Impact of Transport on the Enviroment Global Economy
Transcript of Impact of Transport on the Enviroment Global Economy
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Hybrid Electric Vehicle
Short Course
Programme
Impact of Transport on the
Environment & Global Economy
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Contents
Is there a problem? (Is the climate changing)
Is man’s activity in general influencing the climate?
Is man’s use of road transport affecting the climate?
What needs to be done, what can be done?
Next Lecture – What are our options?
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Firstly.. What is the
Greenhouse Gas Effect?
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Is there a problem?(is the climate actually changing?)
Is man’s activity in general
influencing the climate?
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Report findings every 5 years(last report AR4, 2007)
“Agree” global change polices every
year(?). Major success Kyoto,
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Observations and drivers of climate change - MrMartin Manning, WG I TSU Head during the AR4
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Presentation by the IPCC Chairman - The IPCC FourthAssessment Working Groups Reports: Key Findings - UN
Headquarters, New York, USA, 24 September 2007
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The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto,
Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered
into force on 16 February 2005.
The detailed rules for the implementation
of the Protocol were adopted at COP 7 in
Marrakesh in 2001, and are called the
“Marrakesh Accords.”
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The Kyoto mechanisms
Under the Treaty, countries must meet their
targets primarily through national measures.
However, the Kyoto Protocol offers them anadditional means of meeting their targets by
way of three market-based mechanisms.
The Kyoto mechanisms are:Emissions trading – known as “the carbon market"
Clean development mechanism (CDM)
Joint implementation (JI).
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The Kyoto Targets; The targets cover emissions of the six main
greenhouse gases, namely:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) Methane (CH4)
Nitrous oxide (N2O)
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs)
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs)
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
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The Kyoto Targets;
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Is man’s use of road transport
affecting the climate?
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How much does transport
contribute to CO2 ?
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Freight Trucks
Buses
Motor Cycles
Cars & Vans
45 %
Rail
International Air
Domestic Air
Water
How much does transport
contribute to CO2 ?
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At 22% the road transport contribution to CO2 pollution in the UK is
significantly higher than the global average (14%)
Energy
Aviation
Other Domestic
Other Road
Transport 9%
Passenger Cars
13%
Industry, Agriculture and other
How much does transport
contribute to CO2 ?
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The Eddington Transport Study (2006): road transport in the
UK is predicted to rise by 28% between 2003 and 2025
extrapolating this trend, road transport could double by 2050
To achieve an 80% reduction in CO2 emissions from cars in the UK by
2050 implies a 90% reduction in emissions per km
Growth of Transport
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Source: GM Global Market & Industry Analysis
Growth of Transport
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What needs to be done, what
can be done?
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The Kyoto Targets;
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Overall Target reduction - 5.2% compared to the year 1990.
8% EU 7% USA 6% Japan 0% Russia, China, India 8% Increase – Australia 10% Increase – Iceland
The Kyoto Targets;
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The UK Contribution;
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The UK Contribution;
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How should the target be met?
Renewable Power Generation
Wind – 30% of UK power generation by 2020
Solar – economics?
Tidal – not cost effective
Biomass – possible, but limited
Nuclear Power Generation
Shortage of time to buildWaste concern
Shortage of skilled engineers
Carbon Storage with current fossil fuelled power generation
Transportation 30% to 40% improvement in current technology
Electric – provided battery storage and recharge infrastructure in
place
Hydrogen?
Biofuel?
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How should the target be met?
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(Photo credit: Stefan Vandermeulen/FoE Europe)
EU – CO2 (fuel economy legislation ) phasing in from 2012 to 2015
Ambition to take a leading role in the global pollution debate
Corporate fuel economy targets (average130 g/km) – 19% reductionPhased introduction – 2012; 65% of new cars, 2015; 100%
Specific manufacturers will have own target based on fleet mix (so called
Limit Value Curve) e.g Fiat = 122 g/km, BMW = 137 g/km
Target for 2020 – 95 g/km
EU – Fuel Economy Legislation
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Average CO2 emissions of the European new car fleet
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
1 9 9 5
1 9 9 6
1 9 9 7
1 9 9 8
1 9 9 9
2 0 0 0
2 0 0 1
2 0 0 2
2 0 0 3
2 0 0 4
2 0 0 5
2 0 0 6
2 0 0 7
2 0 0 8
C O 2 g / k m
Gasoline
Diesel
All Types
-1.37% p.a.
Target
Source: European Commission
EU – Fuel Economy Legislation
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Most Countries adopting low carbon targets for road
transport, Emphasis on either energy security or climate
change
R e l a t i v e P r o g r e s s t o 1 4 0 g / k m
i n E u r o p e
Vehicle Brand 1997 average(g/km)
2005 average(g/km)
Improvement
Fiat 169 139 18%
Citroen 172 144 16%
Renault 173 149 14%
SEAT 158 150 5%
Peugeot 177 151 15%
Ford 180 151 16%
Skoda 165 152 8%
Opel/Vauxhall 180 156 13%
Volkswagen 170 159 6%
Toyota 189 163 14%
Honda 184 166 10%
Hyundai 189 170 10%Kia 202 170 16%
Audi 190 177 7%
Mercedes-Benz 223 185 17%
BMW 216 192 11%
Volvo 219 195 11%
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Industry View (ACEA)
ACEA’s “wave effect” of CO2 categories towards reduced CO2 emissions
(source SEC(2006)1078)
Fuel Economy – Industry Trends
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Global - Economics
> The Power of Oil
Concerns over security of supply
(post 9-11)
Growth of Russian energy leverage,
role of OPEC
Global economics – interdependencies
of national economies
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Petrol Prices
Almost the highest
pump prices in a
generation
Fuel Prices
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Taxation onVehicle Ownership
General direct is
towards fuel based
taxation within the
passenger car market
in particular
Country Passenger Cars Commercial Vehicles
Austria Kilowatt weightBelgium Cylinder capacity weight, axlesCyprus Cylinder capacity, CO2 emissions NACzech Rep. None Weight, axlesGermany Cylinder capacity, exhaust emissions Weight, pollution, noiseDenmark Fuel consumption, weight WeightEstonia None Weight, axles suspensionSpain Horsepower PayloadFinland Time, weight Weight, axlesFrance None Weight, axles, suspensionGreece Cylinder capacity, horsepower PayloadHungary Weight WeightIreland Cylinder capacity WeightItaly Kilowatt Kilowatt, pollutionLithuania None NALuxembourg CO2 emissions Weight, axlesLatvia Weight WeightMalta Cylinder capacity NANetherlands Weight, province Weight
Poland None NAPortugal Cylinder capacity Weight, axles, suspensionSweden CO2 emissions, weight Weight, axlesSlovenia None NASlovakia None Weight, axlesUnitedKingdom
CO2 emissions Weight, axles
Bulgaria Kilowatt Weight, axlesRomania Cylinder capacity Weight, axlesSource ACEA Tax Guide 2007
Vehicle Ownership Taxation
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