iii EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON ETHANOL-PETROL...

iii

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON ETHANOL-PETROL BLENDS

OPERATING WITH A PETROL ENGINE

MOHD NAZRUL IKRAM BIN MOHD ATAN

A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the

Master of Engineering (Mechanical)

Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

JANUARY 2015

vii

ABSTRACT

The use of biopetrol fuel as alternative fuels in gasoline engine has been around for

many years and ethanol-petrol has the potential to be used as alternative fuel that can

reduce the total CO2 emission from internal petrol engine. However, the changes of

bio-petrol is a very complex and need further understanding for researchers due to

the relevance of the increase in the petroleum price and the future environmental

regulation. The combination between ethanol and petrol provides a new challenging

approach to find the good effect to the engines. This study focuses to ascertain a new

approach in potential on ethanol-petrol blends operating with a petrol engine

especially the effects of ethanol gas petrol blending ratio and variant types of ethanol

on performance and emissions of petrol engine. The recommendation of the ethanol

petrol fuel blending ratio that strongly affects the vehicles performance and exhaust

emissions according to rpm and throttle opening conditions. It is shown that the

variant in biopetrol blending ratio and engine operational condition are reduced

engine-out emissions and increased efficiency. The ethanol petrol blends had been

successfully tested as alternative fuel for spark ignition and the result for engine

power slightly increase without engine modification. The result showed that CO2

emissions decreased at high engine speed, while the CO emissions is increases. Thus,

process of combustion and stability were increased and engine efficiency was

improved with 15% volume ethanol in fuel blend.

viii

ABSTRAK

Penggunaan bahan api biopetrol sebagai bahan api alternatif dalam enjin petrol telah

wujud selama bertahun-tahun dan etanol-petrol mempunyai potensi untuk digunakan

sebagai bahan api alternatif yang dapat mengurangkan jumlah pelepasan CO2

daripada enjin petrol dalaman. Walau bagaimanapun, perubahan bio-petrol adalah

sangat kompleks dan pemahaman lanjut untuk penyelidik kerana perkaitan kenaikan

harga petroleum dan peraturan terhadap alam sekitar. Gabungan antara etanol dan

petrol menyediakan pendekatan baru yang mencabar untuk mencari kesan yang baik

kepada enjin. Kajian ini memberi tumpuan untuk memastikan pendekatan baru

dalam potensi pada campuran etanol-petrol beroperasi dengan enjin petrol terutama

kesan etanol petrol gas pengadunan nisbah dan varian jenis etanol pada prestasi dan

pelepasan daripada enjin petrol. Cadangan campuran nisbah bahan api antara petrol

dan etanol sangat mempengaruhi prestasi kenderaan dan ekzos pelepasan mengikut

rpm dan keadaan pendikit terbuka. Ia menunjukkan bahawa varian dalam nisbah

pencampuran biopetrol dan enjin keadaan operasi dikurangkan pelepasan enjin

keluar dan meningkatkan kecekapan. Campuran petrol etanol telah berjaya diuji

sebagai bahan api alternatif untuk pencucuhan bunga api dan hasil untuk kuasa enjin

meningkat sedikit tanpa pengubahsuaian enjin. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahawa

pelepasan CO2 menurun pada kelajuan enjin tinggi, manakala pelepasan CO adalah

bertambah. Oleh itu, proses pembakaran dan kestabilan telah meningkat dan

kecekapan enjin telah bertambah baik dengan 15% etanol isipadu dalam campuran

bahan api.

CONTENTS

TITLE

DECLARATION

iii

iv

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

vi

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

vii

viii

v

CONTENTS

ix

LIST OF TABLES

xii

LIST OF FIGURES

xiii

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

xvi

LIST OF APPENDIX

xix

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1

1.1 Background of study

1

1.2 Problem statement

2

1.3 Objectives

3

1.4 Scopes

3

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

4

2.1 Bioethanol fuels

4

2.1.1 Advantages and disadvantages of bioethanol

6

2.1.2 Bioethanol properties

8

2.2 The effects of bioethanol in petrol engine

10

x

2.3 The effects of bioethanol in performance engine 13

2.4 Influences of emission regulation bioethanol 16

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 18

3.1 Introduction 19

3.2

Methodology flow chart

20

3.3

The test engines

21

3.4

Description of measurement systems

24

3.4.1 Engine performance system

measuring equipment

24

3.4.2 The dynamometer 25

3.4.3 Data Acquisition System 26

3.5

Sample preparation

27

3.6

Experimental procedure

28

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 25

4.1 Introduction 29

4.2 Engine performance analysis 30

4.2.1 The effects of ethanol blending ratio on

performance of petrol engine 30

4.2.2 The effects of engine speed on performance

of petrol engine 33

4.2.3 The effects of throttle opening condition on

performance of petrol engine 37

xi

4.3 Engine emission analysis 38

4.3.1 The effects of ethanol blending ratio on

emission of petrol engine 38

4.3.2 The effects of engine speed on emission of petrol

engine 41

4.3.3 The effects of throttle opening condition on emission

of petrol engine 44

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 45

5.1 Conclusions 45

5.2 Recommendations 47

REFERENCES 48

APPENDIX A 51

APPENDIX B 63

xii

LIST OF TABLES

2.1 Bioethanol blends its effect on engine performance 6

2.2 Emission reduction factors 6

2.3 European Standard for bioethanol (prEN 15376:2007) 8

2.4 European Standard for E85 petrol 9

2.5 Properties of ethanol unleaded gasoline blended fuels 10

2.6 Test conditions 10

2.7 Properties of ethanol 11

3.1 Engine specification 22

3.2 Specification of IMR 2800-A type emission gas analyser device 23

3.3 Technical specifications of the dynamometer 25

3.4 Sample volumetric composition 27

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

2.1 Distillation properties 12

2.2 The ratio of ethanol in the mixture vs. engine speed 12

2.3 Schematic diagram of the experimental system 13

2.4 Effect ethanol on performance 13

2.5 Effect ethanol on performace 14

2.6 Effect ethanol on performace 15

2.7 The effect of ethanol addition on CO, CO2 and HC emission 15

2.8 The effect of ethanol addition on CO emission 17

2.9 The effect of ethanol addition on CO2 emission 17

2.10 The effect of ethanol addition on HC emission 18

3.1 Schematic layout of the experimental used 19

3.2 Methodology flow chart 20

3.3 A general view of the engine tested in the Automotive Lab 21

3.4 Mitsubishi 4G91 SI engine DOHC 16 valve 22

3.5 Gas analyzer model IMR 2800-A 23

xiv

4.1 The effect of blending ratio on engine performance at 50% 31

throttle opening position





4.4 The effect of engine speed on engine performance at 50% 34






4.7 The effect of throttle opening position on engine performance. 37

4.8 The effect of blending ratio on emission at 50% throttle 39

opening position


opening position


opening position

4.11 The effect of engine speed on emission at 50% throttle 41

opening position

xv


opening position


opening position

4.14 The effect of throttle opening position on emission 44

xvi

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

STD - Standard petrol

E5 - 5% blending ratio



BSFC - Brake specific fuel

oC - Degree celsius

cc - Cubic centimeter

CI - Compress ignition

cm - Centimeter

CO - Carbon monoxide

CO2 - Carbon dioxide

SI - Spark Ignition

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study

Today the petroleum stockpiles are limited and will ultimately run out. The

ascension of population and urbanization makes the demand of energy is increasing

daily. As the major typical energy sources like coal, petroleum, and fossil fuel square

measure step by step depleted, biomass is rising collectively of the promising

environmentally friendly renewable energy choices (A. Demirbas, 2008). Bio-fuel

initiative has been backed by government policies within the search energy security

through partly replacing the restricted fossil fuels and reducing threat to the

surroundings from exhaust emissions and warming. The main fuel found to be

associate progressively vital various to crude is bio-fuel. Bio-fuel conjointly produces

less greenhouse gases like carbonic acid gas. Once either bio-fuel or crude oil is burned,

the carbon content of the fuel returns to the atmosphere as carbonic acid gas (Barber et

al., 2008).

Many researchers have according on ethanol-petrol blends engine performance

and emissions characteristics. The advantages of biofuels area unit the following:

(a) they're simply offered from common biomass sources, (b) carbon oxide cycle

happens in combustion, (c) they're terribly environmentally friendly, and (d) they're

perishable and contribute to property (Bata et al., 2006). This experiments aims to

study the run engine with different percentage of blending of gasoline and ethanol to

reduce the exhaust emissions and also to increase efficiency of the engine.

2

1.2 Problems statement

By considering the usage of fuels in our life, it seems to be so wide that

obviously can’t be live without. For that, there are a lot of alternatives have been

found to increase the efficiency and preservation of fuel resources. How if we

run out of these resources due to shortage of petroleum. There a lot of attention

nowadays to these issues of petroleum resources and increasing energy

consumption. Current fuels also can cause emission pollution that result from petrol

exhaust.

Petrol exhaust can cause emission pollution, and the use of biofuel has

been found to reduce the production of carbon dioxide. Today’s challenge relates

to the net reduction in carbon dioxide emissions through the development and

adoption of new fuels and optimised engine technology. The effect of ethanol–

petrol blends on SI engine performance already studied by Al-Hassan (Al-

Hassan, 2003). The performance tests were conducted using different

percentages of ethanol–petrol up to 40% under variable compression ratio

conditions. The results showed that the engine indicated power improves with

ethanol addition, the maximum improvement occurring at the 10% ethanol and

90% petrol fuel blend. The effect of oxygenate in petrol on exhaust emission and

performance in a single cylinder, four stroke SI engine have been studied by Taljaard

and they concluded that oxygenates significantly decreased the CO, NOx and HC

emissions at the stoichiometric air–fuel ratio (Taljaard et al., 1991).

Further studies on the effects of ethanol petrol blends on spark ignition

engine performance and CO, CO2, HC and NOx at variable engine speed operating

conditions and variable throttle conditions. The main purpose is to investigate the

effects of petrol and ethanol petrol blends (E5, E10, and E15) on engine performance

and emissions were investigated in four stroke spark-ignition at three open throttle

conditions for various rpm.

3

1.3 Objectives

The objectives of this research are;

i. To investigate the effect of various ethanol petrol fuel

blending ratio on performance and emissions of petrol

engine.

ii. To make recommendation of the ethanol petrol fuel blending

ratio that strongly affects the vehicles performance and

exhaust emissions according to rpm and throttle opening

conditions.

1.4 Scopes

The purpose of this study is to determine the fuel properties of E0, E5, E10 and E15

ethanol petrol blending ratio with under three throttle opening conditions. In this

study, set up and conduct the experiment of performance and emissions of Mitsubishi

4G91(1.5L) petrol engine at various rpm (2000 rpm, 3000 rpm, 4000 rpm and 5000

rpm) and gas analyser IMR 2800-A Series. The aim of this study is to investigate the

comparison of SI engines performance operating by ethanol petrol fuel and normal

petrol fuel.

4

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Bioethanol fuels

Fuel from ethanol is the most widely used. Ethanol is a type of alcohol came/coming

from fermentation of sugars, starch or cellulose (energy from) wood and plant material.

Unlimited useful things/valuable supplies and renewable energy is much cleaner when

compared with petroleum fuels. Most commercial production of ethanol from sugar

cane or sugar red vegetables, such as starch and cellulose (energy from) wood and plant

material usually require expensive pre-treatment. Recent findings related to the

production of ethanol has increased the money-based ability to be done of ethanol as a

transportation fuel. In addition to big net reduction in pollution (that heats up the Earth)

emissions, (able to last/helping the planet) bio-ethanol can provide some added/more

things that are good for the planet (A. Demirbas, 2008).

Brazil is the world’s largest supplier of bio-ethanol with over 455

million tonnes of sugar cane grown on over 6.2 million hectares of land

specifically for this purpose (Barber et al., 2008). The effect of using ethanol with

unleaded gasoline on exhaust emissions (carbon monoxide, CO, carbon dioxide,

CO2 and unburned hydrocarbons, HC) have been experimentally investigated by

Bata and Roan (Bata et al., 2006).

Ignition is a chemical process in which a substance responds quickly with

oxygen and gives off heat. The first substance is known as the fuel, and the

wellspring of oxygen is known as the oxidizer. The fuel can be a robust, fluid, or

gas, despite the fact that for plane impetus the fuel is normally a fluid

(Saridemir, 2012). Numerous studies have been made on ethanol applications in SI

5

engines due to its good properties such as its non-toxicity, high oxygen content and

environmentally invitingness. The effects of blending ethanol petrol at different

ratios with respect to spark timing and injection strategies, on a direct injection

spark ignition engine at a part load and speed condition. It is shown that the benefits

if adding ethanol as a fuel in a small petrol are reduced engine-out emissions and

increased efficiency (Al-Hasan, 2003).

Performance ethanol has come into the investigation of the representatives

of the automotive business and the oil has stated that ethanol blends are less skilled

than petrol. Business demands that ethanol has different properties to offset the low

energy content in ethanol (Anonymous, 2008). High heat of vaporization of ethanol

points to/shows that the volumetric efficiency of ethanol is higher than pure

gasoline, increase output power (Lynd et al., 1996). The addition of ethanol to

gasoline results in an increase in the number of research octane 5 for each

added/more unit of ethanol (Abdel-Rahman et al., 1997).

An important aspect of the internal burst into flames ion engine engineering

involves reducing the amount of undesirable emissions arise during the firing

process. Exhaust emission depends on the composition of the fuel, the equivalence

ratio of air / fuel, operating conditions, oxygen content and chemical structure

(something added to food, or something else) (He, B. et al., 2003). Emissions that

pollute (the health of the Earth/the surrounding conditions) and add/give to

worldwide warming, polluted (with acid) rain, smog, odour and other breathing-

related and health problems (Pulkrabek, et al., 1997).

Several studies have shown that mixing unleaded petrol with ethanol

increases braking power, fuel conversion efficiency, and reduce brake specific fuel

consumption (Al-Hasan, 2003).

Usually, ethanol is blended with gasoline fuel called EXX, where xx points

to/shows the amount of ethanol in the mixture. For example, E10 means 10% blend

with 90% ethanol blended gasoline fuels in percentage volume. Table 2.1 shows

some mixture of bioethanol and its effects on engine performance and production

while Table 2.2 illustrates the emission reduction factor on bioethanol.

6

Table 2.1: Bioethanol blends its effect on engine performance (Saridemir, 2012)

Table 2.2: Emission reduction factors (Al-Hasan, 2003)

2.1.1 Advantages and disadvantages of bioethanol

Among the advantages of bioethanol to the consumers are (Bayraktar, H., 2005):

(i) Less fossil carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions compared to conventional fuels.

(ii) High Octane number allowing spark-ignition engines to run more

efficiently.

(iii) Lower particulate emissions.

(iv) Lower benzene and 1-3 butadiene unregulated emissions; benzene levels

decrease as the ethanol concentration in gasoline increases.

(v) Less ozone forming potential than gasoline and diesel.

(vi) No sulphur content.

7

(vii) Biodegradable.

(viii) Less toxic than methanol or biomethanol.

(ix) Dedicated and flexible fuelled vehicles with spark- ignition engines

fuelled with bioethanol have been shown to have higher energy

efficiency than their equivalent gasoline engines.

(x) High-octane performance for a relatively small cost.

Among the disadvantages of bioethanol to the consumers are

(Bayraktar, H., 2005):

(i) Lower cetane number than diesel, which makes bioethanol unsuitable

as neat fuel for conventional diesel engines unless a cetane improver is

added.

(ii) Very high HC evaporative emissions (about 15 percent for E10G),

requiring adjustment of the vapour pressure of the base gasoline to which

ethanol is added.

(iii) Because of the low vapour pressure and high latent heat of vaporisation

of neat ethanol, it makes cold starting in cooler climates more

difficult unless it is blended with some gasoline as starting aid or

unless some other starting aid is used.

(iv) Its combustion leads to increased formation of acetaldehyde but lower

emissions of formaldehyde relative to gasoline.

(v) Low lubricity can cause engine corrosion.

(vi) Problems of phase stability in the gasoline mixture when water is present.

(vii) Combustion of neat ethanol gives an invisible flame which can

cause safety problems.

(viii) E85G vehicles give higher unregulated emissions (ethene and

acetaldehyde) than gasoline fuelled vehicles.

(ix) When unburned ethanol (E95D) reacts on the catalyst surface it may

give off an odour of vinegar; the odour situation is improved in new

generation of catalysts.

8

2.1.2 Bioethanol properties

In Malaysia, two major bioethanol standards that are most referred are

European Standard for Bioethanol (prEN 15376:2007) and European Standard

for E85 petrol as per shown in Table 2.3 and Table 2.4 respectively.

Table 2.3: European Standard for Bioethanol (prEN 15376:2007) (Added, 2001)

The test methods listed in Table 2.3 have been shown to be applicable to

ethanol in an inter-laboratory test program. Precision data from this program are

incorporated in the test method.

19

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

In this chapter will show all the technique and procedure that are needed to

achieve the objective of this project. All the experiments were performed in

Automotive Lab, Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA Kuantan. The Automotive

Lab contains a complete system for measuring all the parameters relating to the

petrol engine performance and emissions analysis. The apparatus included three

major systems such as the engine system, the power measurement system, and

the emission measurement system. Two types of test will be conduct to get all

the parameters needed such as power, torque and brake specific fuel

consumption that run by using engine dynamometer. In the experiments, the

concentrations of CO, CO2, HC and NOx in the exhaust gas is measured on line

by the analyzer. Figure 3.1 gives a schematic layout of the experimental used.

Figure 3.1: Schematic layout of the experimental used.

20

3.2 Methodology Flow Chart

Figure 3.2: Methodology flow chart.

Material and equipment preparation

Ethanol blend with petrol mixing

fuel

Testing

Engine performance

tests for Torque,

Power, and Brake

Fuel consumption

Engine emission

tests for HC, CO,

NOx and CO2

Validation

Start

End

Experimental data

Result Analysis and

Discussion

Validation

NO YES

21

3.3 The test engines

Figure 3.3: A general view of the engine tested in the Automotive Lab.

The engine performance and emission characteristic are conducted on an engine test

bed which was installed in the Automotive Lab, Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA

Kuantan. The methodology flow chart is shown in Figure 3.1. Figure 3.3 shows the

general view of the engine tested in the Automotive Lab. The specification

instrument and equipment used in the test was shown in Table 3.1. The tested

engine is normally installed with all the required accessories needed for proper

operation like the inlet air cleaner, the starter motor, the cooling water systems, etc.

22

Table 3.1: Engine specification

In Figure 3.4 show the four cylinder four stroke petrol engine equipped

with automatic experimental technologies is used to measure performance

parameters such as engine torque, brake power and BSFC at full throttle position for

various engine speeds. The engine was coupled with an eddy current dynamometer

and electronic data acquisition measuring meter.

Figure 3.4: Mitsubishi 4G91 SI engine DOHC 16 valve.

23

Moreover, smoke opacity meter with the model IMR 2800-A is used to measure

exhaust emissions as shown in Figure 3.5. The specification gas analyzer has

shown in Table 3.1.

Figure 3.5: Gas analyzer model IMR 2800-A.

Table 3.2: Specification of IMR 2800-A type emission gas analyzer device

29

CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Introduction

This chapter describes all the data that obtained from the experiment. Based on the

experiment, there are four types of fuel which are the STD, E5, E10, and E15. The

performance and emissions test for the four types of fuel was tested on condition at

throttle valves were at 50%, 75% and 100% (wide open throttle, WOT) opening and

under the speed of 2000 rpm, 3000 rpm, 4000 rpm and 5000 rpm. The experiment

was carried at Kolej Kemahiran Tinggi MARA Automotive Laboratory for

performance and emission tests.

The parameters that have been tested are performance tests and emission

tests. For the performance tests, the terms that were considered are torque, fuel

consumption rate and power. For the emission test, the term that were considered are

hydrocarbon (HC), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), oxygen (O2) and

nitrogen oxides (NOx). The data were recorded and presented by using Origin

software to have a clear graphical presentation for further analysis.

30

4.2 Engine performance analysis

The result and data for all types of fuels have been recorded include torque, power

and fuel consumption rate for the performance tests. The averages of all data for

engine performance analysis are listed out in the following table in appendices.

4.2.1 The effects of ethanol blending ratio on performance of petrol engine

From the Figure 4.1 to Figure 4.3 shows the effect of ethanol blending ratio on SI

engine performance which is under different throttle opening condition at variable

engine speeds were investigated. The analysis also based on STD, E5, E10, and e15

which is run in petrol engine with 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000 rpm engine speed

under 50%, 75% and 100% (WOT) throttle opening condition.

32

252

264

276

288

300

102

105

108

111

114

STD E5 E10 E15

20

30

40

50

60

70

BS

FC

(g/k

Wh

)

2000 rpm 3000 rpm

4000 rpm 5000 rpm

To

rqu

e (

Nm

)

50 % OPENING THROTTLE

Po

we

r (k

W)

Blending ratio (Percent)

Figure 4.1: The effect of blending

ratio on engine performance at 50 %

throttle opening position.

260

273

286

299

104

112

120

128

STD E5 E10 E15

20

40

60

80

100

120

BS

FC

(g/k

Wh

)

2000 rpm 3000 rpm

4000 rpm 5000 rpm

To

rqu

e (

Nm

)


Po

we

r (k

W)


Figure 4.2: The effect of blending

ratio on engine performance at 75 %

throttle opening position.

31

35

264

272

280

288

296

111

114

117

120

123

126

STD E5 E10 E15

24

32

40

48

56

64


BS

FC

(g/k

Wh

)

2000 rpm 3000 rpm

4000 rpm 5000 rpm

Tor

que

(Nm

)

Pow

er (

kW)


Figure 4.3: The effect of blending ratio on engine performance at 100 % throttle

opening position.

Figure 4.1 shows the effect of the ethanol addition to petrol on brake specific

fuel consumption (BSFC), engine torque and power at 50% throttle opening

condition. The engine was initially started with only petrol. Then, the power and

torque was increased with the increase in ethanol blending ratio. From the

evaluation, it was seen that the blend fuel produced the increasing power at different

engine speed. Brake specific fuel consumption (BFSC) were determined at steady

working conditions (constant speed). The relationship between engine speed and the

BSFC show the BSFC is decreased as the ethanol percentage is increases.

32

43

at 100% opening throttle for E10 and E15, comparing with standard petrol. However,

the brake specific fuel consumption rate for E10 and E15 at 75% opening throttle is

increase. The brake specific fuel consumption is the mass of fuel needed to provide a

unit of output power over a defined amount of time and is expressed as g of fuel

consumed per kWh. Next, the engine torque versus throttle opening condition curve

comparing ethanol petrol blends. The engine torque decreased at 50% opening

throttle comparing with 100% opening throttle. In general the torque decreased for

E5 and E15, respectively, comparing with petrol. The engine torque followed engine

power curve. The highest torque and power curve for all blends was performed and

recorded for E10 blend. The engine performance decreased at 50% opening throttle

comparing with 100% opening throttle. In general the power decreased for E5 and

E15, respectively, comparing with petrol. Figure 4.7 clearly show the power and

torque is increased from 50% to 100% opening throttle while the engine in operation.

4.3 Engine emission analysis

For the emission tests, the data for all types of fuels have been recorded include

hydrocarbon (HC), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO),

nitrogen oxides (NOx) and smoke opacity. The average of the data for engine

emissions analysis was stated in the following table in appendices.

4.3.1 The effects of ethanol blending ratio on emission of petrol engine

From the Figure 4.7 to Figure 4.9 shows the effect of ethanol blending ratio on SI

engine emission which is under different throttle opening condition at variable

engine speeds were investigated. The analysis also based on STD, E5, E10, and e15

which is run in petrol engine with 2000, 3000,4000 and 5000 rpm engine speed

under 50%, 75% and 100% (WOT) throttle opening condition.

38

44

0.0

1.5

3.0

4.5

6.0

6

7

8

9

10

11

STD E5 E10 E15

2340

2520

2700

2880

3060

STD E5 E10 E15

240

480

720

960

1200


CO

(%

)

CO

2 (

%)

2000 rpm 3000 rpm 4000 rpm 5000 rpm

HC

(p

pm

)


NO

x (

mg

)

Figure 4.8: The effect of blending ratio on emission at 50 % throttle opening

position.

STD E5 E10 E15

2400

2600

2800

3000

3200

7

8

9

10

11

STD E5 E10 E15

240

480

720

960

1200

0

2

4

6

8

HC

(ppm

)

CO

2 (

%)

NO

x (

mg)



CO

(%

)

2000 rpm 3000 rpm 4000 rpm 5000 rpm

Figure 4.9: The effect of blending ratio on emission at 75 % throttle opening

position.

39

49

4.3.3 The effects of throttle opening condition on emission of petrol engine

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

50 75 100

2500

2600

2700

2800

2900

3000

3100

50 75 100

500

550

600

650

700

CO

(%

)

STD E5 E10 E15

CO

2 (

%)

H

C (

ppm

)

NO

x (

mg)

Throttle opening (Percent)

Figure 4.14: The effect of throttle opening position on emission.

The effect of throttle opening conditions on engine emission, was investigated at

50%, 75% and 100% throttle opening conditions. The data collected when the

performance of SI engine is operating with STD, E5, E10 and E15. Engine

performance variation as a result of fuel was monitored.

By referring the Figure 4.14, the graphs for emission of CO, CO2, HC and

NOx is slightly increased by the increasing of throttle opening conditions. The

emissions of CO and CO2 is slightly increased by the increasing of operation time for

all fuels and engine speeds. High throttle opening condition will produce more

smoke capacity after combustion due to the feature of ethanol petrol fuel with high

oxygen content. The graphs show the E10 give the lowest value of CO2 emission that

can conclude that suitable blending ratio and oxygen content can effect complete

combustion.

44

45

CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion

The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of ethanol petrol mixing on

performance and emissions of a petrol engine. All the ethanol petrol blends at Kolej

Kemahiran Tinggi Mara, Kuantan automotive lab. The testing fuels that were

considered are Standard petrol (STD), E5, E10, and E15. The performance of all

mixtures was successfully investigated based on torque, brake power and brake fuel

consumption rate. For the engine emission test, the parameter that was investigated

are Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbon (HC), Nitrogen

Oxides (NOx).

In this experiment, all the fuel mixtures have run on petrol engine with 50%,

75 % and 100% throttle position and engine speed were adjusted at 2000, 3000, 4000

and 5000 rpm. The results from this investigation are summarized as follows:

i. Combination of 10% ethanol at 3000 rpm under all opening throttle opening

gave the best result of the engine torque. Ethanol improves engine torque are

that ethanol has higher anti-knock quality due to high octane number. The

decrease results from a difference of mole numbers of combustion products

compared to petrol.

ii. The tested blends developed higher power and fuel consumption rate, and

less emission.

46

iii. The ethanol petrol blends had been successfully tested as alternative fuel for

spark ignition and the result for engine power slightly increase without engine

modification.

iv. The result of this study showed, CO decreased at high engine speed and HC

decreased at the high blending ratio (E10) at WOT position. This is due to the

oxygen content in ethanol petrol perform the complete combustion in the

combustion chamber.

The engine performance and emission of a SI engine have been investigated by using

ethanol petrol blended fuel and pure petrol. Experimental results indicated that when

ethanol petrol lend is used, the engine power and fuel consumption of the engine

slightly increase, CO emission decrease as a result of the leaning effect conditions

and CO2 emission increase because of the improved combustion.

47

5.2 Recommendation

There are several recommendations that can be suggested for the next study:-

i. Accurate emission value could not be reached by using portable gas analyzer.

An integrated emission monitoring system with engine dynamometer should

be considered for high accuracy result.

ii. Mixture process ethanol petrol should be analyze deeply to get the chemical

properties for each blending ratio such as viscosity and flash point.

iii. Performance and emissions of spark ignition engine with ethanol petrol

blends should be tested for long time enginr operation.

iv. Need to create the flushing tank to clear the tube piping from the ethanol

petrol blending to prevent the data result affected from the previous

experiment.

48

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