Index

Abowd,J.M. 77Abraham, A. 153Africa 194-5, 197-9,225

African entrepreneurial developmentminority firms 156multivariate probit model 170

problem of 155, 187see also Sleuwaegen and Goedhuys

African-owned entrepreneurial firms 156, 180liquidity constraints for 167

Africans and minoritiesentrepreneurs, differences between 168, 171-2firms owned by, determinants of growth 180,

187Agricultural Economics Research Centre (AERC)

125agriculture

employment 41labor markets 125technological change in 129

Ahn, D. 120Ahn, K.S. 99Akerlof, G. 279Albania 214Alderman, H. 153Alesina, A. 225,259,280-1al Sayyad, N. 5Amadeo, E. 45Americans see United StatesAndean countries 270AngeU,A. 281Ansari, N. 152

apprenticeshipto micro-entrepreneurship 1fi7programs 1M

Argentina 71,257,269-70unemployment insurance systems 270

Artecona, R. 39Asia 167-8,225

1997 financial crisis 91Asian Cubs 41

assistance programs, centrally based 274Auer, P. 103augmented Cobb-Douglas production function

175Australia, panel survey 279Austria 97automotive component industry 242

Bagg,WS. 35Baker, G. 121

Balin,J. 77,82Balassa, B. 68-9

model of real exchange rate 69bank loans 161Baqir, R. 281Barbados 257,281Barenstein, M. 82Barr, A. 73Barreto, H. 189Bates, T. 181Batra, G. 193,213-14,223,225

Battat, J. 213Baumol, W 157

view of role of entrepreneur 158Beegle, K. 43

Behrman,J. 252Belgium 68Belka, M. 116Bell, L. 70Benabou, R. 248,255, 279Berkowitz, D. 107,117Bhagwati,J. 36Bhalla, S. 152

284 Index

Bhattacharya, N. 140Biggs, T. 155, 165, 173, 186,229,245Bilsen,V. 116Binswanger, H. 153Birdsall, N. 252,278-81Biswath-Diener, R. 279Blalock, G. 233Blanchflower, nG. 66,280Blau, n 167Bliss, C. 125--6,131-3,137-8,140,152Board, S. 120Bolivia 67

Emergency Social Fund 273Bombay 243Bouton, L. 6

Brazil 8, 36, 71,73, 257, 264agriculture 45case study 45--6, 60-3CPI 45education, low 45employment composition 61GDP growth per capita 45gender pay gap 45growth 60hyperinflation 45Instituto de Pesquissa Economica Aplicada 45labor market 45-6Pesquisa Naciona! Por Amostra de Domici!ios

(PNAD) surveys 39,45,60,63poverty and inequality 63real earnings 62unemployment insurance systems 270unemployment rate 60

Breman,j. 152bribery

administrative 208unpredictability of 209

Britain see United KingdomBrock,W 181Browning, H.L. 77,82Brunetti, A. 225Bulgaria 113,116bumper crops 139Burtless, G. 280business

environment 9,187key environment attributes 203licenses 107obstacles 216,220,222potential risks and obstacles for 219and technical training 164-5

Business Environment and Enterprise Performance(BEEPS) survey 208

Camargo,j.M. 45Cameroon 156,163-4,168-9Campos,j.E. 214"Can Do" Policies 257capacity utilization 176Capalleja, E.n 70capital

access to 111subsidies 91

Caribbean 281Carlin, W 117Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) 42Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) 106, 195,

197-9,212Central Europe 200centrally driven initiatives and systems 276Chatterjee, G.S. 140Che,j. 115Chen, c.N. 28-9children 275

of"undeserving" poor 256Chile 71,73,257-8,279-81

reform of social sector institutions 270social welfare policies in 273unemployment insurance legislation 258

China 4,8,106-21,213economic reforms 105industrial output by rural enterprises 109local governments 116profit data from 121rownship and village enterprises 109,115-16

Chon, H. 99Chung,j.H. 99Cichello, P. 13Clinton, PresidentW 261Committee of Donor Agencies for Small

Enterprise Development 245Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)

197,199-200,212,238Communist system 72

planned economy 116competition

and globalization 194laws 93

complere knockdown (CKD) assembly 231complex goods and services 113consumers 37contract enforcement mechanisms 186contracting 114cooperation 111copyright violations 206Corneo, G. 260,280corporate linkages 230

corporate partners 236corruption 195,203,206,221

bureaucratic 216exposure to 217and governance 199-200

indicators by region 200predictabiliry of 209see also bribery

Costa Rica 8, 36, 270

agriculture 44case study 44,56-9education categories, low 44employment composition 57Enwesta de Hogares de Propositos Multiples, Empleo

y Desempleo (Enwesta Nacional de Hogares)44,56

growth 56labor market conditions in 44

poverty 44, 59real earnings 58social welf.lre policies in 273unemployment rate 44, 56

wage and salaried employment 44workers 44

Cote d'lvoire 156,159,165-6,168,175

country-specific poverry lines 29country studies, lessons learned from 46-7Cowan, K. 281credit

evaluation methodologies 234lack of access to 257markets 114-1 5subsidized 234

Cunningham, W. 79,82cyclical fluctuations 256Czechoslovakia, privatization program 105Czech Republic 67,71,115,117,279

Dandekar and Rath, absolute poverry standard140-1

Dandekar, V. 140Deaton, A. 152

de Castilla, R. 73decentralized, demand-based programs 273"decent" work 65

meaning of 80de Gortari, S. 75

de Gregorio, j. 281Dejong, D. 117de la Torre, A. 279De Long, B. 120Deng Xiaoping 105Denmark 97

Index 285

deserving poor 261

and non-deserving poor, distinction between

259,262De Soto, H. 77,118,217,225"De Soto View" of informal sector 216,221de Tocqueville, A. 259,279developing countries

large self-employment sector 66-72long-term economic mobiliry and private sector

35obstacles facing smaller business 215

Developing East Asia 195, 197, 199,212developing regions as group 195development, ultimate objects of 4Diener, E. 279di Tella, R. 259,280Djankov,S. 107,109,117,120-1Doka Gene Technologies Company, Russia

239-41Dollar, D. 4, 35, 279

Dominican Republic 264

donor organizations or government

agencies 236Dreze,j. 125-7,129,152-4

Durlauf, S. 279

Earle, j. 109, 120-1and Sakova's (2000) study of entrepreneurship

115Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) 280East Asia 195

economies of 38East Asia NIC/China 199Easterly, W. 281Eastern bloc countries 67Eastern European and former Communist

economies 256econometric model 173economic activities in rural areas 124Economic Commission for Latin America and the

Caribbean (ECLAC) 45, 269economic globalization 194economic growth

effect on poverry, hypotheses 39-40higher wages 46long-term effects of 37

economic mobiliry 247short-term 14

economic position, initial, primary importanceof 28

economic sectors, high-skill 253economies of scale 113,216Ecuador 67, 281

286 Index

education 138-9,253,275deregulation of 97of head of household 33levels of 73,163,166,187

employment 4change in 181and labor earnings, changes in 39maximization 90in small firms in Poland 121see also head of household

enterprise growth conditions, higher level of 203entrepreneurial capabilities, fixed, basic model

181entrepreneurial culture 235entrepreneurial firms

establishment of 159-62and non-entrepreneurial firms 177, 182performance of 155, 175-87productivity, determinants of 178

entrepreneurial function, impact of 159entrepreneurial patterns in transition economies

106entrepreneurial talent, availability of 155entrepreneurs 162-6

activity types of 157attributes and endowments of 162distribution by ethnic background 168economic roles in development 157endowments 156,158-9,173-5ethnic background 170-1father's occupation of 162formal education of 179as innovator, gap-filler, and input-completer

158-9prior experience in industry 165profit 158role of 157-9self-help 114strategies of 110-13supply of 166in transition economies, central role of 105

entrepreneurshipenvironment for 106-7exemplii)'ing theories of 157new type 158supply of 157-9

entry costs 216Epstein,J.M. 279equality of opportunity 265

enhanced 255equity markets 115equity norms 278Ericson, R. 181,280

Estonia 117Ethiopia 67ethnicity

and entrepreneurship 167-73and growth 184-7of minority entrepreneurs 168

ethnic ties 156Europe 248, 275

actual mobility rates in 260small, open economies in 97

Europeans 167-8European-style system 256Evans, D. 166-7,181exchange rate 221

obstacle 219regime, inadequate 201

exogenous shocks 256expropriation

by insiders 115of profits 106

external shocks 274

Faber, H.S. 82Fafchamps, M. 118Fajnzylber, P. 82family

background 253income and expenditure surveys of 40size 29type 25

Farber, H.S. 77Fei,J. 28-9,38HAS 213Fiat/Magneti Marelli, India 241Fiat, marketing strategies 245Fields, G. S. 3,13,25,35,38,40,48,64-5,77,

82,152,253,279Fiess, N. 74finance 197-8

sources of 198financing 195, 221

constraints 198firm

age of 224architecture of 170attributes 203characteristics 200-1, 219constraints to enterprise growth 204-5efficiency 175-80with government participation in ownership

218,224growth 180-5investment 205

sales growth 204

size 173,181,216-19

fiscal adjustments 255Fisher, F. 157Fisman, R. 179food park 240Ford 232foreign connections 173

foreign direct investment (FOI) 201foreign-owned firms 218-19,224

foreign sources of information 188forgotten middle 201formal salaried employment 66, 74formal sector

employment 79labor market 65productivity 66,71workers 74

formality, notion of 76-7former Soviet Union 4, 106formerly Communist countries 8,218Foster Greer Thorbecke (FGT) class poverty

measures 153

Four Tigers 40Fox, M.L. 45Frankenberg, E. 43Frank, M. 181Freeman, R.B. 82free trade 13Freije, S. 13Friedman, E. 214Friedman and Kuznets classic permanent income

hypothesis of 19Friedman, M. 19frustrated achievers 250Frye, T. 106, 114Fugazza, M. 74

Galenson, W 37GOP 44,91Gelbard, J. 279Germany 68

attitudes towards government responsibility in261

Ghana 156,159,163,189Gibbons, R. 121Gibrat-influenced models 181Gibrat's law or Law of Proportionate Effect

180-1entrepreneurial firms versus others 183

Gilens, M. 263,280-1Gindin, S. 36

Gindling,T.H. 44

Index 287

Glaeser, E. 115

global economy, trends in 250

globalization 36, 94-5, 97, 229global marketplace 234global markets, bringing SMEs into 229global production, evolving structure of 235global supply chains, participating in 231-4GM 232Goedhuys, M. 166Goldthorpe,J.H. 280Gonzalez de la Rocha, M. 77gossip 111governance 194,213governance-related constraints 206government

efficiency 201to enhance opportunity and reduce insecurity

249-53participation in ownership 218,225policies 103, 254failures in 254old age or Social Security benefits 248pensions and health care 76redistribution of income 260, 266

responsibility for social welfare 260role in enhancing opportunity for poor 257rules and regulations 215social spending as percentage of GNP 259welfare policies, structure of 258--63

government-business coalition 92Government of India 242Government of Kazakhstan 238Graham, C. 64,93,247,251,266,278-81Greece 67green revolution 125Greenstein, R. 279-80Gregory, P 82Grosh, M. 281Gruber,J. 280Gruner, H.P 260,280

Haggard, S. 280Haggarty, L. 213Hall, B. 189Hallberg, K. 229,245Haltiwanger,J. 116-17Harbison, F. 102Haris,J. 153Harris, J.R. and Todaro, M. (1970) model

153Harris-White, B. 152Hart, K. 65

Harvard University 280

288 Index

harvestfailures 139f1uctuarions 128good 154

Hazell, P. 153head of household

education of 25employment status 25, 28, 30, 33gender of 25, 33job category and poverty transitions,

relationship between 31health insurance 280heavy and chemical industries (HCls) 89Hellman,].S. 214Hendley, K. 114Henwood, D. 36Hilgert, M. 252, 279Hiratsuka, R. 236Hirschman, A. 254, 279

Hojman, D. 279Holland,]. 107Honduras 67Hong Kong 40Hong,W 102households

adult males in 136characteristics, relationship between 24-8children, number of 25income dynamics and base-year income, initial

results 16-18independence 23initially poor 32initially rich 32location 25members, number of 33mobility, economic 14multivariate analysis 18-24per capita income (PCI) 13-14, 16percentage by poverty experience 30profiles by initial position 18-19quintiles, transition matrices 14-15surveys 124types of 14see also head of household

Howard, C. 281human capital

attainments and net worth 156differences 169endowments of entrepreneurs by ethnic

background 169formation 164-5, 181

Hungary 67,71,116Hwang, D.S. 98

Ian, H.W 233

Incomeinequality, "inverted U-Curve" 152

mobility 13percentage changes in 14shocks 139, 255

income changesin currency units 14determinants of 29

India 4,230,237

Automotive Component ManufacturesAssociation of India (ACMA) 241-3

automotive industry 232, 242

Automotive Research Association of India(ARAI) 241-3

investment climate, improvement in 124

National Centre for Applied EconomicResearch (NCAER), India 124

National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO),India 124

public works programs in 281recent development path 123village, development in 123see also Palanpur

indirect exporters 234individual efforts 267Indonesia 7-8, 36

1997 economic crisis 43agriculture 42case study 41-4, 52-5Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) 52Consumer Price Index 42economic growth 42Family Life Survey 15,34GNP per capita in 41household income dynamics 13-34industrial employment 42labor market 43National Labor Force Survey (SAKERNAS)

39,42,52poverty 42, 55pre-crisis 46real earnings 54SUSENAS survey 39unemployment composition 53unemployment rate 43-4, 52workers' earnings 42

industrial sector 51, 68industrialized countries 67, 72

literature on firm behavior 76inequality

tolerance for 259top-driven 254

inflation 114, 195,221

informal contracring 111informal entrepreneurship 80informal sector "demand" curve 67informal self-employment 65-6

and formal salaried sectors across development

process 68precariousness 76-7

informality 217and unprorecredness 72-80

infrasrructure 195,221Innovation Marketplace 213institutional obstacles 221institution-building objectives 273institutions of civil society 76insurance mechanisms 255Inter-American Development Bank 44, 252, 281inter-finns linkages 233intergenerational determinants of educational

achievement 254intergenerational mobility 253,264-6International Centre for Research in the

Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) 152International Finance Corporation (I FC) 34-5,

37,213,225,238SME Support Facility 238work on poverty reduction 37

Internarional Labor Organization (ILO) 43,65International Monetary Fund (IMF) 5,35,42international standards 237investnlent 4

climate' 3.35in children's education 256

involuntary self-employment rate 66Ireland 97ISO 237[SPAT Katmet, Kazakhstan 238-9Isuzu in Thailand 231Italy 08

attitudes towards government responsibility in

261

just-in-time OIT) delivery 230james. E. 281japan 68, 232

keirersl/ system 236jayaraman, R. 152jelin, E. 82jobs 116

creation by private firms 5in high-technology 253

john F. Kennedy School of Government 280johnson, S. 100,108,114-18.121,214,217

Index 289

jovanovic, B. 76, 181

learning model 182-3judiciary 221

Kane 279Kapteyn, A. 279Karaganda Oblast 238Kaufmann,D. 193,207,210,213-14,217Kazakhstan 230,237Keefer, P 223, 225Kenya 65, 156, 164, 108-9Kharas, H. 213Khemani, S. 213Kilby, P 184,186Kim, D. 99

Kisunko, G. 225Klitgaard, R. 214Kloos, P 152Knack, S. 223, 225knowledge receptors, ptivate enterprises as 6Koford, K. 113Konings, J. 109, 116Konishi,Y 229,236Korea 67,70

agticultural employment 85Annual Report for Economically Active

Population Survey 87Asian financial crisis in 1997 97Chaebul 103

colleges and graduate schools 102creation of productive employment 85currency 88division of labor 88economic growth, major indicators of 86education explosion 89education reform 94-5, 103employment, improvements in quality 100-1equalization policy 94exchange rate 88export sectot 87, 90GBC (Government-Business Coalition) strategy

89-90,95-6CDP 86-7,91Globalization, reform fOt 103government policy toward small-scale economic

units 90HCls 90human resource development 88-9import substitution 87-8income inequality in 99industrial democtacy 95, 103industrial relations reform 95-6interest rate refotm 88

290 Index

Korea contd.labor force participation rate, employment rate

and unemployment rate 87labor-intensive manufactured goods 88literacy rate 89living standards 85long-run development 8market liberalization paradigm 96market size 88moral hazard problem 90National Investment Fund 89National Statistical Office 86-7, 99-100new social divide 94non-farm employment 85people's socio-economic activities 103policy loan 89poverty 85, 98private entrepreneurship 88private sector development 85,96prudent regulations, absence of 97regulatory regime 987research quality of graduate schools 94risk-sharing arrangement 89social safety nets 97total population 102union membership 103university-industry linkage in R&D activities

95upward mobility, mechanism of 96Yearbook of lAbor Statistics 91,101

Korean Statistical Yearbook 86Korean War of 1950-53 89Kozel,V 152Kraay,A. 35Kranton, R.E. 110--11Kremer, M. 189Krueger, A. 120Kuo, S. 28-9Kuznets, S. 19,152KwaZulu-Natal Income Dynamics Study 15,34Kynch,j. 152

laborcasual 144compensation 230earnings 29force, educated 46management perspective of 243subsidies 91survey data 121transfer from traditional subsistence agriculture

to modern sector 123labor-intensive industries 229

labor markets 33, 36, 46, 70, 166conditions 38cost pressures on 47distortion 66-72indicators across countries, database of 39protections 66rigidities 66, 79and small firm sector, incomplete regulation of

72landlessness 143Lanjouw,j.o. 152Lanjouw, P. 123,126,129,131-3,137-8,140,

145-7, 149, 152-4large firms 195

problems 217large-scale investments 113last-resort income sources 143Latin America 8,197,199,200,225,250,253-4,

264,266,275attitudes and outcomes in 267-71causes of poverty attitudes about 265countries 66equal opportunity attitudes about 267fear of unemployment 272marginal returns to education 252perceptions of equal opportunity 271productivity supporters versus GDP per capita

266social spending in 269top-driven inequality 252

Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) 195,212

Latinobarometro survey 264-7,271-2laws and regulations, implementation of 208leave-it-to-the-market view 118Lee,j. 98-9Lee, S. 98Leff, N. 184

hypothesis 186legal protection 113legal system, well-functioning 114legislative approval 274Lehmann, H. 109Leibenstein, H. 157-8Leighton, L. 166-7less developed countries (LDCs) 70,72, 87

labor markets 71, 79services in 73

level playing field 223, 255Levenson,A. 76Levitsky,j. 245Levy, B. 213Lewis,A. 123

254215

92-4,97

Lewis process of intersectoral transfer 152

Lewis, W A. 38Li,H. 116Liedholm, C. 173Lien,D. 214"lighthouse" effect 73Limited Liability enterprise 159Lindert, I~ 281Little, I.M.D. 245living standards in rural areas 124Lizal, L. 117LNM Group of India 238local capacity building 273local economic policy 194local level stakeholders creation of 273

locally driven and/or bottom-up initiatives 276logit models 30Londono, j.L. 45long-term dynamism 4

long-term economic mobility 38and market-oriented economic growth 36

low-cost labor 231

low-cost lending techniques 234Lustig, N. 75,279Luttmer, E. 263,281

MacCulloch, R.. 259,280

macroeconomic constraints 206macroeconomic cycles 274macroeconomic instability 114macroeconomic reforms 274Magneti Marelli 243Maguire, M. 152Malaysia 232-3"Maloney View" of informal sector states 216,

221Maloney, WE. 64-6, 70, 73-6, 79-80, 82, 216,

225manpower utilization surveys 39-40Mansfield, E. 180Marcoullier, D.V. 73market forces and state intervention, mix of 96markets

ctiteria 278distortions inimperfectionsliberalizationniches 108"real-time"feedback from 4rules and procedures, developing 121structure, tiered 232, 242

market-supporting institutions 106, 108mass privatization program 160

Index 291

Mastruzzi, M. 207,210

Mauro, P 214,225

Mazumdar, D. 245Mazza, j. 280-1McKenzie,j. 121McMillan,j. 105-8,110-11,114-18,121McMurrer, D. 279-80Mead, D. 173

Medicare 262Megginson, WL. 120Menendez,M. 13Merton, R.K. 19

Mexico 36,66,71-2,74,79,270formal sector in 70microenterprise survey 77micro-firms 76motivation survey data from 79National Urban Employment Survey (ENEU)

74open unemployment in 75Urban Employment Survey (ENEV) 75

Meyers, C.A. 102microenterprises 65, 166, 229microentreprcneurs 65, 76, 163microfinance industry 234

Middle Eastecn entrepreneurs 189Middle East and North Africa (MENA) 190,

195,197,212middle-income countries 67Miller, j.B. 113mobility rates in new market economies 249modern urban sector 123Montes, G. 82MOR.I 281Morris, EA. 280Mozambique 156, 159-60, 168, 189Mukherjee,A. 152-4multinational corporations (MNCs) 36,219,

231-2,237supply chain 232-3QCD demands of 235Western 36

Murphy, K.J. 121Murray, M. 280Murrell, P 114,117,120"Must Do" policies 253-7

Naughton, B. 108-9,120Nead, K. 281Nellis,j. 105, 120Nelson,j. 263,280Nenova,T. 109,121net worth and liquidity constraints 169

292 Index

Netherlands, the 68, 97Netter,].M. 120New Deal 280new firms 106Newhouse, D. 13Newly Industrialized East Asia 195, 197Newly Industrialized East Asia (NIC) and China

212Newly Industrialized Economies (NIEs) 40new market economy 106Nigeria 156,163,165,169,189non-deserving poor 261non-farm employment as safety net 143non-farm unemployment 87,91non-tradeables, construction and services 76non-working poor 261NPR/Kaiser Family Foundation/Kennedy School

PoU on Poverty in America 262, 280Nunez,]. 70,82

OECD 67,195,197,199,212-13,225,259,275,280

annual productivity growth, services versusindustry in 69

off farm opportunities 123offtcial corruption 106offtcial policies 107Ok,E. 248,255,279Olson, M. 217openness to ideas 6opportunities for mobility 269opportunity costs 158, 166Ordinary Least Squares regressions 22Organization of Economic Cooperation and

Development see OECDOrr, L. 281Oswald, A. 280

Packard, T. 73Page,].M. 245Pakes, A. 181Palanpur viUage 9,124,126,149

agricultural labor households 142,146-7,154agricultural wages, evolution of 146-50,154agriculture 124,129-31,148-9Analysis of National Sample Survey data 154behavior offarmers 125caste composition ofviUage population 127castes 126,144,153children 153Consumer Price Index for Agricultural

Labourers (CPIAL) for Uttar Pradesh131

economy of 128education 144gender 144households in 145-8income 128-9,149labor-displacing technological change 148labor intensity of new agricultural technologies

150landholdings 136, 150NCAER data for rural areas 149,154non-farm employment 131-3,141,144-6,

150NSSO household surveys 152occupational diversification 124,131-2outside employment and incomes 132-9population 126,129,153poverty in 124,140--3rural markets 125study 125-40technical change, role and impact of 125

Park, S.-1. 85, 103Paxson, C. 153payoffs, structure of 158, 187Pencavel,]. 71per capita income

changes, determinants of 32decomposing sources of change in 28-9

per capita real GNP 40Peronist labor movement 281personalized interfirm relationships 113Peru 249-51,279perverse incentives, problems 258Pettinato, S. 251, 266, 279, 281Pfeffermann, G. 3, 64, 213, 225Philippines 67Piketty, T. 248,280Pinckney, T. 279Platteau,]. 153Poland 67,71,106-21

Central Statistical Offtce 109development of relationships with trading

partners 112private sector firms industrial employment in

109self-employment in 109

Poleman, T. 153policy

guidance 224implementations for 118instability 195, 198-9,223-4

political and administrative constraints 271-6political debate 273political economies of scale and influence 217

92

273,276

political economy

political opposition

poverty

alleviation in developing countries and

transition economies 215

and the non-farm economy 143-9

causes of 262,264,269

correlates of 141

entering and exiting 30

escapes from 29-32

line 44,153-4

rates 46

reduction 36,43,47

transitions, analysis of 31

poverty-reduction strategy 193

Pradhan, S. 214

Prince of Wales Business Leaders Forum

(PWBLF) 241-3

Pritchett, L. 279

private and public sectors, role in employment

46

private elites 208

private firms 4

influential, countries with 208

private investment 6private sector 51

activity 155

employment 110

production, change in global organization of 232

productivity 155

versus redistribution 266product quality 230

professional networks 170

profitsand entry 107-10reinvestment 113

property rights, protection 206

prospects for future upward mobility (POUM)

248

hypothesis 255

protection

and benefits 72-3

for unemployed adults 256

prudent regulatory regime 93

public attitudes 247,258-63

and politicaIJy sustainable policies, developing

country context 264-71

public ownership 115

public policy 10,247

public resources

scarce, choices 256

tradeoffs between objectives 275

public sector institutions 275

Index 293

public services, quality of 200

public social expenditures and welfare policies

253

Pune 243

Pyatt, G. 28-9

Qian,Y. 115

QS 237

quality incentives 113

quality, cost, and delivery (QeD) requirements

231-2

of multinationals 237

racial composition of poverty 263

racial group loyalty 263, 270

racial heterogeneity and immigration 259

Ramachandran, V. 173

Rama, M. 39

Ramaswamy, C. 153

Ramey, G. 110-11

Ranis, G. 28-9,38

Rath, N. 140

Raturi, M. 173, 186

Ravallion, M. 152-3,281

Ray, D. 153

redistribution 264,269,280

attitudes about 275

social equity perspective 247

weak record of 268

Regional Program for Enterprise Development

(RPED) see World Bankregional sourcing strategy 232

regulatory constraints 197

regulatory, infrastructure and financial barriers

194relational networks 156

repeated games 113

incentives 110

Ress, H. 167

Ribeiro, E. 71

Richter, A. 109,116

Rio de Janeiro favela and low-income housing

complexes 5

Roberts, M. 214

Romania 113,116

Ronnas, P 107

Rose-Ackerman, S. 214

Rosenzweig, M. 153

Ross 279

Rotemberg,J. 121Roy,A. 5

Rozelle, S. 116

rural non-farm sector 123, 149

294 Index

rural poverry 123,152Russia 106-21,230,237,250

development of relationships with tradingpartners 112

economic growth rates of the different regionsof 117

manufacturing employment 109perceived past mobiliry and actual income

mobiliry 251self-employment in 109see also Doka Gene

Ryan,J. 152Ryterman, R. 114

Sabot, R. 278-9safery nets see social safery netsSaith,A. 152Sakova,Z. 109,121Sala-I-Martin, S. 4Saloner, G. 121Satan, M. 152Sawhill, I. 279-80Schaffer,M.E. 109,116Schiffer, M. 213,225Schumpeter,J. 157

model, earlier 157original conception of entrepreneurial function

158"Schumpeterian effect" on growth 184Schumpeterian innovator 158Sehnbtuch, K. 280self-employment

involuntary 77versus industrial productiviry 67

self-help mechanism III, 113in financial markets 115

semi-private pension system 281Sen,A. 152Seoul National Universiry 103Serafmi, M.W 280services

sector 68to businesses 194

severance pay system 281Shaffer, M. 109Shah,A. 167Shah,M. 155,165,173Shariff, A. 149Sharma, N. 125-7,129,153Sharma, R. 153Shartiff, A. 154SWeifer,A. 106,114-15,214Shorrocks, A. 29

Siegel, S. 280Singapore 40Singh,1. 154Skocpol, T. 262, 279-80Sleuwaegen and Goedhuys

(1998) study 174choice model to study underlying determinants

of entrepreneurship in Africa 166-7Sleuwaegen, 1. 166Slovakia 113-14small firms

bias against 224and large firms, different patterns of concerns

221small and medium enterprises (SMEs) 8, 90, 106,

111,124,195,201,215,224,229,233assistance "new paradigms" in 234-5corporate linkage programs 230,235-7,244creditworthiness 230definition of 245efficiency, problems of 231entrepreneurial 245financial and non-fmancial services for 234"Iifesryle" 245performance and market imperfections 230-1supply side of 235

small farmers 128Smarzynska, 13. 233Smith, Adam 119Smith,J.P. 43Snodgrass, D. 245Soares, S. 45social assistance systems 256social capital 235social contract, domestically financed 272social insurance systems, inadequate 253, 268social networks of family 76social norms and public attitudes, interaction

between 248social safery nets 93, 255, 271-2

and social assistance policies, choice of 273program design 256

social securiry 262programs, individual account-based 258

social welfarepolicies 273-4reforms 274structures 272

South Africa 7household income dynamics in 13-34Zimele Fund, study tour in 239

South Asia 195,197-8,212developing countries 167

South Korea 40

Spain 7,7(}-1

household income dynamics in 13-34Household Panel Survey 15, 34

Srivastava, P. 165, 173, 186standard Mincerian earning equation 78standards of living 37, 123startup

capital 107finance, source of 159, 161

startup firmsmanagers of 114manufacturing 106size, determinants 174

statecapture 208redistribution 267support for entrepreneurship 113-16

state firms 110,117privatizing 107

state-owned enterprises (SOEs) 4-5,88,201Stern, N. 35,123,125-6,131-3,137-8,140,

144-7,152-4Stone, A. 225Stone,A.H.W. 193,213subcontracting and productivity growth 233Sub-Saharan Africa 9,212

business environment 156, 173economies of countries, role of minority

entrepreneurs in 167entrepreneurial firms, distribution of 160entrepreneurs, attributes and endowments of

159-66entrepreneurship, determinants 166-75fmancial environment 182future reductions in poverty 155thin credit markets in 160

Suh, S.M. 98Sumarto, S. 279SumJinski, M. 6,225supply chains 244

formation 235of MNCs 233-4

tiered 232Suryahadi, A. 43-4, 279

Svejnar, J. 117Swamy, A. 173Szekely, M. 45, 252, 279

data on Brazil 63

Taiwan (China) 8, 112,232case study 36, 40-1, 48-51economic growth in 41

Index 295

employment composition 49

family income and expenditure surveys of 39,

48labor market 41manpower utilization surveys 48poverty and inequality 51real earnings 50unemployment rate 48workers' wages in 51

Tan, H. 214Tanzania 156,164,168targeted versus universal assistance 259Tarozzi, A. 152

taxadministration 201,223

and regulatory constraint by firm size 202revenues 6schemes, distributional effects of 279

taxation 223progressive forms of 255

taxes and regulations 195, 221Taylor, T.120technical, vocational, and enterprise-based

training, availability of 188technology

generation and diffusion 6

transfer channels, access to 188Temirtau 238Tendler, J. 281Thomas, D. 43

Toyota 232Trabajar public works program 269trade

and capital account liberalization 76credit 111, 113liberalization 75unions, impact on turnover 82

trading partners 111, 114trading relationship, informal 114transaction costs 3Transition Economies 195,212,225,229Transition Europe (CIS and CEE) 195Triska, D. 105

trust-based information 186

TRW Thailand 232tunnel hypothesis 254Turkey 67,70,225Twohey, M. 280

Tybout,J. 214

Ukraine 113, 117underreported revenues

versus unpredictability of corruption 209-10

296 Index

unemploymentfear of 271Insurance 255,257-8,271,281rates 248

unions in less developing countries 71United Kingdom 68,167

attitudes towards government responsibility261

United Nations 239--42United States 68,70,72,108,167,259,275

actual mobility rates in 260aid to families with dependent children

(AFDC) 261causes of poverty, attitudes about 262-3citizens 73Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) 258Federal Reserve 121General Social Survey (GSS) 260,262-3,265government responsibility, attitudes towards

261job transitions in 79National Survey of Small Business Finances

121Panel Survey of Income Dynamics 38, 248social mobility in 248Social Security Administration 73studies ofiong-term mobility in 253temporary assistance for needy families (TANF)

258,261,273welfare reform 280welfare system 256, 261, 263workers 66

University of Delhi 125unofficial economy

behavior of registered firms 206determinants of 206

upgrading jobs and skills 5upward mobility 4,143,265

generating 85role of individual effort in 275

Uruguay 270social welfare policies 273

Uttar Pradesh, India 124poverty line for 140

van Bastelaer, T. 153van de Walle, D. 281VAT 255Veblen, T. 279vendor development programs (VDPs) 236Venezuela 7, 281

household income dynamics in 13-34Sample Household Survey 15,34

Vietnam 106-21development of relationships with trading

partners 112lack of formal market-supporting institutions

110manufacturing community 111

private firms 109village

government 116studies 124

Vishny, R.W 214vocational training 257Vodopivec, M. 116-17volatility, levels of 250

wagesdistributions 70,73and poverty 73-6

Waldman, M. 120Walker, T. 152Watson, J. 110--11Weder, B. 213,215,225welfare

effects of entrepreneurship 116-17policy, alternative model 273program, centrally implemented 273reform law 261

West Bank and Gaza, territory of 225Whang, S. 99Whiting, S.H. 115Wodon,Q. 82Woodruff, C. 73,105-8,110--11,114-18,121workers 37

in developing countries 35working capital 188

finance 179World Bank 35,39,154,193,216,219

Regional Program for Enterprise Development(RPED) surveys 156,161-78,182-3,185

Regional Studies Program of Latin American

and Caribbean Region of 82World Bank Institute 213World Business Environment Survey (WBES)

193-4,216,219-23countries surveyed 212data on state capture 211implications 211objectives 194sample distribution of region, size and sector

196-7Steering Committee 213

World Development Indicators database 121World Development Report 7,37

world

markets 244population 3poverry 4

Worldwide Business Environment Survey 7,10worldwide enterprise data set 201l

Yeon, H.C. 98Yoo, H. 99

Index 297

Yoo, K. 99

Young, P 279

Zambia 156, 164, 168Zavaleta, D. 207, 210Zhoug, K.x. 105Zimbabwe 67,156,159-60,163-4,168,

173Zoido-Lobat6n, P 214,217