Important Important Science TopicsScience Topics

An eighth grade science An eighth grade science reviewreview

Science in Our WorldScience in Our World Science starts with a question.Science starts with a question. Questions come from our observations.Questions come from our observations. The ways in which scientists answer The ways in which scientists answer

questions and solve problems are called questions and solve problems are called scientific methods.scientific methods. Ask a questionAsk a question Form a hypothesisForm a hypothesis Test the hypothesisTest the hypothesis Analyze the resultsAnalyze the results Draw conclusionsDraw conclusions Communicate resultsCommunicate results

The Flow of Fresh WaterThe Flow of Fresh Water

The water cycle is the continuous The water cycle is the continuous movement of Earth’s water from the movement of Earth’s water from the ocean to the atmosphere to the land ocean to the atmosphere to the land and back to the ocean.and back to the ocean. PrecipitationPrecipitation PercolationPercolation Run-offRun-off EvaporationEvaporation CondensationCondensation

The Active RiverThe Active River

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary Erosion Erosion TributaryTributary WatershedWatershed DivideDivide Channel Channel LoadLoad GradientGradient DischargeDischarge

Stages of a riverStages of a river Youthful riverYouthful river Mature riverMature river Old riverOld river Rejuvenated riverRejuvenated river

Stream and River Stream and River DepositsDeposits

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary DepositionDeposition Placer depositPlacer deposit Delta Delta Alluvial fanAlluvial fan FloodplainFloodplain

Two ways that the Two ways that the flow of water can flow of water can be controlledbe controlled DamsDams LeveesLevees

Water UndergroundWater Underground Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary

Water tableWater table Ground waterGround water Zone of aerationZone of aeration Zone of saturationZone of saturation AquiferAquifer PorosityPorosity PermeabilityPermeability FrictionFriction Recharge zoneRecharge zone Artesian springArtesian spring

Difference between a Difference between a spring and a wellspring and a well A spring is a place where A spring is a place where

the water table reaches the water table reaches the surface.the surface.

A well is a human-made A well is a human-made hole dug deeper than the hole dug deeper than the level of the water table.level of the water table.

Underground erosionUnderground erosion Cave formationCave formation

Underground depositionUnderground deposition Stalagmites Stalagmites StalactitesStalactites Dripstone columnsDripstone columns

Using Water WiselyUsing Water Wisely

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary Point-source pollutionPoint-source pollution Nonpoint-source Nonpoint-source

pollutionpollution Dissolved oxygenDissolved oxygen Thermal pollutionThermal pollution pHpH TurbidityTurbidity Sewage treatment Sewage treatment

plantplant

Healthy water Healthy water systemssystems Dissolved oxygenDissolved oxygen TemperatureTemperature NitratesNitrates pHpH TurbidityTurbidity

Sewage treatmentSewage treatment Primary treatmentPrimary treatment Secondary treatmentSecondary treatment

Earth’s OceansEarth’s Oceans

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary SalinitySalinity Water cycleWater cycle

Four divisions of Four divisions of global oceanglobal ocean PacificPacific AtlanticAtlantic IndianIndian ArcticArctic

CharacteristicsCharacteristics Dissolved gasesDissolved gases Dissolved solidsDissolved solids SalinitySalinity

Temperature zonesTemperature zones Surface zoneSurface zone ThermaclineThermacline Deep zoneDeep zone

The Ocean FloorThe Ocean Floor Important Important

vocabularyvocabulary Continental shelfContinental shelf Continental slopeContinental slope Continental riseContinental rise Abyssal plainAbyssal plain Mid-ocean ridgeMid-ocean ridge Rift valley Rift valley SeamountSeamount Ocean trenchOcean trench

Two regions of the Two regions of the ocean floorocean floor Continental marginContinental margin Deep-ocean basinDeep-ocean basin

Underwater Underwater vesselsvessels Piloted vesselsPiloted vessels

AlvinAlvin Deep FlightDeep Flight

Robotic vesselsRobotic vessels JASON IIJASON II MedeaMedea

Life in the OceanLife in the Ocean Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary

PlanktonPlankton NektonNekton BenthosBenthos Food webFood web Food chainFood chain Intertidal zoneIntertidal zone Neritic zoneNeritic zone Oceanic zoneOceanic zone Benthic zoneBenthic zone Coral reefCoral reef EstuaryEstuary Mangrove swampsMangrove swamps Sargasso SeaSargasso Sea

Three groups of marine Three groups of marine lifelife Plankton – float or drift Plankton – float or drift

near surfacenear surface Nekton – swim actively in Nekton – swim actively in

the open oceanthe open ocean Benthos – live on or in the Benthos – live on or in the

ocean floorocean floor Marine environmentsMarine environments

Intertidal zone – where Intertidal zone – where ocean meets landocean meets land

Neritic zone – begins Neritic zone – begins where water deepens and where water deepens and floor begins to slope floor begins to slope downwarddownward

Oceanic zone – deep water Oceanic zone – deep water of the open oceanof the open ocean

Benthic zone – ocean floorBenthic zone – ocean floor

Resources from the Resources from the OceanOcean

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary DesalinationDesalination

Living resourcesLiving resources FishFish SeaweedSeaweed

Nonliving resourcesNonliving resources Oil and natural gasOil and natural gas Fresh water through Fresh water through

desalinationdesalination Sea-floor mineralsSea-floor minerals

Tidal energyTidal energy Used to generate Used to generate

electricityelectricity Wave energyWave energy

Clean, renewable Clean, renewable resourceresource

Can be used to Can be used to generate electricitygenerate electricity

Ocean PollutionOcean Pollution

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary Nonpoint-source Nonpoint-source

pollutionpollution Point-source pollutionPoint-source pollution

Nonpoint-source Nonpoint-source pollutionpollution Comes from many Comes from many

sources instead of sources instead of one siteone site

Source of most ocean Source of most ocean pollutionpollution

Point-source Point-source pollutionpollution Comes from a Comes from a

specific sitespecific site Trash dumpingTrash dumping Sludge dumpingSludge dumping Oil spillsOil spills

Currents Currents Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary

Ocean currentOcean current Surface currentSurface current Coriolis effect Coriolis effect Deep currentDeep current

Surface currents are Surface currents are controlled by three controlled by three factorsfactors Global windsGlobal winds Coriolis effectCoriolis effect Continental Continental

deflectionsdeflections

Formation of deep Formation of deep currentscurrents Decreasing Decreasing

temperaturetemperature Increasing salinity Increasing salinity

through freezingthrough freezing Increasing salinity Increasing salinity

through through evaporationevaporation

Currents and ClimateCurrents and Climate Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary

UpwellingUpwelling El NinoEl Nino La NinaLa Nina

Warm-water currentsWarm-water currents Create warmer climates Create warmer climates

in coastal areasin coastal areas Gulf StreamGulf Stream

Cold-water currentsCold-water currents Keep coastal climates Keep coastal climates

cooler than inland cooler than inland climatesclimates

Upwelling causes cold, Upwelling causes cold, nutrient-rich water nutrient-rich water from the deep ocean from the deep ocean to rise to the surface.to rise to the surface.

El NinoEl Nino Surface-water Surface-water

temperatures in the temperatures in the South Pacific get South Pacific get warmerwarmer

La NinaLa Nina Surface-water Surface-water

temperatures in the temperatures in the East Pacific get coolerEast Pacific get cooler

Waves Waves Important Important

vocabularyvocabulary UndertowUndertow Longshore currentLongshore current WhitecapWhitecap SwellSwell TsunamiTsunami Storm surgeStorm surge

Parts of a waveParts of a wave Crest – highest pointCrest – highest point Trough – lowest Trough – lowest

pointpoint

Types of wavesTypes of waves Deep-water wavesDeep-water waves Shallow-water Shallow-water

waveswaves Shore currentsShore currents Longshore currentsLongshore currents Open-ocean wavesOpen-ocean waves TsunamisTsunamis Storm surgesStorm surges

Tides Tides

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary TideTide Tidal rangeTidal range Spring tide Spring tide Neap tideNeap tide

Spring tideSpring tide Occurs during the Occurs during the

new and full moonsnew and full moons Tides with the largest Tides with the largest

daily tidal rangedaily tidal range Neap tideNeap tide

Occurs during the Occurs during the first and third first and third quarter moonsquarter moons

Smallest daily tidal Smallest daily tidal rangerange

What is Matter?What is Matter?

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary MatterMatter VolumeVolume MeniscusMeniscus MassMass WeightWeight InertiaInertia

Difference between Difference between mass and weightmass and weight Mass is the measure Mass is the measure

of the amount of of the amount of matter in an object; matter in an object; weight is a measure weight is a measure of the gravitational of the gravitational force on an objectforce on an object

Mass is always Mass is always constant; weight constant; weight changes depending changes depending on locationon location

Physical PropertiesPhysical Properties Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary

Physical propertyPhysical property Density Density Specific heatSpecific heat Physical changePhysical change

ExamplesExamples Thermal conductivityThermal conductivity SolubilitySolubility DuctilityDuctility StateState MagnetismMagnetism DensityDensity malleabilitymalleability

Identifying substances Identifying substances using propertiesusing properties Boiling pointsBoiling points Melting pointsMelting points SolubilitiesSolubilities Specific heatSpecific heat

Physical changes do Physical changes do not form new not form new substancessubstances

Chemical PropertiesChemical Properties Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary

Chemical propertyChemical property Chemical changeChemical change

Signs of chemical Signs of chemical changechange A change in color or A change in color or

odorodor Release of energy in Release of energy in

the form of heat, the form of heat, sound, or lightsound, or light

Bubbling or clouding of Bubbling or clouding of mixturemixture

Formation of Formation of precipitateprecipitate

Chemical change Chemical change results in a change results in a change in composition; the in composition; the change cannot be change cannot be easily reversed.easily reversed.

Three States of MatterThree States of Matter Important Important

vocabularyvocabulary States of matterStates of matter SolidSolid LiquidLiquid Surface tensionSurface tension ViscosityViscosity GasGas

Two types of solidsTwo types of solids CrystallineCrystalline AmorphousAmorphous

Solids have Solids have definite shape and definite shape and volumevolume

Liquids change Liquids change shape but not shape but not volumevolume

Gases change both Gases change both shape and volumeshape and volume

Changes of StateChanges of State

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary Change of stateChange of state MeltingMelting EvaporationEvaporation BoilingBoiling CondensationCondensation SublimationSublimation

MeltingMelting endothermicendothermic

FreezingFreezing ExothermicExothermic

EvaporationEvaporation EndothermicEndothermic

CondensationCondensation ExothermicExothermic

SublimationSublimation Endothermic Endothermic

Elements Elements Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary

ElementElement Pure substancePure substance MetalMetal NonmetalNonmetal MetalloidMetalloid

Three categories of Three categories of elementselements Metals Metals

Good conductors of Good conductors of heat and electric heat and electric currentcurrent

MalleableMalleable DuctileDuctile

NonmetalsNonmetals Poor conductorsPoor conductors BrittleBrittle

MetalloidsMetalloids Properties of both Properties of both

metals and nonmetalsmetals and nonmetals

CompoundsCompounds

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary CompoundCompound

Properties used to Properties used to identify identify compoundscompounds Melting pointMelting point DensityDensity colorcolor

WaterWater Sticking to thingsSticking to things Dissolving Dissolving

substancessubstances Heating and Heating and

coolingcooling Floating and Floating and

sinkingsinking

Mixtures Mixtures

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary MixtureMixture SolutionSolution SoluteSolute SolventSolvent ConcentrationConcentration SolubilitySolubility SuspensionSuspension colloidcolloid

Common ways to Common ways to separate mixturesseparate mixtures DistillationDistillation Magnet Magnet CentrifugeCentrifuge

How to dissolve How to dissolve solids fastersolids faster MixingMixing HeatingHeating CrushingCrushing

Arranging the ElementsArranging the Elements

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary PeriodicPeriodic Periodic lawPeriodic law Period Period GroupGroup

Elements are Elements are arranged arranged according to the according to the number of protonsnumber of protons

Decoding the Decoding the Periodic TablePeriodic Table Elements identified Elements identified

by chemical symbolby chemical symbol Rows are called Rows are called

periodsperiods Columns are called Columns are called

groups, or familiesgroups, or families

Grouping the ElementsGrouping the Elements Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary

Alkali metalsAlkali metals Alkaline-earth metalsAlkaline-earth metals HalogensHalogens Noble gasesNoble gases

Alkali metalsAlkali metals Group 1Group 1 Very reactiveVery reactive Soft enough to cut with Soft enough to cut with

a knifea knife

Alkaline-Earth metalsAlkaline-Earth metals Group 2Group 2 Less reactive than alkali Less reactive than alkali

metalsmetals Higher densities than Higher densities than

alkali metalsalkali metals Transition metals – Transition metals –

groups 3 -12groups 3 -12 Group 13 – Boron groupGroup 13 – Boron group Group 14 – Carbon groupGroup 14 – Carbon group Group 15 – Nitrogen Group 15 – Nitrogen

groupgroup Group 16 – Oxygen Group 16 – Oxygen

groupgroup Group 17 – HalogensGroup 17 – Halogens Group 18 – Noble gasesGroup 18 – Noble gases

Electrons and Chemical Electrons and Chemical BondingBonding

Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary Chemical bondingChemical bonding Chemical bondChemical bond Valence electronValence electron

First energy level First energy level Closest to nucleusClosest to nucleus Holds up to 2 electronsHolds up to 2 electrons

Second energy levelSecond energy level Holds up to 8 electronsHolds up to 8 electrons

Group 1 – 1 valence Group 1 – 1 valence electronelectron

Group 2 – 2 valence Group 2 – 2 valence electronselectrons

Groups 13 – 18 have Groups 13 – 18 have 10 fewer valence 10 fewer valence electrons than their electrons than their group numbergroup number

Helium only has 2 Helium only has 2 valence electronsvalence electrons

Ionic BondsIonic Bonds

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary Ionic bondIonic bond IonIon Crystal latticeCrystal lattice

To form positive To form positive ion, lose electronsion, lose electrons

To form negative To form negative ion, gain electronsion, gain electrons

Atoms are neutral Atoms are neutral because the because the number of protons number of protons in an atom always in an atom always equals the number equals the number of electrons in the of electrons in the atom.atom.

Covalent and Metallic Covalent and Metallic BondsBonds

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary Covalent bondCovalent bond MoleculeMolecule Metallic bondMetallic bond

Covalent bonds Covalent bonds form when atoms form when atoms share electronsshare electrons

Metallic bonds are Metallic bonds are bonds formed by the bonds formed by the attraction between attraction between positively charged positively charged metal ions and the metal ions and the electrons around electrons around them. them.

Properties of metalsProperties of metals Conduct electric Conduct electric

currentcurrent Ductile and malleableDuctile and malleable Bend without breakingBend without breaking

Forming New SubstancesForming New Substances

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary Chemical reactionChemical reaction PrecipitatePrecipitate

Signs of Chemical Signs of Chemical ReactionsReactions Gas formationGas formation Solid formationSolid formation Energy changeEnergy change Color changeColor change

For a chemical For a chemical reaction to occur, reaction to occur, the original the original chemical bonds chemical bonds must be broken must be broken and new bonds and new bonds must occur.must occur.

New bonds make New bonds make new substancesnew substances

Chemical Formulas and Chemical Formulas and EquationsEquations

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary Chemical formulaChemical formula Chemical equationChemical equation ReactantReactant ProductProduct Law of Law of

conservation of conservation of massmass

Reactants make Reactants make productsproducts

Mass cannot be Mass cannot be created or created or destroyed; destroyed; therefore, the total therefore, the total reactants must reactants must equal the total equal the total productsproducts

Types of Chemical Types of Chemical ReactionsReactions

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary Synthesis reactionSynthesis reaction Decomposition Decomposition

reactionreaction Single-displacement Single-displacement

reactionreaction Double-displacement Double-displacement

reactionreaction Synthesis – two or Synthesis – two or

more substances more substances combine to make combine to make one substanceone substance

Decomposition – a Decomposition – a single substance single substance breaks down to form breaks down to form two or more simpler two or more simpler substancessubstances

Single – displacement Single – displacement – one element replaces – one element replaces another element in a another element in a compoundcompound

Double-displacement – Double-displacement – two elements two elements exchange places in exchange places in two compoundstwo compounds

Energy and Rates of Energy and Rates of Chemical ReactionsChemical Reactions

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary Endothermic Endothermic

reactionreaction Exothermic Exothermic

reactionreaction Law of conservation Law of conservation

of energyof energy Activation energyActivation energy Inhibitor Inhibitor CatalystCatalyst

Energy cannot be Energy cannot be created or created or destroyed; energy destroyed; energy only changes formonly changes form

Factors affecting Factors affecting reaction ratesreaction rates TemperatureTemperature ConcentrationConcentration Surface areaSurface area InhibitorsInhibitors CatalystsCatalysts

Natural and Synthetic Natural and Synthetic ChemicalsChemicals

Natural chemicals Natural chemicals are chemicals that are chemicals that can be found in can be found in nature or that are nature or that are made by natural made by natural processes.processes.

Synthetic Synthetic chemicals are chemicals are chemicals that are chemicals that are not found in nature not found in nature and are not made and are not made by natural by natural processes. processes.

Chemical BenefitsChemical Benefits Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary

MedicineMedicine PotencyPotency DoseDose

Kinds of medicineKinds of medicine AnalgesicAnalgesic AntihistamineAntihistamine AntacidAntacid AntibioticAntibiotic HormoneHormone Vaccine Vaccine

Food preservativeFood preservative FertilizersFertilizers PesticidesPesticides SanitationSanitation

Large-scaleLarge-scale Household Household

Chemical RisksChemical Risks Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary

CarcinogenCarcinogen Kinds of carcinogensKinds of carcinogens

AsbestosAsbestos Alcoholic beveragesAlcoholic beverages ArsenicArsenic BenzeneBenzene Coal tarCoal tar RadonRadon Environmental (second-Environmental (second-

hand) smokehand) smoke Smokeless tobaccoSmokeless tobacco Tobacco smokeTobacco smoke

Risks due to chemical Risks due to chemical exposureexposure CancerCancer Autoimmune diseasesAutoimmune diseases Birth defectsBirth defects DiabetesDiabetes Learning disordersLearning disorders Behavioral disordersBehavioral disorders Kidney diseaseKidney disease Heart diseaseHeart disease AsthmaAsthma

You Are HereYou Are Here

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary MapMap True northTrue north Magnetic Magnetic

declinationdeclination LatitudeLatitude LongitudeLongitude EquatorEquator Prime meridianPrime meridian

True north is the True north is the direction to the direction to the geographic North geographic North Pole.Pole.

Latitude and Latitude and longitude is used to longitude is used to find location on find location on EarthEarth

Compasses are used Compasses are used to find directionto find direction

Mapping the Earth’s Mapping the Earth’s SurfaceSurface

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary Cylindrical Cylindrical

projectionprojection Conic projectionConic projection Azimuthal projectionAzimuthal projection

Common map Common map projectionsprojections CylindricalCylindrical ConicConic Azimuthal Azimuthal

Maps should Maps should containcontain A titleA title A scaleA scale A legendA legend A compass roseA compass rose A dateA date

Earth’s StoryEarth’s Story

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary UniformitarianismUniformitarianism CatastrophismCatastrophism PaleontologyPaleontology

Modern geologist Modern geologist believe that neither believe that neither uniformitarianism or uniformitarianism or catastrophism catastrophism accounts for all accounts for all geologic change.geologic change.

The extinction of The extinction of dinosaurs occurred dinosaurs occurred because of global because of global climate change climate change caused by an caused by an asteroid impact.asteroid impact.

Relative DatingRelative Dating Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary

Relative datingRelative dating SuperpositionSuperposition Geologic columnGeologic column UnconformityUnconformity

Younger rocks lie Younger rocks lie above older rocksabove older rocks

Rock layer are Rock layer are disturbeddisturbed FaultFault IntrusionsIntrusions TiltingTilting Folding Folding

Types of Types of unconformitiesunconformities DisconformityDisconformity NonconformityNonconformity Angular unconformityAngular unconformity

Causes gaps in the Causes gaps in the geologic recordgeologic record

Absolute DatingAbsolute Dating

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary Absolute datingAbsolute dating IsotopeIsotope Radioactive decayRadioactive decay Radiometric datingRadiometric dating Half-lifeHalf-life

Types of Types of radiometric datingradiometric dating Potassium-argon Potassium-argon

methodmethod Uranium-lead Uranium-lead

methodmethod Rubidium-strontium Rubidium-strontium

methodmethod Carbon-14 methodCarbon-14 method

Looking at FossilsLooking at Fossils

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary FossilFossil Trace fossilTrace fossil MoldMold CastCast Index fossilIndex fossil

Fossilized Fossilized organismsorganisms Fossils in rocksFossils in rocks Fossils in amberFossils in amber PetrifactionPetrifaction Fossils in asphaltFossils in asphalt Frozen fossilsFrozen fossils Trace fossilsTrace fossils Molds and castsMolds and casts

Time Marches OnTime Marches On

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary Geologic time scaleGeologic time scale EonEon EraEra PeriodPeriod EpochEpoch Extinction Extinction

Earth has a 4.6 Earth has a 4.6 billion-year historybillion-year history

Divisions of TimeDivisions of Time EonEon EraEra Periods Periods Epochs Epochs

Restless ContinentsRestless Continents

Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary Continental driftContinental drift Sea-floor spreadingSea-floor spreading

Pangaea existed 245 Pangaea existed 245 myamya All landmasses were All landmasses were

connectedconnected Alfred Wegener Alfred Wegener

developed the developed the continental drift continental drift hypothesishypothesis

Continental drift is Continental drift is caused by sea-floor caused by sea-floor spreadingspreading

As new oceanic As new oceanic crust forms, the crust forms, the older crust gets older crust gets pushed awaypushed away

The Theory of Plate The Theory of Plate TectonicsTectonics

Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary Plate tectonicsPlate tectonics Convergent boundaryConvergent boundary Divergent boundaryDivergent boundary Transform boundaryTransform boundary

Earth’s lithosphere is Earth’s lithosphere is divided into tectonic divided into tectonic plates that move plates that move around on top of the around on top of the asthenosphereasthenosphere

Driving forcesDriving forces Ridge pushRidge push Slab pullSlab pull Convection Convection

Convergent Convergent Collision of platesCollision of plates continental-continentalcontinental-continental Continental-oceanicContinental-oceanic Oceanic-oceanicOceanic-oceanic

DivergentDivergent Separation of platesSeparation of plates Mid-ocean ridges most Mid-ocean ridges most

commoncommon Transform Transform

Plates slide past each Plates slide past each otherdotherd

Deforming the Earth’s Deforming the Earth’s CrustCrust

Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary CompressionCompression TensionTension FoldingFolding FaultFault UpliftUplift SubsidenceSubsidence

Three types of foldsThree types of folds AnticlineAnticline SynclineSyncline monoclinemonocline

Three types of faultsThree types of faults Normal fault – hanging Normal fault – hanging

wall downwall down Reverse fault – hanging Reverse fault – hanging

wall upwall up Strike-slip faultStrike-slip fault

Three types of Three types of mountainsmountains Folded mountainsFolded mountains Fault-block mountainsFault-block mountains Volcanic mountainsVolcanic mountains

The Diversity of CellsThe Diversity of Cells Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary

CellCell Cell membraneCell membrane OrganelleOrganelle NucleusNucleus ProkaryoteProkaryote Eukaryote Eukaryote

Robert Hooke was the Robert Hooke was the first person to first person to describe cells.describe cells.

The Cell TheoryThe Cell Theory All organisms are made All organisms are made

of one or more cells.of one or more cells. The cell is the basic The cell is the basic

unit of all living things.unit of all living things. All cells come from All cells come from

existing cells.existing cells. Cell size is limited by Cell size is limited by

its surface area – to – its surface area – to – volume ratio.volume ratio.

Two types of cellsTwo types of cells ProkaryotesProkaryotes Eukaryotes Eukaryotes

Eukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary

Cell wallCell wall RibosomeRibosome Endoplasmic reticulumEndoplasmic reticulum MitochondrionMitochondrion Golgi complexGolgi complex VesicleVesicle LysosomeLysosome

Nucleus – contains DNANucleus – contains DNA Ribosome – makes Ribosome – makes

proteinsproteins Endoplasmic reticulum Endoplasmic reticulum

– packages proteins– packages proteins Golgi apparatus – Golgi apparatus –

transports proteinstransports proteins Mitochondrion – energy Mitochondrion – energy

headquarters (ATP)headquarters (ATP) Chloroplast – uses Chloroplast – uses

sunlight to make food in sunlight to make food in plantsplants

Vacuole – storageVacuole – storage Lysosome - digestionLysosome - digestion

The Organization of Living The Organization of Living ThingsThings

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary TissueTissue OrganOrgan Organ systemOrgan system OrganismOrganism StructureStructure FunctionFunction

Benefits of being Benefits of being multicellularmulticellular Larger sizeLarger size Longer lifeLonger life SpecializationSpecialization

Cell → Tissue → Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ Organ → Organ systemsystem

Exchange with the Exchange with the EnvironmentEnvironment

Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary DiffusionDiffusion OsmosisOsmosis Passive transportPassive transport Active transportActive transport EndocytosisEndocytosis Exocytosis Exocytosis

Diffusion – from high to Diffusion – from high to lowlow

Osmosis – diffusion of Osmosis – diffusion of water from high to lowwater from high to low

Passive transport – high Passive transport – high to lowto low

Active transport – low to Active transport – low to highhigh

Endocytosis – into the Endocytosis – into the cellcell

Exocytosis – out of the Exocytosis – out of the cellcell

Cell EnergyCell Energy

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis Cellular respirationCellular respiration FermentationFermentation

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis Carbon dioxide + Carbon dioxide +

water + light water + light energy → glucose + energy → glucose + oxygenoxygen

Cellular Cellular RespirationRespiration Glucose + oxygen Glucose + oxygen

→ carbon dioxide + → carbon dioxide + water + energy water + energy (ATP)(ATP)

FermentationFermentation One kind produces One kind produces

COCO22

One kind produces One kind produces lactic acidlactic acid

The Cell CycleThe Cell Cycle Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary

Cell cycleCell cycle ChromosomeChromosome Homologous Homologous

chromosomechromosome MitosisMitosis CytokinesisCytokinesis

A cell produces more A cell produces more cells by first copying cells by first copying its DNA.its DNA.

MitosisMitosis Prophase – chromosomes Prophase – chromosomes

become rodsbecome rods Metaphase – Metaphase –

chromosomes line up chromosomes line up along equatoralong equator

Anaphase – chromotids Anaphase – chromotids separate and move to separate and move to opposite sidesopposite sides

Telophase – nuclear Telophase – nuclear membrane forms around membrane forms around each seteach set

Cytokinesis – cells Cytokinesis – cells divide in twodivide in two

What does DNA look What does DNA look like?like?

Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary DNADNA NucleotideNucleotide

Nucleotide consists of Nucleotide consists of a sugar, a phosphate, a sugar, a phosphate, and a baseand a base

Four basesFour bases AdenineAdenine GuanineGuanine ThymineThymine Cytosine Cytosine

Adenine = thymineAdenine = thymine Guanine = cytosineGuanine = cytosine Watson and Crick Watson and Crick

discovered that DNA discovered that DNA was a double helix, or was a double helix, or a long twisted laddera long twisted ladder

DNA is copied DNA is copied everytime a cell everytime a cell dividesdivides

How DNA WorksHow DNA Works Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary

RNARNA RibosomeRibosome MutationMutation

A gene is a set of A gene is a set of instructions for instructions for assembling a protein. assembling a protein.

DNA is the molecular DNA is the molecular carrier of these genetic carrier of these genetic instructions.instructions.

Proteins are fundamental Proteins are fundamental to the function of cells and to the function of cells and the expression of traits.the expression of traits.

Genes can become Genes can become mutated when the mutated when the order of the bases is order of the bases is changed.changed.

Three types of Three types of mutationsmutations InsertionInsertion DeletionDeletion Substitution Substitution

Protists Protists

Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary ProtistProtist ParasiteParasite HeterotrophHeterotroph Host Host

General General characteristicscharacteristics Most are single-celledMost are single-celled Some are producers, Some are producers,

others are consumersothers are consumers Eukaryotic - nucleusEukaryotic - nucleus

Protists are grouped Protists are grouped in their own in their own kingdom because kingdom because they differ from they differ from other organisms in other organisms in many ways.many ways.

ReproductionReproduction SexuallySexually AsexuallyAsexually Sexually and Sexually and

asexuallyasexually

Kinds of ProtistsKinds of Protists

Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary AlgaeAlgae PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton

Protist producersProtist producers Algae Algae PhytoplanktonPhytoplankton DiatomsDiatoms DinoflagellatesDinoflagellates Euglenoids – both Euglenoids – both

producer and producer and consumerconsumer

Heterotrophs that Heterotrophs that can movecan move Amoeba – Amoeba –

pseudopodiapseudopodia Zooflagellates – Zooflagellates –

flagellumflagellum Paramecium – ciliaParamecium – cilia

Bacteria Bacteria Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary

ProkaryoteProkaryote Binary fissionBinary fission EndosporeEndospore

Two kingdomsTwo kingdoms ArchaebacteriaArchaebacteria EubacteriaEubacteria

Shapes of bacteriaShapes of bacteria Bacilli – rodsBacilli – rods Cocci – sphericalCocci – spherical Spirilla - spiralSpirilla - spiral

Single-celled Single-celled organisms with no organisms with no nucleus nucleus

Reproduce through Reproduce through binary fissionbinary fission

Eubacteria have cell Eubacteria have cell walls and are walls and are producers or producers or consumersconsumers

Archaebacteria often Archaebacteria often live in harsh live in harsh conditionsconditions

Bacteria’s Role in the Bacteria’s Role in the WorldWorld

Important Important vocabularyvocabulary BioremediationBioremediation AntibioticAntibiotic Pathogenic bacteriaPathogenic bacteria

Good for the Good for the environmentenvironment Nitrogen fixationNitrogen fixation RecyclingRecycling BioremediationBioremediation

Good for peopleGood for people Bacteria in foodBacteria in food AntibioticsAntibiotics InsulinInsulin Genetic Genetic

engineeringengineering Pathogenic Pathogenic

bacteria cause bacteria cause diseasedisease

Viruses Viruses Viruses have Viruses have

characteristics of characteristics of living and nonliving living and nonliving things. things.

They reproduce in They reproduce in living cells.living cells.

Basic shapesBasic shapes CrystalCrystal CylinderCylinder SpheresSpheres Spacecraft Spacecraft

Classified by shape, the Classified by shape, the kind of disease they kind of disease they cause, or their life cause, or their life cyclecycle

Viruses reproduce by Viruses reproduce by the lytic cyclethe lytic cycle Enter a cellEnter a cell ReproduceReproduce Break cell openBreak cell open

Lysogenic cycleLysogenic cycle Genes of a virus are Genes of a virus are

incorporated into the incorporated into the genes of the host cellgenes of the host cell

Disease Disease Important vocabularyImportant vocabulary

Noninfectious diseaseNoninfectious disease Infectious diseaseInfectious disease PathogenPathogen ImmunityImmunity

Two typesTwo types NoninfectiousNoninfectious InfectiousInfectious

Fighting pathogensFighting pathogens Pasteurization Pasteurization Vaccines and immunityVaccines and immunity antibioticsantibiotics

Spread of diseaseSpread of disease AirAir Contaminated objectsContaminated objects Person to personPerson to person AnimalsAnimals Food and waterFood and water

Kinds of diseaseKinds of disease Bacterial Bacterial ViralViral ParasiticParasitic ChemicalsChemicals mutagensmutagens

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