Implementing HRD Implementing HRD ProgramsPrograms

The Implementation StageThe Implementation Stage

The Learning PyramidThe Learning Pyramid

By Permission: Yin (2004)

Training Delivery MethodsTraining Delivery Methods

Three basic categories:Three basic categories:

On-the-Job TrainingOn-the-Job Training Classroom TrainingClassroom Training Self-Paced TrainingSelf-Paced Training

Note: Computer-based training can be in a classroom, or individual/self-paced.

On-the-Job Training (OJT)On-the-Job Training (OJT)

Job instruction training (JIT)Job instruction training (JIT) Job rotationJob rotation CoachingCoaching MentoringMentoring

Characteristics of OJTCharacteristics of OJT

Training at one’s regular workstationTraining at one’s regular workstation Most common form of trainingMost common form of training Strengths:Strengths:

RealismRealism ApplicabilityApplicability

Weaknesses:Weaknesses: No formal structureNo formal structure Can perpetuate mistakesCan perpetuate mistakes

More on OJTMore on OJT

Facilitates training transfer to the jobFacilitates training transfer to the job Reduced training costs, since classroom is Reduced training costs, since classroom is

not needednot needed Noise and production needs may reduce Noise and production needs may reduce

training effectivenesstraining effectiveness Quality and safety may be impactedQuality and safety may be impacted

Job Instruction Training (JIT)Job Instruction Training (JIT)

PreparePrepare the worker the worker PresentPresent the task the task PracticePractice the task the task Follow-upFollow-up

JIT ProcessJIT Process

Observe work processesObserve work processes Brainstorm improvementsBrainstorm improvements Analyze optionsAnalyze options Implement improvementsImplement improvements Evaluate results and make adjustmentsEvaluate results and make adjustments

Job RotationJob Rotation

Train on different tasks/positionsTrain on different tasks/positions Often used to train entry-level managersOften used to train entry-level managers Also used to provide back-up in production Also used to provide back-up in production

positionspositions

Coaching and MentoringCoaching and Mentoring

CoachingCoaching – between worker and – between worker and supervisorsupervisor Can provide specific performance Can provide specific performance

improvement and correctionimprovement and correction MentoringMentoring – senior employee paired with a – senior employee paired with a

junior employee (“protégé”)junior employee (“protégé”) Helps to learn the ropesHelps to learn the ropes Prepares protégé for future advancementPrepares protégé for future advancement

Classroom Training ApproachesClassroom Training Approaches

Five basic types:Five basic types:

LectureLecture

DiscussionDiscussion

Audiovisual MediaAudiovisual Media

Experimental MethodsExperimental Methods

Self-Paced or Computer-Based TrainingSelf-Paced or Computer-Based Training

LectureLecture

Oral presentation of material Oral presentation of material Some visual aids can be addedSome visual aids can be added

Remains a very popular training methodRemains a very popular training method Transfers lots of information quicklyTransfers lots of information quickly

Interesting lectures can work wellInteresting lectures can work well Good to supplement with other materialsGood to supplement with other materials

Problems with Lecture MethodProblems with Lecture Method

One-way form of communicationOne-way form of communication

Trainees must be motivated to listenTrainees must be motivated to listen

Often lacks idea sharingOften lacks idea sharing

People don’t always like listening to People don’t always like listening to

lectureslectures

Discussion MethodDiscussion Method

Two-way communicationTwo-way communication Use questions to control lessonUse questions to control lesson Direct: produce narrow responsesDirect: produce narrow responses Reflective: mirror what was saidReflective: mirror what was said Open-Ended: challenge learners – to Open-Ended: challenge learners – to

increase understandingincrease understanding

Challenges of Using the Challenges of Using the Discussion MethodDiscussion Method

Maintaining control in larger classesMaintaining control in larger classes Needs a skilled facilitatorNeeds a skilled facilitator Needs more time than lectureNeeds more time than lecture Trainees must prepare for the lesson by Trainees must prepare for the lesson by

reading assignments, etc.reading assignments, etc.

Audiovisual MediaAudiovisual Media

Brings visual senses (seeing) into play, Brings visual senses (seeing) into play, along with audio senses (hearing)along with audio senses (hearing)

Types:Types: Static MediaStatic Media Dynamic MediaDynamic Media TelecommunicationsTelecommunications

Static MediaStatic Media

Printed materialsPrinted materials Lecture notesLecture notes Work aidsWork aids HandoutsHandouts

Slides Slides –– e.g., PowerPoint e.g., PowerPoint Overhead transparenciesOverhead transparencies

Dynamic MediaDynamic Media

Audio cassettesAudio cassettes CDsCDs FilmFilm VideotapeVideotape Video discVideo disc

TelecommunicationsTelecommunications

Instructional TVInstructional TV TeleconferencingTeleconferencing VideoconferencingVideoconferencing

Experiential TrainingExperiential Training

Case studiesCase studies Business game simulationsBusiness game simulations Role PlayingRole Playing Behavior ModelingBehavior Modeling Outdoor trainingOutdoor training

Case Study ConsiderationsCase Study Considerations

Specific instructional objectivesSpecific instructional objectives Case approach objectivesCase approach objectives Attributes of particular caseAttributes of particular case Learner characteristicsLearner characteristics Instructional timingInstructional timing Training environmentTraining environment Facilitator’s characteristicsFacilitator’s characteristics

Business Game SimulationsBusiness Game Simulations

Computerized versus manualComputerized versus manual Operational Operational FinancialFinancial Resource boundResource bound

In-basket exerciseIn-basket exercise Setting prioritiesSetting priorities Time-driven decision makingTime-driven decision making

Role PlaysRole Plays

Self discovery; use of interpersonal skills a Self discovery; use of interpersonal skills a plusplus

Some trainees are better actorsSome trainees are better actors Transfer to job can be difficultTransfer to job can be difficult

Behavior ModelingBehavior Modeling

Used mainly for interpersonal skills Used mainly for interpersonal skills trainingtraining

Practice target behaviorPractice target behavior Get immediate feedback (video, among Get immediate feedback (video, among

other media)other media)

Outdoor EducationOutdoor Education

Ropes courses, etc.Ropes courses, etc. Can facilitate teamworkCan facilitate teamwork Focus on group problem identification, Focus on group problem identification,

problem solvingproblem solving Often good for team buildingOften good for team building Fun – but is it effective training?Fun – but is it effective training?

Self-Paced TrainingSelf-Paced Training

Hard-copyHard-copy Correspondence coursesCorrespondence courses Programmed instructionProgrammed instruction

Computer-Based Training (CBT)Computer-Based Training (CBT) Computer-aided instructionComputer-aided instruction Internet/intranet trainingInternet/intranet training

Hard-Copy Self-Paced (i.e., Self-Hard-Copy Self-Paced (i.e., Self-Paced Computer-Based Training)Paced Computer-Based Training)

Good for remote locations without Internet Good for remote locations without Internet accessaccess

Individual follows text at own paceIndividual follows text at own pace Correct/incorrect answers determine progressCorrect/incorrect answers determine progress Trainee works alone without instructor interfaceTrainee works alone without instructor interface Still used, but increasingly being replaced by Still used, but increasingly being replaced by

CBTCBT

Computer-Based Training (CBT)Computer-Based Training (CBT)

Interactive with userInteractive with user Training when and where user wants itTraining when and where user wants it Trainee has greater control over progressTrainee has greater control over progress CBT can provide progress reports and be CBT can provide progress reports and be

tailored to specific instructional objectivestailored to specific instructional objectives Trainee works on own with minimal facilitation by Trainee works on own with minimal facilitation by

instructor who is elsewhereinstructor who is elsewhere

Types of CBTTypes of CBT

Computer-Aided InstructionComputer-Aided Instruction Internet & Intranet-Based Training (e-Internet & Intranet-Based Training (e-

learning)learning) Intelligent Computer-Assisted InstructionIntelligent Computer-Assisted Instruction

Computer-Based Training Computer-Based Training (Classroom-Based)(Classroom-Based)

Group-basedGroup-based Instructor is present and facilitates Instructor is present and facilitates

computer-based learningcomputer-based learning Trainees are collocated and can help each Trainees are collocated and can help each

otherother Requires computer, etc., for each traineeRequires computer, etc., for each trainee

Computer-Aided Instruction Computer-Aided Instruction (CAI)(CAI)

Drill-and-practice approachDrill-and-practice approach Read-only presentation of a “classic” Read-only presentation of a “classic”

training programtraining program Multimedia coursesMultimedia courses Interactive multimedia trainingInteractive multimedia training SimulationsSimulations

Advantages of CAIAdvantages of CAI

Interactive with each studentInteractive with each student Student is self-pacedStudent is self-paced Logistics –Logistics –

Increasingly available over the Internet (or via Increasingly available over the Internet (or via an organization’s intranet)an organization’s intranet)

Updates are easily distributedUpdates are easily distributed Instructional Management & ReportingInstructional Management & Reporting CAN be cost-effective…CAN be cost-effective…

E-learningE-learning

IntranetIntranet Internal to site/organizationInternal to site/organization

InternetInternet General communicationsGeneral communications Online referenceOnline reference Needs assessment, administration, testingNeeds assessment, administration, testing Distribution of CBTDistribution of CBT Delivery of multimediaDelivery of multimedia

Intelligent CAIIntelligent CAI

Uses computer’s capabilities to provide Uses computer’s capabilities to provide tailored instructiontailored instruction

Can use expert systems, fuzzy logic, and Can use expert systems, fuzzy logic, and other rubricsother rubrics

Can provide real-time simulation and Can provide real-time simulation and stimulationstimulation

Implementing TrainingImplementing Training

Depends on:Depends on: ObjectivesObjectives ResourcesResources Trainee characteristicsTrainee characteristics

Other Considerations Other Considerations Concerning ImplementationConcerning Implementation

Physical environment:Physical environment:

SeatingSeating Comfort levelComfort level Physical distractionsPhysical distractions

PP77

ProperProper PriorPrior PlanningPlanning PrecludesPrecludes ParticularlyParticularly PoorPoor PerformancePerformance

PlanningPlanning

Does NOT prevent failure…Does NOT prevent failure… … … But makes it easier to avoid failure.But makes it easier to avoid failure. Planning your HRD implementation before Planning your HRD implementation before

you actually do it greatly increases the you actually do it greatly increases the likelihood of successful implementation.likelihood of successful implementation.

Training Provides Many ThingsTraining Provides Many Things

NetworkingNetworking KnowledgeKnowledge Social acceptanceSocial acceptance Improved interpersonal skillsImproved interpersonal skills Team buildingTeam building

SummarySummary

Good training:Good training: Improves performanceImproves performance Improves productivityImproves productivity Improves chances for promotionImproves chances for promotion Improves the bottom lineImproves the bottom line

Therefore, the right training methods need Therefore, the right training methods need to be used in the right way to ensure to be used in the right way to ensure successful HRD successful HRD implementationimplementation..