Implement D Flip-flop by T Flip-flop

0 1

0 0

1 1

0 1

0 1

1 0

D T

Q Q

0

1

0

1

T = D Q’ + D’ Q

D

D’

T

Implement JK Flip-flop by D Flip-flop

0 1

0 1

0 0

1 0

1 1

J K

Q

0 0

0 1

1 1

1 0

D = J Q’ + K’ Q

D

0 1

J K

Q

0 0

0 1

1 1

1 0

0 1

0 0

1 0

1 1

D Q+

0

1

0

1

J

K

Q

Q’

Implement JK Flip-flop by T Flip-flop

0 1

0 1

0 0

1 0

1 1

J K

Q

0 0

0 1

1 1

1 0

T = J Q’ + K Q

T

0 1

J K

0 0

0 1

1 1

1 0

0 0

0 1

1 1

1 0

T Q+

0

1

Q

Q’

J

K

Q

Q’

QQ+

J K Q+

0 0

0 1

1 0

1 1

Q

0

1

Q’

Implement T Flip-flop by JK Flip-flop

0 X

1 X

X 1

X 0

J K

0 0

0 1

1 0

1 1

TQ

0

1

0 1

1 0

Q Q+0 1

TQ

0

1

0 X

1 X

0 1 TQ

0

1

X 0

X 1

0 1

J = T K = T

Random-Access Memory

• Can read and write at any point in memory

• Implemented using D Flip-Flops

• Each row contains 16 Flip-Flops

• A Decoder

Binary Counter

• Holds each pulse in memory

• Each pulse add another number

• Binary format

Register

• Used to hold one item of information

• CPU’s have many registers

• AX is an example in Assembly

Clocks and Sequencers

• To perform operations a CPU often requires a specific sequence of sub operations

• A sequencer is used to make sure operations happen in correct order

• A clock is a circuit that outputs 0’s and 1’s at specific frequencies

Real World Application

• The RAM discussed is a model for a chip that can actually be found in a computer

• The binary counter can be bought at http://www.web-tronics.com/webtronics/74hc161n.html for 45 cents each

• The Flip-Flop circuits are models of usable chips

State DiagramsState Diagrams

• A state diagram:– Each state is represented by a circled vertex– Each row of the state table is shown as directed

arc

J’

Y

Important Rule for State Diagram

• State diagram has same situation as state table. Their conditions should be mutually exclusive, no input values should meet the condition of more than one arc.

The Alarm Clock The Alarm Clock

Present state Alarm Weekday Next state Turn off alarm

On X Awake in bed YesAsleep

Awake in bed Off Yes Awake and up No

Awake in bed Off No Asleep No

State Diagram for The Alarm Clock State Diagram for The Alarm Clock (a)(a)

Awake in bedAsleepAlarm’ Alarm

Awake and up

1 (Always)

Alarm

Alarm’ /\ Weekday’ Alarm’ /\ Weekday

Turn off Alarm = Yes

( a )

The alarm clock problem with The alarm clock problem with inactioninaction statesstatesPresent state Alarm Weekday Next state Turn off alarm

Asleep Off X Asleep No

Asleep On Awake in bed Yes

Awake in bed On X Awake in bed yes

Awake in bed Off Yes Awake and up No

Awake in bed Off No Asleep No

Awake and up X X Awake and up No

X

State Diagram for The Alarm ClockState Diagram for The Alarm Clock (b)

( b )

Asleep Awake in bed

Awake and up

Alarm’ / 0

Alarm / 1

Alarm’ /\ Weekday’ / 0

1 (Always) / 0

Alarm’ /\ Weekday / 0

Alarm / 1

1 = yes turn off alarm (output)

0 – no turn off alarm (output)

State Tables for The JK Flip-FlopState Tables for The JK Flip-Flop

( a )

Present State

Y

Z

Z

Z

Z

Y

Y

Y

J K

0

0

1

1

0

0

1

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

Next State Q

Y

Y

Z

Z

Z

Y

Z

Y

0

0

1

1

1

0

1

0

Condition in Terms of J and KCondition in Terms of J and K

Z

J

K

J’ K’

Q=0 Q=1

Y

Mealy and Moore MachinesMealy and Moore Machines

• A finite state machine can represent outputs in one of two ways

– Moore Machines– Mealy Machines

Moore MachinesMoore Machines

– Moore Machines• Associates its outputs with the states.

• Output values depend only on the state and not on the transitions.

• It requires less hardware to produce the output values

• It is well suited for representing the control units of microprocessors and cpu.

State Diagram for The Alarm Clock State Diagram for The Alarm Clock (a)(a)

Awake in bedAsleepAlarm’ Alarm

Awake and up

1 (Always)

Alarm

Alarm’ /\ Weekday’ Alarm’ /\ Weekday

Turn off Alarm = Yes

Moore Machine

Mealy MachinesMealy Machines

– Mealy Machines• Associates outputs with the transitions.

• It depends on both its state and its input values

State Diagram for The Alarm ClockState Diagram for The Alarm Clock (b)

Mealy Machine

Asleep Awake in bed

Awake and up

Alarm’ / 0

Alarm / 1

Alarm’ /\ Weekday’ / 0

1 (Always) / 0

Alarm’ /\ Weekday / 0

Alarm / 1

Designing State DiagramsDesigning State Diagrams

• Counter

• String Checker

• Toll Booth

Modulo 6 CounterModulo 6 Counter

• A modulo 6 counter is a 3-bit counter that counts through the sequence.

– 000 001 010 011 100 101 000…

– 0 1 2 3 4 5 0 …

Unlike a regular 3-bit counter

110(6) and 111(7) do not count

0 0 0

0 0 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

1 0 0

1 0 1

1 1 0

1 1 1

State Table for The Modulo 6 CounterState Table for The Modulo 6 CounterPresent State Next State C V2 V1 V0U

S0

S0

S1

S1

S2

S2

S3

S3

S4

S4

S5

S5

1

0

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

S0

S1

S1

S2

S2

S3

S3

S4

S4

S5

S5

S0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0 0 0

0 0 1

0 0 1

0 1 0

0 1 0

0 1 1

0 1 1

1 0 0

1 0 1

1 0 1

0 0 0

1 0 0

State Diagram for The Modulo 6 State Diagram for The Modulo 6 Counter (Mealy)Counter (Mealy)

S0

S5

S1

S4

S2

S3

0 / 1000 0 / 0001 0 / 0010

1 / 0001 1 / 0010

1 / 0011

0 / 0011

1 / 0100

0 / 0100

1 / 0101

0 / 0101

1 / 1000

( a ) Mealy

State Diagram for The Modulo 6 State Diagram for The Modulo 6 Counter (Moore)Counter (Moore)

S5

S0 S1

S4

S2

S3

U’

U’

U’

U’

U’

U’

C=1

V =000

U

C=0

V=0010

U

C=0

V=010

U

C=0

V=011

U

C=0

V=100

U

C=0

V=101

( b ) Moore

String CheckerString Checker

• A String Checker inputs a string of

• bits, one bits per clock cycle.

• It checks bits 1,2, and 2, then 2,3,and 4 and so forever

0 0 0

0 0 1

0 1 0

0 1 1

1 0 0

1 0 1

1 1 0

1 1 1

State Table For String CheckerState Table For String CheckerPresent State

S0

S0

S1S1

S2

S2

S3

S3

S4

S4

S5

S5

S6

S6

S7

S7

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

0

1

L Next State

S0

S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

S6

S7

S0

S1

S2

S3

S4

S5

S6

S7

M

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

1

0

State Diagrams for the String Checker State Diagrams for the String Checker ( Mealy)( Mealy)

S3

S7 S0

S1

S4S6S5

S2

0/0

0/0

0/01/0

1/00/0

0/0

0/01/0

1/0

0/10/1

0/1

1/01/0

1/0

Mealy

State Diagrams for the String State Diagrams for the String Checker (Moore)Checker (Moore)

S7 S0

S6 S5 S4

S3 S2 S1

M=1

I’M=0

I’

I’

M=0I

M=0

IM=0

I

M=0

I

I’

I’

I

I I I’I’ I

I’M=0

M=0

Moore