INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN = Environmental Sustainability Index
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INDEKS KELESTARIAN LINGKUNGAN
=Environmental
Sustainability Index
Diabstraksikan oleh: soemarno, psdl ppsub, desember 2012
Bahan Kajian pada MK. PSDAL
LINGKUNGAN PERAIRAN
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KUALITAS AIR
It’s a simple fact - we can’t live without water. People use it every day for drinking, washing and cooking, as
well as for irrigating crops and generating electricity. Water is also essential for maintaining the health of natural systems,
which in turn support us.There are many actions to take to use water wisely at home
and in the garden to help secure water for our future.Sumber: http://www.livinggreener.gov.au/water)
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KUALITAS AIR
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_quality ……………… 28/11/2012
Kualitas air mencerminkan karakteristik kimia, fisika dan biologis air.
It is a measure of the condition of water relative to the requirements of one or more biotic species and or to any human
need or purpose.It is most frequently used by reference to a set of standards
against which compliance can be assessed. The most common standards used to assess water quality relate to health of ecosystems, safety of human contact and drinking water.
The parameters for water quality are determined by the intended use. Work in the area of water quality tends to be focused on
water that is treated for human consumption, industrial use, or in the environment.
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KUALITAS AIR AMBIENT
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_quality ……………… 28/11/2012
Environmental water quality, also called ambient water quality, relates to water bodies such as lakes, rivers, and oceans. Water
quality standards for surface waters vary significantly due to different environmental conditions, ecosystems, and intended
human uses.
Toxic substances and high populations of certain micro-organisms can present a health hazard for non-drinking
purposes such as irrigation , swimming , fishing, rafting , boating, and industrial uses. These conditions may also affect
wildlife, which use the water for drinking or as a habitat. Modern water quality laws generally specify protection of fisheries and
recreational use and require, as a minimum, retention of current quality standards.
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Parameter kualitas lingkungan air tawar
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters ……………… 28/11/2012
Freshwater environmental quality parameters are the natural and man-made chemical, biological and
microbiological characteristics of rivers, lakes and ground-waters, the ways they are measured and the
ways that they change.
The values or concentrations attributed to such parameters can be used to describe the pollution status
of an environment, its biotic status or to predict the likelihood or otherwise of a particular organisms being
present.
Monitoring of environmental quality parameters is a key activity in managing the environment, restoring polluted environments and anticipating the effects of
man-made changes on the environment.
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KONSUMSI MANUSIA
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_quality ……………… 28/11/2012
Contaminants that may be in untreated water include microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria; inorganic contaminants such as salts and metals; organic
chemical contaminants from industrial processes and petroleum use; pesticides and herbicides; and radioactive contaminants.
Water quality depends on the local geology and ecosystem, as well as human uses such as sewage dispersion, industrial pollution, use of water bodies as a heat
sink, and overuse (which may lower the level of the water).
In urbanized areas throughout the world, water purification technology is used in municipal water systems to remove contaminants from the source water (surface water or groundwater) before it is distributed to homes, businesses, schools and other users. Water drawn directly from a stream, lake, or aquifer and that has no
treatment will be of uncertain quality.
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PENGGUNAAN AIR: DOMESTIK DAN INDUSTRI
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_quality ……………… 28/11/2012
Dissolved minerals may affect suitability of water for a range of industrial and domestic purposes.
The most familiar of these is probably the presence of ions of calcium and magnesium which interfere with
the cleaning action of soap, and can form hard sulfate and soft carbonate deposits in water heaters or
boilers.
Hard water may be softened to remove these ions. The softening process often substitutes sodium cations.
Hard water may be preferable to soft water for human consumption, since health problems have been
associated with excess sodium and with calcium and magnesium deficiencies. Softening may sacrifice
nutrition for cleaning effectiveness
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Water Quality Indicators
We will now take a look at the water quality indicators.
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
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ALKALINITY
Alkalinity refers to the water’s ability to neutralize acids.
Alkalinity is produced by minerals such as
limestone.
Limestone is a type of ocean sediment composed of calcium carbonate.
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
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Limestone bedrock areas often have caves and sinkholes, known as Karst.
Water with low alkalinity is
usually acidic.
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
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AmmoniaAmmonia is produced by the decay of
organic matter and animal waste.Ammonia is toxic to most aquatic life,
especially at high pH.
Bacteria readily convert ammonia to nitrate. (a plant nutrient)
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
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Ammonia
Ammonia is a form of
nitrogen and part of the Nitrogen
Cycle.
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
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BACTERIA
Most bacteria are important in nutrient and other organic cycles.
Excess nutrients cause algal blooms.
As algae die and decay, the high bacterial load
rapidly consumes dissolved oxygen.
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
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Certain types of bacteria indicate animal and human waste pollution.
Escherichia coli are coliform bacteria found in the intestines of warm-blooded organisms.
Most strains are harmless but one E. coli strain can cause severe diarrhea and kidney
damage.
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
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Oksigen Terlarut
Dissolved oxygen is a product of
photosynthesis and diffusion.
The warmer the water, the less oxygen it can hold.
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
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Most organisms need at least 5 or 6 ppm of
oxygen in order to survive.
Even cold water rarely contains more than 15 ppm. Summer is often a time of oxygen stress for
aquatic organisms.
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
Oksigen Terlarut
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Conductivity measures the water’s ability to conduct an electrical current.
Pure water is a poor conductor.
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
Konduktivitas
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The addition of dissolved solids, especially salts, increases the
conductivity of water.
Electrical current is measured using a conductivity meter.
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
Konduktivitas
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Hardness refers to the concentration of calcium and magnesium in water.
Hard water has high concentrations of these elements. Soft water has low
concentrations.
Water hardness often originates from limestone.
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
Kesadahan
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Nitrate is a primary plant nutrient.
Nitrate is water soluble and moves easily from surface to
groundwater.
Excess nitrate causes algal blooms that reduce water quality.
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
Nitrat
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Under normal conditions, the nitrogen cycle keeps the amount of available nitrogen in balance with
the demands.
However, excessive use of fertilizers and nutrient rich sewage release have created a surplus of nitrate.
The result is eutrophication from excess algae and bacteria with reduced dissolved oxygen.
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
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These chemicals are very complex.
Effects on aquatic organisms – Moderately to highly toxic to mammals, molluscs, aquatic insects, amphibians and fish.
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
Pestisida
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pHpH is the measure of the hydrogen ion (H+)
concentration.
The pH scale is zero to 14. Seven is neutral, below seven is acidic, and above seven is basic
(or alkaline).
Most aquatic organisms exist within a pH range of 5.5 to 9.5.
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
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Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form a weak acid called carbonic acid.
pH tolerance for most aquatic life
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
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Phosphate
Phosphate’s concentrations in clean water is generally
low; however, phosphorus is used extensively in fertilizer
and other chemicals.
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
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Phosphate
The primary sources of phosphates to surface water are detergents, fertilizers,
and natural mineral deposits.
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
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Phosphate High levels of phosphate can over stimulate the growth of aquatic
plants and algae.This in turn, will cause high DO
consumption and death to fish and many aquatic organisms.
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
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SalinitySalinity refers to the salt concentration in water, mostly sodium chloride.
Salinity is historically measured in parts per
thousand (ppt) or grams per liter.
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
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Salinity
Saltwater can cause problems when it replaces
fresh groundwater
near the coastal areas.
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
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Sediment
Erosion causes loose soil to
enter the waterways
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Sediment
Suspended sediment blocks sunlight to plants and reduces dissolved oxygen.
As sediments settle, they can smother bottom (benthic)
organisms.
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
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TEMPERATURE
Most aquatic organisms live within a temperature range of +32º F (+0º C) to
90º F (32º C).
Temperature can be measured using field thermometers but digital probes
are much more accurate.
Temperature is measured in Fahrenheit and Celsius degrees.
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Temperature affects the oxygen-carrying capacity of water.
Rapid temperature change and temperature extremes can stress aquatic organisms.
As the water warms, the amount of dissolved oxygen decreases.
14 Dissolved Oxygen (ppm)
12
10
8
6
4____________________________________ Winter Summer
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
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TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS (TDS)
TDS is the measure of the material dissolved in water.
This measure is related to hardness, salinity and conductivity.
Hard water has more TDS than soft water.
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
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TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS (TSS)
TSS is the measure of the sediment suspended in the water.
TSS is related to turbidity.
Water with high TSS usually has high Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) as well.
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
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TURBIDITY
Turbidity refers to water clarity.
Sediments suspended in the
water increase turbidity.
Diunduh dari: step.nn.k12.va.us/science/envsci/ppt/Water_Quality_Indicators.ppt
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A secchi disk is one type of instrument used to measure turbidity.
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Senyawa Kimia Toksik
Toxic chemicals usually come from industry and energy
production.
The effects are often not known until years after they have entered
the environment.
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Toxic chemicals include heavy metals (lead, mercury), organic compounds
(DDT, PCB), inorganic substances (arsenic) and others.
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INDIKATOR AIR MINUM
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_quality ……………… 28/11/2012
1. An electrical conductivity meter is used to measure total dissolved solids
2. The following is a list of indicators often measured by situational category:
3. Alkalinity4. WARNA AIR5. pH6. Taste and odor (geosmin, 2-Methylisoborneol (MIB), etc.)7. Dissolved metals and salts (sodium, chloride, potassium,
calcium, manganese, magnesium)8. Microorganisms such as fecal coliform bacteria (Escherichia
coli), Cryptosporidium, and Giardia lamblia9. Dissolved metals and metalloids (lead, mercury, arsenic, etc.)10.Dissolved organics: colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM),
dissolved organic carbon (DOC)11.Radon12.LOGAM – LOGAM BERAT13.Pharmaceuticals14.Hormone analogs.
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INDIKATOR AIR
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_quality ……………… 28/11/2012
Indikator Fisika1. Suhu Air = Water Temperature2. Specifics Conductance or EC, Electrical
Conductance, Conductivity3. Total suspended solids (TSS)4. Transparency or Turbidity5. Total dissolved solids (TDS)6. Bau air = Odor of Water7. Warna air = Color of water8. Rasa air = Taste of Water
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Diunduh dari: ……………… 28/11/2012
Indikator Kimia
1. pH2. Total Hardness, Hard water, TH = Permanent
Hardness + Temporary Hardness3. Dissolved oxygen (DO)4. Nitrat-N5. Orthofosfat6. Chemical oxygen demand (COD)7. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)8. Pestisida9. Logam-logam berat.
INDIKATOR AIR
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Diunduh dari: ……………… 28/11/2012
Biological Indicators/ assessment1. Ephemeroptera2. Plecoptera3. Trichoptera4. Escherichia Coli or E.Coli or E.coli5. Coliform
Biological monitoring metrics have been developed in many places, and one widely used measure is the presence and abundance of members of the insect orders
Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT).
EPT indexes will naturally vary from region to region, but generally, within a region, the greater the number of taxa from these orders, the better the water quality. EPA and other organizations in the United States offer guidance on developing a monitoring
program and identifying members of these and other aquatic insect orders.
Individuals interested in monitoring water quality who cannot afford or manage lab scale analysis can also use biological indicators to get a general reading of water quality. One example is the IOWATER volunteer water monitoring program, which
includes a benthic macroinvertebrate indicator key.
INDICATOR OF WATER
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WATER QUALITY INDEX
Diunduh dari: http://bcn.boulder.co.us/basin/watershed/wqi_info.html ……………… 28/11/2012
A water quality index provides a single number (like a grade) that expresses overall water quality at a certain location and time based on several water
quality parameters. The objective of an index is to turn complex water quality data into information that is understandable and useable by the public. This
type of index is similar to the index developed for air quality that shows if it’s a red or blue air quality day.
The use of an index to "grade" water quality is a controversial issue among water quality scientists. A single number cannot tell the whole story of water quality; there are many other water quality parameters that are not included
in the index. The index presented here is not specifically aimed at human health or aquatic life regulations. However, a water index based on some very important parameters can provide a simple indicator of water quality. It gives the public a general idea the possible problems with the water in the region.
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BAKU MUTU AIR & PELAPORANNYA
Diunduh dari: ……………… 28/11/2012
1. 1. WHO GuidelineWorld Health Organisation (WHO) guideline for Drinking Water Standards.
2. ICMR StandardsICMR Standards for Drinking Water.
3. International standards or ISI Satandards Water quality regulated by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) is covered in the section of ICS 13.060, ranging from water sampling, drinking water, industrial class water, sewage water, and examination of water for chemical, physical or biological properties. ICS 91.140.60 covers the standards of water supply systems.
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KRITERIA KUALITAS AIR
Diunduh dari: http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/criteria/index.cfm……………… 28/11/2012
Section 304(a)(1) of the Clean Water Act requires us to develop criteria for water quality that accurately reflects the latest
scientific knowledge. These criteria are based solely on data and scientific judgments on pollutant concentrations and
environmental or human health effects.
Section 304(a) also provides guidance to states and tribes in adopting water quality standards. Criteria are developed for the
protection of aquatic life as well as for human health.
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KEHIDUPAN AKUATIK
Diunduh dari: http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/criteria/index.cfm……………… 28/11/2012
1. Aquatic Life criteria lists chemical concentration goals to protect surface water for aquatic life use.
2. Biological criteria are based on the numbers and kinds of organisms present and describe the biological condition of aquatic communities inhabiting surface waters.
3. Nutrients are substances used by living things that promote growth (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus). We are developing nutrient criteria to prevent over enrichment in surface waters of the U.S.A.
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KESEHATAN MANUSIA
Diunduh dari: http://water.epa.gov/scitech/swguidance/standards/criteria/index.cfm……………… 28/11/2012
1. Human Health includes technical information and guidance on surface water, drinking water and microbials.
2. Microbial (Pathogen) criteria are used to protect the public from exposure to harmful levels of pathogens in ground and surface waters, food sources, and finished drinking water.
3. Recreational Criteria protect people who swim and play in coastal recreational waters from exposure to pathogens. We held an Experts Scientific Workshop to help map our future directions.
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INDEKS KUALITAS AIR DAN INDIKATORNYA
Diunduh dari: http://www.unep.org/gemswater/AssessmentsandIndicators/WaterQualityIndexandIndicators/tabid/101094/
Default.aspx……………… 28/11/2012
The integrity of an ecosystem is typically assessed through its ability to provide goods and services on a
continuous basis. Together with the air we breathe, the provision of clean water is arguably the most fundamental service provided by ecosystems. Yet, human activities have fundamentally altered inland water ecosystems and their
catchments. As a consequence species dependant on inland waters are more likely to go extinct, and future extinction rates of freshwater animals could be up to 5
times higher than for terrestrial animals.
Water quality refers to the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of a water body. These
characteristics determine how and for what water can be used and the species and ecosystem process it can
support.
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BAKU MUTU AIR MINUM GLOBAL
Diunduh dari: http://www.unep.org/gemswater/AssessmentsandIndicators/WaterQualityIndexandIndicators/tabid/101094/Default.aspx ……………… 28/11/2012
1. Drinking Water Quality Index (DWQI) all parameters regardless of WHO designation
2. Source Water Quality Index (SWQI) health and microbial criteria onlyarsenic, boron, cadmium, chromium, copper, fluoride, lead, manganese, mercury, nitrate, nitrite, faecal coliforms
3. Acceptability Water Quality Index (AWQI) acceptability criteria onlyammonia, chloride, iron, pH, sodium, sulphate, zinc
4. 4X4 Rule: Each parameter that contributes to the index must be measured at least 4 times per year at stations that have measured a minimum of 4 parameters per year.
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INDEKS KUALITAS AIR GLOBAL
Diunduh dari: http://www.unep.org/gemswater/AssessmentsandIndicators/WaterQualityIndexandIndicators/tabid/101094/Default.aspx ……………… 28/11/2012
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INDEKS KUALITAS AIR
Diunduh dari: http://analegeo.ro/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/5.-IONUS-Oana.pdf ……………… 28/11/2012
In most of the cases, this index represents a numerical expression used in the assessment of the flowing water quality, through the framing of the values in
five classes on the interval going from 1 to 100; a certain quality state, respectively a usage domain correspond to each class (Adriano et al., 2006).
The raw values of each quality parameter must be compared with the standard threshold values that are taken into account for the computation of the index, in the view of the qualitative assessment. In all cases when the index must be
determinate, the computation formula is the following:
WQI – the Water Quality Indexi – the quality parameterqi – the registered valuewi – the rank of implication of the parameter in the computation formula
The values of the Water Quality Index that were thus obtained are distributed on a number of intervals, which render the quality of the respective water and the usage domain (Table no. 1): 10–25 percent - highly polluted; 26–50 percent - polluted; 51–70 percent - reasonable; 71–90 percent - good; 91–100 percent - very good (House and Ellis, 1987).
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Peranan WQI
1. WQI numerically summarizes the information from multiple water quality parameters into a single value
2. The single value can be used to compare data from several sites
3. It can be used to look at trends over time on a single site
Diunduh dari: www.islsohio.org/wp.../07/Water-Quality-Index-overview-Oregon.ppt
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Parameter untuk WQI
Parameter Units For a Q value of 90
DO % sat. % sat. >82% [>90% unless spawning, then >95%]
pH pH units 6.9 or 7.9 [6.5 to 8.5]
E. coli CFU/100 mL <4 CFU/100 mL [406 CFU/100 mL for grab sample]
Temp °C +2.5°C or -4°C [<17.8 deg. C]
Turbidity NTU 4.0 NTU’s
T Phos mg/L P 0.05 mg/L P [0.1 mg/L P, Tualatin TMDL]
NO3 mg/L N 0.5 mg/L N
BOD5 mg/L 0.8 mg/L
Diunduh dari: www.islsohio.org/wp.../07/Water-Quality-Index-overview-Oregon.ppt
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Bagian-bagian dari WQI
1. Q-Value - indication of water quality relative to 100 of one parameter
2. Weighting Factor - sets the relative importance of the parameter to overall water quality
Diunduh dari: www.islsohio.org/wp.../07/Water-Quality-Index-overview-Oregon.ppt
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Q Value
• The Q-Value is an indication of how good (or bad) the water quality is relative to one parameter.
• 100 = Very Good• 1 = Very Bad
Q = 0 Q = 100
Q = 25 Q = 75
Q = 50
Very Bad
Very Good
Medium
Diunduh dari: www.islsohio.org/wp.../07/Water-Quality-Index-overview-Oregon.ppt
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pH : Q-Graph & Q-TablepH Q-Values
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
pH
Q-V
alue
pH Q-Value• 6.6 81• 6.8 88• 7.0 94• 7.2 98• 7.4 100• 7.6 98• 7.8 94• 8.0 88• 8.2 80• 8.4 72
Diunduh dari: www.islsohio.org/wp.../07/Water-Quality-Index-overview-Oregon.ppt
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E.coli : Q-Graph & Q-TableE. coli Q-Values
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 10 100 1000 10000
E. coli (CFU/100 mL)
Q-V
alue
E. coli Q-Value0 1001 992 945 8910 8420 8050 74100 69200 65500 271000 30
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Faktor-faktor Pembobot
DO 0.18pH 0.12E. coli 0.17Temp 0.11Turbidity 0.09T Phos 0.11NO3 0.10BOD 0.12Total 1.00
DO
E. coli
pHBOD
Temp
T Phos
NO3
Turbidity
Diunduh dari: www.islsohio.org/wp.../07/Water-Quality-Index-overview-Oregon.ppt
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Interpretasi WQI
Kisaran WQI Kualitas Air
90-100 Excellent
70-89 Good
50-69 Medium
25-49 Bad
0-24 Very Bad
Diunduh dari: www.islsohio.org/wp.../07/Water-Quality-Index-overview-Oregon.ppt
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Contoh Perhitungan WQI
Parameter Units Result Q-Value Weight Factor
Parameter Index
DO % Sat % 95 98 0.17 17.67
pH pH units 8 88 0.11 10.55
E. coli CFU/100 mL 1750 23 0.16 3.94
Temp deg C 0 100 0.11 11.00
Turbidity NTU 10 79 0.09 7.07
T Phos mg/L P 0.2 50 0.1 5.50
NO3 mg/L N 0.4 91 0.1 9.12
BOD mg/L 6 36 0.11 4.34
Total 1.00 69.2WQI = 69.2
Quality Rating = MEDIUM
Diunduh dari: www.islsohio.org/wp.../07/Water-Quality-Index-overview-Oregon.ppt
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Penyesuaian untuk data yang hilang
1. When a parameter is missing, the sum of the weighting factors that have data can be used to adjust the WQI
2. Sum of the Parametric Index Values is divided by the sum of the weighting factors that have data.
Diunduh dari: www.islsohio.org/wp.../07/Water-Quality-Index-overview-Oregon.ppt
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Perhitungan dengan parameter yang hilang
Parameter Units Result Q-Value Weight Factor
Parameter Index
DO % Sat % 95 98 0.17 17.67
pH pH units 8 88 0.11 10.55
E. coli CFU/100 mL 1750 23 0.16 3.94
Temp deg C 0 100 0.11 11.00
Turbidity NTU 10 79 0.09 7.07
T Phos mg/L P NM
NO3 mg/L N 0.4 91 0.1 9.12
BOD mg/L 6 36 0.11 4.34
Total 0.89 63.7WQI = 71.6
Quality Rating = GOOD
Diunduh dari: www.islsohio.org/wp.../07/Water-Quality-Index-overview-Oregon.ppt