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327© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021Y. Zhang, Spillover and Feedback Effects in Low Carbon Development, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4971-4
Regional coordination in low-carbon development is of great significance to China’s overall construction of a moderately prosperous society, the building of ecological civilization, the response to global climate change, the integration and leading of global environmental governance, and the improvement of the quality of economic growth and sustained competi-tiveness. This book makes multi-level and multi-perspective systematic studies on the pathway and policy of regional coordination in low-carbon development from the perspective of interregional economy and carbon emission spillover-feedback effects. Based on the analysis results of each chapter and the current political and economic development situation in China and beyond, the book makes the following main conclusions, judg-ments and suggestions.
I. The InTernal and exTernal Forces oF regIonal coordInaTIon In low-carbon developmenT Is
geTTIng sTronger
The level of economic development, level of technology, sectoral compo-sition of the economy and resource endowment conditions among regions in China are quite different, providing a strong internal driving force for the complementary advantages and coordinated development among
conclusIons
328 CONCLUSIONS
regions. Also, the external conditions for China’s regional coordination in low-carbon development are also increasingly optimized.
(I) The Central Government Has Attached Great Importance to the Concept of Low-carbon Development, so that Low-carbon Development Has Gradually Become the Development Consensus of All RegionsThe central government has proposed innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing as the five guiding principles for China’s develop-ment in the current period and the long run. Low- carbon development is an important content in the field of green development and an important starting point for promoting green development and ecological civiliza-tion construction. In particular, the carbon-intensity control target set by the central government for 2020, the target of reaching the peak in carbon emissions around 2030 and the regional decomposition of these targets have formed a strong incentive for the low-carbon development of all regions. It can be said that all regions have taken low-carbon development as their local development goals and internal requirements, formulating corresponding planning schemes and policy measures. Therefore, there is no difference in the recognition of the goal of low-carbon development in all regions but a high degree of consistency and coordination.
(II) The Rapid Development of Infrastructure and Related Industries in China Has Provided More Favorable Conditions for the Flow of Commodities and Factors between RegionsIn recent years, China’s interregional trade has developed relatively well. The value of goods and services exported by regions has reached one-fifth of the total output on average, and some regions have even reached 40 percent of the total output. With the further development of China’s modern transportation and communication infrastructure, the flow of goods and factors between regions is expected to continue to grow. According to the data published on the website of the National Bureau of Statistics of China, the mileage of expressways in China has increased from 74,100 km in 2010 to 123,500 km in 2015. The national electrified rail-way mileage has also achieved breakthrough development, jumping from 36,900 km in 2014 to 74,700 km in 2015. The length of optical cable lines has grown from less than 10 million km in 2010 to nearly 25 mil-lion km in 2015, with long-distance optical cable lines increasing by about 150,000 km.
329 CONCLUSIONS
The fast development of infrastructure has also driven the rapid growth of transportation, information, finance and other related modern service industries. From 2010 to 2015, the number of people employed in road transport, air transport and postal services has doubled. The penetration of mobile phones rose from 64.36 percent to 92.49 percent; China’s Internet penetration rose from 34.3 percent to 50.3 percent. The number of Internet broadband access users increased from 126 million to 259 mil-lion, more than doubling. The added value of the financial industry is increasing at a rate of about 10 percent annually, with its growth rate as high as 16 percent in 2015. The development of the infrastructure and related service industries has effectively promoted the market integration among regions, creating favorable conditions for the flows of materials, information, capital and personnel among regions.
(III) A Series of Major Regional Development Strategies and Plans Formulated by China Has Provided Strong Impetus for Regional Coordination in Low-carbon DevelopmentIn order to facilitate the coordination in regional development, China put forward the strategy of the “western development” in 1999. According to relevant changes, it successively mapped out major regional development strategies such as the “rise of the central region” and the “revitalization of the old industrial base in the northeast region.” The regional development strategies have effectively boosted the economic development of the above-mentioned regions, produced a huge economic spillover effect, and enabled the economic growth to show a multi-polarization trend, laying a solid foundation for regional coordination in low-carbon development. In recent years, the central government has even formulated the Belt and Road Initiative, focusing on the integration of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei and the Yangtze River economic belt as the strategy of the coordination in regional development. The Belt and Road Initiative is the national top-level design for the coordination in regional development, while the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area and the Yangtze River Economic Belt focus on their planning for the coordination in regional development in a bid to open a breakthrough for the coordination in regional development of the country and explore valuable experience. As a national strategic develop-ment goal, low-carbon development is undoubtedly the basic goal and even the priority goal of the above-mentioned major regional develop-ment strategies. For example, the planning outline of the Yangtze River Economic Belt requires that the development of the Yangtze River
330 CONCLUSIONS
Economic Belt must give priority to the ecological environment and fol-low a green and low-carbon development path. The new regional devel-opment strategy will further promote China’s regional coordination in low-carbon development.
(IV) The Fast Development of Low-carbon Technology Has Provided Technical Support for Regional Coordination in Low-carbon DevelopmentThe research in this book shows that the development of low-carbon tech-nology in China in recent years has greatly reduced the direct carbon emis-sion intensity of regions and sectors, playing a prominent role in facilitating regional coordination in low-carbon development. China’s low-carbon technology still has great room for development. Specifically, some energy-saving technologies in energy-intensive industries have made great break-throughs. For example, China’s power industry has continuously made major breakthroughs in UHV; smart grid; large capacity, high parameters, low-energy-consumption thermal power units; efficient and clean coal-fired power generation and other technical fields.1 The waste-heat power generation technology in the steel and cement industries has also reached the world’s advanced level. The R&D of clean energy technology and its industrialization have made rapid progress. For example, the third-gener-ation nuclear power engineering design and equipment manufacturing, and renewable energy power generation have also made significant prog-ress. Moreover, the industrialization of wind power and solar photovoltaic power generation has already led the world. Low-carbon technologies in the fields of transportation, construction and residential life have also made great progress, such as electric vehicles, photovoltaic building sys-tems, exterior wall insulation technologies, solar water-heating systems, and green lighting systems. (It can be expected that the development of low-carbon technologies in China will provide strong support for regional coordination in low-carbon development).
1 China Electricity Council: the 2016 Development Report of China Electric Power Industry.
331 CONCLUSIONS
(V) The Low-carbon Development Strategies, Plans and Policies at National and Local Levels are Forming System that Provides Solid Institutional Guarantee for Regional Coordination in Low-carbon DevelopmentIn addition to low-carbon technological progress, a host of low-carbon development strategies, plans and policies are undoubtedly important fac-tors to promote regional coordination in low-carbon development. They can effectively urge all regions and sectors to adopt low-carbon technolo-gies and change their development mode to the low-carbon one. Since China took energy conservation and emission reduction as a binding indi-cator for national development for the first time during the 11th Five-Year Plan period, the strategies, plans and policies concerning low-carbon devel-opment have been promulgated by the central government, ministries and commissions, as well as local governments at all levels. The incentive sys-tem for low-carbon development has been initially established in a range of fields such as law, administration, economy, publicity and education. A host of exploratory incentive mechanisms will soon be put in place from pilot projects. For example, since the end of 2011, China has successively launched pilot projects for carbon emission trading in seven provinces (cit-ies) including Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Hubei, Guangdong, Shenzhen and Chongqing. China has gained a lot of experience and will soon launch a nationwide unified carbon emission trading market in 2017. China’s 2050 strategy for low-carbon development will soon be announced2 (the gradually improved low-carbon development system and mechanism will effectively guarantee regional coordination in low-carbon development).
(VI) Low-carbon Development Has Become the World’s Historical Trend and Regional Coordination in Low-carbon Development is Consistent with This TrendNo matter from the perspective of global environmental protection or long-term sustained economic growth, low-carbon development repre-sents the general trend of human development. Instead of resisting pas-sively, it is better to proactively adapt to this development trend and take advantage of the situation. Therefore, many countries, especially developed countries, have already started to march towards the field of low-carbon development, keep increasing investment in R&D of low-carbon technolo-gies, actively explore effective measures for low-carbon development, and
2 Xinhuanet, http://jjckb.xinhuanet.com
332 CONCLUSIONS
strive to transform the sectoral composition of the economy into the low-carbon one, hoping to win a place in the future low-carbon development and gain more space and opportunities for their sustainable development. With China’s increasingly close ties with the world, the world trend of low-carbon development is bound to impact the development of regions in China in terms of concepts, technologies, standards, products, and indus-trial chains to facilitate China’s regional coordination in low-carbon devel-opment. The plans for climate change formulated by regions in China are a positive response to this historical trend.
II. regIonal coordInaTIon In low-carbon developmenT Is sTIll conFronTed
wITh daunTIng challenges
Although China’s regional coordination in low-carbon development full of opportunities conforms to the current world trend and historical devel-opment trend, the difficulties and challenges it faces are still arduous.
(I) Low-carbon Technology Bottlenecks Still Need to be Further Broken ThroughLow-carbon technology holds the key to promoting regional coordina-tion in low-carbon development, but the overall level of low-carbon tech-nologies in China still lags behind the international advanced level. Some core technologies have not made substantial progress. For example, China’s renewable energy industries such as wind power and solar photo-voltaic power generation are large in scale but lack core technical support. Moreover, when these industries lack core technologies or their core tech-nologies are not yet mature, they participate in relevant international industrial chains too early, resulting in the extraordinary development of industrial scale, but inhibiting the enthusiasm of technological R&D. There exists the risk of being locked in the low end of the industrial chain. For example, carbon capture and storage (CCS) is still in the R&D and dem-onstration stage. Also, China’s low-carbon technology has a weak sup-porting technology and equipment foundation, seriously restricting the independent innovation and systematic development of low-carbon tech-nology. Developed countries still block China and other developing coun-tries from introducing some core low-carbon technologies, making assistance of low-carbon technologies the focus of all previous global cli-mate change negotiations. In addition, the high cost of low-carbon tech-nology is difficult to meet the requirements of large-scale promotion.
333 CONCLUSIONS
Moreover, the large-scale application of many low-carbon technologies (such as solar energy, nuclear energy and biomass energy) may even cause serious ecological damage.
(II) Regional Coordination in Low-carbon Development Is Restricted by the Stage of Regional DevelopmentThe analysis of this book indicates that the better the economic develop-ment, the higher the low-carbon development level. However, with the exception of a few areas in China that have basically completed the construc-tion of industrialization and a high level of urbanization, many less devel-oped regions are still in the stage of rapid industrialization and urbanization. In the less developed regions, high-carbon industries are still their pillar industries, making up a large proportion in the regional economy. They are difficult to be replaced by other industries, especially low-carbon industries, in a large scale in the short term. The infrastructure of less developed regions in the stage of rapid urbanization also needs large-scale investment and con-struction, resulting in the high demand for high-carbon products such as metal products and cement. The development of less developed regions is featured by the demand model. In other words, the capital formation in their final demand grows faster with a prominent share, while the consump-tion share is very small. The above demand model has less effect on value-added labor, but greater effect on carbon emissions. Because the per capita energy consumption of urban residents is much higher than that of rural residents, the large-scale conversion of rural residents to urban ones in less developed regions will greatly increase the energy consumption of residents. Therefore, the development of less developed regions still needs the strong support of resources and environment. These areas are facing double pres-sures of accelerating development as well as transition and upgrading. Their low-carbon development still has a long way to go.
(III) Regional Economic Integration Is Still in Its Primary StageOverall, the regional distribution of China’s productive forces is not rea-sonable, and regional economic integration is still in the primary stage. Driven by local interests, the low-level fierce competition among regions hinders the formation of a fair and orderly domestic unified market. For one thing, the convergence of sectoral composition of the economy, the low-level repeated construction and disordered development are quite prominent, which makes the interregional industrial linkage weak and the degree of industrial integration low. For another, local protectionism is also common. For example, some regions have taken measures to restrict
334 CONCLUSIONS
similar products from other regions to be sold locally or interfere with market behaviors such as mergers and acquisitions and reorganization of enterprises. The book’s findings corresponding to the above-mentioned reality are that the spillover multiplier of interregional economy is gener-ally much smaller than the intraregional multiplier, with the improvement over time being not obvious. The spillover multipliers of economy in many regions even has a downward trend. Also, the interregional trade is mainly based on material products, especially means of production, while services and means of livelihood account for a low proportion of interregional trade. In terms of spillover effects of sectors, the sectors with larger inter-regional spillover effects are mainly the intermediate product supply ones on the supply side and the capital product supply ones on the demand side.
(IV) Interregional Trade Model Is Generally Not Conducive to Low-carbon DevelopmentAs mentioned earlier, the gap between China’s regional economic and social development is still very large. The basic factors of production such as capital and labor force are generally characterized by the one-way flow from regions with low economic and social development level to those with high level. For one thing, the attraction of less developed regions to capital, talents, especially high- quality capital and high-level technical per-sonnel is far lower than that of developed regions. The brain drain in many less developed regions is serious. For another, some less developed regions are eager to develop their economy, increase employment, and lower their standards in attracting foreign investment, leading to the severe transfer of high energy consumption and high pollution industries from developed regions to less developed ones. Reflected in the research results of this book, the contribution of interregional spillover effect to regional econ-omy is generally smaller than its contribution to regional carbon emissions. The interregional carbon emissions transfer from economically and socially developed regions to less developed ones. The interregional trade model is generally not beneficial to the carbon emission reduction of the country. Therefore, it is not conducive to the low-carbon development across China.
(V) Regional Coordination in Low-carbon Development Still Has Obvious Institutional Weaknesses
1. China’s low-carbon development is still mainly promoted by adminis-trative means. The role of other policy means, especially economic means, is relatively limited.
335 CONCLUSIONS
Some important economic policies such as carbon tax are still under studies. Some new economic means such as energy quota trading are still in the pilot stage. There are also some important economic measures (such as trading of carbon emission quotas) that have been approved through the pilot program and will soon be implemented nationwide. But it will probably take some time for their operation to be normalized. The legal means for low-carbon development also needs to be improved. For exam-ple, there are still no legal provisions for low-carbon consumption. Also, although some laws and regulations concerning low-carbon development have been promulgated, they are difficult to be enforced. Even the imple-mentation of administrative measures is often seriously disturbed because the performance evaluation of officials in many regions is still dominated by GDP and the low-carbon development goal is a “soft target.”
2. The coordination mechanism of regional economic and environmental benefits is still far from perfect.
The basic interest relations between regions have not been identified, hindering the coordination in low-carbon development among regions. For one thing, the coordination of economic interests among regions still lacks a scientific and standardized system. Currently, the fiscal and taxation system based on the tax distribution system has enhanced the enthusiasm of generating more government revenue in regions and solved the incen-tive problem of local economic development. However, it has also brought interregional conflicts of interests to a certain extent, making it difficult to establish an effective industrial division and cooperation mechanism between regions. As most regions are still in the stage of economic catch-up, they are eager to improve the local financial situation. In order to increase fiscal revenue, it is possible to interfere with enterprise decision-making through administrative means. Also, it is possible to decide whether to cooperate with other regions based on interests. For another, the coordination mechanism of interregional eco-environmental interests is still in its infancy. The interregional eco-compensation mechanism, the allocation system of pollution emission quotas, the environmental respon-sibility sharing system, and the eco-environmental collaborative gover-nance mechanism are still under exploration and research.
336 CONCLUSIONS
III. paThway and polIcy For regIonal coordInaTIon In low-carbon developmenT
(I) Promoting Regional Market Integration and Improving Inter-regional Economic Spillover Effects
The improvement of interregional economic spillover effects has boosted the regional coordination in low-carbon development, while such improve-ment cannot be done without the further deepening of regional market integration. Regional cooperation for strengthening infrastructure construc-tion, especially the improvement of transportation, logistics and communi-cation conditions, will lay a solid material foundation for deepening regional market integration. The country and local governments at all levels should raise funds, including introducing private investments to ensure investment in infrastructure. In particular, exchanges, communication and cooperation between regions should be strengthened to improve the efficiency of invest-ment in infrastructure construction and optimize the infrastructure layout.
When the material foundation is built up, it is also necessary to create good institutional conditions for the deepening of regional market inte-gration, or to actively improve the interregional interest coordination mechanism. Material foundation and favorable institutional conditions can interact and reinforce each other. First, we should further strengthen the decisive role of the market in the allocation of resources through reform so that enterprises can become the leading force in the regional market integration. The government should play a leading role in the development of infrastructure and public services. Meanwhile, it should abolish all kinds of rules and regulations that hinder the unification of the market and fair competition and reduce unnecessary interference in mar-ket entities. Secondly, consideration can be given to the establishment of a benefit coordination mechanism based on the industrial chain, such as joint construction, operation of joint stock system, and financial transfer payment system, so that the basic raw material supply areas in the indus-trial chain can share the high value-added obtained by the areas where high-end products in the industrial chain are produced, or receive reason-able benefit compensation. It is also possible to consider coordinating interregional interests through legal non-governmental organizations (such as industry associations). Thirdly, by improving the legal system, we will provide the legal guarantee for the regional interest coordination mechanism and improve its binding force and execution. Finally, the cen-tral government should encourage interregional cooperation projects that
337 CONCLUSIONS
are conducive to giving full play to the comparative advantages of regions, such as tax relief.
(II) Following Functional Orientation of Regional Main Body and Optimizing and Upgrading the Sectoral Composition of EconomyThere are significant differences in the eco-environmental carrying capac-ity, resources endowment and economic and social development among regions. During the 11th Five-Year Plan period, the State Council divided the national land into four main functional zones featuring optimized development, key development, restricted development and forbidden development, according to the differences of regions. According to its own functional definition, each region should map out its development direc-tion and integrate itself into the overall landscape of national and regional development. Meanwhile, the central government should, based on the main functions of each region, further formulate and implement differenti-ated performance evaluation indicators and supporting policies and mea-sures in all regions, guide each region to develop orderly and low-carbon development according to its functional orientation, avoid the interre-gional blind investment and development, low-level repeated construction and the vicious competition that may arise therefrom under a single GDP evaluation indicator, and promote functional complementarity and collab-oration among regions. Furthermore, there is no unified optimization standard for the sectoral composition of the regional economy due to the different functional orientations of all regions but the optimization direc-tion of the sectoral composition of the economy suitable for the functional orientation of each region. All regions should actively cooperate with each other, seek effective interregional allocation of resources and rational distri-bution of industries, realize the coordinated optimization and upgrading of the sectoral composition of the economy, and promote coordinated low-carbon development of regions. Less developed regions must fully consider their own functional orientation and low-carbon development require-ments when undertaking relevant industrial transfer in developed regions. Also, the aid from developed regions to less developed ones in terms of capital, technology and talents should be further guided and encouraged.
(III) Optimizing Demand Structure Based on Supply-side Structural ReformThe research in this book suggests that, of all kinds of final demand, con-sumption has the largest pull multiplier of economy (value-added) and the
338 CONCLUSIONS
smallest pull multiplier of carbon emissions. However, from the perspec-tive of demand, weak consumption is a major difficulty to be overcome in the regional coordination in low-carbon development. One of key prob-lems is that the structure and quality of products supplied by supply-side production enterprises do not match the people’s consumption ability and level. In the final analysis, it is the contradiction between the people’s growing needs for better life and the unbalanced and insufficient develop-ment. The structural problem of the supply side is the main aspect of this contradiction. As the economy enters the new normal, some industries providing high-carbon products (such as heavy chemical industry) have excess capacity, while those providing high-end, high-quality consumer products and services are developing slowly.
Therefore, vigorously promoting the supply-side structural reform, resolving the problem of overcapacity, and improving the supply capacity of high-end, high-quality and low-carbon products and services are major strategic measures to boost consumption growth, optimize the demand structure, and promote regional coordination in low-carbon develop-ment. Also, it should also be noted that the income growth of China’s residents has lagged behind the economic growth for a long time and a series of social security systems are still not perfect, which has seriously inhibited residents’ enthusiasm for consumption. This requires the improvement of the income distribution system, the reform of the fiscal and taxation system and the targeted poverty alleviation policies and mea-sures to improve the income and the ability to pay of the middle- and low-income groups. Meanwhile, it also requires the establishment of a sound social security system to enhance the marginal consumption ten-dency of residents.
While proactively bolstering the growth of consumption, we should improve the efficiency of investment through investment system reform and other measures to avoid blind expansion of investment. The govern-ment is mainly responsible for investment in the public service areas and national strategic industries such as livelihood projects, environmental protection, and transportation infrastructure, while investment in other areas should give full play to the resource allocation function of the mar-ket. We should also optimize China’s export structure and promote the export growth of low-carbon products and services through the supply-side structural reform and by relying on the Belt and Road Initiative and setting up free trade zones, so as to enhance the economic influence of export and reduce the carbon emission influence of export.
339 CONCLUSIONS
(IV) Regional Coordination in Technological Innovation to Break through the Bottleneck of Low-carbon TechnologyThe research in this book suggests that the rapid decline in direct carbon emission intensity of regions and sectors brought about by the develop-ment of low-carbon technology has made great contributions to China’s regional coordination in low-carbon development. In the future, the fur-ther deepening of China’s regional coordination in low-carbon develop-ment cannot be separated from the support of low-carbon technologies. As long as the bottleneck of the technologies is broken through, the pro-ductive forces of China under the low-carbon constraints can be effectively improved and the regional coordination in low-carbon development will be greatly promoted. The interregional coordination in technological innovation is an important way to break through the bottleneck of low-carbon technology. First, the regional coordination in technological inno-vation is beneficial to the spread of advanced low-carbon technologies among regions. Second, the regional coordination in technological inno-vation is conducive to improving the supporting technology and equip-ment foundation of low-carbon technologies, thus contributing to breakthroughs in the R&D of core low-carbon technologies and the sys-tematic development of low-carbon technologies. Third, the regional coordination in technological innovation is helpful to optimize the regional layout of low-carbon industries, reduce or avoid vicious competition within China’s low-carbon industries, ensure effective resources guarantee for the R&D of low-carbon technologies, and gradually enhance the position of China’s low-carbon industries in the global low-carbon industry chain.
(V) Creating New System for Regional Coordination in Low-carbon DevelopmentLow-carbon technological innovations are required to provide material basis for low-carbon development, while the corresponding new low-car-bon system is required to create a sound institutional environment for low-carbon development. Low-carbon development is preceded by a major change in the path of economic growth, an important shift from the original path, highly dependent on energy consumption and carbon emis-sions, to the low-carbon path impacting the economic interests of entities following the original path. Without the corresponding institutional guar-antee of low-carbon development, it is usually difficult for all kinds of subjects under the original path to consciously change their behavior modes to follow the low-carbon development path. Therefore, it is
340 CONCLUSIONS
necessary to create a new low-carbon development system, internalize the external cost of carbon emissions, fundamentally change the decision-making constraints of economic entities, and gradually enable low-carbon development to become the inevitable choice to maximize their benefits.Although great progress has been made in China’s low-carbon develop-ment system, it still cannot meet the requirements of China’s low-carbon development and needs further improvement. For one thing, it is neces-sary to establish and supplement low-carbon development policies and measures with regional differences as soon as possible. For example, legis-lation should be passed to strictly prohibit the development of high-car-bon industries in restricted and forbidden development zones, perfect the performance evaluation system of regional low-carbon development, and establish a regional accounting system for the responsibility for carbon emissions under the principle of shared responsibility. When a unified national carbon emission market is about to be launched, consideration can be given to introducing a regionally differentiated carbon tax system to further expand the pilot trading of energy quotas. According to the regional economic and social development, the climate change fund sys-tem needs to be established and improved. The government’s low-carbon procurement system, the insurance system for low-carbon industry devel-opment, and the low-carbon finance system should be improved. For another, it is necessary to enhance the synergy between policies and mea-sures, avoid inconsistencies between policies and measures, and optimize the policy system for low-carbon development.
341© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021Y. Zhang, Spillover and Feedback Effects in Low Carbon Development, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4971-4
appendIx a: share oF naTIonal value-added and gdp by regIon and by IndusTry
appendIxes
342 APPENDIXES
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343 APPENDIXES
Sich
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1.0
2.3
1.2
0.7
1.4
1.4
Yunn
an3.
41.
43.
41.
70.
91.
92.
81.
90.
92.
01.
8T
ibet
0.2
0.0
0.7
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
Shaa
nxi
2.6
2.7
3.8
2.8
2.1
2.2
2.7
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
Gan
su1.
60.
61.
60.
80.
80.
71.
20.
90.
71.
21.
0Q
ingh
ai0.
30.
30.
70.
40.
30.
20.
30.
40.
20.
30.
3N
ingx
ia0.
40.
40.
90.
40.
60.
20.
30.
50.
30.
40.
4X
injia
ng2.
61.
02.
01.
11.
60.
81.
01.
10.
91.
51.
2
344 APPENDIXES
Tab
le A
.2
Com
posi
tion
of G
DP
by r
egio
n in
201
5(%
)
Reg
ion
Prim
ary
indu
stry
Seco
ndar
y in
dust
ryTe
rtia
ry in
dust
ry
Man
ufac
turi
ngC
onst
ruct
ion
indu
stry
Tota
lTr
ansp
orta
tion
an
d w
areh
ousin
g in
dust
ries
and
po
stal
serv
ices
Who
lesa
le
and
reta
ilH
otel
and
ca
teri
ngFi
nanc
ial
indu
stry
Rea
l es
tate
Oth
ers
Tota
l
Bei
jing
0.6
16.1
4.2
20.3
4.3
10.2
1.7
17.1
6.3
39.5
79.1
Tia
njin
1.3
42.2
4.5
46.7
4.4
12.5
1.5
9.7
3.7
20.2
52.0
Heb
ei11
.642
.66.
048
.68.
08.
01.
45.
04.
413
.139
.8Sh
anxi
6.2
34.3
6.7
40.9
7.0
8.5
2.8
9.0
5.0
20.7
52.9
Inne
r M
ongo
lia9.
143
.57.
150
.66.
19.
73.
54.
72.
513
.940
.4L
iaon
ing
8.4
39.5
6.6
46.1
6.0
10.4
2.2
6.5
4.1
16.4
45.6
Jilin
11.4
43.6
6.6
50.2
3.8
8.0
2.3
4.0
3.1
17.1
38.4
Hei
long
jiang
17.5
27.0
5.7
32.6
4.7
11.2
3.2
5.6
4.0
21.1
49.8
Shan
ghai
0.4
28.5
3.4
31.9
4.5
15.2
1.5
16.6
6.8
23.1
67.6
Jian
gsu
5.7
40.1
5.8
45.9
3.9
10.0
1.7
7.6
5.4
19.9
48.4
Zhe
jiang
4.3
40.2
6.0
46.1
3.8
12.2
2.3
6.8
5.5
18.9
49.6
Anh
ui11
.242
.37.
850
.03.
67.
51.
95.
74.
016
.138
.8Fu
jian
8.2
41.8
8.8
50.5
6.0
7.9
1.5
6.5
4.2
15.2
41.3
Jian
gxi
10.6
41.5
9.0
50.5
4.4
7.1
2.3
5.4
3.3
16.3
38.9
Shan
dong
7.9
41.3
5.8
47.1
4.0
13.4
2.1
4.8
4.1
16.6
45.0
Hen
an11
.442
.95.
848
.84.
97.
12.
85.
44.
515
.139
.8H
ubei
11.2
39.2
6.9
46.1
4.2
7.9
2.4
6.3
3.9
18.0
42.7
Hun
an11
.638
.06.
544
.64.
58.
12.
13.
82.
622
.743
.9G
uang
dong
4.6
41.6
3.4
45.0
4.0
10.5
2.0
7.9
7.0
19.0
50.4
Gua
ngxi
15.3
38.0
8.1
46.1
4.8
6.8
2.2
6.1
3.9
14.7
38.6
Hai
nan
23.2
13.2
10.6
23.8
5.1
12.0
4.7
6.6
8.2
16.3
52.9
345 APPENDIXES
Cho
ngqi
ng7.
335
.49.
645
.04.
88.
62.
39.
05.
417
.647
.6Si
chua
n12
.336
.87.
744
.64.
16.
22.
97.
34.
218
.543
.2G
uizh
ou15
.731
.88.
039
.88.
86.
43.
55.
82.
217
.744
.5Yu
nnan
15.1
28.3
11.6
39.9
2.2
9.8
3.2
7.2
2.1
20.3
44.9
Tib
et9.
66.
829
.936
.73.
16.
63.
16.
62.
931
.353
.7Sh
aanx
i8.
940
.99.
950
.84.
08.
42.
46.
03.
915
.640
.2G
ansu
14.1
26.3
10.8
37.2
4.1
7.5
2.9
6.6
3.6
24.0
48.7
Qin
ghai
8.7
37.0
13.0
50.0
3.8
6.4
1.8
9.2
2.2
18.0
41.3
Nin
gxia
8.2
33.8
13.8
47.6
6.9
4.7
1.8
8.8
3.3
18.6
44.2
Xin
jiang
16.8
29.5
10.3
39.8
5.8
5.6
1.7
6.1
3.1
21.1
43.4
346 APPENDIXES
appendIx b: demand-sIde spIllover-Feedback eFFecTs
X
X
X
A A A
A A A
A A A
X
X
a
b
c
aa ab ac
ba bb bc
ca cb cc
a
b
=
XX
Y
Y
Yc
a
b
c
+
I A X A X A X Yaa a ab b ac c a−( ) − − =
(B.1)
− + −( ) − =A X I A X A X Yba a bb b bc c b
(B.2)
− − + −( ) =A X A X I A X Yca a cb b cc c c
(B3)
If all the matrices involved are reversible, Eqs. (B.1) to (B3) can be reduced to:
A I A X X A A X A Yab aa a b ab ac c ab a( ) −( ) − − ( ) = ( )− − −1 1 1
(B.4)
− −( ) + − −( ) = −( )− − −
I A A X X I A A X I A Ybb ba a b bb bc c bb b1 1 1
(B.5)
−( ) − + ( ) −( ) = ( )− − −
A A X X A I A X A Ycb ca a b cb cc c cb c1 1 1
(B.6)
Let Dab = (I − Abb)−1Aab, Maa = (I − Aaa)−1
It is easy to know:
A A A I A I A A D Dab ac ab aa aa ac ab( ) = ( ) −( )
−( )
= ( )− − − −1 1 1 1 aac
ab ab aa aa ab aaA A I A I A D M( ) = ( ) −( )
−( ) = ( )− − − −1 1 1 1
Similarly, (Acb)−1Aca = (Dcb)−1Dca and (Acb)−1 = (Dcb)−1Mcc.Then the Eqs. (B.4) to (B.6) can be rewritten into the Eqs. (B.7)
to (B.9):
D X X D D X D M Yab a b ab ac c ab aa a( ) − − ( ) = ( )− − −1 1 1
(B.7)
− + − =D X X D X M Yba a b bc c bb b (B.8)
347 APPENDIXES
−( ) − + ( ) = ( )− − −
D D X X D X D M Ycb ca a b cb c cb cc c1 1 1
(B.9)
(B.7) + (B.8):
D D X D D D X D M Y Mba ba a bc ab ac c ab aa a b( ) −
− + ( )
= ( ) +− − −1 1 1 bb bY
(B.10)
(B.9) + (B.8):
− + ( )
+ ( )
= + ( )− − −D D D X D D X M Y D Mba cb ca a cb bc c bb b cb c1 1 1 cc cY
(B.11)
Equations (B.10) and (B.11) can be further reorganized into:
D D D D D X X
D D D
bc ab ac ab ba a c
bc ab a
+ ( )
( ) −
−
= + ( )
− − −
−
1 1 1
1 cc ab aa a bb bD M Y M Y
( ) − +
− −1 1
(B.12)
− ( ) −
+ ( )
+
= ( ) −
− − −
−
D D D D D X X
D D
cb bc ba cb ca a c
cb bc
1 1 1
1
+ ( )
− −1 1M Y D M Ybb b cb cc c
(B.13)
Also:
D D D D D D D
D D
bc ab ac ab bc ac ab
ab ba
+ ( )
= +( )
( ) −
=
− − −
−
1 1 1
1DD I D D
D D I D D D
D D
ab ab ba
cb bc bc cb cb
ba
( ) −( )
( ) −
= −( )+
−
− − −
1
1 1 1
ccb ca cb cb ba caD D D D D( )
= ( ) +( )− −1 1
348 APPENDIXES
(B.12) + (B.13):
D D D D D I D D I D D D D Dab bc ac ab ab ab ba bc cb cb cb+( ) ( ) −( ) − −( ) ( )− − − −1 1 1 1 ccb ba ca a
ab bc ac ab ab aa a bb b
D D X
D D D D D M Y M Y
+( )
= + +( ) ( ) +− −1 1
+ −( ) + ( )
− −I D D D M Y D M Ybc cb cb bb b cb cc c1 1
Reorganized into:
D D D I D D I D D D D D X
D
ab bc ac ab ba bc cb cb ba ca a
ab
+( ) −( ) − −( ) + )=
− −1 1]
DD D M Y D D D D I D D D
M Y
bc ac aa a ab bc ac ab bc cb cb
bb b
+( ) + +( ) + −( )+
− − −1 1 1[
II D D M Ybc cb cc c−( )−1
Factor (DabDbc + Dac)−1 is extracted to be organized:
D D D I D D D D D I D D D D Dab bc ac ab ba ab bc ac bc cb cb ba ca+ −( ) − +( ) −( ) +− −1 1
)= +( ) + +( )
+ +( )
− −
]X
D D D M Y D D D
D D D D
a
ab bc ac aa a ab bc ac
ab ab bc ac
1 1
II D D M Y I D D M Ybc cb bb b bc cb cc c−( )
+ −( )− −1 1
Both sides of the equation are left multiplied by (DabDbc + Dac) to obtain:
I D D D D D I D D D D D X
M
ab ba ab bc ac bc cb cb ba ca a
a
−( ) − +( ) −( ) +( )
=
−1
aa a ab ab bc ac bc cb cb bb b
ab bc ac
Y D D D D I D D D M Y
D D D
+ + +( ) −( )
+ +
−1
(( ) −( )−I D D M Ybc cb cc c1
It is easy to obtain:
X F M Y F U M Y F S M Ya aa aa a aa ba bb b aa ca cc c= + + , (B.14)
349 APPENDIXES
where
F I D D S D D D
S D D D I D D
aa ab ba ca cb ba ca
ca ab bc ac bc cb
= − − +( )
= +( ) −
−1
(( )= + +
−1
U D S Dba ab ca cb
Similarly, we have
X F M Y F U M Y F S M Yb bb bb b bb cb cc c bb ab aa a= + + (B.15)
X F M Y F U M Y F S M Yc cc cc c cc ac aa a cc bc bb b= + + (B.16)
The expressions of Mbb and Mcc are similar to that of Maa. The expres-sions of Fbb and Fcc are similar to that of Faa. The expressions of Sab and Sbc are similar to that of Sca. The expressions of Ucb and Uac are similar to that of Uba.
Equations (B14) to (B.16) can be expressed as follows:
X
X
X
F
F
F
I U S
S I U
U S I
a
b
c
aa
bb
cc
ba ca
ab cb
ac bc
=
+
M
M
M
Y
Y
Y
aa
bb
cc
a
b
c
(B.17)
Dietzenbacher (2002) took two regions as examples to give specific expressions of intraregional multiplier effect, interregional spillover effect and interregional feedback effect which have clear economic meanings and can be extended to the scenarios of three regions. From Eq. (B.17), the interregional Leontief inverse matrix can be expressed as:
L
L L L
L L L
L L L
F
F
F
aa ab ac
ba bb bc
ca cb cc
aa
bb
cc
=
=
=
′
′
I U S
S I U
U S I
M
M
M
F
ba ca
ab cb
ac bc
aa
bb
cc
aaMM F U M F S M
F S M F M F U M
F U M F
aa aa ab bb aa ca cc
bb ab aa bb bb bb cb cc
cc ac aa ccSS M F Mbc bb cc cc
350 APPENDIXES
Let ηa = ηb = ηc = (1, …, 1)T. Take region a as an example, and the total output effect of its final demand is as follows:
η η η
η
a T b T c T aa T ba T ca T
a T aa
L L L
F
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
= ( )
, , , ,
MM F S M F U M
M S M
aa a T bb ab aa c T cc ac aa
a T
aab T ab aa c
+ ( ) + ( )= ( ) + ( ) +
η η
η η η(( ) +
( ) −( ) + ( ) −( ) + ( ) −( )
T ac aa
a T aa aa b T bb ab aa c T cc
U M
F I M F I S M F Iη η η UU Mac aa
Specifically, (ηa)TMaa represents the output multiplier in the demand-side region, (ηb)TSabMaa represents the demand-side output spillover effect of region a on region b, (ηc)TUacMaa represents the demand-side spillover effect of region a on region c, and the demand-side output feedback effect of region a on itself by affecting regions b and c is (ηa)T(Faa − I)Maa + (ηb)T(Fbb − I) SabMaa + (ηc)T(Fcc − I) UacMaa. Similarly, effects in other regions can be obtained. Further, if η is defined as a vector of value-added rate or labor remuneration rate (the ratio of value-added or labor remuneration to the total output), then all kinds of multipliers of corresponding value-added or labor remuneration can be obtained.
appendIx c: supply-sIde spIllover-Feedback eFFecTs
Similar to the derivation process of the expression of demand-side spill-over-feedback effect, we can deduce that of supply-side spillover-feedback effect as follows:
X
X
X
X
X
X
A A A
A A A
a
b
c
T a
b
c
T aa ab ac
ba bb b
=
′ ′ ′′ ′ ′ cc
ca cb cc
a
b
c
T
A A A
V
V
V′ ′ ′
+
X I A X A X A V
T aa b T ba c T ca Ta a( ) −( ) − ( ) − ( ) = ( )′ ′ ′
(C.1)
−( ) + ( ) −( ) − ( ) = ( )′ ′ ′X A X I A X A V
T ab b T bb c T cb b Ta
(C.2)
351 APPENDIXES
−( ) + ( ) + ( ) −( ) = ( )′ ′ ′X A X A X I A V
T ac b T bc c T cc c Ta
(C.3)
If all the matrices involved are reversible, Eqs. (C.1) to (C.3) can be reduced to:
X I A A X X A A V Aaa ba b c ca ba baa T T T a T( ) −( )( ) − ( ) − ( ) ( ) = ( ) ( )′ ′ ′ ′ ′− − −1 1 11
(C.4)
−( ) −( ) + ( ) − ( ) −( ) = ( ) −′ ′ ′ ′ ′− −
X A I A X X A I A V I Aab bb b c cb bb b bba T T T T1 1 (( )−1
(C.5)
−( ) ( ) − ( ) + ( ) −( )( ) = ( ) ( )′ ′ ′ ′ ′− −
X A A X X I A A V Aac bc b c cc bc c bca T T T T1 1 −−1
(C.6)
Let D′ab = A′ab(I − A′bb)−1, M′aa = (I − A′aa)−1
It is easy to know:
′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′( ) = −( )
−( ) ( )
=
− − −A A A I A I A A Dca ba ca bb bb ba1 1 1 cca ba
ba bb bb ba a
D
A I A I A A M
′
′ ′ ′ ′ ′
( )
( ) = −( ) −( ) ( )
=
−
− − − −
1
1 1 1 1 aa baD′( )−1
Then the Eqs. (C.4), (C.5) and (C.6) can be rewritten into the Eqs. (C.7), (C.8) and (C.9):
X D X X D D V M Dba b c ca ba baa T T T a T aa( ) ( ) − ( ) − ( ) ( ) = ( ) ( )′ ′ ′ ′ ′
− − −1 1 1
(C.7)
−( ) + ( ) − ( ) = ( )′ ′ ′X D X X D V Mab b c cb b bba T T T T
(C.8)
−( ) ( ) − ( ) − ( ) ( ) = ( ) ( )′ ′ ′ ′ ′
− −X D D X X D V M Dac bc b c bc c cc baa T T T T
,1 1
(C.9)
where the expressions of Mbb′ and Mcc
′ are similar to Maa′ .
(C.7) + (C.8):
X D D X D D D
V
a ba ab c cb ca ba
a
( ) ( ) −
− ( ) + ( )
= ( )
′ ′ ′ ′ ′− −T T1 1
TT aa ba b bbM D V M′ ′ ′( ) + ( )−1 T
(C.10)
(C.9) + (C.8):
352 APPENDIXES
−( ) + ( )
+ ( ) ( ) − ( )
=
′ ′ ′ ′ ′− −
X D D D X D D
V
a ab ac bc c bc cbT T1 1
bb bb c cc bcM V M D( ) + ( ) ( )′ ′ ′−T T 1
(C.11)
Equations (C.10) and (C.11) can be further reorganized into:
−( ) ( ) −
+ ( )
− ( )=
′ ′ ′ ′ ′− − −
X D D D D D X
V
a ba ab cb ca ba cT T1 1 1
aa aa ba b bb cb ca baM D V M D D D( ) ( ) + ( )
+ ( )
′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′− −T T1 1
(C.12)
−( ) + ( )
( ) −
+ ( )=
′ ′ ′ ′ ′− − −
X D D D D D X
V
a ab ac bc bc cb cT T1 1 1
bb bb c cc bc bc cbM V M D D D( ) + ( ) ( )
( ) −
′ ′ ′ ′ ′− −T T 1 1
(C.13)
Also:
′ ′ ′ ′ ′
′ ′ ′
( ) − = −( ) ( )+ ( )
− −
− −
D D I D D D
D D D
ba ab ab ba ba
cb ca ba
1 1
1 11 1
1
= +( )+ ( ) = +( )
′ ′ ′ ′
′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
−
−
D D D D
D D D D D D
ba cb ba ca
ab ac bc ab bc ac DD
D D D I D D
bc
bc bc bc cb bc
( )
( ) −
= −( )′ ′ ′ ′ ′
−
− −
1
1 1
(C.12) + (C.13):
XI D D D D D D D
D D D
a Tab ba ba ba cb ba ca
ab bc( )
−( ) ( ) +( )− +
′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
′ ′ ′
− −1 1
aac bc bc cb bc
a T aa ba
D D I D D
V M D
( ) ( ) −( )
= ( ) ( )
′ ′ ′ ′
′ ′
− −
−
1 1
11 1+ ( )
+( )+ ( ) + ( )
′ ′ ′ ′ ′
′ ′
−V M D D D D
V M V M
b bb ba cb ba ca
b T bb c T c
T
cc bc bc cb bcD D I D D′ ′ ′ ′( )
−( )− −1 1
353 APPENDIXES
Reorganized into:
X I D D D D D D D D I D Da ab ba cb ba ca ab bc ac cb( ) −( ) +( ) − +( ) −′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′−
[1 bbc
a T aa cb ba ca
b T bb ba cb ba
V M D D D
V M D D D
( )= ( ) +( )+( ) +
′ ′ ′ ′
′ ′ ′ ′ ′
−
−
1
1
DD D I D D
V M I D D
ca bc cb bc
c T cc cb bc
( ) + −( )
+( ) −( )
′ ′ ′
′ ′ ′
− −
−
1 1
1
Factor (D′cbD′ba + D′ca)−1 is extracted to be organized into:
X I D D D D D I D D D D Da T ab ba ab bc ac cb bc cb ba( ) −( ) − +( ) −( ) +′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′−1 cca
cb ba ca
a T aa cb ba ca
D D D
V M D D D V
( )
+( )= ( ) + ) +
′ ′ ′
′ ′ ′ ′
−
−
1
1 bb T bb
ba bc cb bc cb ba ca cb
M
D D I D D D D D D
( )+ −( ) +( )
′
′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′−1
DD D
V M I D D
ba ca
c T cc cb bc
+( )+ ( ) −( )
′
′ ′ ′
−
−
1
1
Both sides of the equation are right multiplied by (D′cbD′ba + D′ca) to obtain:
It is easy to obtain:
X V M F V M U F V M S FT aa b bb ba aa c cc ca aaa a T aa T T
,( ) = ( ) + ( ) + ( )′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
(C.14)
where
X I D D D D D I D D D D Da ab ba ab bc ac cb bc cb ba( ) −( ) − +( ) −( ) +′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′−T 1 cca
a aa b bb ba bc cb bc cbV M V M D D I D D D
( )
= ( ) + ( ) + −( )′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′−T T 1
′′ ′
′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
+( )
+( ) −( ) +( )−
D D
V M I D D D D D
ba ca
c cc cb bc cb ba cbT 1
354 APPENDIXES
′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
′ ′ ′
= − − +( )
= −( )
−F I D D D D D
S I D D
aa ab ba ac ab bc ca
ca cb bc
S1
−−′ ′ ′
′ ′ ′
+( )= +
1D D D
U D D S
ca cb ba
ba ab bc ca
Similarly, we have
X V M F V M U F V M S Fb b bb bb c cc cb bb a aa ab bb( ) = ( ) + ( ) + ( )′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
T T T T
(C.15)
X V M F V M U F V M S Fc c cc cc a aaac
cc b bbbc
cc( ) = ( ) + ( ) + ( )′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′′ ′T T T T
(C.16)
The expressions of F′bb and F′cc are similar to F′aa. The expressions of S′ab and S′bc are similar to S′ca. The expressions of U′cb and U′ac are similar to U′ba.
Equations (C.14), (C.15) and (C.16) can be expressed as follows:
X
X
X
V
V
V
M
M
M
Ia
b
c
T a
b
c
T aa
bb
cc
=
′′
′
′′ ′′ ′′ ′
′′
′
S U
U I S
S U I
F
F
F
ab ac
bc bc
ab cb
aa
bb
cc
(C.17)
From Eq. (C.17), the interregional Ghosh inverse matrix can be expressed as:
G
G G G
G G G
G G G
M
M
M
aa ab ac
ba bb bc
ca cb cc
aa
bb
cc
=
=
′′
′
′ ′′ ′′ ′
′′
′
I S U
U I S
S U I
F
F
F
ab ac
bc bc
ab cb
aa
bb
cc
=
′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′′ ′ ′ ′ ′M F M S F M S F
M U F M F
aa aa aa ab bb aa ab cc
bb bc aa bb bbb bb bc cc
cc ac aa cc cb bb cc cc
M S F
M S F M U F M F
′ ′ ′′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
Take region a as an example, and the total effect of its supply side is:
355 APPENDIXES
G G G
M F
aa ab ac a b c
aa a
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
= ′ ′
T T T T T T T
, , , ,η η η
aa a aa ab bb b aa ac cc c
aa a aa ab b aa
M S F M U F
M M S M
η η ηη η+ +
= + +
′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′′ ′ ′ ′ ′UU
M F I M S F I M U F I
ac c
aa aa a aa ab bb b aa ac cc
η
η η η
+
−( ) + −( ) + −( )′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ cc
,
where M ′aa ηa represents the output multiplier in the supply-side region, M ′aaS ′ab ηb represents the spillover effect of region a on the supply-side out-put of region b, M ′aa U ′ac ηc represents the spillover effect of region a on the supply-side output of region c, and the feedback effect of region a on the supply-side output by affecting regions b and c is expressed as M ′aa(F ′aa − I) ηa + M ′aaS ′ab (F ′aa − I)ηb + M ′aaU ′ac (F ′cc − I)ηc. Similarly, effects in other regions can be obtained. Further, if η is defined as the vector of consump-tion rate, capital formation rate or export rate (the ratio of consumption, capital formation or export to total output), the corresponding supply-side consumption, capital formation and export multipliers can be obtained.
356 APPENDIXES
Tab
le D
.1
Dem
and-
side
eco
nom
ic s
pillo
ver-
feed
back
mul
tiplie
rs b
y se
ctor
in t
hree
maj
or r
egio
ns, 2
002
Cod
e of
Sec
tor
Eas
tern
reg
ion
Cen
tral
reg
ion
Wes
tern
reg
ion
Intr
a-re
gion
alSp
illov
erFe
edba
ckIn
tra-
regi
onal
Spill
over
Feed
back
Intr
a-re
gion
alSp
illov
erFe
edba
ck
Cen
tral
reg
ion
Wes
tern
re
gion
Wes
tern
re
gion
Eas
tern
re
gion
Eas
tern
re
gion
Cen
tral
re
gion
s11.
680
0.08
20.
036
0.01
21.
634
0.02
70.
129
0.00
91.
568
0.07
70.
039
0.00
3s2
1.87
00.
080
0.02
70.
015
1.50
20.
032
0.19
70.
013
1.57
40.
154
0.07
00.
006
s31.
397
0.03
40.
014
0.00
61.
138
0.00
70.
031
0.00
21.
438
0.07
60.
039
0.00
3s4
2.14
90.
118
0.04
10.
020
1.88
80.
047
0.19
60.
014
1.60
10.
155
0.06
40.
006
s52.
196
0.10
40.
039
0.01
91.
956
0.05
30.
276
0.01
91.
789
0.18
10.
077
0.00
8s6
2.33
00.
170
0.07
60.
023
2.36
30.
070
0.24
50.
018
2.16
10.
184
0.09
10.
008
s72.
595
0.14
80.
058
0.02
32.
468
0.07
20.
387
0.02
72.
067
0.39
60.
147
0.01
6s8
2.64
10.
151
0.06
10.
025
2.33
80.
102
0.40
60.
029
2.13
10.
517
0.18
70.
020
s92.
432
0.16
20.
054
0.02
42.
583
0.07
80.
417
0.02
92.
290
0.33
20.
173
0.01
4s1
02.
539
0.15
20.
058
0.02
62.
362
0.06
90.
388
0.02
72.
180
0.36
50.
198
0.01
6s1
11.
904
0.13
10.
022
0.01
21.
912
0.05
60.
331
0.01
62.
244
0.12
00.
095
0.00
5s1
22.
377
0.11
60.
041
0.01
92.
108
0.05
60.
314
0.02
12.
377
0.26
70.
115
0.01
1s1
32.
487
0.16
00.
054
0.02
72.
231
0.06
00.
341
0.02
42.
160
0.25
90.
154
0.01
2s1
42.
217
0.11
60.
042
0.02
11.
972
0.05
80.
270
0.01
92.
165
0.24
90.
134
0.01
1s1
52.
387
0.13
10.
050
0.02
42.
033
0.07
70.
347
0.02
51.
934
0.25
90.
146
0.01
2s1
62.
667
0.14
30.
054
0.02
72.
344
0.09
90.
447
0.03
22.
279
0.36
40.
199
0.01
7s1
72.
839
0.16
70.
064
0.03
32.
640
0.09
70.
522
0.03
72.
492
0.30
20.
131
0.01
4s1
82.
610
0.12
70.
050
0.02
52.
498
0.10
10.
542
0.03
72.
295
0.38
40.
198
0.01
7
app
en
dIx
d: d
em
an
d-s
Ide a
nd
su
ppl
y-sI
de e
co
no
mIc
spI
ll
ov
er-F
ee
db
ac
k m
ul
TIp
lIe
r
eFF
ec
T b
y se
cT
or In
200
2 a
nd
200
7
357 APPENDIXES
s19
2.55
90.
107
0.04
60.
022
2.29
80.
076
0.56
50.
036
2.33
90.
465
0.19
80.
021
s20
2.39
10.
110
0.04
40.
021
2.19
00.
070
0.42
70.
029
2.03
20.
290
0.11
30.
013
s21
2.30
60.
116
0.04
30.
019
2.11
70.
065
0.33
50.
023
2.09
50.
301
0.14
30.
013
s22
2.05
10.
140
0.03
80.
023
1.88
90.
053
0.19
40.
014
1.93
20.
162
0.06
70.
007
s23
2.10
10.
100
0.03
30.
016
1.96
50.
051
0.23
90.
015
1.93
80.
181
0.10
80.
008
s24
2.32
70.
120
0.04
50.
022
2.27
70.
071
0.43
30.
031
2.18
50.
272
0.18
40.
014
s25
2.45
30.
137
0.04
90.
025
2.32
00.
075
0.41
50.
028
2.39
40.
297
0.12
90.
012
s26
1.83
10.
076
0.02
60.
013
1.77
90.
037
0.22
50.
015
1.80
60.
170
0.06
90.
007
s27
1.96
50.
111
0.04
40.
016
2.16
70.
051
0.22
70.
016
1.98
30.
159
0.08
70.
007
s28
1.67
40.
060
0.02
10.
011
1.83
80.
041
0.26
10.
018
1.70
20.
156
0.05
70.
006
s29
3.50
70.
268
0.12
60.
057
3.70
20.
170
1.01
50.
075
3.15
40.
774
0.26
50.
037
s30
1.62
80.
054
0.02
20.
010
1.58
60.
030
0.18
30.
013
1.58
80.
165
0.06
20.
008
358 APPENDIXEST
able
D.2
Su
pply
-sid
e ec
onom
ic s
pillo
ver-
feed
back
mul
tiplie
rs b
y se
ctor
in t
hree
maj
or r
egio
ns, 2
002
Cod
e of
sect
orE
aste
rn r
egio
nC
entr
al r
egio
nW
este
rn r
egio
n
Intr
a-re
gion
alSp
illov
erFe
edba
ckIn
tra-
regi
onal
Spill
over
Feed
back
Intr
a-re
gion
alSp
illov
erFe
edba
ck
Cen
tral
re
gion
Wes
tern
reg
ion
Wes
tern
re
gion
Eas
tern
re
gion
Eas
tern
re
gion
Cen
tral
re
gion
s11.
844
0.04
30.
019
0.00
81.
887
0.04
50.
416
0.02
21.
614
0.22
60.
065
0.00
7s2
4.50
30.
252
0.08
00.
042
2.92
00.
090
1.04
40.
064
3.11
20.
373
0.22
30.
020
s33.
496
0.47
30.
091
0.08
12.
072
0.13
50.
805
0.06
43.
922
0.35
60.
327
0.02
5s4
3.65
90.
151
0.10
70.
028
3.34
30.
166
0.48
60.
035
3.36
60.
257
0.16
40.
013
s53.
028
0.16
30.
032
0.01
62.
503
0.07
20.
131
0.00
92.
912
0.09
70.
046
0.00
4s6
1.75
80.
050
0.02
10.
010
1.76
80.
027
0.14
60.
009
1.46
60.
061
0.02
40.
003
s72.
228
0.08
20.
036
0.01
31.
840
0.06
10.
195
0.01
11.
322
0.09
20.
071
0.00
5s8
1.53
00.
028
0.01
60.
005
1.70
10.
028
0.13
30.
008
1.81
40.
109
0.04
00.
005
s92.
253
0.08
70.
047
0.01
42.
063
0.04
30.
146
0.00
92.
143
0.12
20.
064
0.00
6s1
02.
624
0.11
80.
077
0.02
22.
681
0.07
10.
266
0.01
72.
528
0.21
30.
100
0.01
1s1
13.
265
0.21
10.
092
0.04
02.
952
0.10
40.
451
0.03
23.
502
0.33
00.
173
0.01
8s1
22.
840
0.13
40.
042
0.02
22.
547
0.05
30.
305
0.01
82.
629
0.19
40.
102
0.00
9s1
32.
168
0.15
00.
030
0.01
32.
106
0.13
00.
115
0.00
82.
095
0.05
70.
036
0.00
2s1
43.
312
0.20
80.
091
0.03
22.
439
0.16
00.
363
0.02
52.
463
0.25
80.
190
0.01
4s1
52.
426
0.10
50.
036
0.01
52.
261
0.03
80.
185
0.01
12.
765
0.18
40.
097
0.00
8s1
61.
800
0.04
00.
016
0.00
71.
908
0.02
70.
145
0.00
92.
017
0.07
90.
038
0.00
4s1
72.
074
0.10
10.
051
0.02
32.
016
0.06
20.
331
0.02
52.
234
0.18
40.
075
0.01
0s1
81.
754
0.04
60.
030
0.00
91.
742
0.04
20.
313
0.01
61.
943
0.21
00.
057
0.00
8s1
91.
865
0.04
40.
029
0.01
01.
717
0.03
40.
255
0.01
31.
819
0.18
40.
052
0.00
8s2
01.
870
0.06
90.
060
0.01
71.
786
0.05
20.
286
0.01
81.
731
0.21
70.
060
0.01
1s2
12.
491
0.23
30.
133
0.04
22.
182
0.23
10.
304
0.02
91.
929
0.19
30.
138
0.01
3s2
23.
139
0.13
40.
066
0.02
42.
812
0.10
00.
418
0.02
92.
876
0.34
70.
138
0.01
8s2
32.
697
0.08
60.
042
0.01
52.
234
0.04
70.
196
0.01
32.
658
0.15
50.
079
0.00
8
359 APPENDIXES
s24
1.09
40.
005
0.00
30.
001
1.10
70.
003
0.01
40.
001
1.08
50.
008
0.00
30.
000
s25
2.51
20.
230
0.13
90.
051
2.21
30.
140
0.45
50.
035
2.28
60.
404
0.17
90.
021
s26
2.19
50.
202
0.11
30.
041
1.92
00.
101
0.55
50.
034
1.60
60.
306
0.15
80.
015
s27
2.04
10.
212
0.09
50.
041
1.72
60.
096
0.49
70.
035
1.74
70.
255
0.11
00.
015
s28
2.52
00.
080
0.04
50.
016
2.46
70.
048
0.21
90.
014
2.44
40.
146
0.06
60.
007
s29
1.78
10.
199
0.37
20.
061
1.26
20.
326
0.77
60.
056
1.47
50.
746
0.17
30.
047
s30
1.83
90.
050
0.03
20.
010
1.64
50.
030
0.11
40.
008
1.76
20.
089
0.04
10.
005
360 APPENDIXES
Tab
le D
.3
Dem
and-
side
eco
nom
ic s
pillo
ver-
feed
back
mul
tiplie
rs b
y se
ctor
in t
hree
maj
or r
egio
ns, 2
007
Cod
e of
se
ctor
Eas
tern
reg
ion
Cen
tral
reg
ion
Wes
tern
reg
ion
Intr
a-re
gion
alSp
illov
erFe
edba
ckIn
tra-
regi
onal
Spill
over
Feed
back
Intr
a-re
gion
alSp
illov
erFe
edba
ck
Cen
tral
re
gion
Wes
tern
re
gion
Wes
tern
re
gion
Eas
tern
re
gion
Eas
tern
re
gion
Cen
tral
re
gion
s11.
738
0.10
70.
069
0.02
61.
629
0.06
30.
198
0.02
11.
551
0.17
80.
079
0.01
5s2
2.10
20.
161
0.08
60.
042
1.94
00.
071
0.28
80.
029
1.61
20.
279
0.07
50.
023
s31.
870
0.11
00.
077
0.03
11.
350
0.03
30.
141
0.01
41.
398
0.20
20.
075
0.01
9s4
2.20
50.
142
0.08
60.
040
1.93
20.
089
0.34
20.
035
1.70
70.
304
0.08
40.
025
s51.
902
0.11
10.
070
0.03
01.
904
0.07
10.
268
0.02
71.
564
0.27
70.
077
0.02
4s6
2.23
70.
199
0.13
10.
046
2.16
20.
108
0.24
90.
028
1.96
30.
237
0.12
70.
021
s72.
479
0.17
20.
106
0.04
42.
255
0.08
80.
325
0.03
21.
989
0.35
60.
113
0.02
6s8
2.38
40.
151
0.09
30.
040
2.20
00.
079
0.32
30.
031
1.84
60.
514
0.10
90.
034
s92.
395
0.17
70.
109
0.04
72.
138
0.07
60.
264
0.02
71.
847
0.48
70.
112
0.03
7s1
02.
469
0.14
30.
087
0.04
02.
147
0.07
50.
338
0.03
21.
839
0.50
90.
121
0.03
4s1
11.
912
0.15
80.
107
0.03
91.
809
0.10
30.
204
0.02
22.
090
0.23
70.
086
0.02
1s1
22.
298
0.15
00.
089
0.04
12.
006
0.09
80.
416
0.04
01.
861
0.36
80.
100
0.02
8s1
32.
383
0.20
90.
108
0.05
42.
231
0.08
70.
331
0.03
51.
922
0.38
00.
127
0.03
1s1
42.
381
0.20
00.
189
0.06
52.
164
0.09
80.
348
0.03
71.
989
0.31
80.
100
0.02
8s1
52.
466
0.21
30.
189
0.06
92.
224
0.09
90.
415
0.04
51.
973
0.51
10.
163
0.05
1s1
62.
351
0.16
60.
128
0.05
22.
038
0.09
60.
454
0.04
71.
883
0.49
20.
141
0.04
5s1
72.
404
0.21
20.
162
0.08
02.
156
0.10
40.
539
0.05
72.
115
0.65
70.
150
0.06
3s1
82.
292
0.15
70.
135
0.05
12.
014
0.08
40.
416
0.04
11.
885
0.49
80.
145
0.04
7s1
91.
668
0.05
30.
041
0.01
61.
525
0.03
30.
186
0.01
61.
485
0.25
30.
057
0.01
9s2
01.
616
0.06
40.
045
0.01
91.
592
0.03
90.
211
0.01
91.
521
0.25
30.
062
0.02
2s2
12.
048
0.13
60.
112
0.04
22.
091
0.06
90.
308
0.03
01.
599
0.29
80.
072
0.02
4s2
22.
393
0.21
90.
135
0.05
72.
037
0.10
60.
323
0.03
42.
123
0.27
10.
080
0.02
3
361 APPENDIXES
s23
2.18
90.
155
0.11
90.
043
1.88
20.
088
0.28
60.
029
1.86
20.
282
0.12
20.
025
s24
2.45
70.
201
0.13
30.
057
2.19
70.
091
0.43
80.
046
1.95
80.
564
0.18
10.
051
s25
1.99
70.
123
0.10
00.
038
1.71
00.
083
0.26
90.
029
1.68
50.
348
0.09
70.
030
s26
1.56
20.
049
0.03
60.
015
1.55
30.
045
0.14
70.
015
1.52
70.
185
0.05
10.
015
s27
2.10
30.
167
0.11
30.
039
1.96
00.
104
0.24
60.
028
1.85
10.
265
0.14
00.
024
s28
2.15
60.
105
0.07
40.
031
1.84
00.
079
0.31
90.
029
1.83
40.
412
0.10
10.
031
s29
1.85
00.
088
0.06
60.
027
1.73
20.
051
0.24
80.
023
1.54
40.
226
0.05
60.
017
s30
1.72
40.
066
0.04
60.
020
1.62
90.
049
0.21
00.
020
1.51
10.
246
0.06
20.
019
362 APPENDIXES
Tab
le D
.4
Supp
ly-s
ide
econ
omic
spi
llove
r-fe
edba
ck m
ultip
liers
by
sect
or in
thr
ee m
ajor
reg
ions
, 200
7
Cod
e of
sect
orE
aste
rn r
egio
nC
entr
al r
egio
nW
este
rn r
egio
n
Intr
a-re
gion
alSp
illov
erFe
edba
ckIn
tra-
regi
onal
Spill
over
Feed
back
Intr
a-re
gion
alSp
illov
erFe
edba
ck
Cen
tral
re
gion
Wes
tern
re
gion
Wes
tern
re
gion
Eas
tern
re
gion
Eas
tern
re
gion
Cen
tral
re
gion
s12.
418
0.09
30.
046
0.02
81.
944
0.06
60.
387
0.02
41.
630
0.33
00.
116
0.01
7s2
3.85
50.
243
0.11
40.
096
2.33
50.
108
1.58
90.
128
2.48
91.
040
0.24
20.
069
s33.
265
0.31
50.
166
0.13
52.
461
0.19
91.
416
0.15
72.
474
1.44
50.
457
0.13
5s4
3.11
60.
259
0.14
80.
132
2.47
20.
110
0.71
50.
059
2.31
50.
865
0.15
10.
062
s52.
659
0.12
50.
109
0.04
32.
256
0.15
10.
524
0.03
92.
141
0.42
20.
113
0.02
6s6
1.77
10.
076
0.04
10.
021
1.69
20.
070
0.25
70.
018
1.51
10.
238
0.10
70.
014
s72.
022
0.04
80.
038
0.02
12.
000
0.04
60.
548
0.02
81.
453
0.71
30.
085
0.03
0s8
1.56
70.
045
0.03
90.
020
1.58
00.
024
0.19
30.
012
1.77
90.
240
0.05
00.
014
s91.
924
0.06
30.
095
0.03
21.
932
0.04
60.
312
0.02
02.
024
0.40
30.
086
0.02
5s1
02.
490
0.10
50.
120
0.04
42.
429
0.10
80.
555
0.03
72.
484
0.46
90.
133
0.03
0s1
13.
204
0.29
90.
227
0.13
82.
407
0.17
30.
890
0.07
52.
057
1.07
60.
314
0.07
7s1
22.
763
0.19
50.
124
0.07
42.
457
0.09
90.
691
0.05
42.
315
0.58
20.
164
0.03
9s1
32.
297
0.09
40.
090
0.02
82.
174
0.08
40.
389
0.02
22.
128
0.24
10.
054
0.01
3s1
42.
791
0.16
10.
116
0.06
92.
280
0.12
30.
792
0.06
21.
862
1.12
30.
143
0.07
7s1
52.
355
0.12
80.
139
0.06
01.
982
0.12
30.
752
0.05
52.
578
0.57
70.
102
0.03
9s1
61.
708
0.09
70.
079
0.04
21.
696
0.08
70.
295
0.02
61.
878
0.30
50.
080
0.02
2s1
71.
915
0.08
70.
104
0.04
51.
668
0.05
90.
436
0.03
11.
879
0.43
00.
086
0.03
1s1
81.
913
0.08
10.
082
0.03
71.
789
0.08
40.
434
0.03
22.
118
0.37
20.
088
0.02
4s1
91.
479
0.03
40.
022
0.01
11.
600
0.02
40.
230
0.01
31.
665
0.21
20.
044
0.01
1s2
01.
459
0.05
70.
034
0.02
12.
376
0.07
00.
418
0.03
32.
116
0.34
30.
080
0.02
2s2
12.
239
0.14
40.
100
0.06
62.
282
0.08
90.
481
0.03
92.
295
0.57
50.
127
0.04
1s2
23.
356
0.17
60.
086
0.06
72.
674
0.11
00.
845
0.06
92.
532
0.71
50.
294
0.05
3
363 APPENDIXES
s23
2.57
40.
086
0.07
40.
037
1.79
80.
052
0.30
20.
023
1.59
80.
381
0.06
20.
023
s24
1.09
50.
003
0.00
30.
001
1.08
40.
003
0.01
70.
001
1.03
40.
009
0.00
30.
001
s25
2.48
70.
106
0.08
80.
048
2.28
20.
080
0.47
50.
036
2.10
80.
534
0.12
10.
035
s26
2.08
00.
090
0.07
20.
040
2.07
20.
063
0.31
10.
024
1.89
50.
456
0.13
20.
030
s27
1.92
60.
050
0.06
30.
024
1.86
40.
042
0.19
60.
015
1.68
70.
250
0.06
00.
015
s28
2.15
80.
059
0.06
70.
026
2.10
50.
117
0.43
70.
032
2.17
70.
358
0.09
00.
022
s29
1.81
40.
049
0.05
80.
020
1.95
30.
043
0.17
80.
014
1.85
00.
268
0.09
40.
019
s30
1.79
30.
042
0.03
60.
018
1.51
80.
022
0.12
50.
010
1.45
70.
139
0.03
50.
009
364 APPENDIXES
app
en
dIx
e: d
em
an
d-s
Ide a
nd
su
ppl
y-sI
de c
ar
bo
n-e
mIs
sIo
n s
pIl
lo
ve
r-F
ee
db
ac
k
mu
lT
Ipl
Ier e
FFe
cT b
y se
cT
or In
200
2 a
nd
200
7
Tab
le E
.1
Dem
and-
side
car
bon
emis
sion
spi
llove
r-fe
edba
ck m
ultip
liers
by
sect
or in
thr
ee m
ajor
reg
ions
, 200
2
Cod
e of
Sec
tor
Eas
tern
reg
ion
Cen
tral
reg
ion
Wes
tern
reg
ion
Intr
a-re
gion
alSp
illov
erFe
edba
ckIn
tra-
regi
onal
Spill
over
Feed
back
Intr
a-re
gion
alSp
illov
erFe
edba
ck
Cen
tral
re
gion
Wes
tern
re
gion
Wes
tern
re
gion
Eas
tern
re
gion
Eas
tern
re
gion
Cen
tral
re
gion
s10.
209
0.02
30.
013
0.00
30.
233
0.01
10.
030
0.00
30.
256
0.01
70.
013
0.00
1s2
0.50
60.
037
0.01
70.
004
0.91
10.
019
0.05
50.
005
0.92
30.
041
0.03
30.
003
s30.
266
0.01
70.
010
0.00
20.
239
0.00
40.
011
0.00
10.
530
0.02
20.
021
0.00
2s4
0.42
00.
054
0.02
70.
006
0.68
20.
029
0.05
80.
006
0.49
90.
041
0.03
10.
003
s50.
616
0.04
80.
024
0.00
50.
530
0.02
90.
078
0.00
70.
832
0.04
80.
037
0.00
4s6
0.28
80.
042
0.02
30.
006
0.35
20.
023
0.05
80.
006
0.44
60.
040
0.03
00.
004
s70.
432
0.04
60.
024
0.00
60.
579
0.03
00.
081
0.00
91.
000
0.07
70.
047
0.00
7s8
0.34
90.
043
0.02
40.
006
0.33
80.
032
0.07
70.
010
0.45
40.
095
0.05
60.
008
s90.
371
0.04
80.
024
0.00
60.
571
0.04
00.
100
0.01
10.
718
0.07
80.
062
0.00
7s1
00.
479
0.05
30.
028
0.00
70.
720
0.03
40.
089
0.01
00.
822
0.08
40.
067
0.00
8s1
10.
529
0.04
10.
013
0.00
31.
035
0.02
50.
073
0.00
71.
042
0.03
10.
036
0.00
3s1
20.
477
0.04
70.
024
0.00
50.
847
0.03
00.
079
0.00
81.
081
0.06
70.
052
0.00
5s1
32.
000
0.07
60.
036
0.00
71.
900
0.03
70.
126
0.01
02.
852
0.08
40.
094
0.00
6s1
41.
094
0.06
10.
031
0.00
61.
566
0.04
30.
092
0.00
82.
060
0.07
70.
076
0.00
6s1
50.
571
0.06
60.
035
0.00
70.
687
0.05
60.
116
0.01
10.
785
0.08
70.
092
0.00
7s1
60.
578
0.06
40.
034
0.00
80.
869
0.07
00.
148
0.01
40.
883
0.11
50.
116
0.00
9s1
70.
559
0.07
00.
036
0.00
90.
826
0.06
00.
166
0.01
60.
707
0.08
10.
066
0.00
7s1
80.
480
0.05
60.
030
0.00
70.
867
0.06
70.
162
0.01
60.
985
0.11
80.
120
0.00
9s1
90.
345
0.04
20.
024
0.00
60.
705
0.04
00.
126
0.01
40.
661
0.10
40.
108
0.01
1
365 APPENDIXES
s20
0.35
00.
043
0.02
30.
006
0.56
10.
040
0.11
40.
012
0.61
20.
070
0.05
70.
007
s21
0.41
60.
042
0.02
10.
005
0.45
60.
032
0.07
80.
008
1.07
80.
072
0.05
90.
006
s22
4.88
90.
087
0.03
40.
006
5.36
40.
037
0.06
20.
006
6.06
70.
046
0.03
70.
003
s23
1.52
90.
063
0.03
30.
004
1.93
60.
034
0.07
30.
006
3.37
40.
054
0.05
60.
004
s24
0.63
40.
058
0.03
00.
006
0.79
80.
049
0.17
90.
013
0.95
30.
085
0.11
90.
007
s25
0.67
70.
053
0.02
70.
007
0.94
80.
037
0.10
30.
011
1.19
70.
069
0.05
30.
006
s26
0.25
20.
028
0.01
40.
003
0.32
60.
018
0.05
30.
006
0.44
70.
041
0.02
80.
003
s27
0.32
00.
034
0.01
90.
004
0.41
00.
019
0.05
30.
006
0.57
80.
037
0.03
00.
003
s28
0.16
00.
021
0.01
20.
003
0.44
80.
022
0.06
90.
007
0.38
40.
037
0.02
40.
003
s29
0.73
30.
117
0.09
50.
015
1.28
80.
085
0.23
90.
028
1.07
50.
174
0.10
70.
019
s30
0.19
20.
021
0.01
30.
003
0.28
90.
016
0.04
70.
005
0.32
90.
038
0.02
60.
004
366 APPENDIXES
Tab
le E
.2
Supp
ly-s
ide
carb
on-e
mis
sion
spi
llove
r-fe
edba
ck m
ultip
liers
by
sect
or in
thr
ee m
ajor
reg
ions
, 200
2
Cod
e of
Sec
tor
Eas
tern
Reg
ion
Cen
tral
Reg
ion
Wes
tern
Reg
ion
Intr
a-re
gion
alSp
illov
erFe
edba
ckIn
tra-
regi
onal
Spill
over
Feed
back
Intr
a-re
gion
alSp
illov
erFe
edba
ck
Cen
tral
R
egio
nW
este
rn
Reg
ion
Wes
tern
R
egio
nE
aste
rn
Reg
ion
Eas
tern
R
egio
nC
entr
al
Reg
ion
s10.
124
0.00
90.
006
0.00
20.
157
0.01
20.
048
0.00
50.
150
0.02
30.
009
0.00
2s2
3.22
80.
135
0.03
20.
011
2.33
90.
035
0.67
70.
019
3.10
10.
204
0.17
40.
007
s30.
828
0.19
40.
034
0.01
90.
572
0.05
70.
224
0.02
01.
407
0.08
30.
151
0.00
8s4
0.69
10.
042
0.04
30.
006
1.24
70.
059
0.11
60.
010
1.23
70.
053
0.04
70.
004
s50.
816
0.05
40.
012
0.00
30.
663
0.02
60.
032
0.00
21.
125
0.02
40.
014
0.00
1s6
0.09
80.
009
0.00
60.
002
0.11
50.
008
0.01
90.
002
0.14
50.
008
0.00
50.
001
s70.
147
0.01
60.
012
0.00
20.
245
0.02
00.
023
0.00
30.
573
0.00
90.
013
0.00
2s8
0.07
80.
007
0.00
60.
001
0.20
10.
010
0.02
50.
002
0.34
10.
018
0.01
30.
001
s90.
167
0.02
10.
014
0.00
30.
272
0.01
30.
032
0.00
30.
344
0.02
30.
017
0.00
2s1
00.
279
0.02
70.
023
0.00
50.
477
0.02
30.
046
0.00
50.
542
0.03
30.
024
0.00
3s1
10.
938
0.06
90.
035
0.01
01.
355
0.03
80.
108
0.00
91.
467
0.07
40.
059
0.00
6s1
20.
320
0.03
20.
013
0.00
40.
626
0.01
70.
049
0.00
50.
644
0.03
00.
026
0.00
3s1
31.
544
0.03
80.
012
0.00
31.
384
0.04
30.
025
0.00
22.
113
0.01
20.
009
0.00
1s1
41.
011
0.05
40.
029
0.00
71.
242
0.05
10.
078
0.00
71.
430
0.05
20.
051
0.00
4s1
50.
295
0.02
60.
011
0.00
40.
312
0.01
20.
044
0.00
30.
512
0.03
80.
028
0.00
3s1
60.
212
0.01
20.
006
0.00
20.
333
0.01
00.
038
0.00
30.
437
0.01
70.
013
0.00
1s1
70.
214
0.02
90.
019
0.00
60.
289
0.02
30.
070
0.00
80.
336
0.03
40.
022
0.00
3s1
80.
137
0.01
40.
010
0.00
20.
265
0.01
50.
061
0.00
50.
398
0.03
90.
020
0.00
3s1
90.
084
0.01
10.
010
0.00
20.
236
0.01
20.
037
0.00
40.
255
0.02
90.
016
0.00
3s2
00.
171
0.02
00.
022
0.00
40.
342
0.02
00.
068
0.00
50.
318
0.05
00.
022
0.00
4s2
10.
353
0.07
50.
052
0.00
90.
382
0.09
00.
077
0.00
80.
864
0.04
40.
043
0.00
4s2
25.
073
0.04
50.
028
0.00
65.
563
0.04
40.
130
0.00
86.
471
0.10
10.
056
0.00
6
367 APPENDIXES
s23
1.10
90.
024
0.01
50.
004
1.48
60.
017
0.04
60.
004
3.18
80.
032
0.02
70.
003
s24
0.04
10.
001
0.00
10.
000
0.05
00.
001
0.00
30.
000
0.05
30.
001
0.00
10.
000
s25
0.61
50.
083
0.05
50.
015
0.78
50.
059
0.10
90.
010
0.99
10.
095
0.06
30.
007
s26
0.28
20.
059
0.04
90.
010
0.30
00.
039
0.10
70.
009
0.30
40.
056
0.04
70.
005
s27
0.18
60.
055
0.03
30.
009
0.24
10.
033
0.08
20.
010
0.32
90.
042
0.03
10.
005
s28
0.24
20.
024
0.01
70.
004
0.35
70.
018
0.04
60.
004
0.38
70.
027
0.02
00.
002
s29
0.13
20.
037
0.09
70.
012
0.10
50.
086
0.10
40.
015
0.15
20.
100
0.03
30.
014
s30
0.18
60.
015
0.01
20.
002
0.22
10.
011
0.02
40.
002
0.43
40.
018
0.01
30.
001
368 APPENDIXES
Tab
le E
.3
Dem
and-
side
car
bon
emis
sion
spi
llove
r-fe
edba
ck m
ultip
lier
by s
ecto
r in
thr
ee m
ajor
reg
ions
, 200
7
Cod
e of
Sec
tor
Eas
tern
Reg
ion
Cen
tral
Reg
ion
Wes
tern
Reg
ion
Intr
a-re
gion
alSp
illov
erFe
edba
ckIn
tra-
regi
onal
Spill
over
Feed
back
Intr
a-re
gion
alSp
illov
erFe
edba
ck
Cen
tral
R
egio
nW
este
rn
Reg
ion
Wes
tern
R
egio
nE
aste
rn
Reg
ion
Eas
tern
R
egio
nC
entr
al
Reg
ion
s10.
188
0.03
50.
023
0.00
60.
230
0.02
40.
039
0.00
80.
210
0.03
20.
022
0.00
6s2
0.52
10.
105
0.05
70.
012
0.79
10.
048
0.07
70.
014
0.71
90.
060
0.03
50.
011
s30.
425
0.07
80.
051
0.00
90.
356
0.03
00.
040
0.00
70.
471
0.05
00.
044
0.01
0s4
0.41
00.
100
0.05
90.
012
0.64
20.
078
0.11
50.
018
0.44
60.
065
0.04
00.
012
s50.
428
0.06
30.
043
0.00
90.
631
0.05
50.
087
0.01
30.
499
0.06
00.
033
0.01
2s6
0.21
90.
053
0.03
50.
011
0.32
60.
033
0.04
70.
010
0.29
00.
041
0.03
20.
009
s70.
283
0.05
80.
038
0.01
10.
380
0.03
80.
063
0.01
30.
421
0.05
60.
034
0.01
1s8
0.20
10.
046
0.03
30.
009
0.26
50.
031
0.05
40.
012
0.19
70.
065
0.03
00.
013
s90.
287
0.07
20.
049
0.01
20.
408
0.04
40.
063
0.01
20.
362
0.07
90.
039
0.01
6s1
00.
343
0.06
50.
045
0.01
10.
674
0.04
80.
080
0.01
40.
544
0.08
50.
049
0.01
6s1
10.
541
0.06
90.
049
0.01
10.
647
0.04
80.
051
0.01
10.
854
0.05
60.
043
0.01
0s1
20.
393
0.07
60.
047
0.01
10.
813
0.07
20.
102
0.01
90.
622
0.07
50.
045
0.01
3s1
31.
846
0.12
80.
076
0.01
62.
400
0.06
70.
120
0.01
73.
437
0.10
80.
066
0.01
6s1
40.
962
0.12
10.
118
0.02
01.
426
0.07
40.
117
0.01
91.
293
0.08
60.
054
0.01
5s1
50.
548
0.12
70.
122
0.02
10.
777
0.07
00.
134
0.02
30.
633
0.13
70.
088
0.02
7s1
60.
398
0.09
10.
076
0.01
50.
559
0.06
10.
122
0.02
30.
491
0.11
40.
072
0.02
4s1
70.
313
0.09
10.
072
0.02
20.
473
0.06
40.
132
0.02
70.
371
0.12
50.
066
0.02
9s1
80.
352
0.08
60.
081
0.01
50.
515
0.05
50.
112
0.02
00.
463
0.12
50.
076
0.02
5s1
90.
139
0.02
80.
023
0.00
50.
262
0.02
40.
044
0.00
80.
244
0.05
40.
032
0.01
0s2
00.
156
0.03
40.
025
0.00
50.
287
0.02
70.
052
0.00
90.
223
0.06
00.
032
0.01
1s2
10.
285
0.06
80.
065
0.01
20.
414
0.03
80.
069
0.01
30.
353
0.05
80.
030
0.01
1s2
23.
072
0.15
00.
124
0.01
74.
098
0.12
80.
144
0.01
84.
576
0.07
00.
053
0.01
2
369 APPENDIXES
s23
1.09
50.
090
0.07
30.
012
1.21
90.
074
0.08
80.
014
1.06
10.
064
0.05
20.
013
s24
0.63
60.
125
0.08
70.
017
0.75
50.
062
0.15
00.
023
0.75
30.
178
0.10
60.
027
s25
0.51
20.
048
0.04
10.
010
0.55
90.
042
0.06
70.
013
0.68
30.
072
0.03
80.
013
s26
0.14
00.
021
0.01
50.
004
0.30
80.
035
0.04
00.
006
0.27
80.
033
0.01
80.
007
s27
0.24
30.
047
0.03
50.
009
0.30
60.
036
0.04
60.
010
0.34
20.
043
0.03
50.
009
s28
0.20
60.
044
0.03
30.
008
0.28
80.
049
0.06
30.
013
0.28
50.
070
0.03
70.
014
s29
0.21
70.
039
0.02
90.
007
0.31
00.
031
0.05
40.
010
0.23
80.
045
0.02
40.
008
s30
0.17
60.
030
0.02
20.
005
0.26
50.
034
0.04
80.
009
0.31
10.
044
0.02
60.
009
370 APPENDIXES
Tab
le E
.4
Supp
ly-s
ide
carb
on-e
mis
sion
spi
llove
r-fe
edba
ck m
ultip
liers
by
sect
or in
thr
ee m
ajor
reg
ions
, 200
7
Cod
e of
Sec
tor
Eas
tern
Reg
ion
Cen
tral
Reg
ion
Wes
tern
Reg
ion
Intr
a-re
gion
alSp
illov
erFe
edba
ckIn
tra-
regi
onal
Spill
over
Feed
back
Intr
a-re
gion
alSp
illov
erFe
edba
ck
Cen
tral
R
egio
nW
este
rn
Reg
ion
Wes
tern
R
egio
nE
aste
rn
Reg
ion
Eas
tern
R
egio
nC
entr
al
Reg
ion
s10.
153
0.01
60.
010
0.00
50.
176
0.01
10.
037
0.00
50.
139
0.02
80.
018
0.00
4s2
1.81
30.
141
0.04
70.
026
1.55
60.
045
0.80
90.
047
2.12
10.
495
0.14
80.
022
s30.
877
0.14
90.
069
0.03
30.
863
0.09
00.
453
0.05
30.
993
0.46
10.
198
0.04
4s4
0.57
60.
098
0.05
50.
029
0.70
90.
039
0.15
60.
018
0.64
70.
175
0.05
60.
019
s50.
686
0.04
90.
049
0.01
00.
793
0.08
20.
146
0.01
20.
889
0.12
00.
047
0.00
8s6
0.10
90.
013
0.00
70.
003
0.19
30.
010
0.02
80.
004
0.13
40.
024
0.01
70.
003
s70.
110
0.01
10.
011
0.00
40.
220
0.01
30.
049
0.00
70.
270
0.05
60.
020
0.00
8s8
0.07
80.
014
0.01
30.
005
0.14
20.
008
0.02
80.
004
0.24
60.
043
0.01
80.
004
s90.
103
0.01
80.
023
0.00
90.
255
0.01
30.
060
0.00
60.
301
0.05
80.
026
0.00
7s1
00.
225
0.02
90.
031
0.00
90.
586
0.02
90.
083
0.01
10.
544
0.06
90.
038
0.00
8s1
10.
921
0.11
50.
089
0.03
30.
979
0.06
70.
242
0.02
40.
876
0.29
20.
123
0.02
4s1
20.
263
0.05
30.
035
0.01
50.
715
0.03
00.
106
0.01
50.
555
0.08
50.
048
0.01
1s1
31.
532
0.03
60.
028
0.00
72.
071
0.02
60.
096
0.00
73.
051
0.06
40.
020
0.00
4s1
40.
774
0.04
80.
036
0.01
61.
094
0.03
70.
159
0.01
90.
879
0.21
40.
047
0.02
3s1
50.
216
0.04
00.
040
0.01
40.
314
0.03
60.
139
0.01
80.
460
0.11
10.
037
0.01
2s1
60.
163
0.03
30.
025
0.01
20.
313
0.02
90.
077
0.00
90.
337
0.07
00.
032
0.00
7s1
70.
144
0.02
60.
023
0.01
00.
182
0.01
60.
075
0.01
00.
197
0.06
50.
027
0.00
8s1
80.
280
0.03
90.
049
0.01
10.
397
0.05
20.
127
0.01
20.
646
0.10
90.
047
0.00
8s1
90.
034
0.00
90.
006
0.00
30.
156
0.00
80.
033
0.00
40.
177
0.03
00.
014
0.00
4s2
00.
132
0.02
80.
012
0.00
60.
668
0.02
60.
113
0.01
10.
405
0.07
90.
039
0.00
7s2
10.
234
0.04
90.
036
0.01
50.
451
0.03
10.
102
0.01
20.
643
0.11
20.
044
0.01
2s2
23.
245
0.09
80.
036
0.01
74.
338
0.05
60.
301
0.02
44.
741
0.28
00.
186
0.01
7
371 APPENDIXES
s23
0.81
90.
030
0.02
50.
009
0.84
40.
018
0.07
30.
007
0.78
10.
090
0.02
20.
007
s24
0.03
70.
001
0.00
10.
000
0.04
20.
001
0.00
50.
000
0.03
00.
002
0.00
10.
000
s25
0.60
60.
038
0.03
40.
012
0.78
90.
031
0.12
10.
012
0.93
60.
115
0.04
60.
011
s26
0.21
10.
030
0.02
60.
009
0.41
20.
022
0.06
40.
007
0.44
40.
085
0.04
50.
009
s27
0.16
30.
016
0.01
80.
006
0.30
90.
013
0.04
70.
005
0.25
10.
045
0.01
90.
005
s28
0.14
60.
018
0.02
00.
006
0.31
60.
033
0.08
10.
010
0.32
30.
064
0.02
80.
007
s29
0.11
90.
015
0.01
30.
005
0.28
00.
012
0.04
80.
005
0.23
80.
053
0.02
90.
006
s30
0.17
80.
015
0.01
40.
004
0.19
70.
008
0.03
20.
003
0.23
40.
033
0.01
50.
003
372 APPENDIXES
app
en
dIx
F: b
re
ak
do
wn
oF
InT
er-p
ro
vIn
cIa
l c
ar
bo
n e
mIs
sIo
n T
ra
nsF
er u
nd
er
ee
bT
an
d m
rIo
me
Th
od
s
Tab
le F
.1
Tra
nsfe
r-in
and
Tra
nsfe
r-ou
t of c
arbo
n em
issi
ons e
mbo
died
in C
hina
’s P
rovi
nces
bas
ed o
n E
EB
T m
etho
d, 2
010
Tran
sfer-
inTr
ansfe
r-ou
t
Jing
Jin
JiJi
nM
eng
Liao
JiH
eiH
uSu
Zhe
Wan
Min
Gan
Lu
Jing
061
4513
1814
1116
5362
3216
3113
18Ji
n12
00
171
2747
7471
6389
198
153
5028
1952
Ji11
7566
90
210
387
617
359
204
548
1296
1133
427
120
5971
2Ji
n29
119
712
660
3743
123
2012
345
622
774
2516
1281
Men
g55
548
066
952
036
018
5110
328
433
629
590
4720
1037
Lia
o18
422
067
171
177
097
856
198
264
126
6727
2510
6Ji
9617
017
779
6857
30
527
6096
4137
169
106
Hei
5959
129
1668
291
657
061
9173
3413
1241
3H
u96
157
9964
9535
2949
011
493
6366
2454
Su18
616
338
372
167
151
8394
499
010
3846
282
165
176
Zhe
4548
6721
2826
2220
691
175
087
7944
445
Wan
7690
104
4156
3052
2631
011
4246
30
7910
473
Min
3625
377
2915
1411
9910
011
843
040
13G
an27
1920
813
1724
1015
812
624
772
121
013
Lu
166
290
612
110
181
186
395
133
587
665
314
207
7737
0Yu
125
206
531
6614
810
476
5158
493
677
931
492
161
597
E46
7050
1429
178
1147
012
110
635
6224
424
7X
iang
4460
9816
120
2141
2197
104
175
7162
3548
Yue
104
9116
744
8148
3835
259
378
723
167
252
301
59G
ui36
3735
1122
178
869
8012
833
3972
23Q
iong
77
133
62
32
712
147
32
3
373 APPENDIXES
Yu57
5561
2456
617
835
3723
3117
1527
Chu
an42
6796
2583
3223
1471
9910
134
3173
158
Qia
n23
3549
916
87
856
7987
1823
205
25D
ian
2021
238
98
32
4870
137
2046
1319
Shan
8792
128
3487
2230
1620
133
425
897
5540
54G
an65
4410
239
1412
93
106
203
247
1912
3721
Qin
g8
1114
15
22
118
2125
63
117
Nin
g56
7216
614
1110
46
2657
3510
59
24X
in61
5555
1917
813
554
7376
2613
744
Tot
al38
9235
7360
3711
2020
7627
4949
5220
3157
6277
2472
6626
2015
2518
0358
65
YuE
Xia
ngYu
eG
uiQ
iong
YuC
huan
Qia
nD
ian
Shan
Gan
Qin
gN
ing
Xin
Jing
277
726
232
195
1415
184
74
11Ji
n87
1919
101
192
3047
2028
7220
1318
70Ji
525
111
7332
856
472
9841
6342
036
2244
93Ji
n15
287
2942
613
39
119
1164
48
815
Men
g15
449
3118
723
426
2712
2314
053
1540
31L
iao
152
2226
133
233
2831
1929
8055
1722
35Ji
7412
993
132
77
812
245
48
18H
ei35
1416
8314
19
108
1623
87
95
Hu
131
1826
124
365
2224
1658
536
208
23Su
370
6811
839
657
238
7632
4523
191
1540
131
Zhe
6723
5329
745
313
3122
2839
112
411
Wan
148
4339
107
181
1618
1111
6512
69
11M
in30
1468
324
271
1012
1112
359
26
17G
an21
2799
385
202
118
516
183
14
3L
u27
948
6121
461
330
9223
5231
531
1735
63
(con
tinu
ed)
374 APPENDIXES
Yu0
251
214
468
895
8411
648
4367
473
1954
229
E48
027
429
667
339
3014
3082
66
621
Xia
ng83
600
604
124
1133
5468
6492
54
2214
Yue
433
108
405
031
649
236
134
172
275
128
3618
1933
Gui
6624
6774
90
469
1745
8345
41
34
Qio
ng5
22
408
02
32
35
11
12
Yu59
1249
293
501
083
4578
498
110
7C
huan
9426
101
347
794
375
070
8816
010
516
20Q
ian
234
1011
158
512
12
7566
012
320
22
54
Dia
n24
1431
1117
391
6529
630
216
12
12Sh
an11
844
9624
854
440
7832
340
4411
1725
Gan
6812
2482
81
2327
68
790
126
4615
Qin
g10
26
573
03
102
111
100
014
9N
ing
245
437
51
49
33
2410
727
029
Xin
4117
1252
1010
920
511
2310
417
160
Tot
al35
6011
5020
7082
0114
1913
313
9811
7282
812
6030
0785
339
348
796
2
Uni
t: 1
0,00
0 to
ns
Not
e: t
he h
oriz
onta
l ref
ers
to t
he o
utflo
w o
f car
bon
emis
sion
s em
bodi
ed in
reg
ions
and
the
ver
tical
mea
ns t
he in
flow
Tab
le F
.1
(con
tinue
d)
375 APPENDIXES
Tab
le F
.2
Tra
nsfe
r-in
and
Tra
nsfe
r-ou
t of c
arbo
n em
issi
ons e
mbo
died
in C
hina
’s P
rovi
nces
bas
ed o
n M
RIO
met
hod,
201
0
Tran
sfer-
inTr
ansfe
r-ou
t
Jing
Jin
JiJi
nM
eng
Liao
JiH
eiH
uSu
Zhe
Wan
Min
Gan
Lu
Jing
074
8839
3122
2240
8613
056
1456
2630
Jin
210
7726
4930
3935
4969
2215
2412
18Ji
5219
00
112
171
8699
8816
412
066
3744
2866
Jin
972
880
115
278
2618
307
88
78M
eng
3215
918
522
024
203
3144
3816
1010
636
Lia
o29
115
223
7213
40
323
296
3740
2113
910
32Ji
2311
811
612
679
232
041
645
4318
128
552
Hei
2344
6014
4710
816
80
3936
358
87
24H
u46
151
118
124
129
2941
690
104
4741
6122
62Su
4512
617
180
212
6971
8816
30
102
7638
6137
Zhe
1136
6830
4014
2026
278
940
4976
2823
Wan
3679
7758
7223
6031
197
199
890
5165
46M
in12
1624
432
812
1127
1616
110
93
Gan
513
125
106
149
3712
189
210
2L
u52
193
313
8914
890
181
112
198
147
5753
2723
0Yu
2515
626
156
143
4955
4013
613
273
5034
8973
E6
3217
615
54
713
520
115
1711
014
Xia
ng24
6310
414
151
948
2141
2225
3932
1410
Yue
2561
9034
7314
1833
121
8181
3183
165
14G
ui6
1815
616
25
419
1211
58
278
Qio
ng2
510
24
12
24
49
32
11
Yu15
4255
1971
119
813
125
199
76
Chu
an19
5064
1778
820
1022
2010
1813
2224
(con
tinu
ed)
376 APPENDIXES
Tran
sfer-
inTr
ansfe
r-ou
t
Jing
Jin
JiJi
nM
eng
Liao
JiH
eiH
uSu
Zhe
Wan
Min
Gan
Lu
Qia
n6
1930
414
25
622
2213
58
795
Dia
n4
139
76
22
219
99
38
66
Shan
2478
114
2613
08
3419
4248
2034
2713
14G
an7
1817
69
54
318
1116
57
103
Qin
g1
44
05
01
13
10
21
00
Nin
g4
2732
56
22
310
74
22
43
Xin
831
3211
82
53
3221
134
54
9T
otal
572
2005
2474
1015
1896
856
1506
1420
2030
1487
892
579
697
861
697
YuE
Xia
ngYu
eG
uiQ
iong
YuC
huan
Qia
nD
ian
Shan
Gan
Qin
gN
ing
Xin
Jing
7712
1436
563
5111
3229
396
188
19Ji
n11
016
1441
211
2130
1926
6010
1415
32Ji
188
3022
5131
129
3020
1913
413
2015
32Ji
n14
44
2010
47
47
518
14
24
Men
g27
84
147
15
53
332
55
44
Lia
o13
47
926
102
816
109
4211
616
13Ji
108
76
1612
17
36
523
23
711
Hei
246
742
120
76
611
163
69
4H
u28
523
3811
650
633
3320
102
927
2811
25Su
261
1810
114
071
125
6642
3620
226
943
101
Zhe
103
1782
230
922
1551
4547
517
26
13W
an19
226
3061
211
1518
139
7911
711
10M
in17
323
5915
06
58
525
51
510
Gan
65
939
71
32
36
91
12
1L
u22
725
3971
502
1977
2035
173
1716
2841
Yu0
7184
100
683
3986
4122
261
2914
2890
E23
034
7342
123
138
1524
36
210
Tab
le F
.2
(con
tinue
d)
377 APPENDIXES
Tran
sfer-
inTr
ansfe
r-ou
t
Jing
Jin
JiJi
nM
eng
Liao
JiH
eiH
uSu
Zhe
Wan
Min
Gan
Lu
YuE
Xia
ngYu
eG
uiQ
iong
YuC
huan
Qia
nD
ian
Shan
Gan
Qin
gN
ing
Xin
Xia
ng76
130
194
116
824
2748
5499
34
2616
Yue
150
3712
50
152
1475
5711
418
599
1912
837
Gui
158
1558
01
245
1320
342
12
2Q
iong
21
19
30
21
11
41
11
1Yu
536
4789
400
018
2273
492
112
6C
huan
5611
5478
492
390
4230
963
411
7Q
ian
363
2174
431
1912
027
131
23
3D
ian
611
877
191
167
160
152
11
2Sh
an96
984
104
731
1722
4111
013
719
20G
an15
25
114
19
94
230
027
65
Qin
g2
04
53
01
12
04
30
149
Nin
g9
21
43
02
41
17
1611
06
Xin
146
211
51
65
23
84
95
0T
otal
2325
385
890
1849
1086
6054
462
561
079
317
3722
224
132
053
4
Uni
t: 1
0,00
0 to
ns
Not
e: t
he h
oriz
onta
l ref
ers
to t
he o
utflo
w o
f ca
rbon
em
issi
ons
embo
died
in r
egio
ns a
nd t
he v
ertic
al m
eans
the
inflo
w. T
he fi
rst
colu
mn
in t
he t
able
is t
he
abbr
evia
tion
of e
ach
regi
on. T
he c
orre
spon
ding
nam
es a
re a
s fo
llow
s: J
ing
(Bei
jing)
, Jin
(T
ianj
in),
Ji (
Heb
ei),
Jin
(Sh
anxi
), M
eng
(Inn
er M
ongo
lia),
Lia
o (L
iaon
ing)
, Ji
(Ji
lin),
Hei
(H
eilo
ngjia
ng),
Hu
(Sha
ngha
i),
Su (
Jian
gsu)
, Z
he (
Zhe
jiang
), W
an (
Anh
ui),
Min
(Fu
jian)
, G
an (
Jian
gxi)
, L
u (S
hand
ong)
, Yu
(H
enan
), E
(H
ubei
), X
iang
(H
unan
), Y
ue (
Gua
ngdo
ng),
Gui
(G
uang
xi),
Qio
ng (
Hai
nan)
, Yu
(C
hong
qing
), C
huan
(Si
chua
n),
Qia
n (G
uizh
ou),
Dia
n (Y
unna
n), S
han
(Sha
anxi
), G
an (
Gan
su),
Qin
g (Q
ingh
ai),
Nin
g (N
ingx
ia),
and
Xin
(X
injia
ng).
The
abb
revi
atio
ns a
nd m
eani
ngs
of r
egio
nal n
ames
in o
ther
ta
bles
in t
his
stud
y ar
e th
e sa
me
as t
hose
in t
his
tabl
e
378 APPENDIXES
app
en
dIx
g: c
ar
bo
n e
mIs
sIo
ns
em
bo
dIe
d In
Tr
ad
e a
nd
ca
rb
on
sav
Ing
s b
y r
eg
Ion
Tab
le G
.1
Car
bon
emis
sion
s em
bodi
ed in
tra
de a
nd c
arbo
n sa
ving
s by
reg
ion
Reg
ion
Car
bon
Em
issio
ns E
mbo
died
in
Tran
sfer-
out
Car
bon
Em
issio
ns E
mbo
died
in
Tran
sfer-
inTr
ansfe
r-in
Car
bon-
savi
ng A
mou
nt
2002
2007
2010
2002
2007
2010
2002
2007
2010
Bei
jing
847
1000
593
2301
3441
3892
1785
2109
1485
Tia
njin
745
1494
1727
1232
3559
3573
1330
2346
2385
Heb
ei33
1894
2199
0230
7764
3160
3732
3859
3665
19Sh
anxi
2205
4116
5029
650
769
1120
1592
2145
2301
Inne
r M
ongo
lia19
7061
9469
9584
110
7520
7615
4018
0838
83L
iaon
ing
2040
4647
4250
1011
2378
2749
981
2250
3612
Jilin
1892
2789
2351
1238
4655
4952
1940
6507
6039
Hei
long
jiang
816
2397
2234
2302
1878
2031
1798
1995
2327
Shan
ghai
1080
1572
1608
2286
5288
5762
1708
2944
2952
Jian
gsu
2186
4947
5430
1631
6784
7724
1029
4990
5964
Zhe
jiang
1687
2627
2449
1604
7940
7266
1314
4423
3313
Anh
ui14
8426
5531
6011
5821
1826
2019
1223
5226
04Fu
jian
416
1036
1165
560
1463
1525
284
1379
1324
Jian
gxi
448
944
1500
1079
1859
1803
937
2235
1553
Shan
dong
2437
5313
5284
1495
5107
5865
1631
6108
5623
Hen
an18
1367
9671
3814
2230
8035
6011
4943
6954
65H
ubei
1469
1972
2452
948
1113
1150
771
1472
1480
Hun
an61
423
9422
5286
215
7320
7078
125
2623
65G
uang
dong
1378
3113
5109
3067
8657
8201
1958
3523
7592
Gua
ngxi
1042
1589
1799
738
981
1419
879
1147
1794
Hai
nan
108
160
167
468
9713
399
388
137
Cho
ngqi
ng66
988
712
1651
614
3813
9872
319
6814
36Si
chua
n98
815
4023
4269
813
2211
7265
214
5915
13
379 APPENDIXES
Gui
zhou
739
2468
2004
475
723
828
1171
1753
1553
Yunn
an43
622
0818
7545
296
912
6056
414
5216
34Sh
aanx
i64
620
7323
7816
2825
5730
0711
1521
5323
43G
ansu
489
1052
1457
947
886
853
1422
936
1381
Qin
ghai
120
257
364
134
369
393
149
395
393
Nin
gxia
788
839
785
217
382
487
1200
743
1118
Xin
jiang
508
1422
874
342
1029
962
505
2219
2169
Eas
tern
reg
ion
14,2
0330
,682
33,4
3417
,721
48,7
6849
,978
15,2
7033
,845
37,2
93C
entr
al r
egio
n80
3318
,876
21,5
3161
2010
,511
12,3
2371
4115
,099
15,7
68W
este
rn r
egio
n83
9520
,529
22,0
8969
8811
,731
13,8
5699
1916
,033
19,2
18N
orth
east
reg
ion
4749
9833
8835
4551
8910
9732
4719
10,7
5211
,978
Uni
t: 1
0,00
0 to
ns
380 APPENDIXES
app
en
dIx
h: c
ar
bo
n e
mIs
sIo
ns
em
bo
dIe
d In
ma
rg
Ina
l T
ra
de, c
apI
Ta
l s
To
ck p
er
ca
pIT
a a
nd
pe
r c
apI
Ta g
dp
by
pro
vIn
ce
Tab
le H
.1
Car
bon
emis
sion
em
bodi
ed in
mar
gina
l tra
de, c
apita
l sto
ck p
er c
apita
and
per
cap
ita G
DP,
200
2
Reg
ion
aR
egio
n b
Car
bon
Em
issio
ns
Em
bodi
ed in
Mar
gina
l Tr
ansfe
r-ou
t(t
on/R
MB
10,0
00)
Mar
gina
l Tra
nsfe
r-in
C
arbo
n Sa
ving
s(t
on/R
MB
10,0
00)
Cap
ital
Sto
ck P
er
Cap
ita
(RM
B10
,000
)
Per
Cap
ita
GD
P(R
MB
10,0
00)
Reg
ion
aR
egio
n b
Reg
ion
aR
egio
n b
Reg
ion
aR
egio
n b
Reg
ion
aR
egio
n b
Bei
jing
Oth
ers
0.08
0.18
0.48
0.23
12.5
37.
073.
081.
19T
ianj
inO
ther
s0.
230.
310.
460.
3514
.34
6.99
2.14
1.44
Heb
eiO
ther
s0.
670.
560.
510.
435.
027.
660.
901.
48Sh
anxi
Oth
ers
1.14
0.50
0.25
0.70
4.81
7.30
0.71
1.17
Inne
r M
ongo
liaO
ther
s1.
130.
590.
320.
799.
737.
560.
821.
22L
iaon
ing
Oth
ers
0.56
0.52
0.40
0.61
8.15
7.23
1.30
1.30
Jilin
Oth
ers
0.39
0.91
0.75
0.40
8.07
7.26
0.87
1.21
Hei
long
jiang
Oth
ers
0.44
0.45
0.39
0.59
4.65
7.86
0.95
1.25
Shan
ghai
Oth
ers
0.15
0.21
0.42
0.28
12.8
86.
733.
541.
30Ji
angs
uO
ther
s0.
320.
360.
470.
408.
176.
921.
441.
44Z
hejia
ngO
ther
s0.
210.
240.
530.
318.
426.
781.
701.
58A
nhui
Oth
ers
0.39
0.35
0.35
0.37
3.30
7.56
0.57
1.48
Fujia
nO
ther
s0.
250.
260.
300.
296.
927.
081.
291.
49Ji
angx
iO
ther
s0.
340.
610.
710.
333.
767.
040.
581.
29Sh
ando
ngO
ther
s0.
460.
720.
760.
457.
027.
141.
161.
30H
enan
Oth
ers
0.68
0.52
0.34
0.58
4.68
7.37
0.65
1.07
Hub
eiO
ther
s0.
670.
540.
420.
624.
486.
830.
741.
20H
unan
Oth
ers
0.38
0.50
0.44
0.35
3.71
6.49
0.67
1.27
381 APPENDIXES
Gua
ngdo
ngO
ther
s0.
310.
350.
380.
385.
796.
471.
541.
25G
uang
xiO
ther
s0.
480.
350.
280.
424.
226.
580.
561.
22H
aina
nO
ther
s0.
250.
260.
250.
404.
046.
690.
801.
25C
hong
qing
Oth
ers
0.27
0.43
0.42
0.30
5.24
6.51
0.71
1.13
Sich
uan
Oth
ers
0.46
0.42
0.33
0.48
3.44
6.56
0.59
1.06
Gui
zhou
Oth
ers
0.82
0.57
0.31
0.51
2.45
6.55
0.33
0.93
Yunn
anO
ther
s0.
590.
350.
270.
463.
296.
660.
541.
05Sh
aanx
iO
ther
s0.
300.
320.
410.
355.
327.
050.
611.
00G
ansu
Oth
ers
0.72
0.72
0.44
0.57
2.93
7.14
0.48
0.89
Qin
ghai
Oth
ers
0.53
0.47
0.47
0.61
5.84
6.87
0.65
0.70
Nin
gxia
Oth
ers
1.13
0.94
0.41
0.54
6.70
7.26
0.66
1.04
Xin
jiang
Oth
ers
0.36
0.73
0.32
0.38
5.26
7.36
0.85
0.93
Eas
tern
reg
ion
Oth
ers
0.32
0.35
0.47
0.36
8.42
5.24
1.67
0.77
Cen
tral
reg
ion
Oth
ers
0.58
0.49
0.38
0.49
4.50
7.63
0.71
1.39
Wes
tern
reg
ion
Oth
ers
0.57
0.48
0.35
0.48
5.38
7.53
0.63
1.36
Nor
thea
st r
egio
nO
ther
s0.
470.
640.
520.
547.
197.
571.
091.
44E
aste
rn r
egio
nC
entr
al r
egio
n0.
310.
450.
640.
468.
394.
521.
650.
72E
aste
rn r
egio
nW
este
rn r
egio
n0.
260.
370.
560.
428.
425.
261.
700.
63E
aste
rn r
egio
nN
orth
east
re
gion
0.34
0.41
0.47
0.48
8.53
7.11
1.68
1.09
Cen
tral
reg
ion
Wes
tern
reg
ion
0.43
0.50
0.47
0.53
4.42
5.22
0.72
0.60
Cen
tral
reg
ion
Nor
thea
st
regi
on0.
360.
430.
640.
474.
567.
260.
701.
06
Wes
tern
reg
ion
Nor
thea
st
regi
on1.
270.
660.
521.
256.
987.
410.
731.
08
382 APPENDIXES
Tab
le H
.2
Car
bon
emis
sion
em
bodi
ed in
mar
gina
l tra
de, c
apita
l sto
ck p
er c
apita
and
per
cap
ita G
DP,
200
7
Reg
ion
aR
egio
n b
Car
bon
Em
issio
n E
mbo
died
in M
argi
nal
Tran
sfer-
out
(ton
/RM
B10
,000
)
Mar
gina
l Tra
nsfe
r-in
C
arbo
n Sa
ving
s(t
on/R
MB
10,0
00)
Cap
ital
Sto
ck P
er
Cap
ita
(RM
B10
,000
)
Per
Cap
ita
GD
P(R
MB
10,0
00)
Reg
ion
aR
egio
n b
Reg
ion
aR
egio
n b
Reg
ion
aR
egio
n b
Reg
ion
aR
egio
n b
Bei
jing
Oth
ers
0.18
0.37
0.60
0.36
11.4
24.
684.
872.
28T
ianj
inO
ther
s0.
290.
410.
630.
438.
774.
733.
962.
27H
ebei
Oth
ers
0.73
0.63
0.68
0.61
3.19
5.32
1.59
2.54
Shan
xiO
ther
s1.
500.
930.
331.
032.
904.
941.
312.
42In
ner
Mon
golia
Oth
ers
1.43
0.73
0.43
1.10
5.01
5.28
2.02
2.54
Lia
onin
gO
ther
s0.
770.
510.
540.
694.
694.
682.
352.
23Ji
linO
ther
s0.
651.
320.
950.
454.
014.
791.
592.
35H
eilo
ngjia
ngO
ther
s0.
600.
550.
520.
752.
855.
131.
642.
43Sh
angh
aiO
ther
s0.
200.
290.
520.
3311
.78
4.48
5.71
2.21
Jian
gsu
Oth
ers
0.42
0.46
0.62
0.55
5.45
4.75
2.76
2.31
Zhe
jiang
Oth
ers
0.32
0.39
0.70
0.42
6.28
4.75
3.09
2.41
Anh
uiO
ther
s0.
530.
480.
430.
442.
015.
391.
012.
64Fu
jian
Oth
ers
0.36
0.36
0.38
0.33
4.26
5.07
2.29
2.60
Jian
gxi
Oth
ers
0.52
1.03
0.86
0.37
2.40
4.90
1.03
2.51
Shan
dong
Oth
ers
0.78
1.11
0.93
0.61
4.52
4.94
2.24
2.37
Hen
anO
ther
s0.
850.
690.
480.
762.
545.
051.
212.
48H
ubei
Oth
ers
0.90
0.69
0.52
0.76
2.84
4.50
1.31
2.26
Hun
anO
ther
s0.
650.
820.
510.
362.
214.
531.
152.
38G
uang
dong
Oth
ers
0.24
0.22
0.55
0.53
4.15
4.46
2.84
2.12
Gua
ngxi
Oth
ers
0.53
0.39
0.33
0.41
2.04
4.65
0.97
2.43
Hai
nan
Oth
ers
0.45
0.26
0.28
0.46
2.67
4.60
1.33
2.40
Cho
ngqi
ngO
ther
s0.
360.
700.
510.
323.
334.
441.
282.
26
383 APPENDIXES
Sich
uan
Oth
ers
0.53
0.49
0.44
0.58
2.18
4.52
1.06
2.25
Gui
zhou
Oth
ers
1.46
0.82
0.34
0.65
1.42
4.56
0.55
2.39
Yunn
anO
ther
s0.
890.
500.
330.
492.
144.
630.
852.
45Sh
aanx
iO
ther
s0.
420.
490.
580.
412.
454.
861.
112.
39G
ansu
Oth
ers
0.77
0.62
0.59
0.73
2.58
4.69
0.82
2.23
Qin
ghai
Oth
ers
0.76
0.79
0.74
0.57
2.75
4.73
1.10
2.24
Nin
gxia
Oth
ers
1.60
0.96
0.49
0.66
3.76
4.91
1.10
2.34
Xin
jiang
Oth
ers
0.66
0.93
0.43
0.36
3.42
4.88
1.33
2.34
Eas
tern
reg
ion
Oth
ers
0.41
0.43
0.62
0.49
6.15
2.95
3.14
1.33
Cen
tral
reg
ion
Oth
ers
0.81
0.72
0.50
0.63
2.63
5.29
1.25
2.65
Wes
tern
reg
ion
Oth
ers
0.78
0.62
0.45
0.58
2.87
5.32
1.18
2.72
Nor
thea
st r
egio
nO
ther
s0.
690.
830.
690.
643.
985.
331.
912.
56E
aste
rn r
egio
nC
entr
al r
egio
n0.
390.
560.
860.
716.
122.
643.
131.
25E
aste
rn r
egio
nW
este
rn r
egio
n0.
320.
410.
780.
576.
122.
823.
171.
16E
aste
rn r
egio
nN
orth
east
reg
ion
0.42
0.47
0.69
0.59
6.31
3.97
3.09
1.91
Cen
tral
reg
ion
Wes
tern
reg
ion
0.63
0.69
0.64
0.70
2.62
2.77
1.25
1.15
Cen
tral
reg
ion
Nor
thea
st r
egio
n0.
560.
520.
830.
652.
613.
951.
241.
89W
este
rn r
egio
nN
orth
east
reg
ion
1.84
0.82
0.69
1.93
3.54
4.06
1.44
1.93
384 APPENDIXES
Tab
le
H.3
C
arbo
n em
issi
on
embo
died
in
m
argi
nal
trad
e,
capi
tal
stoc
k pe
r ca
pita
an
d pe
r ca
pita
G
DP,
20
10
Reg
ion
aR
egio
n b
Car
bon
Em
issio
n E
mbo
died
in
Mar
gina
l Tr
ansfe
r-ou
t(t
on/R
MB
10,0
00)
Mar
gina
l Tra
nsfe
r-in
C
arbo
n Sa
ving
s(t
on/R
MB
10,0
00)
Cap
ital
Sto
ckPe
r C
apit
a(R
MB
10,0
00)
Per
Cap
ita
GD
P(R
MB
10,0
00)
Reg
ion
aR
egio
n b
Reg
ion
aR
egio
n b
Reg
ion
aR
egio
n b
Reg
ion
aR
egio
n b
Bei
jing
Oth
ers
0.08
0.18
0.48
0.23
12.5
37.
075.
543.
06T
ianj
inO
ther
s0.
230.
310.
460.
3514
.34
6.99
5.47
3.03
Heb
eiO
ther
s0.
670.
560.
510.
435.
027.
662.
113.
29Sh
anxi
Oth
ers
1.14
0.50
0.25
0.70
4.81
7.30
1.65
3.25
Inne
r M
ongo
liaO
ther
s1.
130.
590.
320.
799.
737.
563.
143.
31L
iaon
ing
Oth
ers
0.56
0.52
0.40
0.61
8.15
7.23
3.38
2.92
Jilin
Oth
ers
0.39
0.91
0.75
0.40
8.07
7.26
2.38
3.11
Hei
long
jiang
Oth
ers
0.44
0.45
0.39
0.59
4.65
7.86
2.30
3.24
Shan
ghai
Oth
ers
0.15
0.21
0.42
0.28
12.8
86.
736.
682.
86Ji
angs
uO
ther
s0.
320.
360.
470.
408.
176.
923.
862.
99Z
hejia
ngO
ther
s0.
210.
240.
530.
318.
426.
783.
953.
09A
nhui
Oth
ers
0.39
0.35
0.35
0.37
3.30
7.56
1.53
3.36
Fujia
nO
ther
s0.
250.
260.
300.
296.
927.
083.
253.
32Ji
angx
iO
ther
s0.
340.
610.
710.
333.
767.
041.
473.
31Sh
ando
ngO
ther
s0.
460.
720.
760.
457.
027.
143.
103.
03H
enan
Oth
ers
0.68
0.52
0.34
0.58
4.68
7.37
1.68
3.28
Hub
eiO
ther
s0.
670.
540.
420.
624.
486.
831.
933.
07H
unan
Oth
ers
0.38
0.50
0.44
0.35
3.71
6.49
1.67
3.01
Gua
ngdo
ngO
ther
s0.
310.
350.
380.
385.
796.
473.
592.
76G
uang
xiO
ther
s0.
480.
350.
280.
424.
226.
581.
393.
12H
aina
nO
ther
s0.
250.
260.
250.
404.
046.
691.
853.
11C
hong
qing
Oth
ers
0.27
0.43
0.42
0.30
5.24
6.51
1.94
2.96
385 APPENDIXES
Sich
uan
Oth
ers
0.46
0.42
0.33
0.48
3.44
6.56
1.56
2.89
Gui
zhou
Oth
ers
0.82
0.57
0.31
0.51
2.45
6.55
0.80
3.08
Yunn
anO
ther
s0.
590.
350.
270.
463.
296.
661.
173.
21Sh
aanx
iO
ther
s0.
300.
320.
410.
355.
327.
051.
663.
16G
ansu
Oth
ers
0.72
0.72
0.44
0.57
2.93
7.14
1.10
3.01
Qin
ghai
Oth
ers
0.53
0.47
0.47
0.61
5.84
6.87
1.56
3.05
Nin
gxia
Oth
ers
1.13
0.94
0.41
0.54
6.70
7.26
1.51
3.11
Xin
jiang
Oth
ers
0.36
0.73
0.32
0.38
5.26
7.36
1.69
3.22
Eas
tern
reg
ion
Oth
ers
0.32
0.35
0.47
0.36
8.42
5.24
4.05
1.92
Cen
tral
reg
ion
Oth
ers
0.58
0.49
0.38
0.49
4.50
7.63
1.79
3.47
Wes
tern
reg
ion
Oth
ers
0.57
0.48
0.35
0.48
5.38
7.53
1.79
3.53
Nor
thea
st r
egio
nO
ther
s0.
470.
640.
520.
547.
197.
572.
763.
25E
aste
rn r
egio
nC
entr
al
regi
on0.
310.
450.
640.
468.
394.
524.
061.
79
Eas
tern
reg
ion
Wes
tern
re
gion
0.26
0.37
0.56
0.42
8.42
5.26
4.10
1.75
Eas
tern
reg
ion
Nor
thea
st
regi
on0.
340.
410.
470.
488.
537.
113.
902.
75
Cen
tral
reg
ion
Wes
tern
re
gion
0.43
0.50
0.47
0.53
4.42
5.22
1.77
1.74
Cen
tral
reg
ion
Nor
thea
st
regi
on0.
360.
430.
640.
474.
567.
261.
782.
73
Wes
tern
reg
ion
Nor
thea
st
regi
on1.
270.
660.
521.
256.
987.
412.
282.
81
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