In the name of ALLAH In the name of ALLAH the most MERCIFUL the most MERCIFUL

the most the most BENEFICIENTBENEFICIENT

CHALLENGES OF CHALLENGES OF SCIENCE AND SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY

Presented By Presented By

Tayyaba BatoolTayyaba Batool

SequenceSequence

•Definitions of Science and Definitions of Science and TechnologyTechnology

•Why Science and Technology in Why Science and Technology in EducationEducation

•Relevance of Science and Technology Relevance of Science and Technology in Educationin Education

• Improving Science and Technology, Improving Science and Technology, Education Training and CultureEducation Training and Culture

•Promotion and Commercialization of Promotion and Commercialization of Research and Development Research and Development

• Promoting the Transfer and Promoting the Transfer and Adaptation of New and Emerging Adaptation of New and Emerging TechnologiesTechnologies

• Promoting Environmentally-Sound Promoting Environmentally-Sound Technologies Technologies

• Achieving Effective Science and Achieving Effective Science and Technology Technology

• Promoting Use of Information Promoting Use of Information Technology Technology

• Other Challenges Faced by the Other Challenges Faced by the TeachersTeachers

• What do Teachers need to know?What do Teachers need to know?

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

•Integral part of modern life.Integral part of modern life.•Essential for understanding Essential for understanding

the world the world •Tool of organizing thinking Tool of organizing thinking

and classifying experience.and classifying experience.•Education to impart the basic Education to impart the basic

S & T and technological S & T and technological knowledgeknowledge. .

Science Science

• Latin, “scientias” – knowledge.Latin, “scientias” – knowledge.• knowledge attained through study or knowledge attained through study or

practice," or "knowledge covering general practice," or "knowledge covering general truths of the operation of general laws, esp. truths of the operation of general laws, esp. as obtained and tested through scientific as obtained and tested through scientific method [and] concerned with the physical method [and] concerned with the physical world." world."

((Webster's New Collegiate Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary )Dictionary )

TechnologyTechnology• Tekhnologia, systematic treatment of an Tekhnologia, systematic treatment of an

art or craft : tekhne, skill.art or craft : tekhne, skill.• Tools or implements, are more than mere Tools or implements, are more than mere

extensions of human capacity -- we live in extensions of human capacity -- we live in an "Information Society." Walter Ong puts an "Information Society." Walter Ong puts it, “Technologies are not mere exterior it, “Technologies are not mere exterior aids but also interior transformations of aids but also interior transformations of consciousness”. the new technologies consciousness”. the new technologies such as computer programs changes the such as computer programs changes the structure of thought That shows us that structure of thought That shows us that more of the tools we have inherited are in more of the tools we have inherited are in fact technologies too.fact technologies too.

(American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed., (American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed., 2000.)2000.)

Why Science and Why Science and Technology in Education?Technology in Education?

• To train specialized people to meet To train specialized people to meet national needs, and the realization national needs, and the realization that the general public must have that the general public must have some scientific knowledge “scientific some scientific knowledge “scientific literacy” literacy”

• To live in harmony with social and To live in harmony with social and material environment. material environment.

Relevance of Education Relevance of Education with Science and with Science and TechnologyTechnology

Measures to make science and technology Measures to make science and technology curricula more relevant.curricula more relevant.

• Education must reflect “ real” science and Education must reflect “ real” science and technologytechnology

• should relate to the learners should relate to the learners • linked with the world outside the classroom, linked with the world outside the classroom,

through work experience if necessary.through work experience if necessary.• linked with availability of food, energy and linked with availability of food, energy and

mineral resources, both now and the future.mineral resources, both now and the future.

Improving Science and Improving Science and Technology Education, Training Technology Education, Training and Culture and Culture Strategic ChallengeStrategic Challenge

• reviewing school curricula reviewing school curricula

• promoting and encouraging skills promoting and encouraging skills training and development; training and development;

• developing science and technology developing science and technology culture culture

Strategic OptionsStrategic Options • strengthening S&T education; strengthening S&T education; • introducing specialization in the teaching of introducing specialization in the teaching of

science subjects; science subjects; • formalizing science curriculum in primary schools formalizing science curriculum in primary schools

as a building block and prerequisite for as a building block and prerequisite for secondary school science; redesigning curriculum secondary school science; redesigning curriculum so that physics, chemistry, and biology are so that physics, chemistry, and biology are taught separately; taught separately;

• introducing and promoting computer studies; introducing and promoting computer studies; • strengthening the teaching of technical subjects strengthening the teaching of technical subjects

and emphasizing applied science; and emphasizing applied science; • setting up scholarships for graduate studies in setting up scholarships for graduate studies in

science in priority areas; science in priority areas; • addressing the problem of brain drain from other addressing the problem of brain drain from other

sectors; and sectors; and • Introducing S&T achievement awards Introducing S&T achievement awards

Promotion and Promotion and Commercialization of Research Commercialization of Research and Development and Development

Strategic ChallengeStrategic Challenge

• attracting foreign direct investment attracting foreign direct investment and promoting technology transfer; and promoting technology transfer;

• establishing monitoring mechanisms establishing monitoring mechanisms for technology transfer for technology transfer

• building capacity to assimilate building capacity to assimilate technology; and protecting technology; and protecting

intellectual property-rights. intellectual property-rights.

Strategic Options Strategic Options • increasing private sector membership in increasing private sector membership in

National Research Council.National Research Council.• reviewing the institutional framework for reviewing the institutional framework for

S&T; S&T; • promoting and accelerating R&D promoting and accelerating R&D

dissemination and commercialization; dissemination and commercialization; • increasing R&D funding to reach at least increasing R&D funding to reach at least

1 percent of GDP; 1 percent of GDP; • introducing an R&D levy on industry; introducing an R&D levy on industry; • according incentives for R&D activities; according incentives for R&D activities; • promoting deliberate import material promoting deliberate import material

substitution; and substitution; and • building and strengthening S&T building and strengthening S&T

institutional infrastructure. institutional infrastructure.

Promoting the Transfer and Promoting the Transfer and Adaptation of New and Adaptation of New and Emerging Technologies Emerging Technologies Strategic Challenge Strategic Challenge

• technologies developed outside technologies developed outside country a not suited to the country's country a not suited to the country's circumstances.circumstances.

• The country has little capacity to The country has little capacity to choose and adapt foreign choose and adapt foreign technologies technologies

Strategic Options Strategic Options • identifying technologies that promote export-identifying technologies that promote export-

led industrialization; led industrialization; • setting-up a framework for deliberate transfer setting-up a framework for deliberate transfer

of technology; of technology; • improving collaboration in technology transfer; improving collaboration in technology transfer; • creating a mechanism for monitoring inflows of creating a mechanism for monitoring inflows of

new and emerging technologies; new and emerging technologies; • establishing a science and technology establishing a science and technology

intelligence unit; intelligence unit; • creating a data-base for technology transfer creating a data-base for technology transfer

and use; and use; • reviewing the current intellectual property-reviewing the current intellectual property-

rights laws and patent laws to safeguard rights laws and patent laws to safeguard inventions.inventions.

Promoting Environmentally-Promoting Environmentally-Sound Technologies Sound Technologies

Strategic ChallengeStrategic Challenge

• making information available; making information available;

• reviewing available regulation and reviewing available regulation and enforcement enforcement

• developing monitoring systems and developing monitoring systems and programmes; programmes;

• introducing training programmes; introducing training programmes;

• enhancing selection of environmentally-enhancing selection of environmentally-sound technologies. sound technologies.

Strategic Options Strategic Options • building and strengthening information building and strengthening information

networks at the national, sub-regional, networks at the national, sub-regional, and international levels; and international levels;

• publicizing the existing Environmental publicizing the existing Environmental Management Act (EMA) and other legal Management Act (EMA) and other legal instruments; instruments;

• developing standards for developing standards for environmentally-sound technologies; environmentally-sound technologies;

• establishing an environmental establishing an environmental monitoring programme; monitoring programme;

• introducing environmental elements in introducing environmental elements in the education curricula at all levels; and the education curricula at all levels; and

• building capacity for the assessment of building capacity for the assessment of environmentally- sound technologies. environmentally- sound technologies.

Achieving Effective Science Achieving Effective Science and Technology and Technology

• increasing the number of scientists increasing the number of scientists and technologists; and technologists;

• promoting effective transfer of promoting effective transfer of technology technology

• evaluating the performance of S&T evaluating the performance of S&T institutions; institutions;

• developing a comprehensive national developing a comprehensive national S&T Policy. S&T Policy.

Strategic Options Strategic Options • reducing the rate of attrition of S&T human reducing the rate of attrition of S&T human

resources; resources; • enhancing gender balance in science and enhancing gender balance in science and

technology-led development; technology-led development; • expanding and encouraging education and expanding and encouraging education and

training in science and engineering; training in science and engineering; • increasing training of S&T educators at all levels; increasing training of S&T educators at all levels; • encouraging the establishment of private S&T encouraging the establishment of private S&T

oriented training institutions; oriented training institutions; • reviewing the current S&T policy and developing reviewing the current S&T policy and developing

a more comprehensive national S&T policy; a more comprehensive national S&T policy; • establishing capabilities for technology establishing capabilities for technology

negotiation; and negotiation; and • periodically evaluating performance of S&T periodically evaluating performance of S&T

institutions institutions

Promoting Use of Information Promoting Use of Information Technology Technology

• promote the use of IT.promote the use of IT.

Strategic OptionsStrategic Options

• reviewing the Telecommunications reviewing the Telecommunications Act to create an independent Act to create an independent licensing body; licensing body;

• improving investment opportunities improving investment opportunities in IT, in IT,

• removing monopolistic tendencies removing monopolistic tendencies within IT industry; within IT industry;

• reducing tariffs on imported reducing tariffs on imported computers and parts to reduce costs; computers and parts to reduce costs;

• improving access to national and improving access to national and international information; international information;

• introducing computers at early stages introducing computers at early stages of education; and of education; and

• according duty-free importation of according duty-free importation of information technology equipment for information technology equipment for use in private and public schools and use in private and public schools and colleges.colleges.

Other Challenges Faced by the Other Challenges Faced by the TeachersTeachers

• large classes, large classes,

• language of instruction and language of instruction and

• shortages of resources and shortages of resources and personnel.personnel.

• designing curricula which promotes designing curricula which promotes science for the scientist versus science for the scientist versus science for the citizen. science for the citizen.

What do Teachers need to What do Teachers need to know?know?

• more than the learners they are more than the learners they are teaching teaching

• teachers with insufficient content teachers with insufficient content knowledge have difficulty knowledge have difficulty emphasizing the main points, tend to emphasizing the main points, tend to avoid learner questions and allow avoid learner questions and allow less learner participation in their less learner participation in their lessons. lessons.

• teachers with high level of content teachers with high level of content knowledge and no teaching expertise knowledge and no teaching expertise or experience tend to teach or experience tend to teach unprocessed content, including unprocessed content, including complex steps in their reasoning and complex steps in their reasoning and not taking into account what the not taking into account what the learners know or can do. learners know or can do.

• teachers teaching natural science teachers teaching natural science need to have some expertise on four need to have some expertise on four different themes, including physics, different themes, including physics, chemistry, biology and mathematics chemistry, biology and mathematics

Need of the HourNeed of the Hour

To produce teachers who are flexible To produce teachers who are flexible and scientifically literate enough to and scientifically literate enough to find and read material to prepare find and read material to prepare lessons on all four themes. lessons on all four themes.

• Teacher Training Curriculum be revisedTeacher Training Curriculum be revised

• Government should emphasize on Government should emphasize on ergonomic principlesergonomic principles

• Educational institutes be equipped Educational institutes be equipped with proper and material and A.V. aids.with proper and material and A.V. aids.

• Involvement of the society be sought.Involvement of the society be sought.

THANK YOU VERY MUCHTHANK YOU VERY MUCH