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Index
accidents and major exposuresarsenic, “largest mass poisoning”, 451Bhopal explosion, 18Chernobyl explosion, 393Danube cyanide spill , 14Exxon Valdez oil spill, 246Minamata, mercury poisoning, 444Rhine chemical spill, 14TVA ash pond, failure, 430
acetic acid, 557acetone, 504acetylcholine, 466acid depositionacid-forming pollutants, 155aerosols, 155buffers, 157carbonic acid, 156dry and wet, 156formed of, 155high stack emissions, 156history, 156ill effects, 159–162
aluminum, 431erosion, haze, 162forests, 160mercury, 431metals, 431water and aquatic life, 159
internationalAsia, 167China, 167–168Europe, 166
NAPAP, 158, 159, 160, 164pH, 158recovery from, 164reducing
nitrogen oxides, 163sulfur dioxide, 162
soilbase cations, 157ill effects, 431
sources, 162transboundary, 165
acid from mining, 428adipic acid, 526Afghanistan, 343
Africa, 28, 74, 83, 88, 143, 144, 147, 181, 302, 343,414, 475, 477, 478, 479
agenciesUS Centers for Disease Control, 25, 70, 85, 91, 289,
290, 422US Consumer Product Safety Commission
(CPSC), 487US Department of Agriculture, 472US Department of Energy, 47, 331, 352, 359, 361,
384, 532US DOE, see US Department of EnergyUS EPA, 12, 24, 39, 42, 47, 71, 98, 102, 104, 110,
111, 112, 113, 118, 121, 125, 126, 131,134, 135, 138, 144, 198, 199, 232, 248,249, 251, 253, 254, 255, 256, 261, 263,266, 271, 272, 276, 277, 282, 287, 288,289, 290, 291, 292, 296, 297, 299, 300,308, 318, 319, 324, 333, 339, 352, 353,356, 359, 360, 366, 368, 379, 389, 391,410, 414, 417, 418, 422, 425, 430, 433,434, 436, 437, 444, 445, 447, 450, 451,460, 464, 465, 469, 470, 471, 472, 483,489, 492, 494, 497, 498, 500, 503, 505,507, 519, 524
US EPA’s Science Advisory Panel, 165US Fish & Wildlife Service, 471US Food and Drug Administration, 84, 102, 299,
418, 444, 447, 465US Geological Survey, 320US National Academy of
Sciences, 498US National Aeronautics and Space Administration,
8, 219closed-loop system, 515
US National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration, 178, 213,221, 255
US National Research Council, 102, 114, 269, 279,289, 443, 447
Agenda 21, 21, 305, 334AIDS, 27, 28, 72, 298, 302air pollutants
HAPsexamples, 139
summary, 119sulfur and nitrogen oxides, 129
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air pollutants, criteriaambient air standards, 118as principal air pollutants,
118carbon monoxide, 119–121fate, 120ill effects, 120produced of, 119reducing, 120sources, 120
lead, 135sources, 135
nitrogen oxides, 128–130aerosols, 128fate, 128ill effects, 128produced of, 129reducing, 130, 279, 386
low-NOx burners, 391sources, 128
ozone, 190–191fate, 124ill effects, 122–123ill effects, continuum, 124intractable, 125motor vehicles, 124peroxyacyl nitrate, 122photochemical smog, 122produced of, 123reducing levels, 379sources, 123tropospheric, 122
particulates, 130–134description, 130epidemiology, 132fate, 134ill effects, 132PAHs, 133
exposure, 133ill effects, 133reducing, 133sources, 133
PM10 PM2.5, 131, 132reducing, 134reduced levels, 512sources, 132
sulfur dioxide, 125–127aerosols, 125China haze, 127fate, 127ill effects, 126reducing, 127
fluidized bed, 391scrubbers, 391
sources, 126air pollutants, HAPs
ill effects, 138
maximum available technology (MACT), 140reducing, 140
air pollutants, hazardous air pollutants (HAPs),138–140
air pollutants, principal, see air pollutants, criteriaair pollutants, summary, 119air pollutants, toxics, see air pollutants, HAPsair pollutants, VOCs, 136–137fate, 137ill effects, 136reducing, 137sources, 136VOCs and ozone, 136
air pollutionbrown Asian haze (ABC), 149Calcutta, 149Eastern Europe
reducing, 151from desertification, 148from space, 142–144
carbon monoxide, 142dust storms, 144NASA, 142smoke, 143
less-developed countries, 148children, 148reducing, 150
seen from space, 142–144Shenzhen
cause, 150air pollution and desertificationreducing, 148
air toxics, see air pollutants, HAPsAlaska, 232, 402Algeria, 397allergies, 72, 73, 77, 126, 139, 447, 486, 490,
492, 493, 494alveoli, 74ambient air pollutants, see air pollutants,
criteriaammonia, 558Anopheles mosquito, 471Antarctic, 144, 174, 175, 177, 181, 211, 219, 221, 222,
224, 226, 233, 234, 257, 348, 420, 422 seealso stratospheric ozone
antibiotic drugsresistance to, 471
antifreeze, 102Apollo Project“energy, jobs”, 406
Aral Sea, 147Arctic, 257, 420, 435, 449PCB levels, 15POP accumulation, 15
Argentina, 302, 469Aroclor
see PCBs
563 Index
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Arrhenius, Svante, 170arsenic, 12, 288, 293, 294, 295, 308, 309, 451, 452,
453 see also water contaminants
as syphilis treatment, 432inorganic compounds, 452uses, 452
asbestos, 64, 94, 139, 370, 484, 505exposure, 12
Asia, 21, 109, 143, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 153,167, 169, 189, 190, 269, 302, 343, 426, 435,440, 451, 453, 477, 480, 512
arsenic exposure, 432aspirin, 59, 61, 69, 501Atlantic Ocean, 21, 143, 144, 152, 178, 207, 272,
278, 370atmospheric deposition, see also acidic deposition
(“acid rain”)atrazine, 464atropine, 59Australia, 265, 450, 475, 533
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), 461baculoviruses, 461Bangkok, 150Bangladesh, 12, 302, 344, 371, 453arsenic, 293steel recycling, 370
banksAsia Development Bank, 21, 512Inter-American Development Bank, 480World Bank, 23, 148, 280, 302, 405, 444
base deposition, 157batteriesenergy to manufacture, 341EU regulations, 342lead acid, 336metal reclamation, 342Ni–cad, 342rechargeable, 342reclaiming metals from, 342waste management hierarchy, 341
Beijing, 81, 145, 146, 151, 345, 387, 500Belgium, 536benzene, 78, 94, 527exposure, 140ill effects, 139VOCs, 136
benzopyrene, 76as PBT, 415
Bhopal, 1, 18, 19, 32, 39, 42,444, 525
bioaccumulation, 411land-based, 16
biodiesel, 383biofuelsLCA, 55
biomass fuelsalgae, 383
biomonitoring, see chemicals in the bodybiosolids, see wastewater treatmentBiosphere 2, 7, 515bio-treatment, see solid waste, municipal:
compostingbisphenol A (BPA), 83–85Black Sea, 278, 279black-lung disease, 386“blue baby” syndrome, 293Bolivia, 499Bombay, 27botulinum toxin, 59, 60Brazil, 21, 109, 149, 209, 302, 311, 337, 345, 346, 383,
448, 536Curitiba, 25
brownfield, see hazardous waste sitesBt, 473Buenos Aires, 302
cadmium, 70, 139 see also metalsCAFOs, see confined animal
feeding operationcalcium carbonate shells, 559Calcutta, 149, 150California, 12, 148, 256, 264, 319, 366, 369, 399, 401,
404, 468, 475, 531motor vehicles, 380
Cambodia, 364, 478Cameroon, 144, 205Canada, 15, 76, 257, 299, 300, 441,
464, 494Arctic animals, 416
Canberra, 533cancer
causes, 80, 83, 94infection, 80pollutants, 80
development, 79–80dose–response, 79initiation and promotion, 79organ affected
bladder, 98, 294liver, 74, 94, 294lung, 12, 78, 94, 294, 450, 498scrotum, 94skin, 225, 293vagina, 83
carbofuran, 469carbon monoxide, 60, 119, 120, 135, 142, 143, 376,
379, 392, 487, 509 see also air pollutants,criteria
carbon tetrachloride, 220carbonic acid, 557Caribbean, 144, 147, 432cars, see motor vehicles
564 Index
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cataracts, 225caustic, 502CCA alternatives, 452CFL light bulbs, 387chemical
bioavailability, 66persistence, 35PCBs, dioxins, 65
reference, 44chemical effects
body organs, 71–74irritant, 63local, 73multiple chemicals, 62additive, 19, 63antagonists, antidotes, 19, 63synergism, 19, 63, 74
synergism, 74target organs, 65
chemical exposure, 89children, 76multiple chemicals, 62one chemical, 63
chemical riskimpoverished countries, 109occupational, 109
chemical risk assessment, 34–35, 98–108animal tests, 105cancer, 104–108dose–response, 105excess tumors, 105exposure assessment, 105hazard identification, 104maximum tolerated dose, 105no safe dose, 105potency factor, 106risk
assumptions, 107risk characterization, 106upper-bound risk, 108
cancer dose–response assessment, 105definition, 34dose responsereference dose, 101safety factor, 101
dose–responseNOAEL, 101
dose–response assessment, 100,101, 105
ecosystem assessment, 108exposure assessment, 100most highly exposed, 103route of, 103source, 103worse-case, 103
future of, 113hazard, 98
hazard assessment, 100hazard identification, 100hazardous waste sites
indicator chemicals, 99human subjects, 102non-cancer, 100–104pesticides
cumulative risk, 104risk characterization, 100
hazard quotient, 104safety factor
children, 465factors of 10, 102–103
what it compensates for, 99when warranted, 99why do, 99
chemical risk management,110–113
factors considered, 110laws and regulations, 110legislative tools, 110negligible risk, 110
chemical toxicity, 62aflatoxins, action level, 74ammonia, 218arsenic, 64, 453
drinking water, 293epidemiologic studies, 295exposure
chronic, 293drinking water, 451sources of, 453
exposure levels, 295gangrene, 294in utero, 295key environmental health
problem, 451local and systemic effects, 73mass poisoning, 293murders, 452reducing risk, 294–295
asbestos, 12, 73atrazine, 114benzene, 65cadmium, 70caffeine, 62carbofuran, 469carbon monoxide, 72, 388carbon tetrachloride, 62DDT, 413, 415DES, 83dibromochloropropane, 76diethylene glycol, 102dioxins, 413endosulfan, 469ethyl alcohol, 62, 72formaldehyde, 63, 64, 73
565 Index
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chemical toxicity, (cont.)insecticides, 466–468
carbamates, 467DDT, 466organochlorines, 466organophosphates, 466
iron, 427lead
IQ and memory, 435mercury
inhalation, 66metals, 72, 427, 432methylmercury, 66, 447
wildlife, 444neomycin, 73nitrite
methemoglobin, 293nutrition and toxicity, 432oxalic acid, 62parathion, 65particles, 73PCBs, 413, 417
fetal brain, 417pesticides, 73, 466–469pesticides and children, 77radon, 12reactive gases, 73solanine, 62teratogens, 75thalidomide, 76tin, organo-, 433tobacco products, 76toxic element, 427trichloroethylene, 107vitamin A, 76
chemicals in the bodyabsorption, 64–65
ingestion, 64portal blood, 64
inhalation, 64lung alveoli, 64skin, 65
ADME, 64–68bioaccumulation, 35, 67biomagnification, 67
methylmercury, 67biomonitoring, 91body burden, 91–93
chemicals found, 91CDC studies, 91
usefulness, 93distribution and target organs, 65excretion
how occurs, 67metabolism, 65
biotransformation, 65storage, 66
chemistryacids, 556analytical, 19
vanishing zero, 42atomic mass, 540atomic nucleus
neutrons, 539protons, 539
atomic number, 540atoms, 539Avogadro’s constant, 552balancing reactions, 552, 554chemical bonds, 547
covalent, 545ionic, 546
electron, 540configuration, 543
electrostatic forces, 547elements, 539
electronegative, 543, 546electropositive, 543hydrogen, 540, 545deuterium, 542tritium, 542
lithium, 545noble, 543
free radicals, 550hydroxyl radical
atmospheric roles, 550incomplete products of combustion, 555isotopes
environmental chemistry, 542lithium, 542mercury, 441oxygen, 175radioisotopes, 175, 393, 543stable, 543what they are, 542
metal primer, 426molecular mass
calculating, 547neutralization, 557oxidation
hydrocarbons, 554oxidation reactions, 552–555periodic table, 540pH, 556reduction reactions, 553stable octet, 544stoichiometry, 552subatomic particles, 539valence, 544
chemistry, chemicalsacids, 556–558
ocean, 556–558acids, strong, 557acids, weak, 557
566 Index
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bases, 557benzo(a)pyrene, 556biochemicals, 549corrosive examples, 349flammable examples, 349formula, 540inorganic, 17, 549organic, 548–549definition, 548
polyhalogenated examples, 411reactive examples, 349waterhydrogen bonding, 556
Chernobyl, 393Chesapeake Bay, 243, 258Chicago, 270, 299children
drinking-water pollution, 302hazardous products, 501, 503indoor air pollution, 77, 499less-developed countriesair pollution, 148
nontoxic products, 504pesticide exposure, 77tolerances, 465
pesticideswood preservative exposure, 451
smoke exposure, 499children and in utero, 75–78, 469Chile, 225China, 22–24, 40–41, 81, 127, 144, 145, 147, 149, 150,
151, 167, 168, 229, 280, 281, 282, 304, 344,347, 366, 369, 387, 396, 403, 478, 499,500, 525
acid deposition, 168air pollution, 145–146banning plastic bags, 345cancer villages, 23, 81, 87carbon dioxide emissions, 202coal burning, 81, 167, 194, 202, 375, 387, 499coal reserves, 386consumption, 28desertification, 145dust and sand storms, 145–146dust storms, 145economic growth, 24, 41, 387energy usecoal, 387economic activity, 535inefficiency, 387renewables, 387
energy use per capita, 375environmental health, 81environmental laws, 40environmental organizations, 40Environmental Performance Index, 536exported products, 28
export-related pollution, 150food production, 127green chemistry, 524green technology, 319human dominance culture, 22laws, 40–41lead in children’s blood, 436mercury
workplace exposure, 445multinational operations, 41name and shame, 41pesticide use, 478pollution
air, 23coastal, 281drinking water, 23, 281, 282, 302energy use, 387indoor air, 499metals, 430reducing pollution, 281, 500rivers, 280waste, 312waste electronics, 367waste, silicon tetrachloride, 398water, 81
unregulated emissions, 281pollution and population, 281polysilicon production, 396power plants
emission controls, 392reducing pollution, 40–41
greenhouse emissions, 209right-to-know, 44sand and dust storms, 145–146solid waste, 312, 344, 345State Environmental Protection Administration, 23,
145, 280chloracne, 68, 417chlordane, 416chlorine, 502chloroformexposure, 140ill effects, 139
cholera, 308chromated copper arsenate (CCA),
451–452Clean Air Act, see lawsClean Water Act, see lawsclimate changeIPCC, 172
closed-loop systems, 514–515Biosphere, not successful, 515closed-loop recycling, 515cradle to cradle, 356, 514
See dematerializationLCA
cars, 331
567 Index
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closed-loop systems, (cont.)DfE, 516factor 4, factor 10, 515how nature does it, 514industrial ecology, 513–516Kalundborg
first model, 515NASA
Advanced Life Support System, 515need to dematerialize, 513recycling
not enough, 515wastes and emissions
as resources, 511zero waste, zero emissions, 511
closed-loop systems, dematerializationcomputer design, 516designing for, 516durability, 520, 530environmentally benign manufacturing, 532environmentally preferable products, 519extended producer responsibility
(EPR), 521product stewardship, 521–523
barriers, 522drivers, 522
servicizingchemicals, 522definition, 522durability, 522EPR, 522
take-back laws, 521tools
design for the environment (DfE), 519LCA, 517
comparing products, 518complexity, 517
P2, 516zero waste
progress toward, 529closed-loop systems, detoxification, 523–526green chemistry, 365, 523
biodegradable, 525carpets, 529change chemical used, 524change production process, 525goals, 524–526major future changes, 526–528reduce chemical waste, 525using enzymes, 527using microbes, 526using wastes, 527
coalamounts burned, 430ash from burning, 386externalities, 385increase in usage, 385
life-cycle assessment, 386reserves of, 386sulfur
reducing, 386coal burning
ash ponds, 430metal emissions, 453pollution from
reducing, 391power plants, 429
ash amounts, 430power plants, retrofitting, 392radioactive metal emissions, 453
Coeur d’AleneSuperfund mining site, 351
coliform, fecal, 289colony collapse disorder, 468Colorado, 71, 83, 144, 200, 276, 399combustion, 12, 76, 335, 429, 483, 546, 555
gasoline, 11incomplete products of, 11
command-and-control, 39limitations, 41
comparative risk assessment, 35–38copper
mining, ancient practices, 431coral reefs, 6, 188, 208corporations
3M, 46, 421AMOCO, 42Androscoggin Energy, 390Bayer, 525BMW, 331BP-Amoco, 390Bruce Mansfield, 392Castrol Chemical, 523Caterpillar, 320Chevron, 388Chisso, 444Donlar, 525Dow Chemical, 19, 415, 525Duke Energy, 388DuPont, 415, 529Epson, 531Fetzer Vineyards, 531Fiat, 331General Electric, 418Hewlett-Packard, 369Honda, 380Hooker Chemical, 350Interface, 522, 531International Paper, 390, 531LL Bean, 333Maine Oxy, 402Motorola, 523Navistar, 523Nokia, 320
568 Index
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Occidental Chemical, 350Panasonic, 369Pillsbury, 531Proctor & Gamble, 415, 518Raytheon, 523Renault, 331Rohm and Hass, 391Sony, 369Sunoco, 380Toyota, 380, 532Unilever, 50Union Carbide, 18, 42Volvo, 331, 518Wal-Mart, 325Xerox, 520, 522, 531
cotinine, 91crabs, 242, 274, 277cradle to cradle, 356criteria air pollutants, see air pollutants,
criteriaCryptosporidium parvum, 289, 300curare, 59Curitiba, 25, 311, 337, 345, 346, 536Czech Republic, 151
right-to-know, 44
Davis, 475DDT, 15, 17, 35, 66, 67, 75, 77, 82, 83, 86, 92, 106, 107,
108, 156, 248, 258, 410, 412, 415, 416, 420,421, 423, 457, 458, 459, 466, 467, 471, 478,481 see also persistent organic pollutants(POPs); see also pesticidal chemicals
biomagnification, 466malaria, 415metabolite, 92one of “dirty dozen”, 415
dead zones, 273, 276–279Black Sea, 278recovery, 278
description, 277Gulf of Mexico, 276–278nitrate fertilizer, 277reducingCAFOs, 279fertilizer, 279
water pollution, nitrogen glut, 273dematerialization, 516Denmark, 51, 107, 399, 447
industrial symbiosis, 51DES, 83, 84, 93, 94desert
Gobi, 144, 146Sahara and Sahel, 144
desertification, 6, 145, 146, 147, 148,153, 202
and pollution, 145design for disassembly (DfD), 320
design for the environment, see alsoDfE, closed-loopsystems
design for disassembly, 320, 369cars, 331
remanufacturing examples, 320design for the environment (DfE)Detroit, 361DfE, 48, 316, 365, 370, 516, 517, see also green
chemistryand design for disassembly, 320, 331design changes, 324design for durability, 520design for waste minimization, 334, 369, 534electronic equipment, 324examples of, 519green chemistry, 523redesigning electronics, 369reducing excess material, 333reducing hazardous waste, 365take-back programs, 333
Dhaka, 344dibromochloropropane, 76dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, see DDTdiethylene glycol, 102diethylstilbestrol, see DESdimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 65dioxins, 14, 17, 35, 37, 44, 65, 67, 68, 90, 92, 93, 114,
134, 338, 350, 351, 363, 412, 415, 416, 417,418, 420, 444, 448, 488
air emissions, 14as PBTs, 414bioaccumulation, 67bioavailability, 66biomagnification, 90cannot totally ban, 416chloracne, 417chlorine-using processes, 90combustion, 90processes that produce, 416
dissolved oxygen, 241, 242, 259, 276, 279Dobson units
see stratospheric ozone depletion, 221Dominican Republic, 146drinking waterbackground, 286bottled
compared to tap, 299environmental impact, 299standards, 299
contaminated, 300human waste, 300–303
ill effects, 300issues
most sensitive groups, 298population, 298
less-developed countries, 300–302cholera, 308
569 Index
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drinking water (cont.)point-of-use treatment, 305–306reducing pathogens, 305
safegreatest medical milestone, 300
safetyaging systems, 297
small systems, 297water-borne illness, 290why treat, 289
drinking-water contaminantsarsenic, 293
Asia, 432mass poisoning, 293removing, 295source, 293well water, 293
chloroform and trihalomethanes, 291DBPs, removing, 291DBPs, risk, 291disinfection byproducts, 290fluoride
controversy, 288lead, 437microbes, 289
fecal coliform, 289nitrate
ill effects, 292immediate threat, 292sources, 292
pathogensdisinfection, 290–292ill effects, 289immediate threat, 289reducing, 290sources, 290
drinking-water contaminants, emergingantibiotics, 296hormones, 296treatments for, 297
drinking-water disinfectantschlorine, 290–291non-chemical methods, 292non-chlorine chemicals, 291reducing, 292
drinking-water standardsmaximum contaminant level, 287primary, 287–288
examples, 288secondary, 296
public welfare, 296taste, color, odor, 296
drinking water, less-developedcountries
boiling water, 302children, impact on, 302diarrhea, 302
Household Water Treatment Network, 302one billion without access, 301pathogens
ill effects, 301unsafe water and sanitation, 300untreated human waste, 302water scarcity and pollution, 302
durability, 535dematerialization, 530
dust storms and desertification, 147
Earth Summit, 21, 194, 305Eastern Europe, 262ecosystem services, 3, 4, 6, 8, 253, 511 see nature’s
servicesEgypt
right-to-know, 44electricity production
biomass, 399–400coal
LCA, 386coal versus nuclear, 393coal, oil, gas, 385–388dams, 403geothermal, 401
heat mining, 401hydrogen fuel cells
stationary, 401micropower
off central grid, 404natural gas
nitrogen oxides, 387nuclear fusion, 394nuclear power, 392–394
France, 393LCA, 394safety, 393waste disposal, 393
ocean energythermal energy conversion, 403tidal, 402wave, 402
pollutionreducing, 388–392
pollution burning coal, 386renewable sources, 395–404renewables
dependence on sun, 395smart grid, 406solar, 395–398
photovoltaic, 395–397large operations, 397LCA, 396medium operations, 396polysilicon pollution, 396small operations, 395storing energy, 397
570 Index
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solar, concentrated, 397wind machinesstoring energy, 398
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA), see laws, US
emissions trading, 110endocrine disrupter, see hormones,
environmentalend-of-pipe, 39, 45
definition, 39endosulfan, 469energy use, world, 374–377
coal, 375conservationin industry, 390–392in the home, 388–389
conservation and efficiency, 388–392conservation, promoting, 403energy intensity, 407fossil fuels, 375future possibilities, 407increased demand, 374associated pollution, 374
industrycogeneration, recycled energy, 391district heating, 390electric motors, 390energy audit, 391manufacturing, 390reducing
clean coal technology, 391cleaner fuels, 391
reducing use, 392steam generation, 390waste energy, 391
Japan as a model, 407rural poor, 405wood and other biofuels, 375
England, 107environmental health, poverty, 21environmental hormones
potential human impact, 86environmental issues
high-risk global issues, 36US trendsUS EPA, 512
environmental justice, 110Environmental Performance Index, 535
good governance, 536environmentally benign manufacturing, 532environmentally preferable products, 318epidemics
cancer, 83water-borne, 290
epidemiology, 93–97benzene, 94biological plausibility, 96
birth defects, 96chimney sweeps, 94cluster, 95community studies, 95confounding factors, 94definition, 93electromagnetic fields, 96exposure evaluation, 94judging studies, 95–96limits of, 96occupational exposures, 94PCBs, 418radon, 94risk factor, 96scrotal cancer, 94
EPR, 325, 331, 333, 368, 521, 522ethanol, 400from cellulosic material, 383from corn, 383
ethanol and aflatoxins, 78Ethiopia, 480EU, 44, 403, 407, 420, 422 see also European UnionEurope, 23, 24, 27, 28, 76, 78, 101, 112, 121, 134, 141,
143, 147, 150, 151, 152, 156, 165, 166, 168,174, 190, 202, 223, 263, 264, 269, 270, 272,278, 279, 297, 298, 299, 365, 369, 370, 385,390, 397, 399, 408, 426, 431, 435, 446, 522,532, 533, 536
air pollutants, 141energy production
coal, 385European Pollutant Emission Register, see laws, EUEuropean Union, 44, 85, 111, 134, 151, 152, 165, 194,
195, 324, 342, 365Producer Pays Program, 325
exotic, 1, 278, 475control agents, danger, 475
exposure to chemicals, see chemical exposureextended producer responsibility (EPR), 325Exxon Valdez oil spill, 246, 444
FDA, see agencies: US Food and DrugAdministration
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act,see laws
fire retardantsPBDEs, 414
fishable and swimmable, 39, 236, 255Florida, 7, 79, 82, 83, 86, 144, 441, 461, 463fluorine, 543, 544formaldehydeill effects, 139
France, 14, 74, 331, 371, 392, 459, 536Freedom Car, 382frogs, 82, 114, 158, 244, 274, 469fuel cells, 381furans, see dioxins
571 Index
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gasolinecombustion, 11
general circulation models,see global warming
genetically engineered organism (GEO)why develop, 461
Geneva, 299GEOs, 461, 476geothermalelectricity production, 401space heating, 401
Germany, 14, 24, 151, 158, 166, 201, 232,297, 331, 332, 333, 337, 396, 397, 399,452, 494, 536
recycling, 322Ghana, 265Giardia lamblia, 289, 290global dimming, 23, 143global distillation, see grasshopper effectglobal warminga warming earth, 176–178assessing, 182–185
GCMs, 182–184IPCC report, 184, 206
background, 170feedback loop, 186heat island, 176how seen, 64–68
future, 206–208melting ice, 178permafrost, 180sea levels, 182warming earth, 176warming oceans, 178
ice-core studies, 173–175ice-core bubbles, 542mitigation, 203–205natural?, 183
external forcings, 183human signature, 183sun’s radiation, 183
reducingcarbon dioxide, 196CFCs, 198economics of, 206fluorochemicals, 198how, 196–198International Energy
Agency, 208Kyoto, 194–196Kyoto, beyond, 208less-developed countries, 209methane, 198Montreal Protocol, 198nitrous oxide, 199political entities, 199–203soot, 199
global warming, greenhouse gasescarbon dioxide, 187–188
sinks, 187sources, 187
carbon dioxide equivalent, 185CFCs and others, 192levels of, 173livestock emissions, 192methane, 189–190
fate, 190sources, 189
nitrous oxide, 191ocean acidification, 188ozone
fate, 191soot, 192water vapor, 186
Gobi desert, 144grasshopper effect, 15–16, 413Great Lakes, 67, 255, 256, 284, 410, 417, 418, 419,
420, 423, 433, 466green chemistry
designing chemicals, 415what it is, 523
Green Revolution, 480Greenland, 449growth regulators, 472Gulf of Mexico, 250, 276, 277,
278, 279
Haber-Bosch, 273, 275fertilizer, 273population growth, 273
Hawaii, 435hazard
definition, 35variety of meanings, 99
Hazard and risk, 34hazardous air pollutants, see air pollutants, HAPs,
air pollutants, hazardoushazardous products, 500–502
alternatives, 504characteristics
corrosiveexamples, 501
flammableexamples, 502labels, 501
more than one hazard, 502reactive, 502examples, 502
toxic, 501HHW
antifreeze, 507collection programs, 507paint, oil-based, 507pesticides, 507
572 Index
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reducing amounts, 508used oil, 507
household hazardous waste(HHW), 506
labels, 491, 502–504caution, 503nontoxic, 504
reducing exposure, 504reducing HHW, 506required information, 503safe use, 504toxiclabels, 501
TUR, 504ventilation, 504
hazardous wastecharacteristics, 348corrosive, 349flammable, 349reactive, 349toxic, 348
generators, 352hazard or risk, 349reducing generation, 365tracking cradle to grave, 356why important, 348WMH, 353–355disposal, 354pollution prevention, 353recycling and reuse, 353sources, 352treatment, 355, 363
bioremediation, 354purposes of, 354
hazardous waste generatorsindustry categories, 349
hazardous waste sites, 350, 351brownfields, 361cleanupbioremediation, 363genetically modified organisms, 363metal contamination, 362phytoremediation, 363site specific standards, 361
cleanup methods, 361–363definition, 356evaluating, 356old, 350reducing risk, 360–361cleanup, 360–361imminent hazard, 360
Superfund, 356hazardous waste sites, Superfund, 71
Coeur d’Alene megasite, 351Love Canal, 350cleanup, 350dioxins, 351
mining megasites, 351National Priority List, 356Smuggler Mountain, 71
hazardous waste, household, 349composition, 352
hazardous waste, international transport, 364–365Basel Convention
Control of Transboundary Movements ofHazardous Wastes, 364–365
electronic waste, 370electronics
illegal movement, 366ships, old, 370–371
hazardsold buildings
asbestos, 505heat island, see global warmingheavy metal, 304, 362, 370definition, 427
helium, 545hemoglobin, 60, 120, 293, 549hexachlorobenzene, 415as PBT, 415
hexazinone, 470Hong Kong, 343hormones, 80cortisol, 295estrogen, 62hormone receptor, 62pharmaceutical
androgens, 86pharmaceutical estrogens, 83
hormones, environmental, 80–86alligators, 82BPA, 83dioxins, DDT and PCBs, 413estrogen mimic
DDT, 82Lake Apopka, 82mimics, 62phthalates, 85
infant males, 101phytoestrogens, 81, 86pollutant, 62
Houston, 25, 123air pollution, 118
Hudson River, 417Human Domination, 1, 33, 512Hungary, 14hydrocarbons, 133, 489hydrochloric acid, 556hydrogenfuel cell, 381
Iceland, 401, 402incomplete products of combustionexamples, 555
573 Index
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India, 12, 22, 149, 265, 302, 371,407, 536
coal reserves, 386energy use, 387
economic activity, 535energy use per capita, 375Kerala, 25power plants emission controls, 392steel, 370
individualsconsequences of actions, 334personal actions, 319pollution prevention examples, 48recycling and reuse
examples, 49Indonesia, 452, 479indoor air pollutants, 483–500auto exhaust, 488benzene
description, 490ill effects, 490sources, 490
biologicaldescription, 493
carbon monoxide sources, 487–488formaldehyde
description, 489ill effects, 490
from carpets, 494from combustion appliances, 487from consumer products
advice, 491reducing exposure, 486
from stoves, fireplaces, 488moisture
mold, 492reducing, 492
mold, 486nitrogen oxides
combustion appliances, 487other chemicals, 491PAHs
benzo(a)pyrene, 489description, 489sources, 489
paradichlorobenzenesources, 491
particulatescombustion appliances, 487description, 494sources, 494
PERCsources, 490
radonaction level, 494, 498how generated, 494ill effects, uncertainty, 498
lung cancer, 498polonium-218 and -214, 497reducing levels, 497smoking, 497, 498sources, 494testing for, 497well water, 497
tobacco smoke, 487ubiquitous chemicals, 488VOCs
sources, 488indoor air pollution, 77
background, 483ill effects, 485–486
chronic, 486examples, 485temporary, 486
reducing, 493ventilation, 486
sources, 483indoor air pollution, less-developed countries,
499–500carbon monoxide, 499China, 500
indoor air pollutionill effects, 499reducing
alternative fuels, 500efficient stoves, 500
reducing exposure, 500smoke, 499
exposure, 499fuels used, 499
industrial ecology, 51–54, 513–515,513–516
phosphorus, 271ultimate goal, 514wastewater, 263
industrial symbiosis, 51–54integrated pest management, 268, 474
See IPMInuit, 15, 413, 416, 442ionizing radiation, see also indoor air pollutants:
radonalpha, beta, gamma particles, 497carbon-14, 495cosmic rays, 495exposure sources, 496isotopes
nuclear fission, 394radioisotopes, 495
potassium-40, 495radioisotopes, 175
half-life, 497radon, 497tritium, 542uranium, thorium, 393
574 Index
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radon, 497background, 495
terrestrial sources, 495thorium-232, 495uranium-238, 495X-rays, 496
Iowa, 399IPCC, see global warmingiron, see metalsisopropyl alcohol, 504Israel, 264, 420Istanbul
air pollution, 118Italy, 203, 331, 351, 382, 524
Japan, 15, 23, 24, 28, 36, 70, 145, 146, 147, 165, 167,209, 326, 331, 333, 334, 336, 343, 368, 374,375, 380, 382, 392, 394, 407, 418, 420, 431,444, 466, 516, 521, 524, 532, 533, 534, 535,536, 537
DfE, 368minimizing energy use, 534Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
Directive, 368Java, 447jelly comb, 278
Kabul, 343kaizen, 533Kalundborg, 51, 390, 515Kauai, 435Kentucky, 29, 300Kenya, 344, 499, 500Korea, 24, 145, 146, 165, 167, 370Kyoto Protocol, see global warming
lakesLake Chad, 147Lake Erie, 147Lake Ontario, 420
Latin America, 15, 147, 265, 308, 464, 475, 477, 480laws
EUtake back, 325
EU Registration, Evaluation and Authorization ofChemicals, 111
EU Waste Electrical and Electronic EquipmentDirective, 324
one size fits all, 42unintended consequences, 42US Clean Air Act, 38, 39, 43, 118, 124, 137, 138,
154, 156, 162, 164, 168, 169, 413, 445air quality standards, 118grandfathering, 392
US Clean Air Act Amendments, 138, 140, 158, 162,164, 379, 433
US Clean Water Act, 38, 39, 236–249, 261, 263
US Comprehensive Environmental Response,Compensation and Liability Act, 38 see alsoUS Superfund
US Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act, 43
US Energy Policy Act, 381US Federal Food Drug and Cosmetics Act, 102US Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide
Act, 38, 471, 504US Hazardous Substances Labeling Act, 502US Oil Pollution Act, 258US Poison Prevention Act, 503US Pollution Prevention Act, 46US Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 38,
315, 354US Safe Drinking Water Act, 38, 236, 287–293US Superfund, 38, 71, 350, 351, 352, 354, 356, 357,
360, 361, 364, 372, 373, 417US Toxic Substances Control Act,
38, 111, 249US Toxics Release Inventory, 43–44, 352
LCA, 331, 517–519coal, 386computers, 370definition, 30environmentally preferable products, 519four stages of, 517metal products, 428refrigerators, autos, 370
lead, see metals, lead and PBT metal, lead, metalsLegionella bacteria, 289life-cycle assessment, See LCALima, 308lime, see metals, calcium oxidelivestockCAFOs, 279greenhouse gas emissions, 51, 192
Los Angeles, 24, 25, 53, 109, 123, 132, 144, 148, 149,256, 396
Louisville, 300lye, 502
Maine, 369, 390, 402, 443, 470malaria, 471Manila, 344marine organisms, 327Maritime Provinces, 441Maryland, 270, 369Massachusetts, 319, 366, 457McDonough, William, 10, 311, 515megacities, 27, 149, 257mercury, 140metal pollutantsagricultural soils, 431Arctic haze, 426characteristics, 425–427exposure
575 Index
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metal pollutants (cont.)food, drinking water, 427how exposed, 431
fresh and marine waters, 431hazardous waste sites, 431mining
ancient practices, 431sulfur and acid, 428wastes, 428
particulates, 426reducing levels, 432
pollution prevention, 433soil and sediment, 426sources, 428–431
fossil fuel burning, 429mining, 428mining, overburden, 312, 428smaller sources, 430
transport in water, 426transport with wind, 426
metals, 70, 363, 427 see also hazardous waste sitesand chemical toxicity
aluminumbauxite mining, 322recycling, 322
and coal burning, 453arsenic, 430, 451–453
as pesticide, 457sources, 453sources, natural, 453
arsenic, cadmium, lead, 145cadmium, 70, 427
Arctic, 449mining, 448natural sources, 449NiCad batteries, 448, 450takeup into plants, 449uses, 448zinc mining, 450
calcium oxide, 426characteristics, 425–427copper, 448copper arsenate
as pesticide, 457hazardous, 427heavy, 262
definition, 427in coal, 386iron, 331, 336iron (steel), 322, 324, 378
manufacture, 320, 322, 387, 407mills, 361recycling, 370, 452usage, 452
iron oxide, 426lead, 448
ancient mining, 431
clean up, 362dispersive emissions, 412old leaded paint, 71properties and uses, 434remaining uses, 437smelting, 351Superfund sites, 351tetraethyl, 426
lead, see also PBT metal, leadlead arsenate
as pesticide, 457lithium, 432mercury, see also PBT metal
artisanal mining, 439as pesticide, 457cinnabar, 439cycling in environment, 440hot spots, 443isotopes, 441mercuric oxide, 440products containing, 439properties, 140sources, 439vapor, 440
metal oxides, 426mining, 71, 427
ancient practices, 431natural, 427nickel, 381nutrient metals, 427plant hyperaccumulation, 363plutonium, 363poisoning with, 432problematic, 428radioactive, 386recoverable, 320recovering metals from electronics, 369selenium
wildlife poisoning, 432shipbreaking, 370strontium
bioaccumulation in bones, 67thallium, 430therapeutic uses, 432
bismuth, 432folk remedies, 432gold, 432lithium, 432
tin, 433antifouling paint, 433organotin toxicity, 433
tin, tributyl- (TBT), 433toxicity
nutrition, 432uranium and thorium, 393zinc
in cadmium mining, 448
576 Index
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methane, 387, 545, 548methanol, 501methyl bromide, see stratospheric ozone depleting
chemicalsmethyl chloride, see stratospheric ozone depleting
chemicalsmethyl isocyanate (MIC), 18, 43, 525methylene chloride, 136, 504Mexico, 147, 149, 464
reducing lead’s risk, 438right-to-know, 44
Mexico City, 27, 109, 150, 151air pollution, 118
Michigan, 361Millennium Development Goals, 21, 302Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 3, 7Milwaukee, 290, 300Minamata, 444mining, 14, 28, 29, 45, 48, 119, 189, 199, 240, 245,
303, 311, 312, 322, 339, 341, 347, 349, 351,356, 360, 362, 372, 375, 385, 386, 401, 421,426, 427, 428, 431, 433, 434, 435, 439, 440,446, 448, 453, 454, 513, 534
coal, 9, 386Minnesota, 318, 319, 399, 441, 445, 531Mississippi River, 464, 512mixtures, toxicity of, see toxicity: mixturesmole, 552Molina, Mario, see stratospheric ozone,
depletionMongolia, 144, 145, 146, 167monocrotophos, 469motor vehicle fuels
biodiesel, 383biofuels, 383flexibly fueled vehicles, 381
motor vehicleselectric, 381fossil fuel use, 377–384gasoline use, 378history, 377pollution from, 377–378reducing, 378–381
biomass fuels, 384energy efficiency, 384flexibly fueled vehicles, 381hybrids, 380hydrogen fuel cell, 381increasing fuel economy,
380–381maintenance, 380
reducing, how to, 379Mt. Pinatubo, 127, 184, 193, 224
Nairobi, 344nanotechnology, 516NAPAP, see acid deposition
NASA (US National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration), 7, 142, 176, 190, 219, 230,231, 233, 515
natural gas, 387Natural Resources Defense Council, 256, 299nature’s services, 2, 7, 38, see also ecosystem
services, 3neon, 543Nepal, 400nerve gases, organophosphates, 467Netherlands, 74, 107, 203, 207, 276, 399, 536New Delhi, 22, 148, 150New Hampshire, 152New Jersey, 332, 345New York, 2, 6, 13, 32, 33, 53, 87, 109, 132, 149, 159,
164, 165, 345, 400, 417, 418NewYork City, 3, 7, 256, 291, 292, 300, 317, 322, 339,
377Niagara Falls, 350Love Canal, 350
Nicaragua, 480nicotinecotinine metabolite, 91
nicotine sulfate, 457NIMBY, 325nitric acid, 557nitric oxide, 59nitrogen fixation, 1 see also bioavailable
nitrogennitrogen glut, see water pollution, nitrogen glutnitrogen oxides, see air pollutants, criterianitrogen, bioavailable, 272nitrogen, reactive, 272nitroglycerine, 59NOAA (US National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration), 5, 176, 178, 179, 214,222–223, 227, 255
North Carolina, 131, 247, 276Northern Ireland, 402Norway, 420, 447nutrition, 294, 449Arctic ponds, 16arsenic poisoning, 294, 432cadmium, 450liver cancer, 74malnutrition, 74, 480metals, 432xenobiotics, 70
nylon, 529
ocean acidification, see Box 7.5OECD, 36, 281, 343, 375, 387, 404Ogallala aquifer, 5oil spill, 8, 246, 283, 362, 444Exxon Valdez, 246Gulf war, 246
Ontario, 300, 421
577 Index
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orebauxite, 322cinnabar, 439copper, 431gold, 29iron, 370lead, 29, 431metal, 245, 311, 429
Oregon, 399oxalic acid, 501ozone hole, see stratospheric ozone depletionozone, ground level, see air pollutants, criteriaozone, stratospheric, see stratospheric ozone
Pacific Garbage Patch, 325–328Pacific Ocean, 24, 144, 178, 326, 422packagingfunctions of, 324
PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), seecriteria air pollutants (criteria) and indoorair pollutants
bioavailability, 66Pakistan, 370Paracelsus, 57parathion, 467Paris, 109pathogens, 300–302wells, where site, 297
PBDEs, 419–420blood of house cats, 420Canadian Arctic, 420fire retardants, 414, 419in breast milk, 420in foods, 420outgassing, 419reducing, 420toxicity, 420
PBT metal, cadmium, 448–451bioaccumulation, 67, 449, 453exposure
limits, 453study of, 450vegetarians, smokers, 449why in food, 448–451
exposure sourcesfood, 449
ill effects, 70, 449–450calcium metabolism, 450carcinogen, 450epidemiologic study, 450itai itai, 70occupational exposure, 449target organs, 449
levels in environment, 448reducing levels
Australia, 450batteries, 450regulations, 451
sources, 448transport, 449
PBT metal, lead, 434–438bioaccumulation, 67blood levels, 436
prehistoric, 438exposure sources
children, 435home and workplace, 435
ill effects, 435IQ and memory, 436Zambian children, 87
lead from earlier emissions, 434reducing risk
from gasoline, 436from paint, 436lead safe, 437old lead, 437
from soil, 362sources, 434
natural, 438storage in bones, teeth, 435transport, 435
PBT metal, mercury, 415, 438–448Arctic animals, 416biomagnification, 67, 442, 444, 448
fish, 441blood levels, 447exposure
dental amalgams, 446fish, 103, 442fish-eating animals, 442Inuit, 442prenatal, 442wildlife, 443workplace, 443
fish advisories, 444commercial fish, 444
ill effects, 444humans, 444mad hatter, 438poisoning, Minamata, 444
mercury to methylmercury, 403, 431,439, 442
reducing deposition, 445reducing risk, 446
changing industrial processes, 446combustion, 445dental amalgams, 447eliminating products, 446international reductions, 446regulations, 445workplace, 445
riskguidelines, 447prenatal, 447selling mercury, 448
sediment, 426
578 Index
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sources, 440mining, 440power plants, 440
transport, 441atmospheric lifetime, 440identifying sources, 441
transport and accumulation, 440PBTs, metals, 434
multiple problems, 412PBTs, organic
Arctic animals, 413bodies of Inuit, 413characteristics, 411–413characteristicsbioaccumulation, 411biomagnification, 412persistence, 411toxic, 413transport, 413volatility, 413
DDT, 466decreases in Arctic animals, 416“dirty dozen” polychlorinated , 415emissionsdispersive, 412
fire retardants, 414multiple problems, 412names of “dirty dozen”, 415number of, 410PBT examples, 414PCBs, 548–549PFOSs, 421–422polybrominated fire retardants (PBDEs), 414,
419–420polyhalogenated, 411POPs, 411reducing, 413–416screening for, 414
PCBs, 11, 15, 17, 38, 67, 68, 72, 73, 75, 90, 92, 103,107, 156, 219, 243, 249, 262, 288, 357, 363,369, 370, 410, 412, 415, 416, 417, 418, 420,421, 422, 423, 424, 444, 448
bioaccumulation, 67, 412bioavailability, 66chloracne, 417cooking oil contamination, 418cycling in environment, 417epidemiological studies, 418exposure today, 417family, 417–419fish exposure, 418Great Lakes fish, 419Hudson Rivercontamination and cleanup, 417–418Superfund site
dredge sediment, 418obvious toxicity, 418
sediment concentration, 417subtle toxicity, 419toxicity, 417, 418, 419ubiquitous contaminant, 417uses, 417where still found, 416
Pennsylvania, 332, 495persistent organic pollutants (POPs) see also PBTspersistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic, see PBTsPeru, 308, 477pest populationspest resurgence, 470resistance
development of, 470increasing problem, 471
secondary pest, 470pesticidal chemicals, 65atrazine, 464DDT
broad spectrum insecticide, 459history of, 457
fumigant examples, 459hydrogen cyanide, 457, 459methyl bromide, 459neem tree extract, 460nicotine sulfate, 457pheromone, 461pyrethrum, 457rotenone, 467
pesticide pollutioncrops and food, 465exposure, 464–466farming
conventional, 473IPM, 474organic, 473
ill effects, 466–469amphibians, 469birds, 468fish, 469humans, 469insecticides
carbamates, 467organophosphates, 466–467polychlorinated, 466
nontarget species, 468–469on pollinating insects, 468soil organic material, 470
organophosphatesfate, 467
pest resistance, 470–471POPs fate, 466POPs, persistence and climate, 464reducing risk, 471–476
biocontrol, 475changing farming methods,
473–475
579 Index
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pesticide pollution (cont.)crop protectant, 472ecologically appropriate regions, 477educating farmers, 476green chemistry, 472organic farming, 473phermones and growth regulators, 472reducing pesticide use, 474regulations, 471sustainable farming, 476techniques, 474–475
residuesmonitoring imported food, 466monitoring produce, 465
sources of, 463–466transport, 463
POPs, 464where detected, 464
pesticides“dirty dozen”, 415alternatives to, 460arsenic
chickens, 452biopesticides, 461
botanicals, 460classes of, 460genetically engineered, 461microbials, 461
broad spectrum, 459categories, 457definition of, 456desirable characteristics, 473disinfectants, 459exposing insects, 467exposure
farmers’ children, 77flower growing, 78fumigants, 459herbicides, 468household hazardous waste, 457ingredients
active and inert, 471insecticides
organochlorine, 466persistence, 466polychlorinated examples, 466
introduction to, 456–458organophosphate metabolites, 91organophosphate, parathion, 467organophosphates, 60pest resistance, 458polychlorinated
POPs, 466solubility, 466
POPsquantities used, 463registration process, 465
school use, 78selective (narrow spectrum), 459testing in humans, 115tolerances, 465
what they are, 113types of, 459–461water solubility, 464who uses
almost everyone, 463why banned, 466why use, 456, 463
aesthetic reasons, 462, 463grow in more places, 462long storage time, 462longer season, 461monocultures, 462public health reasons, 462
wood preservative, 451pesticides, less-developed countries, 477–480
Cambodia, 478China, 478dangerous pesticides, 478Ethiopia, 480ill effects
poisoning, 477Indonesia, 479Nicaragua, 480obsolete pesticides, 478prior informed consent, 478reducing pesticide use, 479reducing risk
Farmer Field Schools, 479petroleum distillates, 504PFOSs
Arctic wildlife, 422bioaccumulative, 421fluorine chemicals, 421persistence, 421reducing levels, 422toxicity, 421
pH, see water pollutants, conventionalpH, ocean, 558phenol, 459pheromone, 472Philadelphia, 332, 380Philippines, 27, 184, 344phthalates, 85
metabolites, 92plasticizers, 414
Plant-Incorporated-Protectants, 461plasticizers, 414Poland, 151pollutant
concentrationsdescribed, 9
definition, 8oxidation, 17
580 Index
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sources, 12transportair, 14chemical signature, 23grasshopper, 15transboundary, 23water, 14
pollutantsanthropogenic, 10barely detectable, 19buried, 16fate, 16fate and transport, 13inorganic, 17mineralization, 17natural, 10organicdegradation, 16fate, 16
pollutionactions at a distance, 29driversaffluence, 28individuals, 29, 30, 31population growth, 26technology, 28
electronic waste, 370less-developed countries, 21obvious, 8why it happens, 10
pollution indoor air, 77pollution prevention (P2), 46–48
definition, 45examples, 46industry, 47
housekeeping practices, 46polyacrylates, 524polyethylene terephthalate, 306, 323polysilicon, 396polyvinyl chloride, 532POPs, see also PBTs, organic
three families, 416population growth, 8, 12, 26, 27, 36, 171, 197, 260,
264, 286, 305, 470poverty and efficient resource use, 515
Portugal, 402Potomac River, 243precautionary principle, 85, 89, 112, 114, 447product stewardship, 521propane, 381pyrethrins, 460pyrethrum, 457
Quebec, 413
radon, 11, 107, 484, 485, 494–499, 545in mines, 498
radon-222, 497recyclingproblems, 49
recycling and reuse, 48–49examples, 49
red tide, 274Re-power Americacarbon-free energy, 406
reuse, 48Reykjavík, 402right-to-knowEurope, see laws, EU
Rio de Janeiro, 305riskdefinition, 35, 98
risk assessmentchemical, see also chemical risk assessmentcomparative, see also comparative risk
assessmentcomparative, 37individual activities, 334
risk management, see also chemical riskmanagement
children, 113greater protection, 113pesticides, 113
Europe, North America, 112non-regulatory tools, 111pesticide tolerance, 113precautionary principle, 111, 112
riverBig Sandy, 29Coeur Alene, 351Cuyahoga, 8Danube, 14, 278Emory, 430Hai, 23Hudson, 351, 417, 418Mississippi, 158, 250, 276, 277, 464, 512New River, 276Potomac, 83, 243Rhine, 14, 240, 280, 403, 418Songhua, 24Tisza, 14Yangtze, 3, 146, 280Yellow, 146, 280
Romania, 14Rowland, F. Sherwood see stratospheric ozone,
depletionRussia, 375, 394, 435rust, 426
Safe Drinking Water Act, see lawsSan Diego, 218San Francisco, 144, 254, 299, 321, 322, 337, 345,
377, 446sand storms, see air pollution
581 Index
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sanitationgreatest medical milestone, 301
ScotchgardTM, 421Scotland, 402Seattle, 270, 533selenium, 432Seoul, 145septic systems, see wastewater treatmentservicizing, 522–523chemicals
how it works, 522sewage, 300–308shellfish, 139, 236, 247, 255, 258, 259, 274shipbreaking, 370–371silicon tetrachloride, 396silicosis, 69silver, see metals, silverSingapore, 264, 337, 343sludge, see wastewater treatmentsmog, history of word, 122smokers, 63, 133, 295, 431, 487, 488, 490, 497, 498sodium hydroxide, 557sodium hypochlorite, 459solanine, 62solar energy, 395–398passive, 398
solid wasteChina, 344combustion of, 336slums, 343sources, 311types, 311
solid waste, developed countriesmanagement, 343
solid waste, less-developed countriesin slums, 343problems, 343–345recovering value
Bangladesh, 344Curitiba, 345scavengers, 344
solid waste, municipal, 317components, 313composting, 329design for the environment (DfE) see design for the
environmentdisposal, irresponsible, 326environmentally preferable products, questions, 519ill effects, 313impact on oceans, 325–328junked cars, 331landfills, 341
bioreactor, 340leachate, 339methane, 339mining resources, 341sanitary, 339
Pacific Garbage Patch, land origin of, 326plastic bags, 345
banning, 345pollution prevention, 316
design for recycling, 369examples, 316reducing food waste, 317reducing toxicity, 317reducing volume, 316
quantities generated, US, 314recycling, 321–325
appliances, 324common materials, 322electronics, 324, 366, 368packaging, 324paper, 322plastics, 323challenges, 323
problems, 325promoting, 322, 331, 333used oil, 324why do, 321
recycling examples, 337reducing
environmentally preferable products, 317–318preferable products, 317guidelines, 318
take back, 334source reduction
reuse, 48treatment
incineration, 335–339Japan, 334pros and cons, 336regulation of, 338
two purposes, 335waste management hierarchy,
315, 335solid waste, social issues
EuropeGreen Dot, 325
landfillsNIMBY, 340siting, 340
take back, 325Europe, Japan, 333
source reduction, see pollution preventionreuse, 48
Soviet Union, 208, 278Spain, 396, 397, 420Stabilization Wedges
stabilizing atmospheric carbon dioxide, 406steel, 452Stockholm Convention, 420, 422 see Stockholm
Convention on Persistent OrganicPollutants
banning the “dirty dozen”, 415
582 Index
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-73669-5 - Understanding Environmental Pollution, Third EditionMarquita K. HillIndexMore information
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stoichiometry, 552stratospheric ozone
CFCsFreon, 218, 219, 220properties, 218
generating ozone, 215–216making and remaking, 215protective effect, 215questions and answers, 215ultraviolet radiation, 215measurements, 217
stratospheric ozone depleting chemicalschain reaction, 221CFCs, properties, 219depleting potential, 220fateCFCs and halons, 220
halons, properties, 219, 220ill effectsgreenhouse gases, 228
natural depleters, 220reducingalternatives, 230–232
smuggling, 230water-soluble chemicals, 221
stratospheric ozone depletionfuture, 230history, 218ill effects, 224–227ocean life, 226
ozone hole, 218, 224, 230, 232particle sources, 224reducing, 228–233less-developed countries, 229
the future, 232UV index, 225volcanic eruptions, 224where observed, 221–223Antarctica, 221Arctic, 222other regions, 222
stratspheric ozone depletionreducing depleters, 228
sub-Saharan Africa, 27, 201, 265, 305, 536sulfonamides, 102sulfur dioxide, see air pollutants, criteriasulfuric acid, 558Superfund, see lawsSurround, 472Sweden, 304, 331, 447, 452Switzerland, 278, 299
table salt, 221, 249, 546Taiwan, 345, 364, 370take back, 111, 318, 368, 369, 370, 521 see extended
producer responsibilityelectronics, 521
Japan, European Union, 534stimulating DfE, 522
TanzaniaEnvironmental Performance Index, 536
TCDD, 105Tennessee, 430teratogens, 75thalidomide, 59, 76Tijuana, 438toilets, 303–305Tokyo, 109, 149, 407, 444toluene, 527Toronto, 421toxaphene, 416toxic effectschildren and in utero, 75
Toxic Equivalency Potential, 44Toxic Substances Control Act, see lawstoxicant, see individual chemicalstoxicity, chemical toxicity and epidemiologyacute and chronic, 58aspirin, 61body organ
immune system, 72kidney, 72liver, 71, 74lung, 73nervous system, 72, 466skin, 73
children’s sensitivity, 76DDT, 413definitions, 58dose per time, 61dose–response, 60factors affecting, 70–71
examples, 70gender, age, nutrition, 70individual and species variation, 69poverty, 74, 77
hormones, environmental, 62ill effect
nervous system, 466immune system, 72, 226irritant
skin, lungs, 73LD50, 60local, 63mixtures, 20, 63, 248, 469, 489, 491nutrient toxicity, 60obvious
PCBs, 418PBDEs, 420PCBs, 418, 419solanine, 62subtle
PCBs, 418systemic, 63
583 Index
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-73669-5 - Understanding Environmental Pollution, Third EditionMarquita K. HillIndexMore information
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toxicity, chemical toxicity and epidemiology (cont.)whole effluent, 63
Toxics Release Inventory (TRI), see laws, US: rightto know
Toxics Use Reduction (TUR), 48, 504transboundaryintensifying dust storms, 146particulate matter, 144pathogens, 144pollutant travel, 142–144reducing
treaties, 152sand, 145tracing travel, 143, 152
treatiesBasel Convention, 364, 368, 478Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air
Pollution, 152International Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), 328Montreal Protocol, 152, 198, 209, 213, 222, 228,
229, 230, 231, 233, 234Rotterdam Convention on Pesticides, 478Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
showing results, 416treatmentreasons to treat waste, 50
TRI, see Toxics Release Inventorytriclocarban, 86Turkey, 12Tyvek, 323
UK, 177, 333, 397, 399, 402, 444ultraviolet radiation, see also stratospheric ozoneA, B, and C, 218
UN Environment Program, 480UN Food and Agriculture Organization, 192, 280,
478, 479UN International Maritime Organization, 433UN World Meteorological Organization, 172UNEP, 1, 8, 36, 152, 153, 233, 234, 257, 258, 284,
285, 302, 308, 309, 326, 327, 349, 352, 364,370, 372, 415, 423, 428, 434, 438, 440, 446,448, 479
UNICEF, 293United Arab Emirates, 536United Kingdom, 297, 397, 524 see also UKUnited Nations Environmental Program, see UNEPurban sprawl, 260US Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-
Know Act (EPCRA), see lawsUS Environmental Protection Agency, see agencies
US EPAUS Food Quality Protection Act, 102, 104,
113, 465US Hazardous Substances Labeling Act, see lawsUtah, 433
Velpar, 470Vibrio cholera, 308Vietnam, 265, 452, 536
arsenic, 293vinyl chloride, 80, 94, 119, 357, 439Virginia, 42, 264virus, hepatitis B, 74vitamin A, 59, 76VOCs, see air pollutants, VOCsvolatile organic chemicals (VOCs), 136volcano, 10, 127, 193, 224, 401
warfarin, 59Washington, 327, 369, 533waste, see also solid waste
definition, 9waste and emissions
complexity, 512quantities produced, 513straining the environment, 512
waste management hierarchy (WMH), 45, 46, 321disposal, 50, 335pollution prevention, 45recycling, 321recycling and reuse, 48treatment
why treat, 50wastewater
gray water, 265municipal treatment, 108, 140, 242, 263, 277reclamation, 265reducing volume, 265reuse (recycling), 264reusing
less-developed countries, 265treatment
alternatives, 266–267on site, 266small facilities, 266wetlands, 267
wastewater treatmentimproved, 263industrial, 263land spreading sludge, 262nutrient removal, 263sludge, 262
biosolids, 262metal content, 262
water pollutantsbanned, 249from storm drains, 256metals, 243PCBs, 243pollution prevention, 264reducing
best management practices, 240sewage, 255–257
584 Index
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-73669-5 - Understanding Environmental Pollution, Third EditionMarquita K. HillIndexMore information
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combined sewer overflow, 255fecal bacteria, 256
sewer terminology, 255shellfish, 255stormwater, 255VOCs, 252
water pollutants, conventional, 241–248biochemical oxygen demand, 241how generated, 244
definition, 241nutrients, 242algal blooms, 274background, 272Black Sea, 278dissolved oxygen, 276excess, 276, 279Haber-Bosch, 273harmful algal blooms, 274hypoxia, 274ill effects, 273–274
eutrophication, 273nitrogen glut
reducing, 279reducing, 271, 277–278sources, 275–276
CAFO, 275oil and grease, 246oil spills, 245
pathogens, 247–248sources, 247
pH, 244suspended solids, 245viruses and bacteria, 247
water pollutants, dead zone, 272–279water pollutants, drinking water
VOCs, 253water pollutants, nonconventional and nontoxic, 249water pollutants, nonpoint sources
reducing, 267–272agricultural runoff, 268–269atmospheric deposition, 272best management practices, 268urban runoff, 269water use, 272
water pollutants, point sourcesnutrientsreducing, 271
reducing, 260–265wastewatersources, 260
wastewater treatment, 261water pollutants, priority, 248
overlap with HAPs, 248pesticides, 248
water pollutants, toxic, seewater pollutants, prioritywater pollution
“nitrogen glut”, 272–279atmospheric deposition, 242complicated picture, 512dead zone, 244decreasing, see also wastewatereutrophication, 243hypoxia, 242mining, 245, 428nonpoint sources, 239–241scarcity, due to, 302sewage, 303
water pollution, nonpoint sourcesrunoff, seriousness, 240
water pollution, NPS, see also water pollution,nonpoint sources
water pollution, point sources, 239water pollution, water body type, 250–260coastal, 254
land-based pollution of, 254megacities, 257non-plastic pollutants, 258plastics, 257population growth, 254reducing BMPs, 258sewage, 257
estuary, 254groundwater, 250–252river, 250wetlands, 253wetlands, services, 253
watershed, definition, 240West Bengalarsenic, 293
WHO, see also World Health Organizationwhole effluent toxicity, 20, 63Wisconsin, 266, 269, 290, 300, 507, 509World Health Organization, 22, 36, 81,
110, 148, 293, 300, 302, 307, 310, 368,417, 477
World Summit, 334World War II, 394
xenobiotics, 64, 71foreign chemicals, 63
Yokohama, 534Yorktown, 42Yugoslavia, 14
zero emissions, 529zero waste, 369, 511, 531cities committing to, 533individual level, 535New Zealand, 534progress toward, 529sustainability, 531
585 Index
© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-73669-5 - Understanding Environmental Pollution, Third EditionMarquita K. HillIndexMore information
http://www.cambridge.org/9780521736695http://www.cambridge.orghttp://www.cambridge.org