III. Cells and Energy. A. Energy Transfer in Cells 1.Carbohydrates such as glucose provide energy...
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Transcript of III. Cells and Energy. A. Energy Transfer in Cells 1.Carbohydrates such as glucose provide energy...
A. Energy Transfer in Cells
1. Carbohydrates such as glucose provide energy for the cell. However, they cannot be used directly, They must be converted to ATP
2. ATP Adenosine Triphosphate is the energy molecule of the cell.
3. How ATP works ATP links Anabolism (building molecules) and catabolism (breaking down molecules)!!!!!
Catabolism
ATP is formed from ADP and Pi when energy is released by breaking the bonds of fuel molecules during cellular respiration
Anabolism
When ATP is broken down forming ADP and Pi energy is released to build molecules such as proteins
4. How ATP is Produced: Respiration
IN Out
Glucose
Oxygen
ADP
Free Phosphate(Pi)
Carbon Dioxide
Water
Mitochondrion
The ATP can be used directly to power life processes
ATP
B. Capturing Light Energy: Photosynthesis
1. Requirements and products of photosynthesis
IN OutCarbon Dioxide
Water
Light Energy
Glucose
Oxygen
Water
Chloroplast
2. Stages of Photosynthesis
A) Light Reaction- traps light energy to make ATP– Light strikes chlorophyll and electrons are boosted to a high
energy state
– Electrons flow down the electron transport chain and convert ADP to ATP
B) Water is split– NADP captures hydrogen and becomes NADPH
– Oxygen is given off as waste
C) The ATP and NADPH are used in the Dark reaction
A photon of light strikes chlorophyll and a water molecule is split
As electrons move down the electron transport chain, hydrogen ions are pumped into thylkoid
Light boost the electron to a NADP forming NADPH Hydrogen
ions flow through ATPsyntase forming ATP from ADP
3. 2nd Stage of Photosynthesis: Dark Reaction- Uses the ATP from the light reaction to join the carbon dioxide (from the atmosphere) and hydrogen (from NADPH) to form glucose in a series of reactions called the Calvin Cycle
IN
Out
Calvin
Cycle
Carbon Dioxide
NADPH
ATP
Glucose
NADP
ADP + Pi
The Calvin Cycle
Carbon dioxide joins with RuBP to form a six carbon molecule
The six carbon molecule splits forming 3 carbon molecule called 3-PGA
Energy from ATP and hydrogen from NADPH are added forming G3POne molecule of 3GP exits
The remaining molecule are converted to RuBP
C. Energy Release1. Anaerobic Respiration- the breakdown of
glucose to produce 2ATP without using oxygen.
a) Glycolysis- breaking glucose in two. This produces 2 ATP and Lactic acid
1) Lactic acid causes muscle fatigue
2) Lactic Acid produced by bacteria gives food a sour taste. Vinegar, sour cream, pickles etc
Bacteria
IN OUT
Glucose
2(ADP + Pi)
Lactic Acid
2 ATP
Anaerobic Respiration
b) Fermentation- breaking down glucose into Alcohol and Carbon Dioxide to produce 2 ATP
1) Fermentation produces beer and wine
2) Fermentation causes bread to rise
Yeast
IN Out
Glucose AlcoholCarbon Dioxide
2ATP2(ADP + Pi)
Aerobic Respiration
2. Aerobic Respiration- The break down of glucose with oxygen to produce 38 ATP. Involve 4 Steps:
Step 1: Glycolysis (Occurs in cytoplasm)
Glucose is broken in half producing Pyruvic Acid and 2 ATP
Step 2: Pyruvic Acid Conversion (in Mitochondria)
Pyruvic acid is converted to Carbon Dioxide and Acetyl groups
Carbon Dioxide
Acetyl Groups
Pyruvic Acid
Step 3: Kreb’s Cycle
The Acetyl groups have their hydrogen stripped away releasing CO2 and 2 ATP
Acetyl groups
Hydrogen
NADNADH
Carbon Dioxide
2 ATP
Kreb’s
Cycle