Importance of livestock and the technological and policy challenges facing the development of...
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Importance of livestock and the technological and policy challenges facing the development
of livestock in Africa
Michael Blϋmmel, Phil Toye, Okeyo Mwai, Ian Wright, Tom Randolph and Steve Staal
Global feed and food congress, Sun City, South Africa 10-12 April 2013
Outline of Presentation
Importance of livestock and opportunities from livestock (livestock revolution)
Constraints to increasing livestock and productivity: technical, institutional and political
Key feed technological interventions
ILRI Framework for increasing animal sourced food (ASF) availability through increasing livestock productivity
using value approaches
Number of livestock keepers in Sub Saharan Africa living on less
than US $ 2 per day
Regions/sub-region Number of livestock keepers
Sub-Saharan Africa 319 908 000
Central Africa 29 815 000
Western Africa 132 742 000
East Africa 104 816 000
Southern Africa 52 534 000
Herrero et al. (2012)
Predicted global increase in meat and milk demand till 2050 (“livestock
revolution”)
2000 2050
Meat production (million t/y) 229 465
Milk production (million t/y) 580 1043
Note: essentially all increased demand from low and
middle income countries
(Delgado et al., 1999; FAO, 2006)
Contraction, convergence and ceiling values in animal sourced food (ASF)
1. 90 g/d of meat (max 50% red meat)
or
2. 20 g protein/d achieved either by:
• 33 kg lean meat/year• 45 kg fish/year• 60 kg eggs/year• 230 kg milk/year
Global meat consumption pattern
(Adopted from McMichael et al. 2007)
Country/category Gram per dayDeveloped countries 224
Developing countries 47
Africa 31
Latin America 147
Severe productivity gaps in livestockproductivity: Meat
Biomass is calculated as inventory x average live weight. Output is given as carcass weight.
Source: (Steinfeld et al. 2006)
Africa Latin America South Asia Industrialized Countries
0.0600000000000001
0.0800000000000001
0.03
0.17
0.0600000000000001
0.11
0.0400000000000001
0.2
(kg output/kg biomass/yr)
1980 2005
Severe productivity gaps in livestock productivity: Milk
Source: (Steinfeld et al 2006)
Africa Latin America South Asia Industrialized Countries
4111021
517
4226
397
1380904
6350
(kg/cow/yr)
1980 2005
Key constraints: Institutional, Policy
Small holder livestock producers often rely on informal markets (IM), not supported by institutions and policies
• Standards, regulations & market information generally ignore IM• IM driven by demand for low cost products• Long term constructive engagement with IM required
Small holder face problems in meeting increasing quality standards for high end domestic and export ASF markets
• Export markets monopolized by specialized commercial producers• Little participation by small holders
Policy and investment attention generally focused on export markets, even though export quotas are generally not met because of limited quality supply capacity
• Domestic markets receive little attention, despite being larger then
export markets
Key constraints: Institutional, Policy Weakening support by government extension services for example in animal health and nutrition without adequate compensation by private sector efforts
• Animal health policies focused on diseases of trade • Little attention to endemic diseases of production that limit small holder
competitiveness • Inadequate enforcement of feed quality standards, larger producers are
less effected by this
In some regions and for some products there is strong competition from import of ASF, often with the implicit support of the same donor governments who are investing in rural livestock development
• Regional livestock trade is constrained by bureaucratic procedures, border transactions costs and tariff even with regional economic blocks.
General underfunding of livestock research and development, including human resources
Support for Livestock Research Area of Research East Africa Southern Africa West Africa Sub-Saharan Africa
Crops 43.0 49.5 45.9 45.5
Livestock 22.0 20.7 17.5 19.9
Natural Resources 9.5 10.9 7.1 8.8
Forestry 7.6 3.2 6.9 6.4
Socio Economics 5.5 2.9 6.9 5.5
Fisheries 5.2 3.1 6.6 5.3
Off farm Postharvest 2.6 6.4 6.1 4.8
Others 4.6 3.3 3.0 3.7
Beintema and Stads (2006)
Key constraints: Animal Health Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia: most important cattle disease in
Africa • Activity: vaccine development and diagnostics
East Cost fever: major livestock constraint in East, Central and Southern
Africa• Activity: vaccine development
African Swine Fever: increasing importance in Africa with spread to Europe
• Activity: understand transmission dynamics, develop bio-security protocols and improved diagnostic assays
Peste de Petits Ruminants: viral disease that causes high losses in small
ruminants• Activity: develop thermostable vaccines and assess best institutional deliver
pathways
Porcine Cysticercosis: increasing heath problems were pigs are important
• Activity: develop pen-side diagnosis
Key constraints: Animal Breeding & Genetics
Inefficient multiplication and delivery of appropriate livestock genetics:
• Activity: Community-based breeding programs to identify and deliver improved future parents, develop & use of emerging genomic & reproductive tools (nuclear transfers, transgenic, in-vitro embryo production etc.)
Inadequate understanding of breed characteristics, functional diversity & keepers objectives:
• Activity: breed & systems characterization for breeding objectives, development of databases
Difficulty identifying and best matching of breed types to production environments:
• Activity: definition of breeding objectives and testing of breed-production environment match, use of genomic tools to identify breed compositions and the associated phenotypic performance under diff. systems, innovative use of IT (e.g. crowd-sourcing or text messaging to relay performance data)
Key constraints: Animal Feeds Overall lack of feed quantity and quality relative to livestock population
and productivity level, aggravated by seasonality
Feed costs rising relative to income from sale of produce, fodder
biomass relative to food is getting more expensive (straw: grain price ratio)
Scarcity of land and water and increasing competition for biomass (conservation agriculture, bio-fuels)
Limited success in private investment in feed processing for ruminant livestock, lack of regulatory mechanism, often inefficient feed
and fodder markets
Valuable feed ingredients often not available domestically, exported for hard currency
Key mitigation strategies: Animal Feeds
Making better use of available feed resource on farm:•Optimize use of basal diets•Feed conservations options•Strategic allocations of feed resources•Intensification of production, reduce feed allocations to maintenance
Producing more and better feeds:• Food-Feed Crops• Specialized Forages• Agro/bio-fuel by products
Feed processing, densification, fortification and redistribution options• Optimize physical feed form (supplemented, block, pellet, mash,
animal response, labor, transport, storage etc)• Surplus to deficit feed transport• Decentralized feed processing business options
16
Total Mixed Ration: Impact of ration balancing supplementation and choice of basal diet
Ingredients %
Sorghum stover 50
Bran/husks/hulls 18
Oilcakes 18
Molasses 8
Grains 4
Min./ Vit., yeast 2
Courtesy: Miracle Fodder and Feeds PVT LTD
17
Comparisons of higher and lower quality sorghum stover based total mixed
rations in dairy buffalo
Block High(52% dig)
Block Low(47% dig)
CP 17.2 % 17.1%
ME (MJ/kg) 8.46 MJ/kg 7.37 MJ/kg
DMI 19.7 kg/d 18.0 kg/d
DMI per kg LW 3.6 % 3.3 %
Milk Potential 16.6 kg/d 11.8 kg/d
Anandan et al. (2009a)
18
Actual average across herd milk yields (3.61 kg/d) and scenario-dependent ME requirements for total milk production (81.8 million t/y) in India
ME required (MJ x 109)
Milk (kg/d) Maintenance Production Total
3.61 (05/06) 1247.6 573.9 1821.5
6 (Scenario 1) 749.9 573.9 1323.8
9 (Scenario 2) 499.9 573.9 1073.8
12 (Scenario 3) 374.9 573.9 948.8
15 (Scenario 4) 299.9 573.9 873.9
19
Supplementation and feed processing options of sweet sorghum bagasse
and response in sheep
Mash Pellets Block
Control
Chaffed SSBRL
Concentrate
DMI (g/kg LW) 52.5 a 55.6 a 42.1 b 41.5 b
ADG (g / d) 132.7 a 130.4 a 89.5 b 81.3 b
Processing ($/t) 5.9 7.0 5.2 1.7
Transport ($/t/100km) 6.6 5.8 5.2 13.5
Anandan et al. (2012)
Inputs & Services
Production
Processing
Marketing Consumers
Past research has focused specific aspectsof given value chains, commodities and country.
Inputs & Services
Production
Processing
Marketing Consumers
...in Country A
Inputs & Services
Production
Processing
Marketing Consumers
Inputs & Services Production Processing Marketing Consumers
...in Country D
...in Country C
...in Country B
Traditional approach to increasing livestock productivity was piecemeal
A value chain approach: a set of actors, transactions, information flows, and institutions
that enable value to be delivered to the customer (Baker 2007)
Strategic CRP 3.7 Cross-cutting Platforms• Technology Generation• Market Innovation• Targeting & Impact
Inputs & Services Production Processing Marketing Consumers
R4D integrated to transform selected value chains In targeted commodities and countries.
Value chain development team + research partners
GLOBAL RESEARCH PUBLIC GOODS
INTERVENTIONS TO SCALE OUT REGIONALLY
#1: Addressing the whole value chain
Major intervention with development partners
Approach: Solution-driven R4D to achieve impact
Technology development:1 Health2 Genetics3 Feeds
Inputs & Services Production Processing Marketing Consumers
Commodity X in Country Y
4 Value chain development
5 Targeting: Foresight, prioritization, environmental impacts
6 Cross-cutting: gender, impact, M&E, comms, capacity building
Structure: Six integrated components
Delivering the Livestock and Fish Program
24
Thank you for your attention!