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Index

Aberration, 156, 168constant, 15, 170

Abbreviations and symbols, 652-656Absolute magnitude, 144-145, 653

brightest stars, 75-82comets, 58galaxies, 121stars, 105-107stars within 5 pc, 83-85Sun, 39

Absorption coefficient, 417cross-sections, 247, 253, 274, 277edge jump ratios, 418edge energies, 419edge wavelengths, 419oscillator strength, 372, 398

Abundances, photospheric, 38primordial, 134solar, 38, 50

Acoustic resonator, 677Adaptive optics, 697-698Aeronautics, balloons, and sounding

rocket facilities, 547AGNs (active galactic nuclei), 125Air showers, 712-713Airy equation, 569Alfven speed, 407Algebra, 572

Boolean, 631Allegro, 678Alpha particle range-energy, 442

sources, 448specific energy loss, 442

Amu (atomic mass unit), 12, 14, 17,19

Ampere, 13, 21Analemma, 151Angstrom (A), 18, 22Angular density vs. redshift, 356

size vs. redshift, 353-354Anomaly, mean, 176, 537, 653

true, 182, 536-537, 654Aphelion, 168Apogee, 536Apparent magnitude, 53, 77, 116,

137, 144-145, 613place, 168solar time, 169

Approximations, numerical, 567Argument of perigee, 536Ascending node, 536ASCII character code, 627-630Asteroids, 62-63Astrodynamical constants, 548Astrometry, 665-668Astronomical catalogs, 612-617

catalog prefixes, 618-621coordinate transformations, 153-

156photometry, 137-145refraction, 180symbols, 652-655telescopes, 157-167terms, 168-183unit (AU), 15, 18, 39, 169

Astrophysical plasma magnitudes,410

Atmosphere, attenuation of photonsin, 253, 340

coefficient of thermal conductivity,342

composition, 339, 344constituents, 339density vs. altitude, 341dynamic viscosity vs. altitude, 342electron density vs. altitude, 344International Reference, 338mean free path vs. altitude, 341mean particle speed vs. altitude,

342molecular weight vs. altitude, 341opacity, 340pressure vs. altitude, 341speed of sound vs. altitude, 341standard, 12, 341-342structure, 343temperature vs. altitude, 342transmission, 215unit of pressure, 20US standard, 341-342

Atmospheric composition, 339, 344constituents, 339depth, 279, 321opacity, 340radiance in the ultraviolet, 324thickness, 322transmission, 215

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754 Index

Atomic absorption coefficient, 417,465

absorption cross section, 465, 473-474

constants, 5energy levels, X-ray, 375-378mass constant, 10mass unit, 12, 14, 17, 19number, 31-32physics, 368-384properties of materials, 449-454radiation, 371-373, 689scattering cross-section, 372scattering factor, 462, 473-474second, 169spectroscopy, 689time, 149, 170, 175, 182, 548, 654weight, 31-32

Attenuation coefficients, 417, 420-432of electromagnetic radiation, 417-

432lengths, 423of photons in the atmosphere, 279,

340of photons in the interstellar

medium, 274-276Attitude determination, 715-723AU (astronomical unit), 15, 18, 39,

169Autocorrelation function, 560Autocovariance function, 560Avogadro's constant, 10AXAF, 288

Background, cosmic ray, 313-317EUV, 240gamma-ray, 297infrared, 216-217microwave, 187-188radiation of the Universe, 136X-ray, 273

Ballistic coefficient, 541Balloons, aeronautics, and sounding

rocket facilities, 547Balmer transitions, 384Bar, 17, 20Barn, 17Barycenter, 169Barycentric dynamical time (TDB),

149, 169Baryons, isospin, 28

mass, 28mean life, 28parity, 28spin, 28

Bayes theorem, 581, 738Bayesian probability theory, 773-739

BBN (Big Bang Nucleosynthesis),134

BC (bolometric correction), 141-142,353

Sun, 39Becquerel (curie), 598Bernoulli equation, 569Bessel equation, 569

function, 485, 564, 566modified, 390, 455, 458

Besselian year, 148Beta distribution, 590Beta-ray attenuation, 438

range-energy, 444Biharmonic equation, 569Binary numbers, 25, 624-625

star elements, 96stars, 96

Binomial distribution, 586, 590theorem, 572

Bit, 650Blackbody, flux densities, 229

radiation, 142, 388-389Black-hole candidates, 261B, L coordinates, 333BL Lac objects, 126BLRGs, 127Bohr magneton, 4, 14

radius, 5,14Bolometric correction (BC), 141-142,

353magnitude, 141-142Sun, 39

Boltzmann constant, 11, 14distribution, 372

Boolean algebra, 631Bragg angle, 459

condition, 459spectrometer, 459

Bragg-Kleeman rule, 438Bremsstrahlung, 281, 283, 298, 398Brighter galaxies, 123Brightest stars, 75-82Brightness, Moon, 144

night sky, 144planetary, 144Sun, 145temperature, 229

BTU, 20, 29Burger's equation, 569Byte, 650

Calorie, 17, 20, 29Calorimeter, 527CAMAC standard, 695-697Carbon-nitrogen cycle, 118Catalogs, astronomical, 612-621






Index 755

prefixes 618-621Cauchy distribution, 590

integral formula, 571theorem, 571

Cauchy-Riemann equations, 571CBR, see Cosmic background

radiationCCD, 504-506, 520-521, 701-702, 705-

706CdTe, 524CdZnTe (CZT), 524, 706-707Celestial coordinates, 152

sphere, 151Celsius, 21Cepheid variable, 97Cerenkov radiation, 392Chandra X-ray Observatory, 288Characteristic function, 583

lines, 461Charge-coupled device (CCD), 504-

506, 520-521, 701-702, 705-706Chart, equatorial to galactic

coordinates, 154precession, 155star, 71-72

Chi-square (x2) distribution, 589, 591test, 592

Chromosphere, 41, 44Civil day, 148Classical electron radius, 6, 14Classification, spectral, 101

of variable stars, 97-98stars, 107

Clinical effects of radiation, 607Clusters of galaxies, 129, 268

globular, 93, 267CME (coronal mass ejection), 39CO index for stars, 221CMOS detectors, 701-704Coaxial cables, 530Color excess, 142

index, 138, 142temperature, 229

Comets, 58-61Complex analysis, 570

variable, 571Compton collisions, 396

Observatory, 294inverse scattering, 298, 385, 397mass attenuation coefficient, 417,

427scattering, 293, 385, 393, 395-396,

427shift, 385, 393telescope, 528wavelength, 6, 8-9, 14

Computer science, 624-656, 741-752

Confidence levels, 586, 589Conjunction, 170Conies, 573Continuity of mass, 119Coulomb, 21Comets, 58-61Compton scattering, 393-397

inverse, 396-397shift, 393wavelength, 6, 8, 9, 14

Conservation of energy equation, 119Constellations, 73-74, 170Constant of gravitation, 3,14

aberration (Earth), 15, 170nutation (Earth), 15

Constants, astrodynamical, 548atomic, 5chemical constants, 10electromagnetic, 4fundamental physical, 14general, 3numerical, 25optical, 467physical, 3-14physico-chemical, 10Sun-Earth, 15universal, 3

Contravariant vectors and tensors,731-732

Convection, 119Conversions, electromagnetic, 400

energy, 29energy units, 23flux density, 24natural units, 23spectral irradiance, 290unit, 17-24X-ray units, 290

Convolution, 560Coordinate transformations,

astronomical, 153-156mathematical, 553

Complex analysis, 570Corona, 41Coronal mass ejection (CME), 39Cosmic background radiation (CBR),

187-188, 240, 686-688energy density, 16number density, 16temperature, 16

Cosmic ray abundances, 310-312background, 599doses, 606magnetic rigidity, 317-318observations, 711spectra, 313-315vertical fluxes, 316






756 Index

Cosmological constant, 351, 357-358,365

data, 16parameters, 365, 683-684

Cosmology, 450-465Concave grating spectroscopy, 461-

462Coulomb gauge, 400

logarithm, 406, 408Covariant vectors and tensors, 731-

732Crab nebula, 73, 98, 100, 130, 189,

192, 253, 262, 265, 266, 296, 300,304, 305

unit, 17Critical density, 16

energy, 436Cross-correlation, 560Cryogenic fluids, 480-481Crystal properties, 460, 525

rocking curve, 459spectroscopy, 495

Culmination, 170Cumulative distribution function, 582Curie, 1, 22, 598Curve fitting, 576Cyclotron absorption, 303

lines, 300CZT (CdZnT), 524

Dark energy, 358Data transmission nomogram, 650Daughter wavelet, 733Day, 170

civil, 148sidereal, 148solar, 148

Debye length, 406, 409, 410Deceleration constant, 351, 654

parameter, 357Decimal number system, 25Deep Space Network (DSN) facilities,

546Definite integrals, 559De Morgan laws, 582, 631Density, critical, 16, 351

cryogenic fluids, 480crystals, 460data for astronomical objects, 133detector materials, 525-526elements, 31-32hydrogen, 250-252parameter (O), 134, 351, 653

Derivatives, 557Descending node, 536Detectors, visible and ultraviolet,

501-514

X-ray and gamma-ray, 514-529Deuteron magnetic moment, 10

mass, 9Differential equations, 569Diffraction, 485

Fraunhofer, 485Diffuse emission, 216-217Diffusion (or heat) equation, 569Direction cosines, 716-717Dispersion measure, 589Distance, luminosity, 353, 355, 359

modulus, 144, 353vs redshift, 355

Divergence theorem, 555Doppler effect, 348

shift, 373width, 373

Dose limits, 605rates, 605

DSN (Deep Space Network) facilities,546

Duffing's equation, 569Dyadics, 732Dyne, 20Dynamical form factor, Earth, 15,

171, 652

Earth, aberration constant, 15atmosphere, 324-344blackbody temperature, 53constant of aberration, 15density, 15, 51dynamical form factor, 15eccentricity, 15, 57environment, 324-344equatorial radius, 15, 51escape velocity, 51flattening, 15, 51form-factor, 15gravity, 15, 51heat content, 29inclination of equator to ecliptic, 39ionosphere, 344lunar distance, 15magnetic dipole moment, 53magnetic field, 325-326, 411magnetosphere, 327mass, 15, 51nutation constant, 15orbital speed, 15, 52oblateness, 39, 53obliquity of the ecliptic, 15polar radius, 15precession, 15radiation environment, 332, 334-

337radius, 15, 51






Index 757

rotation period, 15rotation rate, 15rotational energy, 29satellite lifetime, 541satellite parameters, 538solar constant, 39, 43, 53solar parallax, 15

Eccentric anomaly, 172, 537, 652Eccentricity, 172, 536Ecliptic, 151, 172

coordinates, 153obliquity of, 15, 153system, 153

Edge trace, 482Effective temperature, 105-106, 142,

229Einstein coefficient, 372

field equations, 351Electrical resistivity, plasma, 407

units, 12Electromagnetic constants, 4

conversion table, 400field strength tensor, 349radiation, 387-404radiation attenuation, 417-432relations, 402spectrum nomogram, 404transitions, 384

Electron charge, 4,14, 27classical radius, 6, 14collision frequency, 411collision rate, 406Compton wavelength, 6, 14cosmic rays, 314density, 41, 344, 408-410de Broglie length, 406deuteron mass ratio, 6distribution, 334drift velocities, 518energy loss, 434-436energy standards, 446flux contours, 334, 336-337g-factor, 6gyrofrequency, 406gyroradius, 406Hall factor, 411ion recombination, 373isospin, 28magnetic moment, 6, 27mass, 5, 14, 27mean life, 27molar mass, 6muon mass ratio, 6Pedersen factor, 411plasma frequency, 406proton mass ratio, 6radius, 6, 14

range-energy, 437-438, 444rest energy, 348specific charge, 6spin, 27storage ring, 457-458temperature, 410thermal velocity, 407trapping rate, 406Thomson cross-section, 6, 14volt, 12, 19, 21, 22

Electronic structure of the elements,368-370

Elementary charge, 4Elementary particles, 27-28Elements, abundances, 38, 50, 134,

275-276, 278atomic numbers, 31-32atomic weights, 31-32boiling points, 31-32densities, 31-32electron configuration, 368-370ground state, 368-370ionization energy, 368-371melting points, 31-32periodic table, 31-32

Elliptic integral, 566Ellipse, 573Elongation, 172ELVs, 724emacs editor guide, 647-648Emden-Fowler equation, 569Emission coefficient, 401

hot plasma, 398-399line widths, 107, 373lines, 107, 241-243, 245, 283-286,

398Emissivity, 401Energy conversions, 29

density of the Galaxy, 120levels, 375-379loss, 434-437, 440, 442-443standards, 445-446transport equation, 119unit conversion, 23units for high-energy particles, 439

Ephemeris, astrometric, 169time (ET), 149, 173

Equator, 173Equatorial coordinates, 153

system, 153Equinox, 173Equivalent width, 47, 560Erg, 17, 19, 29Error function, 565

propagation, 593Escape velocity, 51Euler angles, 717-719






758 Index

axis, 719symmetric parameters, 719-720

Euler-Mascheroni constant, 25EUV absorption cross-sections, 247

attenuation, 249background, 240emission lines, 245, 246geocoronal emission, 240plasma spectra, 241-243sources, 237-239spectral features, 244strong lines, 246

Excitation data for gases, 519Expectation function, 583Exponential distribution, 591

integral, 559, 565Extinction, 142, 248, 282Extrasolar planets, 69-70

4-vector example, 349transformation, 348

F distribution, 591Factorial function, 565Fahrenheit, 21Farad, 22Faraday constant, 610

rotation, 202Feigenbaum's constants, 25Fibonacci numbers, 25File transfer protocol (ftp) command

summary, 649Filter materials for X-ray detectors,

526Fine structure constant, 5, 14Firewire, 748-750Fission, 29FITS, 750-752Fixed point number, 624Flare, solar, 39, 300, 329-330

star, 257Flattening, 15, 51, 174Floating point number, 626Fluence, 599Fluorescent converters, 514

yields, 433-434, 525-526Flux unit, 17Foot-pound, 29Fourier transforms, 559-562, 734Fraunhofer diffraction, 485

lines, 47Fresnel equations, 465

integrals, 559, 567reflectivity, 475

Friedmann universes, 351Fried's coherence length, 697ftp (file transfer protocol) command

summary, 649

Full-width half-maximum (FWHM),483-484

Fundamental physical constants(c.g.s.), 14(SI), 4-13

Fusion, 29

Galactic coordinates, 153material, 16X-ray sources, 256-257

Galaxies, active (AGNs) 125-127classification, 122BL Lac objects, 126BLRGs, 127bright, 123clusters, 129emission, 221-22liners, 127local group, 121luminous emission, 16mean sky brightness, 16named, 124-125NLRGs, 127quasars, 125radio, 127selected brighter, 123Seyfert, 126space density, 16statistics, 226X-ray emission, 267, 269

Galaxy (Milky Way), age, 120galactic coordinates of the nucleus,

120density in solar neighborhood, 120diameter, 120distance of the Sun from galactic

center, 120energy density, 120equatorial coordinates, nucleus,

120height of Sun above galactic disk,

120luminosity, 120mass, 102nucleus, 120period of rotation, 120properties, 120type, 120

7 (Lorentz factor), 348, 387, 391, 396-397

Gamma distribution, 591function, 559, 565

Gamma-ray absorption, 302-303attenuation, 427-432background, 297burst map, 294Crab Nebula spectrum, 296






Index 759

detectors, 528downward flux, 306energy standards, 445lines, 299-301nomenclature, 713observatories, 711plerions, 305production in the atmosphere, 320production mechanisms, 298source map, 294sources, 294-296spectral features, 300-301supernova remnants, 305very high energy (VHE), 304VHE BL Lac objects, 305

Gaunt factor, 398Gaussian distribution, 584-585Gaussian gravitational constant, 174,

652probability function, 565spread function, 484

Gauss-Legendre quadrature, 575GEO, 724Gehrels' approximation, 586Geometric distribution, 590Geocoronal emission, 240Geoid, 174Germanium, properties of, 523Gibb's vector, 722Globular clusters, 93, 663-664Glossary, abbreviations and symbols,

652-656astronomical terms, 168-183meteor astronomy, 66

GMT, 148Golden mean, 25Grating spectroscopy, 463Gravitational constant, 3, 14

lensing, 362-363waves, 673-682

Gravity, Earth surface, 15, 51planetary surface, 51solar surface, 15

Gray, 598Green's theorem, 555Greenwich mean time (GMT), 148

sidereal date (GSD), 174Gregorian calendar, 174

date, 146Greek alphabet, 33Gyrofrequency, 406-407, 411Gyroradius, 406

Half-life, 27Hall conductance, 4

factor, 411resistance, 4

Hamilton-Jacobi equation, 569Hartree energy, 5HEAO Al All Sky Map, 255Heat conductivity, 476

(or diffusion) equation, 569Heliocentric, 174Helmholtz equation, 569Henry, 22Henry Draper spectral classification,

101Hertzsprung-Russell (HR) diagram,

102-103Hexadecimal number system, 25HII regions, 194-196Hohmann transfer orbit, 724Horsepower, 20Hot Big Bang, 364Hour angle, 148, 150, 153, 175H-R (Hertzsprung-Russell) diagram,

101-103HST (Hubble Space Telescope), 163-

167Hubble, classification of galaxies, 122

constant, 16, 361, 365distance, 16, 357radius, 352Space Telescope, 163-167time, 16, 357volume, 16

Hydrogen column density, 251-252,282

densities, 117, 250Hydrostatic equilibrium equation,

119Hypergeometric distribution, 590Hyperbola, 573

IEEE interface, 635Illuminance, natural,491-492Image intensifier, 503Inclination, 175, 536Indefinite integrals, 558Index of refraction, air, 495

X-rays, 464-465Infrared background, 135, 216-217

colors, 223colors of stars, 221, 225diagnostic lines, 227diffuse emission, 216-217source temperatures, 229sources, 213-215spectrophotometric standards, 224transmission of the atmosphere,

215Integrals, definite, 559

indefinite, 558Intensity, 17, 401






760 Index

International atomic time (TAI), 149,175

International Reference Atmosphere,338

International system of units (SI), 2Interplanetary medium, 202Interstellar, absorption, 142

abundances, 275-276EUV attenuation, 249extinction, 248gas parameters, 117hydrogen densities, 250magnetic field, 117medium, 202-203medium cross-section, 274-276molecules, 208photoabsorption cross-sections,

274-276reddening, 142reddening law, 143scintillation, 203

Invariable plane, 175Inverse Compton scattering, 396-397Ion collision frequency, 411

collision rate, 406gyrofrequency, 406, 411gyroradius, 406Hall factor, 411Pedersen factor, 411plasma frequency, 406sound velocity, 407thermal velocity, 407trapping rate, 406

Ionization and excitation data forgases, 519

energy, 368-371loss, 434, 436

Ionosphere, 205, 343-344, 409-410Ionospheric electron density, 205

parameters, 411Isoplanatic patches, 699

Jansky, 17, 22JHKLM system, 140Josephson frequency-voltage ratio, 4Joule, 17, 19, 29Julian calendar, 175

date (JD), 146, 175date, modified (MJD), 146, 175day number (JD), 175proleptic, 175year, 15, 175

Ka (alpha) lines, 375, 378-379, 380-381

/3 (beta) lines, 375, 378-379, 382edge, 418,-419, 422

series, 379, 380-381Kelvin, 21Kepler's third law, 96keV, 17Klein-Nishina cross-section, 394-396Korteweg de Vries equation, 569Kron photographic J and F bands,

141Kronecker delta, 717, 732

La (alpha) lines, 378, 382-383/3 lines, 378, 382-383series, 379

Lagrange (libration) points, 542Lemaitre equation, 352Laplace equation, 569

transform, 559Laplacian plane, 175Lasers, 495Launch vehicles, 724-725Least-squares fit, 576, 594Legendre equation, 569

polynomials, 563, 567LEO, 724Lienard-Wiechert potentials, 387Lenses, 498-500Lensmaker's equation, 500Leptons, isospin, 28

mass, 28mean life, 28parity, 28spin, 28

Lethal dose, 599Librations, 176Light, speed, 3, 14

time, 176year, 17, 18, 176

LIGO, 678-680Line spread function, 482Linear absorption coefficient, 401

interpolation, 576least-squares, 576, 594

Liners, 127LISA, 678, 681-682Local group of galaxies, 121Logic gates, 632Look-back time, 352, 355, 358Lorentz factor (7), 348, 387, 391, 396-

397force, 349gauge, 400transformation, 348-349, 732-733

Loschmidt constant, 11LS coupling, 371Luminance values, 491Luminosity, absolute, 141

class, 101






Index 761

distance, 353, 355, 359functions, 110-111, 116-117stellar, 108-109vs. surface temperature, 102

Lunar (see Moon) distance, 15phases, 176

Lunation, 176Lyman transitions, 384

Magnetic dipole moment of Earth, 53,317

deuteron, 10electron, 6field, Earth, 325-326, 411muon, 7neutron, 9planets, 53proton, 8rigidity, 317

Magnetosphere, 327Magnitude, absolute, 58, 144

difference, 137eclipse, 48heterochromatic, 138, 353monochromatic, 138stellar, 176

Main sequence, 102, 105, 107-108Mass, atomic unit (amu), 10, 12, 14,

19attenuation coefficients, 417-431data for astronomical objects, 133function, 90, 110-111, 261loss rate, 236relativistic, 348rest, 348

Mathematical formulae, 26symbols, 656

Mathieu equation, 569Matrix algebra, 727-730Mattig equation, 352Maxwell's equations, 349, 399-400,

403Maxwell velocity distribution, 408Mean anomaly, 176, 537, 537, 653

elements, 177equator and equinox, 177free path, 476life of elementary particles, 27-28magnetic field in a plasma, 408place, 177solar time, 177Sun, 177

Mesons, 27, 28isospin, 28mass, 28mean life, 28parity, 28

spin, 28Messier catalog, 130-132Meteor astronomy glossary, 66

showers, 64Meteroid flux density, 65MeV, 29Mexican hat wavelet, 735-736Mho, 21MicroChannel plate detector, 521-522Micron, 18Microwave background, 187-188

bands, 205Mile, nautical, 17, 18

statute, 17, 18Minkowski space-time interval, 350MK classification, 101

spectral types, 105-106Modified Julian Date (MJD), 146Modulation transfer function (MTF),

482-483Molar gas constant, 10

volume, 11Molecules, interstellar, 208Moon (see Lunar), apparent

magnitude, 144Earth mass ratio, 15mean distance, 144phase law, 144physical elements, 54

Mother wavelet, 733MTF, 482-483p-meson charge, 27

g-factor, 7isospin, 28magnetic moment, 7, 27mass, 7mean life, 27-28spin, 27-28

Multilayer mirrors, 708-710Multinomial theorem, 572

Nadir, 177Nanometer, 18Natural satellites, 54-57Natural units, 23Nautical mile, 15, 18Navier-Stokes equation, 569Negative binomial (or Pascal)

distribution, 590Neutrino charge, 27

magnetic moment, 27mass, 27mean life, 27spin, 27

Neutron charge, 27Compton wavelength, 9isospin, 28






762 Index

magnetic moment, 27mass, 9, 14, 27-28mean life, 27-28spin, 27-28stars, 133, 260

Newton, 20Night sky brightness, 145NIM standard, 693-695NLRGs, 127Node, 178Normal distribution, 591Novae, 98Nuclear detonation, 608

magneton, 4properties of materials, 449-454

Number system conversions, 25, 624-626

Numerical analysis, 575-576aperture, 500constants, 25

Nutation, 15, 156, 178constant, 15

OB associations, 94-95Obliquity, 178

of the ecliptic, 15, 153, 178Occultation, 178Octal number system, 25Ohm, 12, 21Opposition, 178Optical constants, 467

depth, 249interferometry, 699-700material properties, 496-497point spread function, 482-485telescope configurations, 486-487

Optically thin plasma, 241-243, 283-287

Orbital elements, 536Oscillator strength, 372Osculating element, 178Outgassing rates of polymers, 479

Painleve equation, 569Pair production, 302, 417, 427Parabola, 573Parabolic cylinder equation, 569Parallax, 178

solar, 15, 39Parallel interface, 634Parsec, 17, 178Particle production, 319Pascal, 17, 20

distribution, 590Paschen curves, 481PDMF (present-day mass function),

110-111

Pearson's chi-square (x2) test ofdistribution

Peculiar velocity, 178Pedersen factor, 411Penumbra, 179Pericenter, 179Perigee, 179, 536Perihelion, 179Periodic table of the elements, 31-32Permeability of gases, 479

of vacuum, 3Permittivity of vacuum, 3Perturbations, 179Phase, 179Photocathode, 502, 509-513Photodiode, 501Photographic magnitude, 141Photometric quantities, 493-494

units, 490-491, 493-494Photometry, 488-489

astronomical, 137-145filter bands, 139response curves, 139-140standard system, 139

Photomultiplier, 507-512Photon, charge, 27


Photopic vision, 488-489Photosphere, 44

abundances, 38Photovisual magnitude, 141Physical constants, 3-14

quantity, 2Physico-chemical constants, 107r-meson, charge, 27

isospin, 28magnetic moment, 27mass, 27-28mean life, 27-28spin, 27

Planck's constant, 3, 14functions, 388length, 3mass, 2radiation curves, 389time, 3

Plane curves, 574Planetocentric coordinates, 179Planetographic coordinates, 179Planets, brightness, 145

extrasolar, 69-70magnetic dipole moment, 53maximum visual apparent

magnitude, 53






Index 763

oblateness, 53orbital elements, 51physical elements, 52solar constant, 53visual magnitude, 145

Plasma emission, 233, 241-242, 283-287, 398-399

astrophysical, 410dimensionless parameters, 407frequencies, 406lengths, 406magnetosphere, 325miscellaneous parameters, 407parameters, 406-409, 411physics, 406-411skin depth, 406spectra, 233, 241-242, 283-287, 398-

399velocities, 407

Plate constants, 667Poisson distribution, 586-588, 590

equation, 569Point spread function, 482-485Polarization, 204, 399, 456-457, 465Positron charge, 27


Power spectrum, 560Powers of 2, 25Precession, 180

reduction, 155-156Prefixes, 30Probability theory, 580-583

Bayesian inference, 737-739density function, 582distributions, 584-592, 590-591

Propagation of errors, 593Proper motion, 180Proportional counter, 516-517

gases, 525Proton charge, 27

Compton wavelength, 8electron mass ratio, 7, 14energy loss, 437, 440, 442gyromagnetic ratio, 8isospin, 28magnetic moment, 8, 27-28mass, 7, 14, 27-28range-energy, 438, 441-442specific charge, 8spin, 27-28

Proton-proton chain, 118Pulsars, 88-92, 258-260, 262-263

Q, 598

Quadrature, 180, 219, 575Quantum calorimeter, 527Quantum efficiency, microchannel

plate detector, 521optical detectors, 506X-ray CCD, 521photocathodes, 511-512

Quasars, 3C273, 125, 190, 192, 214,269-270, 295

infrared fluxes, 214radio fluxes, 191-193representative, 125selected, 125X-ray luminosities, 271

Quaternions, 720-721

Rad, 598Radiation, blackbody, 229, 388-389

belts, 606Cerenkov, 392clinical effects, 607-608emission and absorption, 372environment, 332exposure, 599, 603-604length, 436levels and exposures, 599, 600occupational exposure, permissible,

603-604point charge, 387synchrotron, 298, 390-391, 455-457trapped, 334-337weighting factors, 598

Radiant energy sources, 490responsivity, 492

Radiative diffusion, 119loss, 435-437transport theory definitions, 401

Radio, brightest sources, 192-193flux calibrators, 198-200galaxies, 127propagation effects, 201-203selected sources, 189-191source catalogs, 617spectra, 197lines, 206-207surveys, 186telescopes, 160-161

Radioactive materials, 529in selected products, 601in the body, 600sources, 444-448, 600, 602

Radiometric quantities, 493-494units, 493-494

Radix, 624-625Random variable, 581Range-energy for particles, 423, 437-

438






764 Index

charged particles in silicon, 442,444

heavy charged particles, 441Rayleigh, 17, 22

distribution, 590Rayleigh-Jeans law, 229, 388Recombination., electron-ion, 373

radiation, 399Reddening, 142-143Redshift, angular density of sources

vs., 356angular diameter vs., 353, 360correction, 353energy flux density, 354functions, 354-356large redshift objects, 128look-back time vs., 352, 355, 358luminosity distance vs., 355magnitude relationship, 353objects with large, 128survey, 136

Refraction, astronomical, 180correction, 459index, 465, 495, 496, 654

Relativistic transformations, 348, 402Relativity, special, 348Rem (roentgen equivalent man), 598Resistor color code, 531Rest energy, 348, 407, 439

mass, 302, 348, 437Retrograde motion, 180Riccati equation, 569Robertson-Walker line element, 350Rocking curve, 459Roentgen, 598Rotation, Faraday, 202

measure, 202, 204RS232 standard serial interface, 633Rydberg constant, 5, 14

Saha distribution, 372Sakur-Tetrode constant, 11Satellite artificial, drag pressure, 540

lifetimes, 541orbit perturbations, 539orbits, 536-537parameters, 538

Satellites, natural, orbital data, 54-55physical and photometric, 56-57

Scalar product, 553Scintillation detector, 515Schrodinger equation, 569

materials, 524Scotopic vision, 488-489Selection rules, 374Selenocentric, 180Serial interface, 633

Set theory, 581symbols, 656

Seyfert galaxies, 126, 189, 192, 238,269

sftp, 741-744Sidereal day, 148

local time, 148period of planets, 51rotation of Sun, 15, 38second, 21time, 148year, 21

Siegbahn transition, 380-383Sievert, 598Seyfert galaxies, 126Siemens, 21Silicon, charged particles in, 442-444

properties, 523Simpson's rule, 575SIRTF (Space Infrared Telescope

Facility), 230-231, 669-672Solar (see Sun, also)

abundances, 50, 138apex, 39chromosphere, 44constant, 39corona, 44day, 148eclipses, 48-49electron density, 41effective temperature, 39EUV flux, 43flare, 39, 300, 329-330gravity, 15high energy particle radiation, 332irradiance, 329-330luminosity, 38magnetic field strength, 38, 39magnitude, 39, 42, 145mass, 15mean density, 15neighborhood density, 120parallax, 39photosphere, 44radiation storms, 332radius, 15spectral irradiance, 42, 331spectral type, 39spectrum, 47, 331system abundances, 50system contents, 68temperature, 38, 39time, 148ultraviolet radiation, 329-331wind, 44, 328X-ray radiation, 329-331

Solid-state detector, 520






Index 765

materials, 524Solstice, 181Sommerfeld transition, 380-383Space

Infrared Telescope Facility(SIRTF), 230-231

launch sites, 545shuttle, 543-544Telescope, 163-167transportation system, 543-544

Spacecraft Tracking and DataNetwork (STDN) facilities, 546

Spark chamber, 528Special relativity, 348-349Spectra, blackbody, EUV, 241-243

radio source, 197UV, 234-235X-ray, 281, 283-286

Spectral features, infrared andvisible, 104

gamma-ray, 301EUV, 244irradiance for a star, 139irradiance of the Sun, 42matching factors, 509-510radio, 206-207type, 101ultraviolet, 244X-ray, 281

Spectrograph, 461-463grazing incidence, 462

Spectroscopic terminology, 371Spectroscopy, crystal, 459Spectrum nomogram, 404

grating, 463Speed of light, 3,14Spherical astronomy, 146-156

harmonics, 563Spitzer Space Telescope, 230-231,

669-672Standard epoch, 181Standard photometric system, 224Stars (see stellar, also), absolute

magnitude, 107binary, 96brightest, 75-82charts, 71-72classification, 97-98, 107counts, 116density of, 115giant, 105-107, 109infrared emission, 213integrated light, 114large proper motion, 86nearest, 83-85number densities, 112-113relative numbers, 114

ultraviolet spectra, 234-235variable, 97-99X-ray emission, 256-257, 264

Stationary point, 181Statute mile, 17, 18STDN (Spacecraft Tracking and Data

Network) facilities, 546Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 11, 14

law, 388Stellar (see stars, also)

density, 108-109EUV sources, 237-239luminosity, 108-109luminosity function, 116-117magnitude, 107, 115, 144mass, 108-109mass function, 110-111mass loss rates, 236radius, 108-109spectral radiance, 137structure equations, 119surface flux, 236temperatures, 102UV spectra, 234-235winds, 236X-ray flux, 256-257

Steradian, 22Stokes' theorem, 555Stopping power, 604Submillimeter lines, 228Sun (see solar, also)

absolute magnitude, 39, 145abundances (photospheric), 38, 50age, 39aphelion distance, 39bolometric correction, 39brightness, 39, 145butterfly diagram, 46color index, 145coronal mass ejection (CME), 39distance from Galactic center, 39-Earth dependent parameters, 39-Earth mass ratio, 15-Earth mean distance, 39electron density, 41escape velocity, 38EUV flux, 43flare frequency, 39Fraunhofer lines, 47height above Galactic disk, 120irradiance, 43luminosity, 38magnetic field, 38, 39mass, 15, 38mean density, 15, 38moment of inertia, 38oblateness, 39






766 Index

perihelion distance, 39period of rotation, 15radiation emittance, 38radiation intensity, 38radius, 15, 38semidiameter at mean distance, 15,

39sidereal rotation, 38solid angle at mean distance, 39specific mean energy production, 38spectral irradiance, 42planets, 219stars, brightest, 220Sun, 218spectral type, 39Standard Model parameters, 38Structure, 44synodic rotation, 39synodic period, 39sunspot cycle, 38sunspot numbers, 45surface area, 38surface gravity, 15, 38surface volume, 38temperature, 39, 41velocity around Galactic center, 39velocity relative to CBR, 39velocity relative to nearby stars, 39X-ray luminosity, 39

Sun-Earth system constants, 15, 39Sunrise, sunset, 181Sunspot, magnetic field, 38

numbers, 45Sunyaev-Zeldovich Effect, 363Surface gravity, Earth, 15

Sun, 15Supernovae remnants, 100

X-ray emitting, 265Symbols, 30Symbols and abbreviations, 652-656Synchrotron radiation, 298, 390-391,

455-457Synodic period, 181

of planets, 181rotation of Sun, 15, 39

t distribution, 591Taylor series, 575Telegraph equation, 569Telescopes, Compton, 528

configurations, 486-487ground-based, 157-161Hubble Space Telescope (HST),

162-167infrared, 230-231radio, 160reflecting, 157

refracting, 158Schmidt, 159spark chamber, 528X-ray, 288-289

Telluric, 47Temperature, brightness, 229

color, 229, 512effective, 142, 229electron, 196, 328, 410, 654of the interstellar gas, 117luminosity diagram, 102solar distribution, 41surface, 102

Tensor transformations, 349, 731-733Terminator, 182Terrestrial dynamical time (TDT,

TT), 149, 181Tesla, 17, 22Thermonuclear reactions, 691Thomson cross-section, 6, 14, 302,

396, 654limit, 396-397

Time, 146barycentric dynamical (TDB), 149equation of, 150sidereal, 148solar, 148standard, 147terrestrial dynamical, 149, 171, 181universal, 147, 149, 182zones, 147

Topocentric, 182Torr, 17Transmission grating spectroscopy,

463Trapezoidal rule, 575Transit, 182Tricomi equation, 569Tropical year, 15, 20-21, 148, 183True anomaly, 182, 536

equator and equinox, 182Twilight, 182

UBV primary standard stars, 140UBVRI system, 139UHURU unit, 17Ultraviolet (UV) absorption, 247

atmospheric radiance, 324background fluxes, 240emission lines, 245extinction, 248fluorescent converters, 514spectral features, 244transmission, 513stellar spectra, 234-235window transmission, 513

Umbra, 182






Index 767

Uniform distribution, 591 detectors, 514-527Unit conversions, 17-24 emission from binaries, 256-257

definitions, 661-662 emission from galaxies, 268-269Units of gas quantity, 478 emission from stars, 256-257, 264Universal constants, 3 emission from supernova remnants,

time(UT), 148-149, 182 265time coordinated (UTC), 148-149, energy levels, 375-378

170 energy level diagram, 379Universe, background radiation, 135 filters, 526

Friedmann, 351 line emission, 283-286mass-radius-density of luminosity, 3C 273, 270

astronomical objects, 133 luminosity, quasars, 271Unix, 636-643 material properties, 525-526

command summary, 640-643 mirror, 475directory navigation, 638 model spectral distributions, 281file redirection, 639 observatory, 288, 289file system, 636 optical constants, 467permissions, 637 plasma spectra, 283-287

USB, 745-747 pulsars, 258-260, 262-263US Standard Atmosphere, 341-342 reflection of, 464-465

reflectivity, 466-472Vacuum technology, 476 source map,255Variable stars, 97-99 source nomogram, 272Vector algebra, 730 sources, 256-271

analysis, 553-556 spectra, 283-286product, 554 spectral features, 281

Vernal equinox, 148, 183, 536 spectroscopy, 459-463vi editor guide, 644-646 standards, 13Viscosity, 476 supernova remnants, 265Visual extinction, 142 telescope, 288-289Vlasov equation, 691 unit conversions and equivalencies,

290Water vapor in the atmosphere, 339 wavelengths, 380-383Watt, 20 x u uni t> 13> 1 7

Wave equation, 569Wavelet transforms, 733-736 Year> 1 8 3

Weak coupling constant, 16 Besselian, 183Weber 22 calendar year,183Weibull distribution, 590 Julian, 183White dwarfs, bright, 87 tropical, 15, 20-21, 148, 183Wien's displacement law constant, Yerkes classification, 101

11, 388law, 388 Zenith, 183

Wilson-Bappu, 107 distance, 183Window materials, UV detectors, 513 Zodiac, 152

X-ray detectors, 526Wolter mirror, 475

XMM-Newton X-ray Observatory,289

X-ray absorption, 274-280atomic energy levels, 375-378attenuation, 279background, 273characteristic lines, 461Crab Nebula spectrum, 266detector materials, 524-526






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