Independence Achieved!
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Transcript of Independence Achieved!
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Independence Achieved!
• New Problem:–Create government that will function
and serve to balance liberty and order properly; and be consistent with the principles of the revolution.• Consent of the Governed• Direct representation
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Articles of Confederation
• A loose alliance of states– 1 vote in national congress.– State more powerful than national.– Federalism:– Unanimous to amend A of C.– No executive branch.– Went into effect in 1781.
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Articles of Confederation
• Some general agreement:–Declaring War–Concluding Peace–Foreign Relations–Regulating trade–Operating a postal service
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Articles of Confederation
• Wild Disagreement:–On the issue of Western Lands–Some states had no claims–Some state had huge claims–Virginia ceded its claims in 1781 to
help pass the Articles.
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Powers Denied the National Govt.
• Levy taxes• Regulate trade• Settle disputes among states• Collect debts owed to it by states• Enforce any of its powers
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Three Main Problems
• Huge war debt
• Making peace with the Indians
• Western land settlement
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Problems with the Articles of Confederation
• States more powerful than the national govt.• Central govt. lacked energy.• No executive branch.• Laws inconsistent from state to state.
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Economy
• The new nation’s economy was a mess during the 1780’s.• Paper money greatly depreciated.• National Government does not have
the power to even try and solve the problem.
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Economy
• Western lands held huge potential for wealth.
• Inhabited by Indians.
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Land Ordinance of 1785
• a system for dividing up unclaimed land.
• Territories divided into townships.
• 1 section of each township set aside for schools.
• Minimum bid $1/ acre; Min purchase 640 acres
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Northwest Ordinance of 1787
• 3-5 states to be established.• Slavery prohibited.• Provide steps for statehood (still followed)– US won’t be a colonial power– Population of 5,000 voting residents– 60,000 people / state constitution– Accepted by Congress
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Shays’s Rebellion
• 1786-1787• Farmers in Western Mass.• Thought taxes were too high.• Armed rebellion sprang up.• Finally an army was raised and put
down the Rebellion
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Shays’s Rebellion
• National Government had limited ability to handle such crises.
• Had the problem with England been too much power in the hands of the rulers or the inability of the subjects to behave?
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James Madison
• Son of a Virginia Planter• Graduate of Princeton 1771• Poor Health – Not fit to be a soldier• Committed Revolutionary• Committee of Public Safety 1774-75• Elected to Virginia Council• Appointed to Governor’s Council• Favored National Power rather than state• Pushed for Constitutional Convention
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Constitutional Convention
• Philadelphia, Pennsylvania• May 1787• 55 men from all 13 states.–Wealthy–College grads.–young
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Constitutional Convention
• Meetings Chaired by George Washington.• Meetings were closed to the
public and protected by armed guards.• Concerned some people.
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Constitutional Convention
• Purpose:–Fix articles of confederation–Leave power in the hands of the
states.–Create strong national govt.
without tyranny.–Could not be done. Start over.
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Virginia Plan
• Theory that the government operated directly on the people not on states.• Both houses of Congress tied to
population. (eliminated power of smaller states)
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New Jersey Plan
• Maintain one house Congress• Each state to have one vote• 3 man executive branch elected from
Congress.• Preserved the Confederation.
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Constitution• The Great Compromise:• Representation:–Bicameral Legislature• Senate – 2 votes / state• House of Reps. – based on pop.
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Constitution• 3/5 compromise: slaves count as 3/5
of a person for population but cannot vote.
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Separation of Powers
• Three Branches of Govt.–Legislative : Congress: Makes the Law–Executive: President: Enforces the Law–Judicial: Supreme Court: Interprets the
Law.(system of Checks and Balances)
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Baron de Montesquieu
• French Enlightenment thinker 1689-1755.
• Best government would be balanced between three groups of officials.
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Rousseau
• Morals and ethics are necessary in a democracy.
• Community was based on the idea that all members held common values and attitudes.
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Federalists
• Those in favor of the new Constitution.• Approval went to the states to ease
the criticism that they had gone beyond their authority at the Constitutional Convention.
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Anti-Federalists
• Feared the national power because of its distance from the people.• Had a hard time supporting the
Articles because of their admitted flaws.• Wanted a Bill of Rights
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Living Constitution• Constitution permits change.
Elastic Clause–Amendments–Unwritten Constitution
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Supremacy Clause
• This is the major difference between the Articles and the Constitution.
• Still a system of federalism
• National Govt. more powerful than the states.
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Defining Document of Govt.
• Delegated Powers: Nat. govt.• Reserved Powers: State govt.• Concurrent Powers: Nat. and state
govt.
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Enumerated Powers• Powers written specifically in the
Constitution. These may apply to any of the three branches, or to any level of govt. or the people.
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Implied Powers• Powers in the constitution but not
specifically written down. Interpretation is required to understand these powers. Allows for change to take place without replacing the document.
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Constitutional Interpretation
• Strict Constructionist:–Govt./people only has the power
granted by the Constitution.• Loose Constructionist:–Govt./people has any power not
prohibited by the Constitution.
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Constitutional Interpretation
• Intent of the Framers:–Original intent maintains that in
interpreting a text, a court should determine what the authors of the text were trying to achieve, and to give effect to what they intended the statute to accomplish.
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George Washington
• First President• Tasked with creating a working govt.• Starts many Presidential Traditions.–Two term–Appointing a cabinet
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Whiskey Rebellion
• 1794• Frontier Areas – Small Farmers• GW saw it as a chance to show the
power of the Govt.• Not a case of virtual representation.