In the Name of Allah Most Beneficent and Most Merciful

INJURIES INJURIES AND AND

ACCIDENTSACCIDENTS

INJURIESINJURIES

An injury is, physical damage to the body, An injury is, physical damage to the body, resulting from acute exposure to various resulting from acute exposure to various kinds of energy-mechanical, thermal, kinds of energy-mechanical, thermal, electrical, chemical or radiant-in amounts electrical, chemical or radiant-in amounts that exceed the threshold of physiologic that exceed the threshold of physiologic tolerance.tolerance.

Many more people survive their injuries, Many more people survive their injuries, and suffer from impairments, disabilities and suffer from impairments, disabilities and handicapsand handicaps

ACCIDENTSACCIDENTS

An event that is not expected, foreseen or An event that is not expected, foreseen or intended which may result in physical intended which may result in physical damage to the body of a person.damage to the body of a person.

Globally, more than million people die from Globally, more than million people die from injuries every year. Injuries kill more people injuries every year. Injuries kill more people than HIV/AIDS and malaria combined.than HIV/AIDS and malaria combined.

ImpairmentImpairment

Any loss or abnormality of anatomic, physiologic Any loss or abnormality of anatomic, physiologic or psychological structure or function.or psychological structure or function.

Disability:Disability:Any restriction or lack of ability to perform an Any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity, within the rage, considered normal, being activity, within the rage, considered normal, being the result of an impairment, and affects the the result of an impairment, and affects the person, rather than an organ.person, rather than an organ.

Handicap:Handicap:As a disadvantage that results from an impairment As a disadvantage that results from an impairment or disability that limits or prevents the fulfillment of or disability that limits or prevents the fulfillment of a role.a role.

TYPES OF INJURIESTYPES OF INJURIES

Intentional Intentional injuriesinjuries

Unintentional Unintentional injuriesinjuries

INTENTIONAL INJURIESINTENTIONAL INJURIES

Self-directed violence, in which the perpetrator Self-directed violence, in which the perpetrator and the victim are the same individual;and the victim are the same individual;

Interpersonal violence, which refers to violence Interpersonal violence, which refers to violence between individuals where there is no clearly between individuals where there is no clearly defined political motive;defined political motive;

Collective violence, which refers to social, political Collective violence, which refers to social, political and economic violence committed by larger and economic violence committed by larger groups of individuals or by states to advance a groups of individuals or by states to advance a social agenda.social agenda.

INJURIES RISK FACTORSINJURIES RISK FACTORS

Each of the major types of violence-self –Each of the major types of violence-self –directed interpersonal and collective-has its directed interpersonal and collective-has its own distinct risk factors.own distinct risk factors.

PREVENTIONPREVENTION

Primary Prevention:Primary Prevention:Include any strategies or actions aimed at Include any strategies or actions aimed at stopping violent events from taking place, and stopping violent events from taking place, and thus relates to the time before violence actually thus relates to the time before violence actually occurs.occurs.

Secondary Prevention:Secondary Prevention:Include any strategies aimed at minimizing the Include any strategies aimed at minimizing the harm that occurs once a violent event is taking harm that occurs once a violent event is taking place and examples include interventions to place and examples include interventions to reduce the duration of an interpersonal violent reduce the duration of an interpersonal violent event. event.

Tertiary PreventionTertiary Prevention

Include all efforts aimed at treating and Include all efforts aimed at treating and rehabilitating victims and perpetrations and rehabilitating victims and perpetrations and facilitating their re-adoption to society, and is facilitating their re-adoption to society, and is thus concerned with the period after thus concerned with the period after violence has occurred.violence has occurred.

Universal InterventionsUniversal Interventions Islamic Views about safety and protection Islamic Views about safety and protection

of human life, property and honor.of human life, property and honor. Enactment and enforcement of laws to Enactment and enforcement of laws to

regulate access to firearms and the regulate access to firearms and the consumption of alcohol.consumption of alcohol.

UNINTENTIONAL INJURYUNINTENTIONAL INJURY

The following classification is suggested for The following classification is suggested for the different categories of unintentional the different categories of unintentional injury or accidentsinjury or accidents

Traffic InjuryTraffic Injury Domestic InjuryDomestic Injury Occupational InjuryOccupational Injury Recreational InjuryRecreational Injury

CAUSES OF TRAFFIC INJRIESCAUSES OF TRAFFIC INJRIES

OverspeedingOverspeeding Failure to follow the traffic rules and lack of Failure to follow the traffic rules and lack of

efforts in enforcement of traffic laws.efforts in enforcement of traffic laws. Overloading of public transportOverloading of public transport Accidents due to mechanical faults and Accidents due to mechanical faults and

overtaking of vehiclesovertaking of vehicles Lack of traffic senseLack of traffic sense Highway accidentsHighway accidents DrunkennessDrunkenness Overwork, fatigue and conditions of stressOverwork, fatigue and conditions of stress Bad RoadsBad Roads

HOME ACCIDENTSHOME ACCIDENTS

Home accidents in Pakistan are usually in the Home accidents in Pakistan are usually in the kitchen due to bursting of oil stoves or a saree kitchen due to bursting of oil stoves or a saree catching fire. Sometimes older people suffer catching fire. Sometimes older people suffer fractures due to falls.fractures due to falls.

New and old buildings collapsing.New and old buildings collapsing. Drowning:Drowning: An accident due to drowining is an annual An accident due to drowining is an annual

feature near the beaches in Karachi.feature near the beaches in Karachi. Entrapment of children in underground water Entrapment of children in underground water

tanks and open manholes is reported on several tanks and open manholes is reported on several occasions.occasions.

INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTSINDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS

Injuries due to machine handlingInjuries due to machine handling Chemical poisons affecting the G.I. tract.Chemical poisons affecting the G.I. tract. Eye injuries are welding.Eye injuries are welding. Entrapment in elevators.Entrapment in elevators.

ACCIDENTS PREVENTIONACCIDENTS PREVENTION

Traffic Accidents:Traffic Accidents: Overspeeding seems a rule rather than an Overspeeding seems a rule rather than an

exceptionexception Hit and run is not uncommon near Hit and run is not uncommon near

schools, public places and busy streets schools, public places and busy streets and the taxi drivers, wagon and bus driver and the taxi drivers, wagon and bus driver escape, from the place of accident.escape, from the place of accident.

PREVENTIONPREVENTION

Pedestrians cross the roads freely in utter Pedestrians cross the roads freely in utter disregard of the traffic signals.disregard of the traffic signals.

The roundabouts intended to ease the traffic The roundabouts intended to ease the traffic are no longer useful; on the other hand they are no longer useful; on the other hand they are troublesome spots for transport drivers are troublesome spots for transport drivers because of the hesitation of drivers to yield.because of the hesitation of drivers to yield.

Home AccidentsHome Accidents

Community educational programmesCommunity educational programmes Safeguarding of medicines in locked Safeguarding of medicines in locked

cupboards, use of matches by children and cupboards, use of matches by children and avoidance of swallowing of coins and avoidance of swallowing of coins and foreign bodies by children.foreign bodies by children.

Industrial Accident PreventionIndustrial Accident Prevention :: Pre-employment medical examination aptitude Pre-employment medical examination aptitude

testingtesting Alternative job placement for accident-prone Alternative job placement for accident-prone

workers.workers. Provision of rest during working hours and Provision of rest during working hours and

arrangements for recreational programmes such arrangements for recreational programmes such as music, both during working and outside as music, both during working and outside working hours.working hours.

Adequate moving space should be available at Adequate moving space should be available at the work spot.the work spot.

PreventionPrevention

Training of employees in the handling of Training of employees in the handling of machines, safety education and first aid machines, safety education and first aid training of selected employees.training of selected employees.

Provision of first aid facility at work-spot.Provision of first aid facility at work-spot. Provision of treatment centers and Provision of treatment centers and

rehabilitation of injured worker. rehabilitation of injured worker.

Other AccidentsOther Accidents

The railway authorities should consider strict The railway authorities should consider strict vigilance of timingvigilance of timing

Electrical short circuit accidents should be Electrical short circuit accidents should be prevented through constant patrol of prevented through constant patrol of technical manpower.technical manpower.

Accidents due to drowning can be prevented Accidents due to drowning can be prevented by adequate preparation of picnickers and by adequate preparation of picnickers and intensification of rescue squads.intensification of rescue squads.

Accidents InsuranceAccidents Insurance

During the recent past, Government During the recent past, Government authorities have safeguarded the authorities have safeguarded the dependents of accident victims by a blanker dependents of accident victims by a blanker insurance scheme by which the family of the insurance scheme by which the family of the deceased getsa sum of Rs. 10,000.deceased getsa sum of Rs. 10,000.