Improving food and livelihood security through water- energy-agriculture management in Punjab under...
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Transcript of Improving food and livelihood security through water- energy-agriculture management in Punjab under...
Improving food and livelihood security through water-energy-agriculture management in Punjab under
climate change and variability
Kamal VattaAssociate Professor
Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, IndiaJune 19, 2013
Basic Agricultural Characteristics of the Punjab State
• Geographical area: 5.03 m ha• Net sown area: 4.2 m ha• Gross Cropped area:7.9 m ha• Cropping intensity: 190%• Irrigated area: 98%
-Through surface water: 26%-Through groundwater:74%
• N+P+K use: 243 kg/ crop ha• Area under rice-wheat rotation:
77% of cropped area• Productivity/annum of rice+
wheat: 9.2 t/ha (2011-12)
Intensively cultivated area with dominance of rice-wheat crop pattern, double cropped, irrigated and high use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides
Source: Official Statistics, Govt. of Punjab
Punjab is a Classic Success Story of Green Revolution in India
• Substantial increase in production of wheat and rice
• Factors responsible– Expansion in irrigated area– High yielding seeds– Higher use of chemical
fertilizers• Supported by – Agricultural price and
marketing policy– Institutional agricultural credit– Rural electrification, rural
roads and rural markets
7
52
32
7765
122
103
150
108
165
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2007-08 2010-11
Year
Production of rice and wheat (lakh tonnes)
Rice Wheat
Emerging Issues due to Intensive Agriculture
• Declining Crop Diversity• Stagnation/slow growth in
productivity• Recent Decline in the
Rainfall• Depletion in Groundwater
Resources
Emerging Issues due to Intensive Agriculture
• Increasing Private Investments in Irrigation: Rising Farm Debt and Suicides
• Equity Issues in Access to Groundwater: Losing Access to Water
• Increasing Burden of Power Subsidies in Agriculture: No productive investments and trade-off with industry and households
Year Total Power Consumption (million kwh)
Intensity of Power Use(kwh/ha of
NAS)
Power Subsidy
(Rs million)
1974-75 696 170.1 NA
1990-91 5105 1210.2 3850
1995-96 6300 1523.2 6930
1997-98 6049 1427.1 11890
2000-01 5534 1302.2 16590
2005-06 7314 1744.7 13860
2006-07 8230 1966.9 17690
2007-08 9537 2277.8 21600
2008-09 10014 2400.9 22950
2009-10 10505 2526.5 28090
2010-11 10898 2621.0 34870
Project Goals• Develop long term climate and socio-economic scenarios to inform
water, energy and agriculture policy
• Estimate social and opportunity costs of the electricity subsidy to help formulate a strategy for subsidy reform that promotes resource sustainability, especially water sustainability
• Develop and test feasible strategies for improved water/energy use and climate resilience through a large scale field experiment
The Framework• Developing an Incentive Mechanism for Water Saving
Technologies and Practices– Using Farmers’ Cooperatives as a hub for potential farm interventions – Tensiometers– Direct Seeding of Rice– Package of Incentives (weather, market and other info)– Insurance Mechanism
• Promoting Crop Diversification– Value Chains
• Reorienting the Policy in favour of Water Sustainability – Shifting focus from maximizing production to optimizing production– Energy Pricing: Its Utility as well as Sectoral Trade-off between
Field Work: Technologies and Practices• 44 villages were
• 981 tensiometers
• 100 experiments with direct seeding of rice
• Village level group meetings were conducted to create awareness about– Two Technologies: 1) Tensiometers 2) DSR
Meeting with Cooperative Functionaries-Ludhiana: Upscaling Strategy
Upscaling Strategy- Use of Print Media
Upscaling Strategy- Use of Print Media
Upscaling Strategy- Use of Print Media
District % Water Savings
Power Savings (Kwh/acre)
Amritsar 16.5 73
Jalandhar 18.0 69
Kapurthala 18.5 88
Ludhiana 17.9 112
Moga 20.2 126
Tarn Taran 18.9 104
Overall 18.6 101
IDRC Project: Water and energy saving through tensiometers
Variety Control Plot
DSR Plot
Water saving
% saving
Pusa Basmati 1121
126031 83046 42984 34.1
Normal duration
25766 24161 1605 6.2
Pusa 44 80787 57829 22958 28.4
Overall 232584 165037 67547 29.0
IDRC Project: Water saving with Direct Seeding of Rice (cubic meter)
MESSAGE RESPONSE
PAU SEEDS Navjot Singh, Bhatinda, You should plant Basmati 1121 at 4kg per acre
PAU MARKET Market Price of Basmati is Rs 2000-2200. This will remain stable
PAU FERTILIZER You should apply Urea 150, DAP 50 and Zinc 8kgs
PAU PESTICIDE Spray Tilt 100ml per acre this week
MESSAGE RESPONSE
PAU IRG 2 30 Thanks For Sending Irrigation Update for control plot to PAU
PAU FERT urea 1 150 Thanks For Sending Urea Update for test plot to PAU
PAU FERT DAP 2 50 Thanks For Sending DAP Update for control plot to PAU
PAU CHM 2 100 Thanks For Sending Chemical Update for control plot to PAU
Two Way Communication
One Way Communication
Integrating Formhub With Mobile Applications
http://pred.iri.columbia.edu:8080/WeatherPrediction/CropModel.jsp
Integrating Crop Models
DSSAT
Diversification Plans and Energy Modeling• Optimization Exercise
with respect to the resource use carried out at the district level
• Water and Energy Models
Crop Water saving (mm)
Total water saving
potential(thousand
ha m)Laser leveling of the fields 360 504.00Direct seeding of rice 450 126.00Use of tensiometers in rice 85 67.20Sowing of wheat with happy seeder
240 29.75
Water savings from technologies and practices
726.95
Water savings from crop diversification
1575.00
Total water savings in CDTP scenario
2301.95
Plan for the Current Year• Continuation of the experiment for field testing
– Tensiometers– DSR– Testing of the Soil Moisture Sensors at Experimental level
• Increased involvement of small and marginal farmers• Testing of the up scaling strategies• Scaling up of one-way mobile application with the
farmers• Study of the existing value chains for high value crops
Informing the Stakeholders and Facilitating the Policy Debate
Thanks
Q & A