisation), 363World Bank

Bretton Woods Conference, 31and BRICS, 37Carbon Fund, 366conditionality loans, 124on damming, 508Emissions Reduction Programmes

(ERPs), 367Forest Carbon Partnership Facility

(FCPF), 366Gender Action Plan, 642gender analysis, 129Global Financial Inclusion (Findex)

Database, 318governance and, 126, 195, 243International Finance Corporation

324and Latin America, 479psychometric credit scoring, 324Readiness Fund, 366on Sovereign Wealth Funds (SWFs),

440on water shortage, 512

World Commission on Dams, see WCD

World Economic Forum, see WEFWorld Health Organization, see WHOWorld Meteorological Organisation, see

WMOworld systems theory, 537World Value Survey, see WVSWorld War I, 450

718 Index

WTO (World Trade Organization)amicus curiae briefs, 67Appellate Body, 66and BICs, 224and Brexit, 284Committee on Trade and

Environment (CTE), 527compulsory jurisdiction, 66Dispute Settlement Body, 64and emerging powers (EPs), 221, 225European Union and, 95food security, 13formation of, 159and GATT, 208governance role, 60and IG (internet gambling), 602,

603, 604, 605–611international economic legal

development, 65–66leadership candidate, 104and least-developed countries

(LDCs), 158most-favoured nation (MFN) tariffs,

289neoliberalism, 126, 128

post-Brexit, 287on protectionism, 527regulations, 50, 165tobacco industry, 671, 675US hegemony, 238

WVS (World Value Survey), 111

XXE Corporation, 494xiaokang (‘moderate prosperity’), 170Xi Jinping, 3, 53, 155, 170, 207,

237

YYang Jiechi, 212Yaoundé protocol, 158

ZZambia, 246, 394, 399, 436‘zero tolerance’ policies, 467–468Zimbabwe, 399, 508, 573Zoellick, R., 609