Index

aabiotic

fauna 738flora 738processes 664

absorbance intensity 216Acacia nilotica 556acetaldehyde 218Acetobacter xylinum 582, 700acetone 237acetylcholine esterase (AchE) 103

liposome bioreactor 531acetylcholinesterase 558acetylthiocholine 531acid–base interactions 622, 623acid fuchsine 136acid hydrolysis 583acid sites 54acridine orange (AO) 136acriflavine (AF) 300acrylamide 3312-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-

propanesulfonate acid 6122-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic

acid (AMPS) 131acrylic acid (AA) 94, 331acrylonitrile 137actinomycetes 544activated carbon (AC) 99, 139, 171, 615activated carbon fiber (ACF) 56, 615activated sludge 354, 366activation energy 619active oxygen species 54acylation 603

additives 770adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 744adhesion force 301, 727adiabatic temperature 43adsorbents 457, 599adsorbate–adsorbent interaction 96dose 133

adsorption 130, 135, 369, 373, 393,698, 724

capabilities 95, 131–135, 137, 138,192, 194, 199, 200, 299, 323,619, 622, 696, 700, 722, 725,826

bioinspired spherical Fe3O4/bacterial cellulosenanocomposites for 700

ciprofloxacin 200on GS 199

desorption cycles 96, 131efficiencies 132, 135, 136, 219, 323

for Cu(II) and Pb(II) toxicions 133

energy 24, 29, 35equilibrium 131isotherms 193, 200, 201kinetics, of tetracycline 202mechanism 136and membrane separation 296photodegradation effect 666of pollutants 666procedure 127, 416, 698tetracycline on GS hydrogels 200

advanced oxidation processes 11, 296,652

829

Nanotechnology in Environmental Science, First Edition. Edited by Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain andAjay Kumar Mishra. 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Published 2018 by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

aerogels 192, 200, 204, 584, 589, 591aerosols 423, 805aflatoxin B1 558Ag/AgCl/WO3 composite system 223Ag/AgCl/WO3 photocatalyst 223Ag/AgCl/ZnO nanocomposite 696Ag-Au bimetallic nanoparticles 301Ag/Au core–shell nanoprisms 557Ag-based semiconductor 223AgBr/Ag3PO4/ceria

nanocomposites 307Ag2CdI4/AgI nanocomposites 233Ag2CdI4 nanoparticles 233Ag/CNT composites 621Ag-decorated Fe3O4/TiO2-coated

cenosphere 253Ag film nanoneedle array 492agglomeration 195, 197, 198, 333, 663,

739, 740, 764nanoparticles 400processes 232

aggregation 233, 827structure 495

aging 167Ag ions 230Ag-modified BiVO4 composite 307Ag2MoO4 and Ag-Ag2MoO4,

characterization 494Ag nanoclusters (AgNCs) 557Ag nanoparticles 218, 230, 252, 253

degradation efficiency 559mechanism of formation 521

Ag3PO4-based photocatalysts 254agriculture 127, 761Ag/TiO2 nanotube plates, coated with

RGO as photocatalysts 250Ag–ZnO hybrid heterostructures 247Ag–ZnO hybrid photocatalysts 246air gap membrane distillation 362air pollutants 138air pollution 42, 414Al-based composites 416AlB10 nanoparticles 416aldrin 303algal blooms 294alginates 535, 695aliphatic polyester 668alkali metals 419

earth metals 45

alkaline phosphatase 527alkalinity 727alkoxides 740alkylation 603alkyl lithium compounds 606alkyl lithium reagents 603allergies 664Allium cepa 180, 746Allium sativum 556Al2O3NPs 79Al2O3 substrates 533γ-Al2O3-supported catalyst 59alumina 48

based ceramic membranes 724clays 661coated magnetite nanoparticles

(Fe3O4/Al2O3) 96NP-immobilized-DNPH (2,4-

dinitrophenylhydrazine) 95template 492

aluminum 661based materials 227doped materials 225

American Society for Testing andMaterials (ASTM) 655

amidation reaction 603amines 139aminesilanes 5914-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) 107aminomethyl phosphonic acid 335p-aminophenol (p-AP) 3013-aminopropylethoxysilane 6233-aminopropylmethyl-

diethoxysilane 6233-aminopropyltriethoxysilane 94, 6233-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane 607aminosilanes 591ammonia (NH3) 54, 139, 367, 446,

532, 621, 622adsorption capacity 622

ammonia bisulfate (ABS) 54ammonium hydroxide 332ammonium pyrrolidine

dithiocarbamate 141ammonium sulfate 372Amomum subulatum 554amorphous boron 416amorphous microporous MnO2

nanosheets 303

830 Index

amperometric acetylcholinesterase(AChE) 530

amphotericin B lipid complex(ABLC) 783

Anacardium occidentale 553analytical applications

methods, enable monitoring ofhazardous substances 581

separation and removal, inorganicspecies and organicmolecules 85

analytical nanoscience andnanotechnology(AN&N) 581

anatase–rutile transformation 243anatase to rutile transition 240anion–cation interaction 136anionic dyes 136

removal of 585anion membrane 364anisotropy 231anode materials 297anodic stripping linear sweep

voltammetry (ASLSV) 91anodic stripping voltammetric

(ASV) 92anodized iron 661anthracene 556anthraquinone (AQ) 93anthropogenic activities 141antibacterial coatings 790antibiotics 300antifullerene IgG monoclonal

antibody 605antimicrobial nanotechnology 778antimicrobial packaging 781antioxidant activity 220antioxidant properties 737apoptosis 554apparent quantum efficiency

(AQE) 258aquifers 294Arabidopsis thaliana 154arc-discharge 417, 764, 765archaebacteria 583aromatic compound, ionizable 620aromatic hydrocarbons 666aromatic organic molecules 138array structure 491

arsenate ions 401arsenic 302, 401, 402, 524, 686immobilization 302removal, pilot-scale system 404species As(III) and As(V) 134

artificial photosynthesis 774, 775artificial seawater 728asbestos 742ascorbic acid 96, 194ascorbyl palmitate 791aseptic application 392Aspergillus fumigatus 810assembled nanostructures, SEM

images 496ASTM D6866 standard testing

method 655atomic arrangement 27atomic force microscopy (AFM) 133,

301, 396, 495, 550atrazine 401Au-doped PdO NPs, photcatalysis

process 219Au/GO/ZnO composite

nanostructures 248Au/GO/ZnO hybrid photocatalyst

246Au/GO/ZnO nanostructures

composite 246Au/graphene quantum dots/ferroferric

oxide composite 300Au nanoparticles 42, 222, 301, 560AuNP–antibody conjugates 558AuNP–CaCO3 hybrid material 558AuNPs, as chemical sensor 524AuNPs, by fungus Trichothecium

sp. 809biofunctionalized AuNPs 549incorporated enzymes 781metallic 544TEM images of 80

Au@Pd core–shell with different shapesTEM-EDS analysis and schematic

diagram of 487Au-Pd/rGO composite 300Au/TiO2 photocatalyst 249Au–TiO2/SiO2 nanocomposite 222Au/ZnO hollow-sphere monolayer thin

films, and photocatalyticproperties 247

Index 831

Au-ZnO hybrid nanopyramids 246Au–ZnO hybrid photocatalysts 245Au-ZnO NPs

hybrid NPs 245TEM image of 246

average pore diameters of GS0, GS1,GS4, and GS8 199

Azadirachta indica 554azo dyes 664

biodegradation of 664removal of 663

azomethine 606

bBa, and Ce oxides 58Baccaurea ramiflora 552Bacillus botulinus 558Bacillus licheniformi 518Bacillus megaterium D01 809backpropagation 421bacterial cellulose (BC) 698, 702

aerogel 589TiO2 hybrid nanofibers, biosynthesis

route for 704bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) 582

sponges, preparation of 589bacteriorhodopsin 726Baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces

cerevisiae) 809ball and powder mixture 766ball milling 417bandgap 216, 224, 244, 654, 774

energy 244, 303semiconductor 244Si crystals 719

barium nitrites 57barrier protection 781basic fuchsin 218batch adsorption method 133batch sorption experiments 193BaTi1�xCuxO3 perovskite 62BC and spherical Fe3O4/BC

nanocomposites, digitalimages of 699

bentazon 401bentonite/g-C3N4/Ag3PO4 263benzene 138, 372, 615benzophenone-3 (2-hydroxy-4-methoxy

benzo-phenone) 103

benzotriazole (BTA) 106BET isotherms 192Bi-based semiconductors 256bicarbonates removal, pilot-scale

system 404bicrystalline phase Cr-TiO2

nanoparticles 241phase transition studies of 241

bienzymatic biosensor 527bifunctional abilities 827bifunctional reagent 606binding energy 25bioactive compounds 727bioadhesive properties 727bioavailability 166, 727biobased carboxylated NC 590biobased plastic 655BiOBr/NiFe2O4 composite 260

photocatalyst 260biochar surface 153–155, 165, 166

pH-dependent dissociation of acid/base groups 166

plant growth, effects of 166soil fertility, effects of 155

biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) 664

BiOCl photocatalyst, SEM imagesof 257

biocompatibility 153, 154, 192, 581,726

biocomposite screen-printablematerial 528

biodegradable 191, 579, 656organic materials 71, 72plastic 655polymers 658, 668

biodistribution 790biodiversity 3, 4bioelectronics applications 726biofabricated nanoparticles 558bioflocculation 675biofunctionalized AuNPs 549bioimaging 739

materials 667BiOI microspheres, thermal conversion

of 240bioinspired

functional nanocomposites 698hybrid nanofibers 702

832 Index

magnetically responsive alginate-based nanocomposites,removal capacity 696

mineralization methods 696nanocomposites 685, 687, 692, 706

decontamination via photocatalyticapplication 702

dispersed phase 687environmental application of 697

nanomaterials 827Pd/Fe3O4, Au/Fe3O4, and PdAu/

Fe3O4 nanocomposites 704photocatalytic nanocomposites

702BiOI powders, pure/heat-treated, SEM

images of 241biological

applications 727chemicals 294contaminants 737materials 693oxidation 369oxygen

demand 71, 369biomass 557

separation membranebioreactor 365

technology 774bio-mediated nanocatalysts 557biomedical and medical

applications 220, 667biomedicine 211biomimetic

immune technology 478, 481strategy 696

biomineralization 518, 519biomolecules 549

immobilization 531sensitized solar cell (BSSC) 726

bionanomaterials 519based devices, for environment 717,

726bionanoparticle (BNP) 517, 518

advantages of 520fabrication using different

microorganisms 520bionic immunization 473, 480bioplastics 657

from mixed sources 656

biopolymers 654–656, 663, 671,673

as immobilization supports 662matrices 726nanobiohybrids 726supported photocatalysts, for

pollution remediation 662bioprotein 726bioreceptors 527bioremediation 584, 651, 724, 778biosensors 103, 336, 483, 527, 531based on gold nanorods

(AuNRs) 530for trace metal ions 525

biosynthesizedspherical Fe3O4 698, 699

biotemplates 517biotic processes 664biotinylated ditryptophan peptide 548biotreatment methods 651BiOX-based photocatalysts 256biphenyls 543, 650bipotentiostatic chronoamperometric

biosensor 528bis(2,2-bipyridine)-[4-(4-methyl-2,2-

bipyridin-4-yl) propylamine]ruthenium(II)dihexafluorophosphatecomplex 591

Bismarck Brown 664bismuth 307bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) 256bismuth oxyhalide-based

photocatalysts 256bis [o-(N-methylidenamino-2-thiol-

1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-yl)phenoxy] ethane(BMTTE) 93

bisphenol A 138, 300, 397, 398polyester 397

Bi12TiO20-Bi2WO6heterostructures 221

black carbon 39blue baby’s syndrome 543Bois durci 655Boltzmann constant 425Bombyx mori 791borax decahydrate 419boric acid 419

Index 833

boron 413, 421, 686agglomerated 418based fuel-rich propellant 422based pyrotechnic composition

414boron filament resistance 418combustion 419containing fuel 415doped diamond 297fuel 414, 421minerals 419nanoparticles 414, 419oxidation 420particles 413

burning 418combustion process 415

powders 415, 420amorphous 414, 418

removal rate 701boron carbide 417, 420boron oxide 419, 420

radiation emission 418boron suboxide B6O 416, 417boron trichloride 417borothermic decomposition 416bovine serum albumin (BSA) 605Brassica juncea 744Brassica oleracea 746Britton–Robinson buffer 102Brønsted acid 54bromomalonates 606Brownian effects 424, 427, 433Brownian force 425, 427, 432Brownian mechanisms 434Brownian motion 422–425, 427, 430,

431, 433, 434, 767induced force 723

Brownian velocities 427Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET)

396Buckminster fullerene 140burning

behaviors 419rate 420

butanol 307butyllithium-functionalized

MWCNTs 606butyl nitrite C5H9NO2 419butyraldehyde 623

ccadmium 90, 92, 555

adsorption 90detection limit 94, 527ions 91, 92, 131

cadmium oxide (CdO) 454cadmium toxic metal 132Ca2Fe2O5 nanofibers 228calcarosol 167calcination 228, 229, 518

temperature 243calibration curve 524Candida albicans 669CaO NPs 96capacitance 720, 777capacitive deionization 136capillary action 498capillary electrophoresis (CE) 106capping agents 333carbaryl pesticides 103carbon 417

particles 764paste electrode 90quantum dots 223vapor aggregates 764

carbonaceousadsorbents 138fertilizer 154materials 221nanomaterials 300, 324

carbon aerogels 777carbon atom structure 718carbon-based fertilizers 154carbon-based nanomaterials 298, 738

in environmental sectorpotential applications 717

carbon-based nanoparticles 718carbon dioxide (CO2) 39, 45, 72, 603,

655, 668adsorption 323capture technology 323photocatalysts 267reduction 256

carbon dot (CD) 154, 178carbon fertilizers 165carbonization 612carbon monoxide (CO) 39, 56, 446, 532

oxidation 42catalysts 41

834 Index

carbon nanoadsorbents 74carbon nanocones 739carbon nanofiber (CNF) 93, 223, 739carbon nanofragment (CNF) 104

based electrchemical analysis oforganic molecules 104

carbon nanohorn 739carbon nanomaterial (CNM) 125, 128,

716, 785, 825, 826and composite 298for environmental devices and

techniques 717carbon nanoonion 154carbon nanoparticle (CNP) 103carbon nanorods 154carbon nanotechnology 155carbon nanotube (CNT) 19, 74, 128,

223, 298, 324, 393, 400, 523,531, 591, 722, 739, 764, 807

adsorption 619based biosensors 718based film 718based metal matrix composite (CNT-

MMC) 692based nanomaterials 825bilayers 456CNT–NiCo oxide composite 106composites 300defunctionalized 607dispersion 619electrode 456functionalization routes 604for inorganic molecule analysis 90network transistor 726noncovalent functionalization

of 326paste electrode (CNTPE) 96in removal of target pollutants 616sensors 129, 456TiO2 composites 621

carbonyl chromophore 673carcinogens 664

dyes 300catalytic

degradation 686oxidation 477performance over Ce1�xZrxVO4

catalysts 54processes 39

technologies 39catechol 101Catharanthus roseus 169cation–π bonding 137cation-exchange capacity (CEC) 166cation-exchange membrane 364cationic–anionic force 135cationic dendrimers 787cationic dyes 131, 136cationic ions 621cation membrane 364cavitation 770cavities 806C3-C60F36 fluorofullerene 32Cd(II), Co(II), and Pb(II) ions 133Cd(NO3)2�2H2O 233CdO nanostructures 455CdS/BCF hybrid nanofibers 702CdS/BC hybrid nanofibers, pathway for

preparation 703CdS nanoparticles 702Ce doping 54Ce-Fe-O solid solutions 45cell-disruption mechanismof Ag-impregnated ZnO

nanoparticles 305cellulose 419, 667membranes 587, 661nanocrystals 582, 726nanofibers 582, 590nanofibril 582nanomaterials 579, 582nanoparticles 579, 584nanowhiskers 582, 583polymers 667

cellulose acetate (CA) 402, 668silica composite-based

membranes 812cellulose-g-oxolane-2,5-dione,

preparation of 588cellulose-g-oxolane nanofibers 587Ce-Mn-O solid solutions 45Ce-M samples 48Ce-NC sample 48ZSM-5 sample 48

Ce-NR sample 48centrifugation limit 299CeO2-Ag catalyst 45CeO2 nanoflakes 307

Index 835

CeO2NPs 76CeO2-TiO2 composite 54CeO2 truncated nanocubes 47CeO2-ZrO2 (CZ) catalyst 45, 49ceramics 316, 416

matrix nanocomposite 691membranes 661

ceria-based catalysts 62ceria NPs 76ceria-zirconia-based catalyst 47cerium-doped activated carbons 56cerium-doped copper ferrite NPs

(CuFe2�xCexO4) 262cetyltetramethylammonium salt 586cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

(CTAB) 333, 551Ce-Zr-O nanostructured catalyst 41Ce0.9Zr0.1O2-NP catalyst 46C60F36 adsorbed molecules 35C60F18 fluorofullerene 27C60F36 fluorofullerene

molecules on Si(111)-7× 7 surface 31C60F18 isomers 32C60F18 molecule 20–29, 31, 35

on Si(111)-7× 7 surfaceorientations 24

C60F36 molecule 31–34C60F42 molecule 20C60F44 molecule 20C60F48 molecule 20C60F36 molecules 33C-60 fullerenes 141charcoal 134charge

densities 27exchange phenomena 481membrane 355

cheese concentration 391chelating adsorbent 133chemical

bonding 717complexation methods 374composition 401contaminants 543enhancement 475, 476exfoliation 457functionalization 579industry 39inertness 303

interaction 30, 323methods 544modification 603, 671, 721modified electrode (CME) 93organic compounds 722oxidation 698oxygen demand (COD) 367, 650pollutants 543, 544precipitation 373process 4

engineering 3properties 825reactions 727reduction 544routes/bottom-up approaches 767sensing techniques 474sensitivity 445sensors 224, 720stability 82, 155, 333, 663, 673storage sites 543structure, of widely used dyes and

absorption band maxima(λmax) 260

transformation 738, 827treatment 650vapor deposition (CVD) 77, 128,

607, 662, 724, 740Chemical Warfare Convention

(CWC) 557chemiluminescence 523, 528chemiosmotic cation 518chemisorption 40, 132, 776chemo-biosensing 473chi-AgNPs as fluorophore 558chiral 582

compounds 723pharmaceuticals 723

chitin 663chitosan (CS) 129, 135, 531, 626, 663,

666, 673, 779, 781capped AgNPs (chit-AgNPs) 557chitosan gelatin/GO monoliths

(CGGO) 626chitosan–GO composites

(CSGO) 134, 627chitosan–polyacrylamide

[Chi-PAA] 97chitosan/sulfhydryl-functionalized

GO (CS/GO-SH) 131

836 Index

chitosan–TiO2 composite 666epichlorohydrin 671films 726nanoparticles 298vulnerability 666

chlorfenvinphos 531chlorides 769

ions 391, 548chlorinated hydrocarbons 670chlorination 670

of lignin 670chlorobenzene 615chloroform sensors 108chlorophenols 12, 104

2-chlorophenol 1044-chlorophenol 307

chloroplasts 154, 176chlorpyrifos 138chromatography-based systems 445chromium 93, 96, 267, 528, 553, 695

and chromium(VI) in watersamples 96

detection limit 94in drinking 93electrode 93species 588

chromium(VI) 96chromophores 728C.I. Acid Red 73 665C.I. Direct Blue 71 665ciprofloxacin 199, 300cisplatin 787citric acid 229, 331Citrobacter freundii 812Citrus limetta 552Citrus limon 552civilization 4clean water 71climate

change 414warming 39

clove silver nanospheres (C-SNSs) 553clustering of particles 422CNM’s functionalization methods 324

alkali activation 325covalent functionalization 324doping heteroatoms 325grafting 325sulfonation 325

surface oxidation 324CO2 adsorption 323coagulation 369, 675coalescence 724CoAl-LDH flakes 610coarsening 232coating film 788coating industry 788cobalt-doped antimony oxide nanoparticle

(CoSb2O6 NP) 108cobalt nanocrystals 81, 82CO2 capture technology 323cocondensation method 333codoping 243CoFe2O4/CeO2 nanocomposite 262CoFe2O4/graphene 251hybrid material 262

coking wastewater 372treatment 372

cold vapor atomic absorptionspectrometry (CVAAS) 93

collagen protein 548collisions 763, 767colorimetric sensors 336, 551, 552combine membrane separation

technology 380combustion 413, 414, 419behavior 419chamber 422characteristics 421mechanisms 418models 421propellant 415

commercialization 825, 826communications 761Co-Mn/TiO2 catalyst 53competing demands 293competitive water treatment

technology 12complexed metal ions 94complex hydrocarbon fuel 413complex matrices 724composite membrane materials 380composition and structure analysis, GN

and GS 197concentric parabolic collector

(CPC) 676conductivity 30, 92, 534, 692, 777conduction band (CB) 652

Index 837

conductometric transducer 527confocal scanning laser

microscopy 155Congo red (CR) 137, 217contact angles, of GS0 aerogels and GS6

aerogels 196, 197contaminants 72, 127, 671, 686conventional colorimetric

methods 524conventional Si-based photovoltaic

devices 719cooler inert gas 763copper(II) detection limit 94copper interdigital electrode 534copper ions 133, 528coprecipitation 81, 82, 95, 232, 234

method of synthesis 307, 534ferrite catalytsts 234silver-based catalyst 233titanium-based catalyts 234zinc-based catalyst 233

core–shell monomers 482core–shell nanostructure 225core–shell structure 244, 302

PANI/Fe3O4 nanoparticles 400core–shell ZnO/oxygen-doped g-C3N4

nanocomposite 224, 225Corynebacterium sp. SH 09 809cosmetics 790

nanocarriers 790cost optimization 722cost ratio limitation 774coupled semiconductors 244coupling agents 333, 671covalent bonding 300, 786covalent coupling 603covalent interaction 137CPE modifier, for electrochemical

sensing of copper ions 93Cr3+ doping 242Cr3+ ions 553Cr2O3 clusters 243crop/plant productivity 153, 155crotonic acid (CA) 94Cr oxide 242Cr-TiO2 samples 242crude oil 39crystal lattice 45, 237crystalline cellulose 582

crystalline solids 237crystallization 483

promoting in gel media 592techniques 580

crystal morphology and size distributionof MDC 369

crystal structure 254sulfapyridine solvate 593

crystal violet (CV) 131CS-glass system 667CS-SH-MWCNT nanocomposite

film 92Cucumis sativus 746Cu2+ detection 530CuFe/beta monolith catalyst 55Cu(II)–GO interactions 623Cu(II) ions 301Cu loadings 55culturing process 545Cunningham Correction Factor 425CuO/G hybrids 231CuO/graphene (CuO/G) 231

hybrid composite 230CuO/graphene-oxide hybrid 230Cu2O nanocubes 301Cu2O NP-modified ZnO

nanowires 533cupric ions 554cup-stacked carbon nanotube 154,

178current imaging tunneling spectroscopy

(CITS) 32CuS doped with Ni ions 218Cu-TiO2/ZnO heterojunction

nanocomposite 262Cyamopsis tetragonaloba 557cyanide (CN�) 557cyanotoxins 303cyclic microwave radiation 230cyclic voltammetry (CV) 102cycloaddition reactions 606β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) 336cyclohexane 615cysteamine (CA) 335cysteine 523cysteine-alanine-leucine-asparagine-

asparagine pentapeptide553

cytotoxicity 191, 749, 787, 791

838 Index

dDanish Environmental Protection

Agency Report 6Daucus carota 746decolourization 559decontamination 658

factor 374degradation 219

organic dyes 220paint pigments 238

degrouping 435Degussa P25 nanoparticles 703dendrimer 782

composite membranes 301nanocarrier 787

dendritic encapsulation 806dendritic nanopolymers 723

composites 723DeNOx/HC oxidation catalysts 49dense solid fuel 413densities of state (DOS) 24, 25density distribution 27density of state 29deodorants 591deoxidization 230deposition-precipitation (DP) 50deprotonation 165, 204dermatitis 664desalination rate 367desethyldesisopropylatrazine 401desorption efficiency 202detection limits of chromium(III) 96detergents 650detoxification 132devices optimization 377dextran 7253D geometry of hot spots 482β-D-gluocopyranose 5823D graphene systems (3DGNs) 1303D hot spots 498, 500

concept 827matrix

noble-metal sols 500structure 498

plasma 827structures 827

for SERS detection 5003,4-diaminophenyl-functionalized

dextran 129

diazonium cation 728dicarboxylated cellulose (DCC) 5822,3-dicarboxylic cellulose

nanofibrils 582dicetyl phosphate (DCP) 1022,6-dichlorobenzamide 4011, 2-dichlorobenzene 105, 141,

615, 6201,1-dichloro-2,2- bis-(4´-chlorophenyl)

ethane 98dichlorocarbene 606dichloromethane 109dichlorophenol 303dielectrophoresis (DEP) 723[2 + 1], [4 + 2] Diels–Alder

cycloaddition ofo-quinodimethane 606

diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) 39,40

diesel particulate 45diesel particulate filter (DPF) 39, 42temperature 43

diethylenetriamine 397, 398differential pulse anodic stripping

voltammetry (DPASV) 94differential pulse voltammetry

(DPV) 93differential scanning calorimetric

(DSC) 95diffusion 763flame 420rate 371

digital imagesgraphite oxide 194GS0, GS1, GS4, GS6, and GS8

hydrogels 194protein 194

3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine(L-DOPA) 549

di-iso-butyl phthalate 99dimer 29, 482dimer-adatom-stacking-fault (DAS) 22dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) 95dimethylbenzene 138dimethyl sulfone 1293,5-dinitrosalicylic acid 402diphenylcarbazide (DPC) 911,5-diphenylcarbazide

nanocomposite 93

Index 839

dipole-like formation 27dipole moment 27direct electrooxidation 297direct functionalization (cocondensation

and in situ) 318disinfectant, ideal 298disinfection 72

using nanomaterials 297disinfection by-product (DBP) 674dispersed phase on properties of

composites, influence ofgeometry 688

disruptive behavior 420dissolved organic carbon (DOC) 674dissolved organic matter 738dithiodibezoic acid (DDA) 93divalent ions 391, 403DNA biosensors 526DNA-CNT linking strategies 614DNA-CNT sensors 129DNA coupling 614DNA damage 749DNA guide assembly scheme 4953D nanostructured graphene-

polypyrrole (Ppy)nanocomposite 135

DNAzyme 554dodecane-1,2-diol 81dodecanethiol 333domestic wastes 294Donnan exclusion effect 332doping 216, 304, 305, 609, 612, 739, 777

anatase, TiO2 with N, S, and C 243transition metals 224ZnO (M/ZnO) nanostructures 224

dose-dependent toxicity 155doxycycline 137, 300D-penicillamine-AuNPs

(D-PC-AuNPs) 554D-penicillamine-capped copper

nanoparticle (DPA-CuNP) 5303D plasma nanoclusters, fabrication and

characterization of 499drag-induced particle velocities 427Drexler, Eric 762drinking water 543drop-coating process 766drug delivery 549, 782

system 737, 739, 784

3D sepiolite 6133D SERS hot spots 4813D SERS substrate 5013D sulfonated reduced GO (3D SRGO)

aerogel 131dyes 128, 135, 686

contaminated waters 686degradation 256sensitized solar cell (DSSC) 238,

726, 774, 813schematic representation 814

dymethylformamide 532, 533dynamic light scattering (DLS) 550

eeco-friendly materials 698ecotoxicity 9π–π EDA interaction 615ED process, schematic diagram of 365EDS mapping for Ag-Au/Cu2O

nanocomposites 302electrical conductance 130, 166, 718,

720, 726CNT-FETs 718

electrical energy 777electrical properties 826electric field-enhanced simulation of

silver nanocubes 490electric field gradient 723electric field intensity 476electric/microwave heating 43electrochemical 544

capacitors 719characterizations 531detection

carbohydrates 106devices 129

DNA-based biosensor 526electrode 475impedance spectroscopy (EIS) 523impedance technique 523measurements 531methods 297, 369modification 609O3 sensor 532reactions 776reduced graphene oxide (ERGO)

-Au nanoparticles (AuNPs)-β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) 531

840 Index

sensor (ECS) 523, 526, 528, 529,557, 558

based on CuNPs 523synthesis 220

electrocoating paints 391electroconductivity 523electrode 764

insulation 528potentiometric response 93sensor 529

electrodeposition 740electrodialysis 354, 364electrogenerated chemiluminescence

(ECL) 107electrolysis 238electrolyte

accessibility 720gate efficiency of 718ions 720sensor 556

electromagnetic enhancement 475, 476electron donor–acceptor (EDA)

interaction 615electron–hole pair recombination 263electron–hole recombination rate 654electron–hole separation 249electronic coupling 476electronic detection techniques 720electronic properties 130electron microscopy 155electron relays, for producing

electricity 719electrons 244

transfer mediator 528electrooxidation 297electroplating 553

wastewater 353electropolymerization 531electroreduction 523electrospark deposition 789electrospinning 73, 84, 316electrospun nanofibers 74, 400electrostatically stabilized

nanocrystalline cellulose 582electrostatic forces 739electrostatic interaction 82, 136, 137,

300, 591, 620electrostatic repulsions 398

force 397

electrothermal atomic absorptionspectrometry (ETAAS) 96

elementary boron 414emission intensities 592emulsified oils 391emulsion 689or suspension 333

encapsulation 773, 785endocrine disrupting compound

(EDC) 294, 300endosulfan 138energy 774consumption 367, 726density 420, 720efficiency 790solar economy 774

energy-conserving waterpurification 71

energy dispersive X-ray analysis(EDX) 101

energy-level diagramsmolecule adsorbed on a metal

surface 477for undoped and N-doped TiO2 217

engine emissions 422engineered nanomaterial 7engineering nanoparticle (ENP) 737,

738, 747common methods of 739

chemical precipitation 739chemical vapor deposition 740electrodeposition 740gas condensation 739sol-gel techniques 740

toxicityenvironmental organisms 742on humans, effect of 747metal nanoparticles 743on plants, effect of 745polymeric nanoparticles 745

enhanced vascular permeability andretention (EPR) 783

enhancement factor (EF) 474, 476enthalpy change 619entropy change 619environmentalcontaminants 737engineering 4, 15

applications 11

Index 841

environmental (continued )science 11, 16

health, and safety (EHS) 731pollutants 474

laboratory analysis anddetection 473

pollution 128, 257, 721and SERS detection 478

problem 685protection 15remediation 721

potential methods for 295reservoirs 721safety 300samples 581stability 534sustainability 4, 8, 15techniques, functionalized

nanomaterials for 721Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA) 686environmental science 581, 721

communities 826environment today, status 7enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay

(ELISA) 473enzyme-TiO2/rGO nanocomposite for

removal of 4-nitrophenol,synthesis route of 697

epichlorohydrin 673, 674epoxidized natural rubber (ENR)

667epoxy-resins 673Escherichia coli 300, 480, 527, 558,

588, 779, 808Es-PPy gas sensor 534ethanol 232, 457ethyl alcohol 237ethyl cellulose (EC) 784N-ethyl-N-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)

carbodiimide hydrochloride(EDC) 603

ethylenediamine 585ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid

(EDTA) 103Euphorbia nivulia 559European Commission Report 6Europium 335eutectic choline chloride 256

eutrophication 135, 664exfoliated graphite nanoplatelet

(xGnPs)–chitosan cross-linkedcomposite 531

exhaust-gas 43exhaust system 423exopolysaccharides 517external energy 293extractive membrane bioreactor 365

ffabricated bioinspired magnetic

nanocomposite 696fabricated polyacrylonitrile/CNT/

TiO2�NH2 composite

nanofibers 300fabrication

of Al2O3/SiC nanocomposite, polymerprecursor route for 693

of Au/Pt/Au core/shellnanoraspberries,morphological and structuralchanges 484

technique, of ln2O3 and its variationon 451

Faradic current 526feed concentration 363feed flux 364Fe(III) complexing ligand 2-(5-bromo-2-

pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol 529

FeMgAl LDO flakes 613fenthion 558Fe2O3-Ba0.99Ce0.01TiO3 sensor 534Fe3O4-based photocatalysts 252Fe3O4/BiOCl nanocomposite 252Fe2O3/Bi2S3 nanorods 260Fe3O4-coated cenospheres deposited

with a film of TiO2nanoparticles 253

Fe3O4/γ-Fe2O3 sensor 533Fe3O4-mixed oxide 81Fe3O4 MNPs 94Fe3O4 nanoparticles 698

binding of PPA on 334Fe3+/Al3+ doping 243Fe3O4-supported noble metal

nanocomposites 703Fe oxidation 302

842 Index

Fe3O4/ZnO/NiWO4nanocomposite 254

Fermi energy (EF) 24, 25ferricyanide 528ferrite alloys 454ferrite materials 234ferrite synthesis 228ferritin 778ferrosol 167ferrous hydroxide suspension 81fertility 153fertilizers 127, 543Feynman, Richard 714, 762FGO/EP polymer nanocomposites 609fiberglass 661fibers diameter 722fibrous nanostructure 722field-effect transistor (FET) 129, 224,

718, 720field emission scanning electron

microscopy (FE-SEM) 108,526, 534

images, of L.S. of root 177micrographs, of native bacterial

cellulose 700field emitters 224filtration

applications 722efficiency 43spectrum 392

fireproofing 815flame atomic absorption spectrometric

(FAAS) 90flocculation 354, 369, 724flotation 675flow conditions 430flower-like hierarchical BiOCl

photocatalyst 257flow oscillations 428fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) 169fluorescence quenching 96, 528, 530fluorescence spectroscopy 523fluorescent metals 335fluorescent silica nanoparticle

(FSNP) 745fluoride 132

adsorption capacity 135ions 135

fluorinated anatase TiO2 222

fluorine removal, pilot-scalesystem 404

fluorofullerene 19, 23, 31molecule 19, 23, 25, 26, 35

fluorophore 558, 580entities 591

fluorosis 5435-fluorouracil 784Fokker–Planck equation 423food additives 560, 579food packaging 220, 780, 781food processing 780food safety 737formaldehyde 623, 650forward osmosis 359, 360fossil fuel 655foulants, and control capacities 406fouling 400, 404mechanism of 404resistance 393, 403

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) 94, 523, 550

analysis of aerogel, before and afteradsorption 204

analysis of GS0 and GS6 205Francois gulliot 555free energy 20, 239free-radicals 660free-standing biotemplate mesoporous

hybrid film, fabricationof 585

Freundlich and Langmuir models 133Freundlich equation, for 3D RGO

hydrogel 132Freundlich isotherm 201model 131

Freundlich model 131, 193, 194, 201F-R sample catalysts 50fuchsine 136fuel additives 414fuel ignition 413fullerene C60 19, 140, 154, 178, 299,

610, 718, 719, 738, 739, 790fullerene-like carbon

nanoparticles 777functionalization of 140insoluble 180transforms 140

fullerol 178

Index 843

functionalizationof CNTs 605methods 321, 336, 608

functionalized CNMs, applicationsof 327

adsorbents, for removal of heavymetals and organics 329

catalysts support 328membrane-based separation 331removal of metal ions, and organic

contaminants 327sensing and monitoring 328

functionalized grapheme sheet(FGS) 609

functionalized graphene (G)nanomaterials, adsorptioncapacity 624

functionalized graphene oxide(FGO) 609

functionalized LDHs, preparationof 610

functionalized nanomaterials 599, 721,826

application in pollutionabatement 613

carbon nanotubes 613graphene 621

in environmental remediation 600in pollution abatement, future

perspective 629preparation of 602

carbon nanotubes 602graphene and graphene oxide 607LDHs 609

utilization of 600functionalized silica-based

nanomaterial, applicationsof 322

Fusarium solani 307fusion 767

peptide 551

ggallic acid 553gas chromatography (GC) 662gas condensation process 739gas diffusion 458gaseous pollutants, sources, and effect

on environment 447

gas generator 414gas-phase effluents 649gas sensing mechanism 458g-C3N4-based composites 256g-C3N4-based nanocomposites 259g-C3N4 catalyst 255g-C3N4/Fe3O4/Ag/Ag2SO3 plasmonic

photocatalyst 263g-C3N4/Fe3O4/AgI/Ag2CrO4

nanocomposite 263g-C3N4/Fe3O4/Ag3PO4/Co3O4

nanocomposite 263Gd ions 218gelation 191gelling agent 229gels based, on NC 589gel–sol transition 554generalized gradient approximation

(GGA) 22generation of electricity 737genotoxicity of MWCNTs 180Geobacter sulfurreducens 809German Environment Agency

Report 6German Federal Government report 7Gibbs energy change 619Gibbs free energy 238, 268glass transition 671glassy carbon electrode (GCE) 92, 455global energy consumption 719global warming 423global water crisis 10Gluconacetobacter xylinum 698glucose 548glucose oxidase (GOx) 528glutathione (GSH) 554glycerol, dosage 232glycerol selective oxidation 249glycopyranosides 548GN/magnetite (Fe3O4) composite 137GNs/δ-MnO2 composite

(GNs/MnO2) 134GO–Al13 composite 132GO/aluminum–zirconium polycation

composites 622GO/chitosan materials 626GO cross-linked with ferric hydroxide

(GO-Fe) 134GO/Cu–MOF composites 623

844 Index

GO diffraction 696GO dispersion 194GO films 131GO foam, 3D binary images of 299GO/GN nanocomposites 621G4-OH(Pt40)/G4-OH(Pt60)/G4-OH-

(Pd40), HRTEM images 83gold cube nanoparticles 491gold nanoclusters, high coordination

number of 498gold nanorods 135, 136gold octahedron 491

nanoparticles 491gold substrate 488GO membranes 131GO (RGO)–metal/metal oxide

composites 627GO/MnO2 composites 622GO nanosheets (GOS) 133, 230, 623GO oxidation 622GO/polyoxometalate

nanocomposites 622Gore-Tex® 523GO-TiO2 hybrid 134GO/torlon composite membrane 132grafting 320

polymers 333grain morphology 239grain-size distribution 414granular activated carbon (GAC) 56grapheme 128graphene 19, 130, 135, 191, 195, 211,

298, 610, 739based LaNiO3 composite films

609deposits 196for improving sensing

properties 459materials 192c-MWCNT composites 628nanocomposites 300

based electrochemical analysis oforganic compounds 104

nanoplanar 457nanosheet 599sensors 458sheets 130, 196, 457, 718synthesis method 457

graphene device

transient gas-sensing characteristicsof 458

graphene oxide (GO) 130, 132, 135,136, 139, 196, 230, 299, 458,529, 607, 610

Al13 (GO-Al13) 132coated adsorbent 131composite 131electrode 456β-FeOOH composite 133protonated C3N4 composite 300RGO-Fe3O4 nanoparticles 137titanate (RGO-Ti) hybrids 136

graphene–polypyrrole (Ppy)nanocomposite 629

graphene quantum dot (GQD) 221graphene-soy protein (GS)

aerogels 192preparation of 192

graphite 420oxide 192, 607

graphitic C3N4 (g-C3N4) 255graphitic oxide (GO/Cu-MOF)

composites 140graphitization 154gravimetric energy densities 413greases 650green colorimetric sensor 554greenhouse gas emissions 39, 828green methods 544green nanomaterial 583green nanotechnology 552, 731, 805,

811, 828applications 811construction industry 815metal nanoparticles 812nanoclays 813nanoenhanced green

applications 815nanofibers 811nanomaterials, for water

treatment 811nanomembranes 812principles and applications 806prospects of 815for renewable energy 813

dye-sensitized solar cells 813fuel cell 814hydrogen gas 814

Index 845

green nanotechnology (continued )quantum dots 813

risk assessment 815green polymers 658, 828green purification technologies 590green synthesis 548, 555, 826

methods 544nanoparticles 556

future perspectives 559grid electricity 719Griess reaction 728Griess reagent 728Grignard reagents 606groundwater 401

contamination 294pollution 294, 555remediation 11resources 353

groups’ drag-induced motion 435growth of nanoparticles, in situ 333growth-stimulating effects 154Grätzel cell 774GS0 and GS6, surface morphologies

of 192GS preparation process 195

hHAADF-STEM, TEM image of 246halloysite nanotubes 400haloacetic acids 403haloacetonitriles 403halogenated aromatic

hydrocarbons 650hardening agent 655hazardous chemicals 154, 808hazardous nanoparticles 585hazardous substances 581Hb/PCNA/MWCNT electrode 556health hazards 558heat loss 363heavy metal 129–132, 650, 686

adsorption 300ions 96, 128, 130, 133, 527, 528, 543,

555, 586, 700, 737, 826adsorption of 322photocatalyst for reduction of 267

pollutants 354hemolysis 664herbaceous metals 528

herbicides 589, 670, 686heterogeneous catalysts 222heterogeneous chemistry 414heterogeneous magnetic

photocatalyst 250heterogeneous photocatalysis 229, 259,

267, 652adsorbents 667

heterogeneous photosystem 659heterogeneous process 414heterogeneous structure

MxBi2�xTi2O7 218heterostructured Fe2O3/Bi2S3

nanorods 261hetrostructure photocatalysis 215, 221hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene

(HCTP) 609hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide

(CTAB) 768hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium

chloride (HDTMA) modifiednanoclay 85

hexagonal mesoporous silica(HMS) 324

hexagonal M-Zn-O nanorods 224hexavalent chromium Cr(VI) 267H2 generation 257Hg2+/Pb2+/Co3+/Zn2+ metal ions 133,

552, 553, 555high-density surface carboxylic

functionalization 154high-energy ball milling 765high energy irradiation 544high-performance liquid

chromatography(HPLC) 723, 724

high-salinity wastewater 367histidine 548HOBO products 414HODRA-CORE membrane 402homogeneous spherical NPs 81HOMO–LUMO gap 27, 31, 33,

35hot spot 482human civilization 3, 13human health 738, 827

care 473humanity 127human red blood cell 787

846 Index

human scientific endeavor 9, 13human stem cells 481humic acid (HAA) 137, 397, 676humidity 445, 591hybridization 300, 458

chain reaction (HCR) 529erogels 136membrane separation process 366nanocomposite 703nanomaterials 738, 739nanostructures 258of silica nanoparticles/poly(vinylidene

fluoride) membranes 398hydrazine 106hydrocarbons (HC) 39, 42, 413, 417,

543hydrogels 192, 195, 196, 589, 591hydrogen (H2) 719, 768

adsorption capacities 776clean fuel 814conversion 776economy 775generation 220, 249, 301production 249, 775sensing 534separation 724storage 776

hydrogen bond 82, 129, 167, 199interaction 137

hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 225, 297,301, 529, 652, 791

hydrogen sulfide (H2S) 140, 623hydrophilicity 191, 192, 303, 582

protein 196hydrophobic 671

aerogels 589interaction 137, 140, 739membrane 533polymer membrane 365

hydroquinone 101hydrothermal-electrochemical 221hydrothermal impregnation

method 223hydrothermal methods 221, 222, 238,

518hydrothermal-microwave method 221hydrothermal-sol–gel 221hydrothermal stability, of Cu3Fe3/

beta 55

hydrothermal treatment 223, 225hydrothermal-ultrasonic method 221hydroxyapatite 701N-(2-hydroxybenzyl)-valine 555hydroxyl (•OH) radicals 303hyper branched chitosan

nanoparticle 535hysteresis loops 253

iicosahedral symmetry 140igniter formulations 416ignition 419, 420mixtures 415

imaging capabilities 477immobilization 249, 297aspect 667on MT-MWCNT composite 525necessity for 658photocatalyst, approaches used

for 661photocatalysts on supports 658PM ALP nanobiocatalyst 527support, features of 660suspended phtotocatalyst reactor

systems 659TiO2 661

immunochromatographic striptesting 558

incineration 651indium(III)-tin(IV)-mixed oxide 81indium oxide 533industrial effluents 651industrialization 127, 649, 686industrial wastewater 353membrane process 354

inert gas 763inert gas evaporation-condensation

(IGC) 763method, processing chamber of

764infrared spectroscopy 475innovation 825, 828membrane preparation

technology 380inorganicanions 135, 557functionalization 327industrial wastewater 367

Index 847

inorganic (continued )materials 371membranes 371mercury 551molecule analysis

application of NPs for 93multiwalled carbon nanotubes

for 90nanoparticles 828pollutants 543, 697solar cells 719toxicants 543wastewater 353, 367

In4Sn3O12 NPs and In4Sn3O12–TeO2composite nanoparticles 534

In4Sn3O12–TeO2 composite-nanoparticle sensorselectivity 535

In4Sn3O12–TeO2 interface 535In4Sn3O12–TeO2 nanocomposite

sensor 535insoluble nanocarbons 180integral environmental pollutants

concept 294π-π interactions 137, 138, 299, 300interfacial polymerization 398interfacial tension 767interinterception 358internal combustion engine 435International Atomic Energy

Agency 373International Union of Pure and

Applied Chemistry (IUPAC),terminology forbiopolymers 656

interparticle distance 430intrafiber porosity 722intraparticle diffusion model 129, 203intraparticle diffusion rate constant 194invasive fungal disease (IFD) 783ion exchange (IE) 373, 675, 687

mechanism 135resins 651

ionic conductivity 673ionic diffusion 391ionic liquid (IL) 92

photochemical synthesis 220reduced graphene oxide

(IL-rGO) 529

ionic strength 81, 133, 135, 138ion-imprinted polymers 723ionization 727Iresine herbstii 559iron-based nanomaterials 722iron-based oxides 303iron-boron coating 416iron oxide (Fe3O4) 454, 619

magnetic NMs 813nanoparticles 399

irradiation 216, 651absorption, enhancement of 216

isocontours 26isopropanol 532, 533isoproturon 401isotherms, of GS0 198isovaleric acid 129IUPAC classification 720I–V technique 108

kkinetic curves 203kinetic energy 763kinetic parameters

intraparticle diffusion model on GS0and GS6 203

of pseudo-first- and second-orderadsorption kineticmodels 203

kinetics analyses, of pseudo-first-ordermodel 203

Knudsen diffusion 362, 363

llab-on-a-chip systems 727Lactobacillus sp. A09 809lactose production 391Lactuca sativa 746LaMnO3–graphene composites 609Langmuir adsorption capacity 619Langmuir and Freundlich models 100

of antibiotics on GS6, parametersderived from 201

pseudo-first-order model 129Langmuir–Hinshelwood model 667

dual-site mechanism 41Langmuir isotherm 137, 193, 194, 201

equation 96model 135

848 Index

Langmuir model 194, 201, 203Langmuir–Schaefer technique 533LaNiO3 nanoparticles 609lanthanide doping 234

hybrid films 584lanthanum oxide (ln2O3) 450large unilamellar vesicle (LUV) 807laser ablation 544, 766

experiments 767laser-induced ablation 79laser vaporization 81lauryl sulfate (LS) 523, 524layer-by-layer (LBL) 132

self-assembly method 610layered double hydroxide (LDH) 233,

627CNT nanocomposites 610crystallites 611dispersion 610flakes 611GO nanocomposites 611graphene composites 611

layered double oxide (LDO) 610MWCNT nanocomposites 612SWCNT nanocomposites 612

lead 587pollution 553

lead (Pb2+) ions 92, 526lean NOx trap (LNT) 40

catalyst 57, 58, 60, 62LeAqp2 gene 171Lemna gibba 743lethal effects 686Lewis acid 54

sites 53LiAl LDH films 611Li-doped PbTiO3 perovskite 222light-emitting diode (LED) 807light-off temperature of HC, CO, NO,

and NO2 50lignosulfonate-modified graphene

hydrogel (LS-GH) 132LiI�2H2O 233Li-ion-based batteries 776Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate 304lipid-based amphipathic

membranes 545lipid bilayers, multilamellar

vesicles 807

lipid-drug conjugate 784liposomal amphotericin B 783liposomes 783, 790, 806liquid entry pressure (LEP) 363liquid–liquid extraction 670liquid–liquid interfaces 475liquid-phase deposition (LPD) 106liquid phase effluents 649liquid-phase exfoliation 135lithium 419ion batteries 19

lithography 544, 805Ln3+–TiO2 catalysts 234local density of state (LDOS) 32localized surface plasmon resonance

(LSPR) 335, 523excited by spherical particles 476

lowest limit of detection (LOD) 551lowest unoccupied molecular orbital

(LUMO) 140low-surface energy materials 724Lycopersicon esculentum 558lyophilization 299

mmacromolecules 391proteins 195

macroscopic quantum tunnelingeffect 721

maghemite NPs (Fe2O3) applications,for analysis of inorganicmolecules 95

magnesium 417, 420magnetically responsive bioinspired

nanocomposite 694magnetically separable MnFe2O4/

grapheneheteroarchitectures 251

magnetic BiOX-basedphotocatalysts 256

magnetic chitosan 137magnetic CoFe2O4-functionalized

graphene sheet (CoFe2O4–GNs) nanocomposites 628

magnetic composites 722magnetic core–shell nanoparticles 481magnetic elements 725magnetic Fe3O4/graphene composite

(FGC) 137

Index 849

magnetic Fe3O4/ZnO/NiWO4nanocomposites 253

magnetic graphenenanocomposite 135

magnetic hybrid photocatalysts 250binary heterostructures 250ternary heterostructures 252

magnetic nanoadsorbents 725magnetic nanomaterials 480, 694

for environment 724magnetic nanoparticles 79, 81, 454,

480, 725, 779, 785, 813applications, for analysis of inorganic

molecules 97magnetic nanostructured

materials 481magnetic Ni nanoparticles 138magnetic photocatalysts 254

magnetic photocatalyst Fe3O4/BiOClnanocomposite 252

magnetic poly(vinylpyridine)-coatedcarbon nanotubes 630

magnetic recovery stages 725magnetic separation 299magnetic sputtering 77magnetite 695

Fe3O4/GO composite (M/GO) 134Fe3O4/reduced graphene oxide

nanocomposites 137magnetite–GO (M–RGO)

hybrids 627magnetite-graphene hybrids

(M-RGO) 134magnetite–graphene–LDH composite

material (MGL) 134nanocubes 694nanoparticles 95, 699NPs (Fe3O4) applications, for analysis

of inorganic molecules 94magneto-responsive composites 667magnetosome 694magnetostatic spin wave (MSW) 533magnetotactic bacteria 694, 695magnonic sensor arrays based on

MNPs 533maintenance cost 392maize tassel-multiwalled carbon

nanotube(MT-MWCNT) 525

malachite green (MG) 135, 300, 628malathione 138, 532, 558maleic anhydride (MA) 131malodor nuisance 445malonate 523manganese 728manganese ion (Mn2+) 530manufacturing routes, cost-effective and

highly efficient 826mass transfer 362, 371material efficiency 826material selection, for sensor

applications 448mathematical model 424maximum adsorption capacities

ciprofloxacin 202tetracycline 202

maximum adsorption efficiency 135M/Ba/Al catalysts 61MB over BiOBr/NiFe2O4 composite,

photocatalytic degradationmechanism 261

4-MBT molecules 489MCM-41 nanoparticles, incorporation

of 399MCM-41-silica nanoparticles 399MD different configurations 361MD permeate flux, influence of different

factors on 364MD process

for high salty wastewater 368schematic diagram of 361

mechanical grinding 417Meisenheimer complex 556melt compounding 333melting point 221membrane 391

aeration bioreactor 365assisted radioactive wastewater 374based separation technology, relevant

application framework of 379bioreactor 365characteristic 355cleaning 378commercial, and specifications 394device 381distillation 14, 354, 360, 373

advantages of 14, 361filtration, history of 392

850 Index

flux 366materials 355, 366and membrane processes 316modification 377modules 356, 366

advantages, disadvantages, andapplications of 357

operated, using pressure as mainparameter 395

porosity 362principle of 354processes 356, 371, 374, 395properties 371research 354separation 354

interception mechanism of 358processes 14

technology 316, 826thickness 363

membrane distillation crystallization(MDC) 368

process for high saltywastewater 368

membrane fouling 367, 375control 377mechanism of

modes 376types of 405

inorganic fouling 405microbial fouling 405organic fouling 405particulate fouling 405prevention of fouling 406

membrane-integrated systemto remove As (III) and As (V) from

groundwaters 401membrane separation technologies

interception size distribution, 357MeNPs–semiconductor hybrid

heterostructures 245MeNPs–ZnO (TiO2)

heterostructures 245Mentha piperita 810mercury (Hg) 131, 132, 528, 551mercury (II) ion 92, 528, 529, 552

chemical accumulation of 92electrochemical determination of

92(Hg2+) contamination 526

mercury-specific oligonucleotide(MSO) 526

MeS-based composites 268mesoporosity 461, 720mesoporous carbon (MC) 103, 324mesoporous metal oxides 775mesoporous silicas 323nanoparticle 786, 791

mesoporousTiO2 527mesoporous ZnO nanofiber 811metal alkoxides (Si(OR)4) 740, 769metal and metal compound,

functionalization andapplications 332

metal-based nanoparticlesfor electrochemical analysis of organic

molecules 105for spectroscopy analysis of organic

molecules 108metal-ceramic matrix nanocomposite

(MMNC) 692metal detection, colorimetric sensor

for 523metal-exchanged zeolite SCR catalysts

(CuZ and FeZ) 54metal ions 95, 221, 229, 302, 336, 518,

523, 524, 528, 545, 546, 548,552, 555, 698

biochemical reduction 546concentration 94main mechanisms for sorption

of 586removal, experimental

procedure 587selectivity 552sensors 551

metal–metal nanoparticle (Fe-Ti) 74metal nanoparticle (MNP) 79, 301,

545, 580, 591, 723, 768, 791encapsulated 83

metal organic framework (MOF) 105,139, 140, 307, 622

metal oxide 135, 221, 303, 323, 391,448, 666, 721, 725, 738, 739,768

applications, for analysis of inorganicmolecules 96

bionanomaterials 522ions 518

Index 851

metal oxide (continued )loaded graphene hybrid

architecture 458modified composites 622nanomaterials 461nanoparticles 74, 303, 305, 393, 781,

791metals 211

based nanomaterials 738bionanomaterials 520classical approaches 544containing phosphate 307matrix 691nanocrystals 483nanoparticles 580, 591nanostructures 482, 483nuclei 767particles 546salts 136

metals and metal compounds,functionalized, applicationsof 334

adsorption 334photocatalysis 335sensing and monitoring 335

metal toxicity mechanism 748microbial cells 748

genotoxicity 749membrane damage 749nutrient uptake interference 749production of ROS and antioxidant

depletion 749protein dysfunction 748

other cells 749metering pump 381methemeglobinemia 153, 543, 556,

664methidathione 558L-methionine 3013-(4-methoxybenzylideneamino)-2-

thioxothiazolodin-4-one 904-methylbenzenethiol 489methyl blue 2222-methyl-4, 6-dinitrophenol 402methylene blue 128, 129, 135, 136,

223, 259, 306, 323, 526, 559,628, 668, 669

methylene violet 136methylmercury 551

methyl orange 218, 262, 619, 666, 702degradation of 245, 703

methyl parathion 558methyl violet 136, 628Me–TiO2 hybrid photocatalysts 249MgAl LDH/mesoporous carbon

nanocomposites 612MgAl LDO/mesoporous carbon

nanocomposites 612Mg-Al mixed oxide-supported

catalysts 59Mg/Al ratio 59Mg2+ ions 619MgO nanoparticles 747micelles 518, 767Michaelis–Menten behavior 527Michalis–Menten constant 531microbial 391

biomass 651communities 165degradation 698methods 810

microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) 583defibrillation procedures of 583

microcystin 100microelectromechanical system 336microemulsion 767, 768

method 768system 768technique 85

microfiltration 354, 358, 373, 391, 392microfluidic devices 727microfluidic pH analysis 727microorganisms 366, 548, 808micropollutants 372microporous carbons 324microporous ceramic filters 44microporous membranes 355, 365microwave-assisted hydrothermal

process 223microwave-assisted polyol method 333microwave-assisted thermal

decomposition (MATD)device 231

microwave irradiation (MWI) 230, 701microwave method 229, 230

graphene-based materials 229titanium-based materials 231zinc-based materials 231

852 Index

Milli-Q 728mineralization 223, 303, 666MINTEQ modeling program 619mixed oxide NPs 81Mn2+ detection 530Mn2+ ions 553, 555MnO2-immobilized SiO2

nanofibrous 306Mn oxides 55MNP-based adsorption technology 725modified Hummers’ method 192moisture content 194, 790

of hydrogels 196molar ratio of Ag+/Cd+2 233molecular beam epitaxy 77molecular detection 474molecular diffusion equation 362molecular dynamics (MD) 620molecular size 371molecule–substrate interaction 35monoliths 661mononitrogen oxides 446monosaccharide (β-D-glucose) 548monovalent ions 393montmorillonite 613Morinda tinctorial 559multidrug-resistant 737multifunctional materials 293multifunctional reactants 551multijunction solar cells 719multiple-networked nanoparticle

sensor 535multistage reverse osmosis 373multivalent cations 827multivalent ions 392multiwalled carbon nanotube

(MWCNT) 56, 74, 138, 154,169, 300, 523, 531, 599, 603,619, 720, 764, 807

coupled to SPE, for organic moleculeanalysis by

gas chromatography 100liquid chromatography 98

G hybrid aerogel 628for inorganic molecule analysis

coupled with SPE methodology,spectroscopic applicationsof 90

electrochemical applications 91

supplied with watering, effect onphenotype of tomatoplants 173

TiO2 heterojunctionphotocatalysts 232

mutation 553

nNaCl desorption 92NADH-quinone oxidoreductase

749N2 adsorption 198desorption isotherms of GS0, GS1,

GS4, and GS8 198Na ions 216Na-montmorillonite 94Na-montmorillonite nanoparticles

(nano-SWy-2) 93nanoadsorbents 74carbon nanoadsorbents 74metal nanoadsorbent 75

nanoadsorption 316nanobarcodes 781nanobiocomposites 726nanobioelectronics 726nanobiohybrid materials 726nanocapsules 780nanocarbons 154, 155in agricultural plants 153interactions 154on plant growth 169

negative effects of 179positive effects of 156, 169toxic effects of 162

in plants and soil 170nanocatalysts 40, 297nanocellulose (NC) 579, 582, 827based sorptive microextraction,

formats of 584contaminated waters 584direct air capture/gas

permeation 590industrial effluents 584

biodegradability of 583filter for H2 gas permeation 590nanocellulosic platforms 580as sensor

of contaminants 591nanocellulosic 591

Index 853

nanochain light scatteringproperties 488

nanoclays 74, 84, 781nanoclusters 806nanocoatings 789

advantages of 790nanocomposites 306, 393, 685, 687,

702based on reinforcing agents,

classification of 688dosage 701fabrication, bioinspired synthesis

route for 693of metal oxyhalides 307

nanocontaminants 580nanocrystal decoration 458nanocrystalline cellulose 582nanocrystalline LaFeO3 258nanocrystalline semiconductors 244nanocrystalline solid solutions 45nanocrystallinity 239nanocrystals 82, 583, 806

solar cells 775nanocuboid WO3 306nanodevices 825nanodiamonds 299, 739nanodimensions 689nanodisinfectants 298nanodumbbell

AFM map for Raman studies 487structure formed by different silver

shell thickness, ultravioletspectra 487

nanoelectronic devices 726nanoengineering 713nanoestructural materials 581nanofabrication 686nanofibers 74, 83, 228, 299, 316, 776

application, for analysis of inorganicmolecules 97

based membranes 722nanofibres 781nanofibrillar cellulose 582nanofibrils 582, 591nanofibrous media 722nanofibrous membranes 811nanofillers 689nanofiltration (NF) 316, 332, 354, 358,

373, 391–393

for coking wastewatertreatment 372

coupled to low-pressure ultravioletphotolysis 403

flux rate 370membranes 74, 391, 393, 722

characterization of 396fabrication and modification

of 396for radioactive wastewater

treatment 374RO membranes 401separation mechanisms in 395treatment process 374

nanoflakes 222nanoflowers 224nanofullerene 141nanogap 482nano-lab on a chip for

environment 727nanolaminates 782nanolevel 294nanoliquid chromatography 723nanomaterial–functional groups

bonding types 319functionalization by covalent bond

(chemisorption process) 320functionalization by noncovalent

bond (physisorptionprocess) 319

nanomaterials 3, 128, 211, 293, 306,448, 477, 528, 581, 721, 738,805, 826, 827

acted as analytical tool 580and applications 7

for analysis of organic compoundsin wastewaters 98

recent scientific research pursuitin 8

based environmentaltechniques 316, 318

based techniques and devices 825carbon nanotubes 807classification of 806dendrimers 806fullerenes 807functionalization methods 317for improving the water holding

capacity of soil 772

854 Index

incorporation 398for increasing productivity 771for inorganic compound analysis 85liposomes 806membranes 826methods of preparation 762

bottom-up approaches 763top-down approaches 763

nanoparticles, synthesis of 807in pesticides 773photocatalysis applications 220for plant growth 772quantum dots (QD) 807research and development, future

trends 15as sensors 773structure and surface modification

of 449technological vision and scientific

objective in field of applicationof 8

used for environmental techniques,limitations of 317

nanomaterials, functionally active 294,295

for remediation of environmentalpollutants 298

nanomembranes 722, 826fabrication of 400purification of water 812

nanomesh formation 458nanometer circuit 483nanoobjects 581nanoparticles (NPs) 9, 40, 234, 332,

333, 498, 517, 550, 768, 791,806, 827

aggregation 493applied in photocatalytic

procedures 212based on solid lipids 784biosynthesis 545

by biomolecules 548by microorganisms 546by plants 546

characterization techniques 550conventional approach for

production 807bottom-up 808top-down 808

dispersions 714distribution, based on

composition 738carbon-based nanomaterials 738hybrid nanomaterials 739metal-based nanomaterials 738

functionalization of 332grouping of 427nanocomposite-based sensors, for

detection of gases 534preparation, using microemulsion

techniques 768for remediation 778as sensors and detectors 779synthesis 808

methodologies 809from plant extracts 547and specific function of

microorganism 549using bacteria 808using fungi 809using plant extract 810, 811

toxicity based on physicochemicalproperties 741

agglomeration status 742morphology 742size 741surface area 741surface electrostatic status 742

for water disinfection 778for water purification 779

nanophotocatalysis 316nanopolymer spheres 82nanopowders 806nanoribbons 232nanoscaleintersections 482membrane 371technology 714

nanoscience 3, 477, 713and nanotechnology, recent scientific

endeavor in field of 6nanosensing 317nanosensor technology 445, 447, 461,

774, 779, 815properties of 461

nanoseparation devices 826for environment 723

nanosheets 224, 232

Index 855

nanosilver (nano-Ag) 298nanosized magnetites 303nanosized metals 301

oxides 303nanosized silica particles (SNPs) 787nanosized TiO2 303nanosomes 790nanostructured ceria-zirconia catalysts

CexZr1�xO2-NP 46nanostructured coatings 714nanostructured La-Li-Cr perovskite

catalysts 44nanostructured lipid carrier 784nanostructured materials 738nanostructured Pt catalyst 44nanostructure TiO2 nanoparticles

SEM image of 76nanosuspensions 419nanotechnology 3, 5, 72, 73, 130, 393,

685, 721, 761, 805in agriculture, potential

applications 772applications, avenues ahead in

field 10cognizance in field of 4continuous revolution in 825enables cost-effective water

purification processes 293green and sustainable vision 730for green innovation 828historical perspective 762in paints and coatings,

advancement 789products, based on manufacturing

methods and research 714scientific vision in field 4for sustainable future, application

of 771agriculture 771

term defined 713toxicity, economy, and legalization

of 729vision and advancements in 5vision for future, frontiers 5

nano-TiO2 photocatalyst 262nanotubes 224, 765nanowires 224, 232, 488, 493, 607NaOH solution 234naphthalene (NAPH) 138, 141

1,5-naphthalene disulfonatedianion 612

1-naphthalenesulfonic acid 1371-naphthol 6202-naphthol 1381-naphthylamine 6202-naphtol thylamine 664α-napthylamine 728National Nanotechnology Initiative

Workshop 6National Sanitation Foundation

Standards 589natural organic matter (NOM) 14,

662fractions and chemical groups 675removal of 674

natural polymers 191, 654, 655, 663natural products 650N-cholyl-L-valine (NaValC) 555near-infrared fluorescence

quenching 130next-generation sensors 298NH3 decomposition 249NH2-NH2 coupling 249NH3-SCR performance 56NiAl LDH/CNT nanocomposites

611Ni2+ and Co2+ ions 555nickel(II) detection limit 94NiFe2O4/graphene 251Ni(II) metal ion 134NiO/CeO2 catalysts 50nitrates 71, 523, 543, 556nitrenes 606nitric acid 94, 105nitric oxide 56, 446nitrite analysis 728nitrite ions 523, 556nitroaromatic compounds 703nitroaromatic pesticides 402nitrogen 367, 415nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 446nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots

(NGQDs)-BiOI/MnNb2O6 300

nitrogen oxides (NOx) 39, 54reduction 238

nitrogen sulfur oxygen 3714-nitrophenol 696, 703, 705

856 Index

m-nitrophenol (m-NP) 103o-nitrophenol (o-NP) 103p-nitro phenol 301, 4024-nitrophenyl phosphate disodium salt

hexahydrate 402N,N-dicyclohexyl carbodiimide

(DCC) 603N,N-dimethyl formamide 808N2/N2O ratio 55NO2-based soot oxidation 43noble metal-based catalysts 62noble metal nanoparticles

(MeNPs) 245noble metals 44, 45, 301NO-C3H6 reactions 53NO conversions 55

NO-CO reactions 52to NO2 measured under lean

conditions 61NO decomposition 49noncovalent polymer functional

interactions 726nonenzyme TiO2/rGO

nanocomposite 696nongrouping 423nonimmobilized magnetotactic

bacteria 696nonlinear optical applications 482nonlinear optics 483nonmetal doping 221nonofiber 84nonpathogenicity 546nonpetroleum-based materials 579nonpolymer-based

nanocomposites 691nontoxicity 253nontraditional environmental

engineering techniques 11nonylphenol (NP) 104NO oxidation 41, 58, 59, 62

catalysis 43NO reduction 41normal hydrogen electrode (NHE)

256novel nanomaterials 825novel separation processes, future

trends and scientific doctrineof 13

NOx adsorption

capacity 58over supported Pt-Ba catalysts,

reaction pathways for 58NOx and NH3 conversionstemperature dependence of 58

NOx conversion 58of Cu-ZSM-5 and Cu-IM-5 zeolites

with 55during nonthermal plasma-assisted

lean/rich cycling 61profiles for Cu-SSZ-13, Cu-beta, and

Cu-ZSM-5 57N-oxide azo (azoxy) 664NOx reduction efficiency 53, 62NOx storage 59performance 59reduction catalysis 60in typical Pt/BaO/Al2O3 catalyst

57NOx trap catalysts 59NOx uptakes as temperature

function 60NP-modified ZnO NWs 533N/S/C Co-doped TiO2 nanomaterials,

phase transition studiesof 243

n-type metal oxides 458nuclear magnetic resonance

(NMR) 477nuclear power 413nucleation 220, 232, 239, 517, 518,

545, 550, 592process 517rate 234

nucleic acids 553nucleophilic addition 609nutrients 154retention 154rich organic matter 153

nylon6 nanofibers 84nZVI surface 302NaBH4 system 302

oochratoxin A 558octadecylammonium salt 592oil components 371oil-water separation 724oleic acid 81, 333

Index 857

oleylamine (OAm) 333oligonucleotides 614on-wire lithography (OWL)

method 486for fabrication of nanostructured

Ni 488operation parameter optimization 378optical fibers 661, 728optical photograph

N2 adsorption and pore sizedistribution 198

optical sensors 129optoelectronic devices 19orange G (OG) 136, 628orange II 323organic compounds

adsorption of 323decontamination 580

organic contaminants 663, 664, 826organic dyes 128, 131, 524, 664organic fertilizers 153

carbon-based fertilizers 154as “biochar” 155

organic fluorescence 96organic groups, incorporation of 333organic-inorganic hybrid materials

307organic–inorganic

nanocomposites 333organic LED (OLED) 814organic materials 19organic mercury 551organic molecules 141organic pollutants 297, 543, 621, 651,

698, 721, 722organic pollution 71organic polymers 82, 528organic solvents 580, 592organic toxicants 141, 543organogels 589, 592organomercury compounds 551organophosphates 557

pesticides 557, 558and phosphonates (OPPs)

compounds 557pesticides 557

organophosphorus pesticide 531orthorhombic phase Bi5O7I spherical

microstructures 240

phase transition studies of 240Oryza sativa L. 744oscillation flow

particle behavior 434oscillations 422, 423

flow clustering of particles 422oscillatory grouping 422, 423

O3 sensor 533osmium dioxide nanoparticles 400osmolality 783Oswald ripening 233oxidants 652oxidation 582, 603

of aromatic compounds 238catalyst 43of nanomaterials 721

advanced process, scientificdoctrine, of 11

reduction mechanism 545oxidative degradation 661oxidative etching 603oxidative roasting 416oxide particles 660oxidizer 413oxidizing agents 403, 660oxygen 413

acetylene flame 418doped g-C3N4 NPs 225vacancy 54

oxygen storage capacity (OSC) 49oxytetracyline 300ozone 532

radicals 652ozonolysis 603

ppaclitaxel 784paint 788palladium–graphene

nanocomposite 104paraoxon 531parathion 531Parkinson’s syndrome 553Parthenium hysterophorus 810particle agglomeration 484particle conversion 421particle diameter 426particle–fluid mechanical

interactions 661

858 Index

particle morphologies, electronmicrographs 76

particle–particle interactions 661particle-retaining MF 392particles grouping, in oscillating

flow 423particle sizes 221, 239, 417–420, 422,

424, 426, 427, 498, 651, 763particle trajectories 427particle velocity 426, 429particulate matter (PM) 39, 40

PB-functionalized graphene(PB-G) 609

particulate organic carbon (POC) 674particulates 138

air pollution 39Pb(II) ions 132Pb2+ ions 553–555, 700Pb2+ removal capacity 700PdAu-based nanocomposites 703Pd/CeO2-ZrO2Cr catalyst 49Pd/CeO2-ZrO2Ni catalyst 49Pd/Ce0.68Zr0.32O2 catalysts 49Pd–graphene nanocomposite 104Pechini’s sol-gel method modified 62PEGylation 788Penaeus merguiensis 527Penicillium fellutanum 810pentaethyleneglycole dodecyl

ether 768peptide-AuNP probes 551peptides 548perchlorate 629, 723permeation flux 363peroxides (•O2

2�) 303personal care products 686pesticides 554, 557, 686, 722, 737

determination 530pesticide transformation product

(PTP) 401petroleum-based bioplastics 656petroleum ether 237pharmaceutical contaminants 737pharmaceutical drugs degradation,

photocatalyst for 263pharmaceutical industries 392Phaseolus radiates 744Phaseolus vulgaris 559phase transformations 239, 417

phase transitions 237, 418anatase to rutile transformation 239from BiOI to Bi5O7I 241morphological effects 239in TiO2, reaction boundaries of 240titania phases, formation and analysis

of 238phenanthrene 556phenol 615, 620compounds 300, 303, 670

removal of 669degradation 249, 297impurities 103

phenosafranine 323phenotypes of gram seeds (fruits), after

harvesting 179m-phenylenediamine 397phonon resonant 198phosphates 71, 135, 307, 728phosphonates 557, 791phosphoric acid 582phosphorus-doped Si(100) wafers 28phosphorylated NC dispersions 586photoactive guest moieties 323photocarriers 705photocatalysis 219, 220, 303, 659, 661,

673, 698, 702activity 219material 216mechanism 212radiation applied in 216on titanium dioxide 221in wastewater treatment 652

photocatalyst 211, 219, 245, 265, 307,323, 333, 659–661, 668, 674

activity 667for dye degradation 259materials 216P25 702particles 659photocatalytic ability, for degradation

of RhB 222photocatalytic activity 108, 223, 229,

249, 254, 255, 257, 269, 307,609, 661, 698

of Ag-decorated Fe3O4/TiO2-coated cenospheres 253

of Ag NPs 218of BiOX 256

Index 859

photocatalyst (continued )converting CO2 with CO, CH3OH,

and CH4 268photocatalytic applications 231

using nanoparticles 214photocatalytic degradation

mechanism of rhodamine B 264of pollutants 221of tetracycline 266

photocatalytic efficiency 216, 228,256, 297, 303

photocatalytic materials 225copper-based materials 236microstructure of 237solvothermal synthesis of 235synthesis of 220titania-based catalyst 237

photocatalytic mineralization 698photocatalytic nano-TiO2 298photocatalytic performance, of ZnO/

oxygen-doped g-C3N4NPs 225

photocatalytic procedure, factorsaffecting 219

photocatalytic process 663photocatalytic reactors 660photocatalytic reduction 268, 301

of CO2 with H2O on Ag3PO4/g-C3N4 composite 269

photocatalytic self cleaningeffect 220

photocatalytics process 213photocatalytic systems 658powders 658system 674for water decomposition 257

photochemical reactor systems 660photocorrosion 653photodecomposition 249photodegradation 103, 557, 698, 706

adsorption process 666of dye 304efficiency 246performance 230of rGO–Ag nanocomposite for

RhB 230of RhB dye 247

photoelectric effect 774photoelectrochemical cells 775

photoelectrochemical technology 297photoelectro–Fenton (PEF) 106photoinduced molecular

transformations 652photo-Kolbe oxidations, of organic

acids 238photoluminescence 154, 216, 256, 673,

674photooxidation 304, 666

degradation 666, 668, 674tests 233

photoreaction 228photoreactors

design of 660system 660

photosensitive bioinspirednanocompositematerials 696

photostability 653photovoltaic cells 719, 726photovoltaic effect 719photovoltaic (PV) technology 774, 775physicochemical properties 293physicochemical remediation 778physicochemical techniques 651physisorption technique 132, 776phytomedicine 178piperazidine 397, 398Piper betle 557plant growth 154plant nanobionics 154plasma coupling, between adjacent

nanoparticles 482plasma etching 488plasma resonance 476plasma vaporization 81plasmonic enhanced photcatalysis 218plasmonic materials, for Raman

enhancement 481plasmon resonance 488plasticizers 543, 671plastics 788platelets 785platinum group metal (PGM) 58platinum hollow nanoparticle chain

(Pt-HNPC) 107Platynereis dumerilii 745Plectonema boryanum 808Pleurotus sajor caju 559

860 Index

p-nitrophenol, 3,5-dinitrosalicylicacid 402

Poiseuille flow 362, 363poisoning diagnosis 473polar contaminants 615polarity 724polarization 27

light excitation 491pollutants 12, 127, 294, 298, 300, 353,

366, 372, 543, 551, 554, 583,615, 623, 661, 676, 685, 698,721, 724

removal 249sorbent interaction 651

pollution 130, 353, 528, 721control 103, 127

polyacrylic acid 497polyacrylonitrile 779poly(allylamine) 323polyamide 398

thin-film composite 402poly(amido amide) (PAMAM) 787

dendrimers 788poly(amido amine) 333polyaminde thin-film composite

membranes 401polyaniline (PANI) 609

nanoparticles 399polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) 556,

650poly(arylene disulphide) 609polybenzimidazole membranes 399polybrominated biphenyls 650polycaprolactone 668polychlorinated biphenyls 303, 650polycondensation 740polycyclic aromatic amines 664polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

(PAH) 141, 300, 371, 372,620

poly(diallyldimethylammoniumchloride) (PDDA) 103

poly(4-(2,5-di(thiophen-2-yl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl)benzenamine) (poly(SNS-NH2) 531

polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) 527polyester-based nanocomposite

nanofiltrationmembranes 398

polyester-based thin-film compositemembranes 397

polyetherimide/amino-functionalizedsilica nanocompositemembrane 398

polyethersulfone membranes 331,397–399

polyethylene columns 587polyethylene glycol 725, 784polyethylene glycol-phosphatidyleth

anolamine 784polyethyleneimine-functionalized

CNTs 129Poly(ethylene oxide)-based SPEs 776polyethylene sheets 661polyethylenimine 323, 399polyglutamic acid 551polyglycolide (PGA) 784PGA-capped AuNPs 551

Polygonum multiflorum 791polyhydroxyfullerol 178polylactide 83polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell

(PEMFC) 776fuel cells 776

polymer-grafted inorganic NPs 333polymeric materials 661polymeric membranes 392, 393, 724polymeric nanoparticles 784polymeric photovoltaic cells 719polymerization 603, 739interfacial 397reactions 806

polymerization, in situ 333polymers 225, 316, 777based nanocomposites 688

ball milling process 691for decontamination of

pollutants 692direct compounding

synthesis 689in situ fabrication technique

689in situ synthesis process 690

based nanomaterials 83clay nanocomposites, prepared via

both in situ and ex situsyntheses 691

coating 326

Index 861

polymers (continued )in functionalization 319

grafting 319nanoadsorbents 82nanomaterial hybrids 320nanotechnology 726nanparticles, conjugated 74supported nanocomposites

environmental applications 722templates 694

polymethyl methacrylate(PMMA) 609, 728

poly[N-(2- hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide](PHPMA) 603

polypeptide secondary structure uponbinding 130

polypyrrole 534polypyrrole–reduced graphene oxide

composite (PPy–RGO) 627polysaccharides 548, 663, 666, 671

biopolymers 665polystyrene (PS) 108

film 141poly(4-styrenesulfonate) 611polystyrene/TiO2NWs

nanocomposites 108polysulfone 398polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 232, 420

membrane 363polythene (PE) 662polythymine 526poly(venylsulfonate) anions 612poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) 267, 333,

370, 606, 779MWCNT composite 129

polyvinylchloride 93poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)

membrane 363, 370polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) 228

poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) 333pore size 371, 396, 401, 455, 720, 722

distribution 228, 363porins 531porosity 622porous alumina-based ceramic

membranes 724porous Bi5O7I microspheres 240porous GO/chitosan materials (PGOC)

materials 133portability 721postsynthetic functionalization

(grafting) 318postsynthetic grafting 321potable water 391, 393, 543, 722potassium 419

modified ceria-zirconia catalyst 46powders 413

activated carbon 100synthesis route, conventional 693

power conversion efficiency 719p–p interactions 621PPy nanoparticles 534precipitation 79, 81, 82, 366

crystalline TiO2 238precision 445

filter 381predicted environmental

concentration 10pressure-driven membrane

process 358, 371, 374, 391,392

prion proteins 554pristine CdS particles 702pristine Cu2O nanocubes/Ag-Au/Cu2O

nanocompositesTEM and HRTEM images of 302

pristine Cu2O nanocubes and Ag-Au/Cu2O nanocomposites

SEM images of 302problem-solving capacities 293process efficiency 724prometryn 401propellant samples 419propylene 51protein-coated GO sheets 195protein-mediated nanocomposite 701,

702protein-mediated bioinspired

nanocomposites (PMN) 701proteins 518proton antitransporters 518protonation 165

deprotonating transition 204deprotonation reactions 204

protoplastsC. Roseus uptake of MWCNT-

FITC 170

862 Index

pseudo-first-order model 202kinetic model 194

Pseudomonas stutzeri 808pseudo-second-order model 129, 132,

133, 135, 203Psidium guajava Linn 231Pt catalyst 44

CO and HC oxidation on 41Pt-decorated DPF samples 44Pt/K/Al2O3 catalysts 60Pt nanoparticles 41p-toluenesulfonic acid 137Pt particle size 44Pt-V diesel oxidation catalysts 41p-type of graphene oxide 461Pt–ZnO hybrid nanocomposites 247,

249Pt–ZnO hybrid photocatalysts 247, 249publicly owned municipal treatment

work (POTW) 650pyrene 5561-pyrenebutanoic acid 6051-(2-pyridilazo)-2-naphtol 96pyrocatechol 528pyrolysis 155, 178, 416, 668pyrotechnical industry 414

qquantum dot (QD) 298, 299, 323, 738

photovoltaic applications 814QD-based LEDs (QDLEDs) 814QD-based solar cells (QDSCs) 814

quantum size effects 40quartz 661

crystal microbalancemeasurements 92

substrate 527quasi-fiber ZnO 306quaternary oxide photocatalysts 258

rradiation absorbance 216radioactive elements 373, 737radioactive ions 586radioactive wastewater 373

treatment 374Raman detection

on gold core–shell nanoparticlescoated with Pt and Si 486

Raman enhancement 481, 499Raman instrument 477Raman scattering 475, 476Raman signal 476Raman spectra 474, 827of enzyme-TiO2/rGO and control-

TiO2/rGOnanocomposites 697

for multiple WO3 structures 456resonance 197spectrometer 499spectroscopic techniques 95, 550,

591Ramjet engines 414rapid detection 528reactants’ fractional conversion, on

LaCo0.5Cu0.5O3 with 51,52

reactive oxygen species (ROS) 298,741, 749

reactive red 4 (RR4) 667dye 667

reactor 661real-time monitoring 473recalcitrant organic pollutants 650recent scientific research pursuits, in

membrane science 13recovery times 336recyclable boron burning 413recyclable nanophotocatalysts 262recycle boron 413redox potentials 254reduced graphene oxide (RGO) 229,

299, 628Ag/TiO2 nanotubes/Ti plates with

high photocatalyticactivity 249

rGO membrane 332refractory organic pollutants 650renewability 191renewable energies 726sources 719

renewable raw materials 649renewable resources 656based bioplastics 656based biopolymers 658

resilient polymer wastes 655resorcinol 102retinyl acetate (RA) 784

Index 863

reverse osmosis (RO) 14, 83, 354, 359,360, 391, 687

inorganic membranes 371membrane 392

module 367, 391pretreatment equipment 367process for salinity wastewater 367

Reynolds number 424Rhizopus oryzae 810rhodamine B (RhB) 101, 136, 254, 262,

300, 323, 591, 628degradation 263dye 216, 218, 695photocatalytic degradation of 245photodegradation 257

rhodamine B hydrazide (RBH) 523, 529rhodium-containing catalysts 52Rhodopseudomonas capsulate 809riboflavin-stabilized silver nanoparticles

(R/AgNPs) 524Ricinus communis 558RNA-GO nanosheets 138Rosa indica-wichuriana 555rose bengal 222

sSaccharomyces cerevisiae 695salinity 368Salmonella typlus 808salt intrusion 294sample sizes 580, 720, 721sanitation 71scanning electron microscope

(SEM) 84, 155, 396, 495, 523,550

scanning tunneling microscope(STM) 20, 762

scientific thoughts and scientificprogress, future flow 15

screen-printed carbon electrode(SPCE) 528

screen-printed carbon platinizedelectrode (SPCPtE) 528

screen-printed electrode (SPE) 102screen-printing process 766seawater

detection of other chemicals in 728nitrate analysis 728nitrite analysis 728

sedimentation 369, 373selective catalytic reduction (SCR) 53

activities 53, 54catalyst 53system 40technology 53

selectivities 557, 722colorimetric sensing 555

selenium (Se) nanoparticles 519selenium particle (SeP) 529self-assembled nanoparticle chains 490semiconductors 211, 244, 254, 658,

762, 774for heterogeneous

photocatalysis 244heterojunctions 256heterostructures 244hybrid 245mediated photocatalytic

decomposition, of organiccontaminants 653

nanocomposites 244oxide 477photocatalysts 653photosensitization of 218quantum dots 591surface, generalized possible reactions

occurring 653Se nanoparticles 519sensing ability 552sensing/monitoring methods 298

in petroleum industries 446sensors 722

for gases 532for heavy metals 525for pesticides 530

Se oxyions 519sequestration 153sericin anionic nanoparticles 791sewage 353Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 703Shockley-Queissar limit 719Si adatoms 24Si atoms 27Si-based semiconductor systems 19Si-based solar cells 726Si��C interaction 25Si-F compound 20silanes 333

864 Index

silica-based materials 323silica-based nanomaterials 321

functionalization andapplications 320

silica gel 661silica materials 786silica nanoparticles 398, 740silicate 728silicone rubber membrane 365silicon oxide (SiO2) nanorods 519silt pollution index 368silver-based photocatalysts 222silver-based semiconductors 307silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) 393, 398,

535, 545, 791assembled nanospheres 483dimers’ hot spot 489

silver orthophosphate (Ag3PO4) 254silver (I) oxide 222silver-PEGylated dendrimer

nanocompositemembrane 301

silver-PEGylated polyethyleneglycol 301

silver sol 498silylation process 324single C60F18 molecule

STM images of 22single-junction inorganic (Si) solar

cell 719single-walled carbon nanotube

(SWCNT) 74, 174, 300, 523,599, 603, 606, 720, 785

for inorganic molecule analysis,electrochemical applicationsof 93

peptide-functionalized sensor 130spectroscopic applications, for

ananlysis of organicmolecules 104

single-walled nanotube (SWNT) 718,807

oxidized 718SiO2/gold nanoparticles 493Si substrate 533Si surface 27, 35Si(111)-7× 7 surface C3-C60F36

fluorofulerene molecules 33small unilamellar vesicle (SUV) 807

smart packaging 781smoke particles 423Smoluchowski’s equation 433SnO2 NP-modified nitrogen-doped

RGO (SnO2/N-RGO) 533SnS2/CPVA nanocomposite 267sodium 391, 419sodium azide 415sodium borohydride 135sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate

(SDBS) 91sodium dodecyl sulfate 402functionalized graphene oxide 131

sodium hydrosulfite 136sodium nitrate 415sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 740soil carbon 154soil contaminations 153soil erosion 294soil pH 154soil structure 154Solanum lycopersicum 746solar cells 293applications 220based on quantum dots (QD solar

cells) 719solar energy 660, 698, 775for Cr(VI) 243for hydrogen production 775induced evaporization 81in photovoltaic technology 774utilization 323

solar light irradiation 263, 658solar-thermal systems 774sol–gel-assisted electrospinning 225sol–gel hydrothermal

electrospinning 225sol–gel method 225, 234, 692, 740,

768steps involved in sol-gel 768

aging 769casting 769densification 769drying 769gelation 769mixing 769

of synthesis 226, 768solid fibers 584solid fuel 419

Index 865

solid lipid nanoparticles 784, 790, 791solid–liquid separation 366solid phase effluents 649solid-phase extraction (SPE) 481, 584,

723solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) 776solid propellants 413

rocket 414solid-state pyrolysis 77solvothermal synthesis 235, 769

chemical factors 769thermodynamical factors 770

sonication 79, 221sonoelectrochemistry 770sonolysis 651soot catalyst conditions 47soot conversion 47sorbent materials 725sorbents 722sorption 675

capacity for Cu(II) 141efficiency of PMN, and conventional

nanocomposites 702soybeans 191

products as food 191soy protein 191, 192, 194specific chromophoric reagents 524specific surface area (SSA) 191

GS0, GS1, GS4, and GS8 199spherical Ag colloidal superstructures

self-assembly of Ag NPs 497spherical Fe3O4/BC

nanocomposites 700Spinacia oleraceae L. 175spinel cobalt (II) oxide (Co3O4) 454spinels (AB2O4) metal oxides 534square wave anodic stripping

voltammetry (SWASV) 90,96, 526

nanoceria plant nanobionics 176square wave voltammetry (SWV) 90,

523stable grouping 423π–π stacking 609stainless steel 661Staphylococcus aureus 779Staphylococcus currens 808Star-shaped ZnO/Ag hybrid

nanostructures 248

steric exclusion 333sterilization 392Stokes relaxation time 425Stone–Wales (or 7-5-5-7) defect

on CNT sidewall 602Streptococcus thermophilus 517structure-specific magnetic

nanocrystals 6944-styrenesulfonate anion-intercalated

MgAl LDH 611succinimidyl ester 605sulfanilic acid 728sulfapyridine solvate 592sulfasalazine 218sulfate 42sulfide (S2�) 557sulfonated nanocellulose,

preparation 588sulfonated NC dispersions 587sulfonation 332sulfonic acid 587sulfonylurea 99sunlight irradiation 256sun protection factor (SPF) 791supercapacitors 719, 720, 777supercritical CO2 and TiO2

nanoparticles into polymerichost, directimpregnation 690

superhydrophobic sponges, witholeophilic properties 589

superoxide anion radical (O2•-) 45,530, 548

superoxide anions (•O2�) 303

superparamagnetic composite 132GO-Fe3O4 137

superparamagnetism 599superwetting materials 724supramolecular techniques 140surface copolymerization 480surface-enhanced Raman scattering

(SERS) 218, 474, 477, 480,826

detection 480of environmental pollutants 479

hot spot 482structures, development trend

of 483surface interception 358

866 Index

surface modification 480, 722, 827surface plasmon model 483surface plasmon resonance (SPR) 223,

245, 476, 550, 599effect 218

surface relaxation 40surface thermodynamics 240surface water 293surfactants 333, 725, 739, 767

Triton X-114 mixedhemimicelles 96

suspended solids 71materials 391pollutants 354sediment particles 423

suspension quality 419sustainable electricity storage 776

batteries 776sustainable environment

greener approach 20, 805sweep gas membrane distillation

(SGMD) 362swelling capacity 671swelling index (SI) 673synthetic hydrocarbons 413synthetic polymers 654, 693

ttartrazine, degradation rate 224teflon 661temperature–time conditions 239TEMPO radical 583, 590Tenax TA 141tensile strength 692ternary metal oxides 229

photocatalysts 224ternary Pt-graphene/TiO2

nanocomposites 629tetra-n-butyl titanate 399tetrachloroaurric (HAuCl4)

solution 551tetracycline 137, 199, 200, 300tetracycline adsorption

on GS0 and GS6, influence ofpH 204

influence of pH 204tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) 303tetraethoxysilane 399tetraethylenepentamine 323, 397, 398

tetraethylorthosilicate(Si(OC2H5)4) 740

tetramethyl bisphenol A 397tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) 528textile wastewater process 369, 370theoretical efficiency 775thermal aging 60thermal conductivity 130thermal decomposition 79thermal diffusion saturation 416thermal evaporation 373thermal exfoliation unzipping

CNTs 457thermal reduction of GO 230thermal remediation 778thermal stability 47thermal UV irradiation 79thermal vaporization 81thermodynamics 94, 129, 134, 13