IMPORTANT CROPS OF

FAMILY SOLANACEAE

FAMILY SOLANACEAE

Members of this Family usually have: •Regular flowers with five petals•Five stamens attached to the corolla tube•Leaves are alternate, variable, and may be entire or dissected, without stipules, and are usually alternate•Flowers have five petals and are generally actinomorphic.•Superior ovary.

tobacco

Phylum Magnoliophyta

Class Magnoliopsida

Order Solanales

Family Solanaceae

Genus Nicotiana

Species tobacum

Habitat Tropical

Chromosome no.

2n=48

• Leaves are simple, petiolate, cordate or semicordate shaped, evenly spaced, acuminate apex and winged petiole.

• The apex is acuminate, winged petiole, frilled auricle clasping the stem.

• The glandular hairs on the surface of leaves excrete germs which makes surface sticky

Tobacco plantation

Dried tobacco leaves- economically important

Inflorescence:•Inflorescence is panicle.•Flowers are pedicillate and hermaphrodite, having five sepals forming a calyx tube, corolla tube 10-15mm long and 2-3 mm wide, lower half is cylindrical, pale green or creamy, upper half similar in color or pink to red.•Stamens are inserted on the base of corolla, erect with four stamens of same length and the fifth being shorter.•Ovary is superior, bicarpellary with axile placentation and numerous ovules.•It has slender style, capitate stigma, narrow, elliptic, ovoid and blunt capsule and numerous minute seeds.

Tobacco flower and inflorescence

Growth Stage State of rain fall

Seedling establishment

Cloudy weather with drizzling. (soon after transplanting

Early growth stage

Light rainfall

Grand growth stage

Bright sunshine with occasional moderate rain

Ripening (maturity) of leaves

No rains at all because the rain will wash the gums from the leave's surface resulting in poor curing. Sometimes bigger rain drops split the leaves.

potato

• Leaves are ovate, pinnately compound occasionally bi-compound with several pairs of leaflets.

Phylum Magnoliophyta

Class Magnoliopsida

Order Solanales

Family Solanaceae

Genus Solanum

Species tuberosum

Chromosome no.

2n=48

• A branched, fibrous, root system is formed either by the seedling tap root, or by adventitious roots in tuber grown plants.

• Simple or compound inflorescence, flowerig profusely. Bear white, pink, red, blue, or purple flowers with yellow stamens.

• Tuber is round, oval or round oval or oblong with white or red skin.

• Potatoes are cross-pollinated mostly by insects• Any potato variety can also be propagated

vegetatively by planting tubers or pieces of tubers, cut to include at least one or two eyes

Potato plant

In India's total landmass it is grown in many places, mainly divided into three main regions:•The Indo-Gangetic Plain;•The Himalayas to the north;•The Southern Peninsula.

Physical condition for growth:

•A relatively dry, cool winter from December through February;•The hot, dry summer from March through May;•The southwest monsoon from June through September when the predominating southwest maritime winds bring rains to most of the country;•The states of Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Bihar accounting for more than 75 percent of area under cultivation and about 80 percent of total production;•The southern peninsula, where approximately six percent of the total crop is grown on relatively high altitude plateaus, such as the Nilgiri and Palini hills of Tamil Nadu, under alternating rain-fed and irrigated conditions throughout the year.

chilli

• Chili plants are both annuals and perennials.• Leaves are variable in size, simple, lamina

broadly lanceolate to ovate, entire, thin, sub glabrous, tip acumate, base cuneate or acute.

Phylum EudicotsClass AsteridsOrder SolanalesFamily SolanaceaeGenus CapsicumSpecies annum ;

frutescensChromosome no.

2n=24

• Main shoot is radial, one of the branches at each node remains undeveloped and subtending bract. Bracts are adnate.

• Flowers are usually single and terminal, but due to branching appears axillary.

• Ovary is 2 celled, simple style and stigma capitate, with white or greenish stamens.

• Fruits are indehiscent, many –seeded berry, pendulous or erect, borne singly at nodes variable in size, shape, color, and degree of pungency.

Climate requirement:•The chili is a plant of tropical and sub -tropical region.•It grows well in warm and humid climate and a temperature of 200 C to 250C.•Low moisture in soil during blossom development and fruit formation causes the bud, deblossom and fruit drops.•Excessive rainfall is detrimental to the crops, because it brings about defoliation and rotting of the plant.•As a rained crop, it is grown in areas receiving an annual precipitation of 25-30 inches.

tomato

• It is of two types:o Determinant- frequent and less no. of flowerso Indeterminant- less frequent but more no. of

flowers

Phylum Anthophyta

Class Magnoliopsida

Order Solanales

Family Solanaceae

Genus Solanum

Species lycopersicum

Chromosome no.

2n=24

• It is a perennial in its native habitat, but can be grown in temperate climates as an annual.

• The leaves are compound, pinnatified with small leaflets. The petiole is clasping. The main leaflet is shortly stalked, ovate or oblong. Margin is irregularly toothed.

• Simple types of leaves with smooth margin also occur.

• Flowers are borne in small forked raceme cyme; with five pointed lobes on the corolla; they are borne in a cyme of three to 12 together.

Climatic Requirements•Tomato is a warm season crop, requires warm and cool climate and cannot withstand frost and high humidity.•Temperature below 100C and above 380C adversely affects plant tissues thereby slow down physiological activities, thrives well in temperature 100C to 300C with optimum range of temperature is 21-240C.•The mean temperature below 160C and above 270C are not desirable.•Water stress and long dry period causes cracking of fruits. Bright sunshine at the time of fruit set helps to develop dark red coloured fruits.

brinjal

• Plant is herbaceous & perennial that is cultivated as an annual with erect or semi spreading habits.

• Leaves are large, simple & lobed.

Phylum Anthophyta

Class Magnoliopsida

Order Solanales

Family Solanaceae

Genus Solanum

Species melongena

Chromosome no.

2n=24

• Flowers are large and showy with purple corolla.

• Hermaphrodite flower, generally performs self-pollination.

• Growth is indeterminate. • The fruit is a berry, borne singly or in

clusters. • Four types of flowers are there in Brinjal• They are long-styled and medium-styled

flowers produced fruits whereas pseudoshort styled and true short-styled flowers did not set any fruit.

• Of all the solanaceous vegetable, brinjal is the most sensitive to frost and low temperature and requires about five months of frost-free period for proper growth and development.

• It flourishes best during warm growing season with a temperature range of 25-27 °C. A day temperature of below 35 o C and night temperature of above 16 o C considered optimum.

• Brinjal also has a high-moisture requirement and responds well to irrigation during the periods of drought and high temperature. It flourishes well in areas receiving a moderate rainfall ranging form 600-1000 mm.

• Excessive rainfall brings about defoliation, wilting and rotting of the plant. Brinjal cannot tolerate water logging.

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