In general, states in the northern Europe became Protestant while those in the South

remain Catholic and in both cases royal authority increased at the expense of

religious authority.

Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges Concordat of Bologna Huguenots Catherine de Medici St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) Edit of Nantes

The kings had control over the church with the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges and the Concordat of Bologna.

Because kings appointed their own Bishops, they had no great need to break from Rome

Protestantism appealed to the nobles who sought relief from centralization and the middle classes sought reduced taxes and control of the economic decisions in their towns. Both saw Protestantism as a way to resist the monarchy.

The war between Protestants and Catholics ended when the politique Henry of Navarre, the leader of the Protestant forces, Established the Bourbon dynasty converted to Catholicism in order to win acceptance by still

Catholic Paris, and issued the Edict of Nantes, which gave Protestant freedom of

worship and rights in their towns

Cardinal Granville William of Orange, aka William the Silent Compromise of 1564 Duke of Alba Council of Blood Sea Beggars Pacification of Ghent Don John Perpetual Edict Union of Arras Union of Utrecht Defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588) Twelve Year Truce

Many Dutch became Calvinist The 17 provinces of the Low Countries resented

being ruled by Spain. When Spain attempted to eradicate Calvinist

worship, violence erupted. Resentment over Spanish taxes added fuel to

the religious issue. Civil War ended with the division of the Low

countries into two groups; ten provinces accepted Spanish rule, the other seven signed the Union of Utrecht and declared their independence from Spain, which they won in 1609.

We know the story of Henry the VIII who established the Tudor Dynasty

Mary Tudor’s attempt to restore Catholicism was compromised by her marriage to Philip II of Spain, which sparked nationalistic as well as religious resentment.

Elizabeth I acted as a politique to settle religious matters, restore stability, and encourage national economic development.

England defended the protestant cause as part of its great competition with Habsburg Spain, helping the Dutch to become independent from Spain

Loosely ruled by the emperor who was in most cases a Habsburg

Many local rulers sought independence and Protestantism gave them a way.

Luther was dependent on the local princes for protection.

Protestantism allowed princes to establish national churches over which they were the ultimate authority

Charles V fought to hold the empire together but failed

The Peace of Augsburg settling the religious wars of the 16th century, allowed each prince to choose either Catholicism or Lutheranism for his state.