Inclusive Toolkit for Universal Design 1 Reconstruction: Haiti for All in Long- Term Recovery...

Inclusive

Toolkit for Universal Design

1

Reconstruction: Haiti for All

in Long- Term Recovery

Chapter 1

Physical Environment

An Initiative of the GPDD Working Group on Haiti

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• Impact of the earthquake

• How do we build back better?

• Who is the User?

• 7 Principles of Universal Design

• Access to Water and Sanitation

Outline

Initiative of the GPDD Working Group on Haiti and the IDB

Total population in 2008: 9.78 million (Source: WDI) Lifetime Births per Woman (TFR): ~4 (Source:

UNICEF) Population (thousands), 2008, under 5 = 1252 (Source:

UNICEF) Population 65 years and over: 3.4% (male 120,040;

female 188,690) –estimate (Source: CIA World Factbook)

Estimated 7-8 % of the population had disabilities (WHO, NY Times), faced exclusion from social, economic, community participation

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Pre-Earthquake Facts


People with Disabilities: Disproportionate impact due to inequities in rescue and response > 300,000 injured; resulting physical disabilities through amputations, spinal cord

injuries, head trauma, multiple fractures, among other injuries Post-traumatic stress, psychosocial disabilities, and lack of adequate care Estimates put this number at greater than 450,000

Other issues: 1.3 million in temporary shelters; 500,000 left affected area ~500,000 children under the age of 5, ~200,00 pregnant and lactating women

affected and at risk ~84,000 displaced individuals over 60 years of age High risk of violence for vulnerable groups including women and people with

disabilities

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Human Impact of Earthquake

An IniAn Initiative of the GPDD Working Group on Haititiative of the GPDD Working Group on Haiti

~105,000 homes destroyed, > 208,000 damaged (PDNA, 2010)

> 1,300 educational institutions completely destroyed, ~4,600 damaged (World Vision, 2010)

Large number of hospitals and health centers have collapsed or considered unusable (PDNA, 2010)

Majority of Government and Ministerial buildings destroyed (PDNA, 2010)

Commercial buildings (~30,000), Transport facilities (air, land, water), community centers, entertainment venues damaged

(Source for header: UN Photo by Logan Abassi)

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Physical Impact of Earthquake


MINUSTAH office. Source: UN Photo by Sophia Paris

Damaged Cathedral. Source: UN Photo by Marco Dormino

Man outside the Haiti Tax Building. Source: UN Photo by Logan Abassi

Collapsed School. Source: UN Photo by Logan Abassi


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To ensure that reconstruction : Does not become a reason for exclusion Narrows socio-economic inequities & promotes equal

opportunities Is inclusive for all, including people with disabilities and the aging

population Provides access to education, health, sustainable livelihoods,

community living, political participation (e.g. voting), and public participation

Facilitates inclusive disaster risk reduction and management

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BETTER? Why to build back


To help the Government of Haiti meet its goals and obligations Haiti has ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons

with Disabilities (CRPD); Required to ensure that persons with disabilities can access their environment, transportation, public facilities and services, and information and communications technologies

Disability is a cross-cutting issue in Haiti’s PRSP To meet key targets under Haiti’s Action Plan for

Reconstruction and National Development

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BETTER? Why to build back


Universal Design (UD) is a concept used to create environments, products, services, or information that respond to the widest range of the population possible

It is far more cost-effective to modify the plans for a new building at the outset than to adapt an existing building to make it accessible

Estimates put the cost at about 1% when incorporated at the start

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Universal Design How to build back better?


Our first instinct is to design for ourselves.

The majority of designers implicitly assume that users… Are young and able-bodied Are well-educated Use products as the designer

intends

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Who is the User?


Users may have temporary or permanent functional limitations that interfere with or prevent access to a product. For example: Low vision (need large print, high

contrast colors) Blindness Low hearing (need louder, clear,

lower frequency sounds) Deaf

When barriers are eliminated, blind people can circulate autonomously

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Who is the User?


Cognitive functional limitations (Wide range of conditions – from difficulty learning to difficulty remembering to reading problems, etc.)

Mobility Disabilities Amputation

… but we all grow old.

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Who is the User?


In addition, users without disabilities may be using a product in circumstances that cause them to behave as if they did: Performing simultaneous tasks

(such as driving - reducing attention, memory, reaction time)

Environment (temperature, weather) Protective gear (reducing dexterity) Infants and pregnant women

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Who is the User?


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UD in Housing


1) Equitable useThe design is useful to people with diverse abilities

--Multiple-height counters

--Non-slip cutting surfaces

--Wider doorways

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7 Principles of Universal Design


2) Flexibility in useThe design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences & abilities

--Pull-out pantries & drawers--Railings down both sides of the stairs--Curbless shower

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3) Simple & intuitive useUse of the design is easy to understand, regardless of the user’s experience, knowledge, language skills or current concentration level

--Stepless entrance--Offset water controls in the

shower & tub

Atlanta Habitat for Humanity house

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4) Perceptible informationThe design communicates necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or the user’s sensory abilities

--Large dial on telephone

--Large signage

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5) Tolerance for errorThe design minimizes hazards & the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions

--Crank or power-operated counter system

--Texturized lever handles Needs protection closer to thefloor surface to preventwheelchair front tires from rollingover

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6) Low physical effortThe design can be used efficiently & comfortably & with a minimum of fatigue

--Lever door handles--Light switches 44-48”--Electrical outlets 18” --Removable cabinet fronts--Front-loading washer & dryer

http://design.ncsu.edu/cud/about_ud/udprinciplesdescrp.htm

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7) Size & space for approach & useAppropriate size & space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation & use regardless of user’s body size, posture or mobility

--Entry door of 36” minimum width

--Interior doors of 32” clearance

--Hallway width of 42” minimum

Provision of sufficient space for wheelchair users or people using other equipment,

Installment of easy-to-use amenities at a convenient height

Provision of adequate handrails and grab bars to assist people moving from a wheelchair or people with reduced strength

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Application: Bathroom


Wood Bathroom

Lowered mirrorNon-slip flooringThe height of washbasins should

be between 0.80 m and 0.85mabove floor finish

Continuous flooring under lavatory

Raised toilet

25An Initiative of the GPDD Working Group on Haiti

Application: Bathroom

Toilette made of straw

Accessible Shelter


Shelter sites and temporary housing should be made accessible to all community members using the universal standard design of accessibility (such as building ramps, installing handrails, modifying water and sanitation sources and making other modifications) to ensure the sites will be accessible to all

Accessible Shelter (cont.)


People with disabilities and other vulnerable populations should be included in this development process to ensure their needs are accounted for. It has been shown that in community-based and managed shelters or camps, disaster-affected individuals (including people with disabilities) feel more comfortable and take ownership over the site.

Without being able to access the facilities and services found in the community, persons with disabilities and other vulnerable populations will never be fully included. In most societies, however, there are innumerable obstacles and barriers that hinder their participation

It is necessary to eliminate obstacles and barriers to indoor and outdoor facilities including schools, medical facilities and workplaces. These would include not only buildings, but also footpaths, curb cuts, and obstacles that block the flow of pedestrian traffic

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to Public Spaces


Accessibility

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Fire hydrant in the middle of the curb ramp


with this picture What Wrong

4” max projection

Cane detectableLeading edge 27” max above

floor

\

in path of travel


Protruding objects

Firm

Stable

Slip-resistant

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Surfaces


• Changes in level max 1/4”

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Surfaces


Gratingsmax 1/2” opening elongated opening

should be perpendicularto path of dominant travel

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Surfaces


Restripping Parking lots # spaces Access aisle Access route Signage

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Universal symbol not required

Parking


1:12 max

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Curb Ramps Street Resurfacing:


Routes with slopes exceeding 1:20 must meet requirements for ramps

Max slope 1:12, 1:16 preferred

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Ramps


Landing areas where ramps change direction

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Ramps


Call buttons Within reach range Raised & Braille

Clear floor space Enter & maneuver within reach of

controls & exit

Elevators


Signage indicating location of accessible features when not all features are accessible

Entrances


Installation of an Accessible unit or equivalent Cup dispenser Water cooler

Drinking Fountains


Door cannot swing into clear floor space at fixtures

Toilet centerline 18” Flush control to wide side of toilet

stall Seat height 17-19” Grab bars 33-36” high Dispenser

below side grab bar so not to obstruct use of grab bar

Public bathrooms


Exposed pipes & surfaces Insulated or configured to protect

against contact

Faucets within reach range operable w/one hand

(closed fist test) less than 5 lbs force to operate

Lavatory


Flash rate

Audible & visual

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Alarms


Identifying permanent rooms and spaces Raised letters Braille Finish & contrast Mounting location &

height

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Signage


The rehabilitation of water supply and sanitation systems should do more than merely restore disaster-affected facilities back to the situation that existed before the disaster. They should contribute to reducing vulnerability

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and Sanitation Access to Water


Accessible Tubewell

Important aspects to consider are Water supply, access and use

Drawing, transporting, storing water

Access to stored water Bathing and washing clothing

and dishes

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and Sanitation (cont.) Access to Water


photos are from Jones, H. And Reed, R. (2005) photos are from Jones, H. And Reed, R. (2005) photos are from Jones, H. And Reed, R. (2005)

Structures of sanitation such as hygienic latrines can be also designed in a way that facilitates their use by people with mobility limitations

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and Sanitation (cont.) Access to Water


photos are from Jones, H. And Reed, R. (2005)

Inclusive Toolkit for Universal Design 1 Reconstruction: Haiti for All in Long- Term Recovery...

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