IMM DASAR-1
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Transcript of IMM DASAR-1
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Against Micro-organisme, Parasitesand Fungi.
Hypersensitivity reaction
(include Allergy). Autoimmun diseases.
Transplantation (organ, bone
marrow).
Terhadap Micro-biota, Parasit dan Jamur.
reaksi hipersensitivitas
(termasuk alergi).
Basic concepts in Immunology
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We live surrounded by
microorganism (viruses, fungi,
bacteria and parasites) We become ill only relatively
rarely
Immune response againstpathogens (2 system)
Kita hidup dikelilingi oleh
Basic concepts in Immunology
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Innate Immunity / inborn
Non-spesific defense against infection
Macrophages, Neutrophils
Its action does not depend on prior
exposure to a particular pathogensPhagocytosis
Imunitas bawaan / bawaan
Non-spesifik pertahanan terhadap infeksi
Makrofag, Neutrofil
Basic concepts in Immunology
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Innate Immunity in pathogen elimination
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Innate Immunity
Activate Complement system and theywill destroy the pathogen
Acute phase proteins produced by the
liver, stimulate the macrophage functionagainst infection
Those protein binds to bacterial surface
and activates complement system toeliminate bacteria directly and enhance
their elimination by macrophages.
bawaan Imunitas
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Innate Immunity
Secreted IL6 by the macrophage will
stimulate the liver to produce
acute phase proteins i.e : C-reactive protein
Serum amyloid protein
Mannose binding protein
Fibrinogen
bawaan Imunitas
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C-reactive protein
C-reactive protein binds to
Phosphorylcholine on bacterial surfaces
Mannose binding protein binds Mannosa
residu on bacterial surfaces
C-reactive protein and Mannose binding
protein respons like antibody
Opsonisation and activates the
complement cascade
Protein C-reaktif mengikat
hos hor lcholine ada ermukaan
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Inflammatory response
Infection bacteria triggermacrophages to release inflammatorymediators.
Vasodilatation and increased vascularpermeability cause redness and heat (calordan rubor)
Leakage of cells and fluids cause swellingand pain (dolordan tumor)
Blood vessel walls become sticky allowingblood cells to migrate into tissue.
T-cells activated by macrophagesmay
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Acquired / Adaptive Immunity
Specific immunity
Acquired during the lifetime of anindividual
Response to a spesific pathogen
Lymphocytes (its receptors)Antibodies
Acquired / adaptif Imunitas
spesifik kekebalan
Basic concepts in Immunology
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Lymphatics System
Organs in Immune System
Central (Bone Marrow and Thymus)
Peripher(Adenoid, Tonsil, Peyers
Patches, Appendix, Spleen, Lymph
Nodes)
Thoracic duct
Right Subclavian Vein and Left
Subclavian vein
Sistem limfatik
Immune System
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Growth factors in the Hematopoietic system
Act on proliferation and maturation of the
cells.
Secreted proteins termed Cytokines aremessenger molecules that can
communicate signals from one cell type to
another. They can instruct the receiving cells to
proliferate, differentiate, secrete additional
cytokines, migrate or die.
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Hematopoietic stem cells
The Bone marrow contains at least twotypes of stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cell which constitute
the bone marrow stroma and under
appropriate signals can differentiate intoadipocytes, osteocytes, chondrocytes andmyocytes
Hematopoietic stem cell which gives rise tothe formed elements of the blood andproduce growth factors including IL-3, -4,-6and-7, G-CSF, GM-CSF, SCF, flt-3, EPO,
TPO, etc.
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Cytokine families They are able to support proliferation of
hematopoietic precursors (colonystimulating factors)
Particular cytokine responses influence the
differentiation stage of the cell, its positionwithin the cell cycle (whether quiescent or
proliferating)
Cytokine action is transient and usuallyshort range
Mereka mampu mendukung proliferasi
prekursor hematopoietik (koloni
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Clonal Selection of Lymphocytes
(Bone Marrow and Thymic gland) single typereceptor on Lymphocytes
can recognize all possible antigens.
However, we normally do not makeimmune responses against our owntissues.
This is called Self Tolerance Lymphocytes with receptors for self
antigens are eliminated (Clonal deletion)Cell death occurs by Apoptosis enis rese tor tun al " ada Limfosit da at
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T-CELLS The Thymus provides the environment for
T-cell differentiation Thymic epithelial cells produce a series of
peptide hormones which mostly seemcapable of promoting the appearance of T-cell differentiation markers.
Several have been well characterizedincluding Thymulin, Thymosin 1,Thymic humoral factor andThymopoietin (hormon tsb)
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Clonal Selection of Lymphocytes
(Bone Marrow and Thymic gland) The remaining mature Lymphocytes
(naive lymphocytes) migrate to the
periphery.Continuous recirculation of naive
lymphocytes through the peripheral
lymphoid organs, to which antigen iscarried from any site of infection
Lymph from most sites in the body is
returned to the Thoracic duct
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T-CELLS
Activated T-cells proliferate in response tocytokines
T-blasts expressed surface receptors forIL-2 and proliferate in response to IL-2
IL-2 is single peptide (15.5kDa)
IL-2 receptors are not present on restingcells but are synthesized within a fewhours after activation.
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B-CELLS B-lymphocyte precursors, pro-B-cells are
present among the islands of hematopoietic cells
in fetal liver by 8-9 weeks of gestation.
Production of B-cells by the liver wanes and ismostly taken over by the bone marrow for the
remainder of life.
B-cells have different stages in their
development and a series ofdifferentiation
markers associated with B-cell maturation
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B-CELLS
Proliferation and maturation of B-cell
responses are mediated by cytokines
The activation of B-cells by Th cells leadsto upregulation of the surface receptor for
IL-4
IL-2 and IL-13 contributes to Clonalproliferation and expansion of the
activated B-cell population
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Activation of B- and T-Lymphocytes
Lymph nodes are sites of activation of
lymphocytes by antigen.
Naive lymphocytes enter lymph nodescontinuously from the blood
When a lymphocyte with an appropriate
receptorbinds to the trapped antigen itceases to recirculate and becomes
activated
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Activation of B- and T-Lymphocytes
Activated cells are called lymphoblasts,
they become proliferate and differentiate
into an effector- and memory- cells. Clonal expansion & Clonal differentiation
Those lymphocytes (T- dan B-cells) have
the same receptor as their original ones. B-receptor : 2 antigen recognized site
T-receptor : 1 antigen recognized site
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Activation of B- and T-LymphocytesActivation of B- and T-Lymphocytes
Effector cells :
B-cells Plasma cells
T-cells T-cytotoxic
T-Helper
T-inflammatory
T-cell receptorrecognize only peptide
which is presented by MHC/HLA
molecules on the cell surface.
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MajorMajorHistocompatibilityHistocompatibility ComplexComplex
MHCMHC/ HLAHLA (Human Leucocyte Antigen)
is a protein which is synthesized in the
cell, present an antigen on the cell
surface which will be recognize by T-
cell Receptor..
We can find MHC class I on the cell
surface of all cells except those
Erythrocytes and Thrombocytes
This protein can activate CD8+ T-cells
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Major Histocompatibility ComplexMajor Histocompatibility Complex
MHC class II molecules are cell-surface
glycoproteins, that deliver peptides and
activate CD4+ T-cells MHC class III : part of the Complement
system : C4, C2, Factor B and Isozyme
21-hydroxylase MHC class IV : similar with those MHC
class I but has restricted distribution.
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Major Histocompatibility ComplexMajor Histocompatibility Complex
MHC class I and II have similar threedimentional structure, although they have
distinct sub-unit structure.
MHC cIass I consist of 3 loci (A,B,C) andHLA class II consist of several region (DR,
DQ, DP, DO, DN etc.)
MHC molecules binds peptide and presentit on the cell surface, where they will be
recognize by T-cell receptors.
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Relative Risk of HLAupon particular disease
(Certain disease associate with HLA antigen).
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MHC class I molecules do not leave the
Endoplasmic Reticulum unless they bind peptides
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Degradation and transport of antigens that bind
MHC class I molecules
Th MHC l II i t d i i t h i
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The MHC class II associated invariant chain
delays peptide binding and targets MHC class II
molecules to the endosome (acidified intracellular
vesicles)
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