Ill effects of mobile
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Transcript of Ill effects of mobile
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Submitted by:Surbhi Vijh
UE85098BE ECE (II), 7th Sem
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“If we continue to develop our
technology without wisdom or prudence,
our servant may prove to be our
executioner”.
- Omar N. Bradley
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WHAT IS A CELL PHONE?
•Combination of the ideas of the telephone
and Radio.
•Extremely sophisticated Radio
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•Used to make mobile telephone
calls across a wide geographic area, served
by many public cells, allowing the user to
be mobile.
•Can make and receive telephone calls by
connecting to a cellular network provided
by a mobile network operator.
•Transmit and receive Radio Frequency
(RF) signals in order to communicate, i.e.
use microwave radiation to communicate.
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FIRST MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM
One and only onehigh power base station with which allusers communicate.
NormalTelephone
System
Wired connection
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THE CELLULAR CONCEPT The core idea that led to today’s system was
the cellular concept.
The cellular concept: multiple lower-power
base stations that service mobile users within
their coverage area and handoff users to
neighboring base stations as users move.
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• Instead of one base station covering an
entire city, the city is broken up into cells,
or smaller coverage areas.
•Each of these smaller coverage areas has its
own lower-power base station.
•Each cell is thought of as hexagons or as big
hexagonal grids.
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User phones in one cell communicate with
the base station in that cell
Each cell is typically 26 kilometers
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CHANGING THE CELL
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ADVANTAGE:
In typical analog cell phone system, each
carrier receives about 800 frequencies to
use across a city. With the use of this
concept, different cells (non-adjacent) can
use the same set of frequencies.
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WORKING
•When we switch on the mobile phone, it tries for
an SID on the Control channel. If difficult to get link with
the control channel, displays “no service”.
•If the Mobile phone gets the SID, it compares the SID
with the SID programmed in the phone. If both SID
match, the phone identifies the cell.
•The phone also transmits a registration request along
with the SID and the MTSO keeps track of your phone’s
location in a database. MTSO knows in which cell you are
when it wants to ring the phone.
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•The MTSO then gets the signal; it tries to find the phone by
looking in its database. Then picks a frequency pair to take
the call.
•The MTSO communicates with the Mobile phone over the
control channel to tell it what frequencies to use. Once the
Mobile phone and the tower switch on those frequencies,
the call is connected.
•When the Mobile phone move toward the edge of the cell,
the signal strength diminishes.
•The two base stations coordinate themselves through the
MTSO. At some point, the Mobile phone gets a signal on a
control channel and directs it to change frequencies. This
will switch the phone to the new cell.
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THE FIRST CELL PHONE
•Name- DynaTAC8000X
•Demonstrated by Dr Martin
Cooper of Motorola in 1973
•Commercially available in 1983
•Only 2000 phones available to public
•Weighed 2 kg
•Could store only 30 phone numbers
•Battery needed to be charged for 10 hours
•Talk Time- 1 hour
•Cost- $3,995 only
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AN IMPORTANT TECHNOLOGY
Cellular telephony is one of the fastest growing technologies on the planet.
Presently, we are starting to see the third generation of the cellular phones coming to the market.
New phones allow users to do much more than hold phone conversations.
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•In the twenty years from 1990 to 2010, worldwide
mobile phone subscriptions grew from 12.4 million to
over 4.6 billion, penetrating the developing
economies and reaching the bottom of the economic
pyramid.
•Mobile or cellular phones are now an integral part of
modern telecommunications.
•In many countries, over half the population use mobile
phones and the market is growing rapidly.
•In some parts of the world, mobile phones are the most
reliable or the only phones available.
•Given the large number of mobile phone users, it is
important to investigate, understand and monitor any
potential public health impact.
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ILL EFFECTS OF MOBILES
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Specific absorption ratio (SAR) is defined as the
amount of RF (radiofrequency) energy absorbed
per unit mass. It is measured in Watts/Kg and it
is a more useful quantity in that it measures the
amount of energy absorbed by the body in the
course of mobile phone use
This is regarded as one of the safety valves for
mobile phones. In America the SAR of any mobile
phone can not exceed 1.6W/Kg over a gram of
tissue.
The Europeans use the value of 2W/Kg over 10g
of tissues.
Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)
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3 sources of
radiation
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1.RADIATION EFFECT
A part of the radio waves emitted by a mobile
telephone handset are absorbed by the
human head.
The radio waves emitted by a GSM handset can
have a peak power of 2 watts, and a US
analogue phone had a maximum transmit power
of 3.6 watts.
The best known measure is SAR (Specific
Absorption Rate), which measures the RF power
absorbed by the human body.
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2. THERMAL EFFECTS•A typical GSM digital cellular phone operating at a maximum
average power output of about 0.25 watts (W) might results in a
SAR of about 0.5-1.5 W/kg averaged over a gram of tissue.
•This is often associated with a very low rise in brain
temperature (maximum 0.1º C) (Anderson and Joyner 1995;
Vaberg 1997; van Leeuwen et al. 1999).
•This temperature rise increases with the length of the call as
shown in this graph.Note:
Temperature rise is very minimal in the first
few minutes.
Then rises sharply at about 15 minutes
Continued a very gradual increase thereafter
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DIELECTRIC HEATING
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3. NON- THERMAL EFFECTS
• Some researchers have argued that so-called
"non-thermal effects" could be reinterpreted as
a normal cellular response to an increase in
temperature.
• The German biophysicist Roland Glaser, for
example, has argued that there are several
thermo-receptor molecules in cells, and that
they activate a cascade of second and third
messenger systems, gene expression
mechanisms and production of heat shock
proteins in order to defend the cell against
metabolic cell stress caused by heat.
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4. BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
EFFECTS
Mobile phones open up the Blood Brain Barrier
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5. CANCER AND BRAIN
TUMOUR
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6. COGNITIVE EFFECTS
7. ELECTROMAGNETIC
HYPERSENSITIVITY
The study confirmed longer (slower) response times to a spatial
working memory task when exposed to RFR from a standard GSM
cellular phone placed next to the head of male subjects, and
showed that longer duration of exposure to RFR may increase the
effects on performance. Several unspecific symptoms during and after use; ranging from
burning and tingling sensations in the skin of the head and
extremities, fatigue, sleep disturbances, dizziness, loss of
mental attention, reaction times and memory retentiveness,
headaches, malaise, tachycardia (heart palpitations), to
disturbances of the digestive system. Reports have noted that all
of these symptoms can also be attributed to stress and that
current research cannot separate the symptoms from
nocebo effects.
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8. GENOTOXIC EFFECT
9. SLEEP AND EEG EFFECTSSleep, EEG and waking rCBF(regional cerebral blood flow) have
been studied in relation to RF exposure for a decade now, and the
majority of papers published to date have found some form of
effect.
Australian research conducted in 2009 by subjecting in
vitro samples of human spermatozoa to radio-frequency radiation
at 1.8 GHz and specific absorption rates (SAR) of 0.4 to 27.5 W/kg
showed a correlation between increasing SAR and
decreased motility and vitality in sperm, increased oxidative stress,
stimulating DNA base adduct formation and increased DNA
fragmentation.
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10. DECREASED HIP-BONE
DENSITYMen who routinely wear their cell phones
clipped to their belts have a reduced bone
mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral
density (BMD) in the hip, according to a
study from National University of Cuyo,
Mendoza, Argentina. Electromagnetic
radiation is theorized to be the cause of the
decrease in bone strength.
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11. EFFECT ON HEART
•Studies suggest, the strength of these fields will
not affect ordinary heart rhythm or function.
•Can present a danger to those with an implanted
pacemaker, internal defibrillator or similar
device.
•Problems most likely to arise when pacemakers
and defibrillators are being programmed or reset
by medical staff.
•Recommended that keep cell phones and media
players at least six inches from the generator
(implanted device).
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Cell phones may interfere with pacemakers
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SOME STUDIES•March 2003, a study in the International Journal of Oncology suggested that mobile phone users had a 30% increased risk of brain tumours - mainly accoustic neuromas.
•Short exposure to Mobile phone radiation - two hours - has been reported in 2003 to destroy cells in parts of the brain important for memory, movement and learning, and could possibly conceivably premature onset of illnesses such as Alzheimers.
•In October 2004, scientists at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm gave a new warning about mobile phone radiation and brain tumours - accoustic neuromas.
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•Cellular changes demonstrated at non-thermal
levels
•Autism may be Linked to Electromagnetic
Radiation Levels In Mother’s Bedroom During
Pregnancy
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Body Voltage Levels
Median Body Voltage Level in Mom’s Bed During Pregnancy*
Value Range
Neurologically Impaired Children 1,872
milliVolts
(380-6,040)
Healthy Group 224 milliVolts (12-480)
Result: 8.4x Higher Body Voltage Levels in Mom’s with Neurologically
Impaired Children
*Note research shoes whatever the Body Voltage of the Mom, it is even
higher in the foetus.
Body Voltage of Child in Current Bed Location
Value Range
Neurologically Impaired Children 1,028
milliVolts
(420-4,900)
Healthy Group 120 milliVolts
(0-230)
Result: 8.5x Higher Body Voltage in Neurologically Impaired Child’s
Sleeping Location
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Microwave Exposure
Microwave Power Density in Sleeping Location
mw/sq.
meter
Range
Neurologically Impaired
Children
290 (110-1,710)
Healthy Group 14 (0-67)
Result: 20.7x higher microwave power density in
mom’s sleeping location in cases where children were
neurologically impaired.
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HEALTH HAZARDS OF BASE
STATIONS
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SOME STUDIES
•Great cancer risk increase in the
vicinity of a GSM base station
•New Austrian research confirms
health effects of base station
radiation
•French study found base stations
affected health negatively
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SAFETY AND STANDARDS
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•There are many proposed national and
international standards
•That of the International Commission for Non-
Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) is the
most respected one
•Has been adopted so far by more than 80
countries.
• For radio stations, ICNIRP proposes two
safety levels: one for occupational exposure,
another one for the general population
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ICNIRP Reference Levels
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Device FCC /OSHA Typical Comment
Cell phone / mobile phone / PDA / Scanner
1.6 W/kg over 1 gram of body mass, 4 W near hands, wrists, feet and ankles
0.1mW to 0.5W at the handset
0.5 W if user is at edge of the cell, 0.1mW if user is near a cell tower +
Therefore, more the number of towers, less
will be power transmitted by your cell phone
Safety Limits – Proximity devices
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PRECAUTIONS
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•DO NOT SLEEP WITH MOBILE
PHONE UNDER THE PILLOW
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•Prefer SMS over
calls
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•AVOID LIVING NEAR BASE
STATIONS
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Cell Phone EMF Radiation Detector
Cell Phone & Small Appliance EMF Anti-Radiation Protector
Strip
Cell-Shield Cell Phone Case with Radiation Shield (Model A)
Cell Phone Radiation Shield - Anti-Radiation Shield Sticker for
Cellular Phones
RF3 ENVi Natural Wood Stereo Earbud Cell Phone Headset with
3.5 mm Jack
Airtube Wireless "Single" Ear Hook Headphone Radiation Free
Fits Both 2.5mm and 3.5mm Jack , Compatible with Ipod, Iphone
& Blackberry and All Cellphones with 2.5mm and 3.5mm Jack
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REFRENCES1. http://www.freewimaxinfo.com/mobile-communication-technologies.html
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone_radiation_and_health
3. http://www.scribd.com/doc/47580455/mobile-communication
4. http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/cell-phone1.htm#
5. http://electroschematics.com/5231/mobile-phone-how-it-works/
6. http://www.articlesbase.com/communication-articles/harmful-effects-of-cell-
phone-radiations-205163.html
7. http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/healthyliving/cancercontroversies/
mobilephones/
8. BMC Genomics 2008, 9:77
9. electromagnetichealth.org
10.http://www.lawyersclubindia.com/forum/Re-Re-How-to-stop-the-cell-Mobile-
tower-in-residential-area-4455.asp?1=1&offset=2
11.http://www.mensxp.com/health/live-healthy/3921-how-to-counter-bad-effects-of-
mobile-phone-radiation.html
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THANK YOU