iii AN INVESTIGATION ON VEHICLE OVERLOADING IN MUAR...

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AN INVESTIGATION ON VEHICLE OVERLOADING IN

MUAR – MELAKA ROAD

HAZLINA BINTI MARWAN

A project report submitted in fulfillment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Master of Engineering (Civil)

Faculty of Civil Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

June 2013

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DEDICATION

To My dear Parents ( Sutiah Binti Siraj and Marwan Bn Arshad )

For their endless support

My Supportive Husband ( Md Khair Bin Rathaman )

For motivating and believing in me

My Lovely Daughters ( Nur Alya Nafisah and Nur Hasya Maisara)

and My Son ( Muhammad Khalief )

For their everlasting encouragement in my education

My Friends

This project paper is dedicated to them

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

“ In the name of God, the most gracious, the most compassionate”

I wish to express my deep gratitude to my supervisor, Prof Dr Mohd Rosli

Bin Hainin for his valuable time, supervision and encouragement throughout the

course of this study. Special thanks dedicated to Panel members who gave very

constructive comments and suggestions in guiding the study on the right track

during the first and second presentation ( Prof. Hasanan Bin Md Nor and Dr

Haryati Binti Yaacob).

I would also like to acknowledge the staff of Jabatan Pengangkutan Jalan

(JPJ) Jalan Kesang Muar especially En Hafiz for the in cooperation and assistance

in providing the data of vehicles overloading. My sincere appreciation goes to all

Selia Senggara staffs especially En Halim and En Kamil for their constant support

during my study. No words can express my gratitude to my family for all they

have given me through my entire life especially in and academic fulfillment and

advancement career.

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ABSTRACT

Vehicle overloading is considered as one of the most substantial concerns

in road transport due to a possible road surface damage. The ability of a pavement

structure in carrying out its function reduces in line with the increase of traffic

load, especially if there are overloaded heavy vehicle passing through the road.

This paper investigates the overloading of vehicles in the Muar-Melaka roads. The

main objective of this paper is to examine the percentage of overloading based on

types of vehicles and their equivalence factor (EF). Data were collected from fixed

weighbridge station by considering gross vehicle weight, maximum permissible

gross vehicle and axle load for the period of two years. The result showed that

heavy vehicle with 2 axles is the most overloaded vehicle with 74.3%. Besides

that, 29% of all heavy vehicles weighted are between 1% to 25% overloading.

Equivalence Factor (EF) for this case study area is equal to 3.14. Thus, it is can be

noted that EF of this road are still in standard design.

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ABSTRAK

Kenderaan lebih muatan dianggap sebagai salah satu pekara yang perlu

diambil berat dalam sistem pengangkutan jalan raya kerana pekara ini boleh

menyebabkan kerosakan pada permukaan jalan. Kebolehupayaan struktur turapan

akan berkurangan selaras dengan peningkatan beban trafik, terutamanya jika

terdapat terlalu banyak kenderaan berat lebih muatan melalui jalan raya tersebut.

Kajian ini dijalankan untuk mengkaji kenderaan lebih muatan di jalan Muar-

Melaka. Objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk mengkaji peratusan lebih muatan

berdasarkan kepada jenis kenderaan dan juga “equivalence factor” (EF) bagi jalan

tersebut. Data yang dikumpul dari stesen jambatan timbang (jenis tetap) dengan

mempertimbangkan berat kasar kenderaan, berat kasar maksimum kenderaan yang

dibenarkan dan beban gandar adalah bagi tempoh dua tahun. Hasil dapatan kajian

menunjukkan bahawa kenderaan berat dengan 2 gandar adalah penyumbang

terbesar kenderaan lebih muatan di kawasan kajian ini dengan 74.3%.. Selain

daripada itu,, 29% kenderaan lebih muatan yang ditimbang mempunyai muatan

lebih 1% hingga 25%. “Equivalence Factor” (EF) bagi kawasan ini kajian kes

adalah bersamaan dengan 3.14 dan ini menunjukkan bahawa EF bagi jalan ini ini

masih sama dengan standard rekabentuk yang sediada.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

ABSTRAK vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES x

LIST OF FIGURES xi

LIST OF APPENDICES xiii

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Background 1

1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Objectives of this Study 3

1.4 Scope of the Study 3

1.5 Study Area 4

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 5

2.1 Introduction 5

2.2 Previous Study 6

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2.3 Vehicles Classification 8

2.4 Gross Vehicle Weight 10

2.5 Axle and Tire Configuration 11

2.6 Axle Load 12

2.6.1 Axle Load Limit 13

2.7 Load Equivalence Factor 15

2.7.1 Fourth Power Rule 17

2.7.2 Deficiencies of the AASHTO Load

Equivalency Factor

18

2.8 Weight data 20

2.9 Weighbridge 21

2.9.1 Fixed/Permanent Weighbridge 22

2.9.2 Weight In Motion 24

2.10 Impact of Overloading on Pavement 25

2.10.1 Load spreading to a pavement 27

2.10.2 Effects of Increased Legal Load Limit 28

3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 29

3.1 Introduction 29

3.2 Operational Framework 30

3.3 Preparation Stage 31

3.4 Data Collection 31

3.4.1 Weighing Bridge Station 31

3.4.2 Vehicles Classification 32

3.4.3 Parameter for Vehicles Overloading 34

Measurement

3.4.4 Weighing Procedure 34

3.5 Data Analysis 37

3.6 Evaluation 38

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4 ANALYSIS 39

4.1 Introduction 39

4.2 Overloaded Vehicles Analysis 40

4.2.1 Overloaded Weight by Types of 40

Vehicles

4.2.2 Overloading Vehicles by Percentage 42

Of Overloaded Weight

4.2.3 Pattern of Overloaded Weight by 45

Month

4.3 Determination of Equivalence Factor (EF) 54

4.3.1 Calculating EF for each Axle 54

4.3.2 Calculating the Average od EF 56

Per Vehicle

5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 59

5.1 Introduction 59

5.2 Conclusion 60

5.3 Recommendation for The Future Research 60

REFERENCES 62

APPENDICES 65

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LIST OF TABLE

TABLE NO TITLE PAGE

2.1 Maximum Permissible Gross Vehicle Weight 10

2.2 Maximum axle load for Malaysia 13

2.3 Load Limits and Regional Characteristics 14

2.4 Axle Load Limit In Various Country 15

2.5 OIML Approved Types of Weighing Systems 21

4.1 Calculation of LEF for all vehicles 56

4.2 Guide for Load Equivalence factor without Axle

Load Study

57

4.3 Percentage of selected commercial vehicles 57

4.4 Comparison of EF 58

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO TITLE

PAGE

1.1 Study Area 4

2.1 Standard Vehicles Classification Chart 9

2.2 Tire Axle Combinations 11

2.3 Deflection Basin Under A .Loaded Wheel 13

2.4 One Overloaded Axle Causes Damage Equivalent To

Approximately

16

2.5 Sources of errors at the weighing place, uneven

place of weighing

21

2.6 Sources Of Errors At The Weighing Place;

Weighing Site Gradients

22

2.7 Permanent weighbridges 23

2.8 WIM weighbridges 25

2.9 Impact of overloading on pavement performance

(Legal Load Limit)

26

2.10 Impact of overloading on pavement performance

(Overloading)

26

2.11 A typical load spreading in a road pavement. 27

3.1 Flow chart of the Study 30

3.2 JPJ Weighing Bridge Station 32

3.3 Heavy vehicle category listing (source JPJ Muar) 33

3.4 Permanent weighbridge to accommodate heavy

Vehicles

35

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3.5 Truck will categorize as overloaded vehicles if it

weight over the Maximum Permissible Gross

Vehicle Weight

35

3.6 Weighing the front axle 36

3.7 Weighing the rear axle 36

3.8 Gross vehicle weight and weight per axle will display

in this screen after the weighing process finish

37

4.1 Distribution By Types of Vehicles in the year of 2012 42

4.2 Distribution By Types of Vehicles in the year of 2011 42

4.3 Number of overloaded vehicles with 1% -25%

overloading

44


overloading

44


overloading

45


overloading

45

4.7 Number of overloaded vehicles with above 100%

overloading

46

4.8 Percentage of Overloaded Vehicles in the year of 2012

49

4.9 Percentage of Overloaded Vehicles in the year of 2012 50



4.12 Calculation of EF for all vehicles 57

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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

Table 1 Axle Load Calculation for 2 Axle Heavy Vehicle 65




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1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Roads represent the largest asset value of a transport infrastructure in most

countries. They are one of society’s most essential components. Without them, it

would be very difficult to travel from one place to another in a time saving and

convenience way. Therefore, every country should have an excellent road system

and in order to fulfill this function, roads must be properly designed and possesses

durability. However, there are roads built on weaker subgrade material resulting

in poor performance and cause losses in both serviceability and economy.

Although different factors such as material, environment and design consideration

may be able to cause the pavement deterioration, the most important contributing

factor is traffic loading especially contributed by heavy good vehicles.( Chatti et

al. 2004)

An overloading is defined as a load that exceeds the legal truck limit.

According to Mohammadi et al.(1992), overload vehicles are expected to

contribute more dramatically to the accumulative damage and the damage ratio is

384 442 to when comparing an 80 000 pound (36 288 kg) heavily loaded truck on

five axles with a 2000 pound (908 kg) compact size passenger car. This is

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especially true when these heavier loads happen frequently. The increase in the

overload occurrences was found to cause a noticeable increase in damage done to

pavements. Since the greater percentage of goods transported by road is

increasing, it is expected that heavy vehicles will remain a common sight on our

roads in the foreseeable future. Careful attention should therefore be given in

minimizing the use of heavy vehicles in order to prevent damage of road structure

caused by them.

1.2 Problem Statement

Malaysia’s road is divided into three main categories namely toll

expressway (1,700km), federal roads (17,500km) and state roads (61,100km) and

the life spans are between 10 to 15 years (Zakaria and Hassan, 2005).

Nevertheless, the damages of the pavements occur earlier than expected. One of

the recent issues related to road transportation in Malaysia is the behaviour of

overloading vehicles especially the increasing number of trucks. This resulted to

damages of roads especially in industrial areas because of the over capacity loads

that is not aligned with the specified design lifespan of the road structure.

On the other hand, heavy vehicle also contributed to deterioration of the

road. There were 19.3 million registered vehicles in the Malaysian roads, and the

government spent RM5 billion between 2001 and 2010 to keep sustaining all the

Federal roads. This value can be reduced if overloading of vehicles is prevented.

So far, little documented research has been carried out pertaining to on axle load in

relation to road damages. The need for one is inevitable due to increasing number

of extensive development in Malaysia.

Overloaded vehicles could put road user’s lives at risk. These vehicles are

difficult to steer, less stable and they require a longer stopping distance; which

make them very dangerous especially in sharp curves and steep slopes. Besides,

overloading can also cause several detrimental impacts on the reliability of

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pavement structure. It does not only reduce the lifespan of the pavement itself but

also could cause bad road destruction that could lead to accidents. In addition,

data from Malaysia Institute of Road Safety Research showed that 25% of fatal

accidents involved heavy vehicles.

1.3 Objectives of this Study

The aim of this study is to evaluate the overloading vehicles at Muar –

Melaka roads. The objectives were to:

i. determine the percentage of overloading vehicles.

ii. determine an average equivalency factor (EF) of the road.

1.4 Scope of the Study

In this study, the research scope and limitation are as follow:

i. This study focuses on overloading situation in Muar-Melaka road

segment, that is the two-way four lane divided (4/2 D) flexible

pavement.

ii. The overloading data were collected in 2011 and 2012

iii. The calculation of equivalence factor (EF) is based on TRRL Road

Note 40.

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1.5 Study Area

The location of this study is in Muar - Melaka road segment, which

consists of Johor Baharu – Muar - Melaka federal road specifically located in

Jalan Kesang, Muar District as shown in Figure 1.1. The length of this road

section is approximately 46 km. Muar-Malacca road segment is a flexible

structure that consists of asphalt surface constructed on stabilized base and sub

base course.

Figure 1.1 : Study Area

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Alavi, Sirous H, Kevin A. Senn.(1999). Development of New Pavement Design

Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL), Final Report. FHWA-AZ99-455.

Nichols Consulting Engineers.

Chatti,K , Salama H.K, and Mohtar El C. (2004). Effect of Heavy Trucks with

Large Axle Groups on Asphalt Pavement Damage, International

Symposium on Heavy Vehicle Weights And Dimensions,Johannesburg,

South Africa

CSIR, Roads and Transport Technology,(1997). The Damaging Effects of

Overloaded Heavy Vehicles on Roads (Pad27 - revised), Department of

Transport, Republic of South Africa, 1997CSIR

Dodoo, N. A. & Thorpe, N. (2005). New Approach for Allocating Pavement

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Eason, K. & Greene, D. (2008), Potential Impact of 97,000-Gvw on Logging

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Federal Highway Administration Guide to LTPP Traffic Data Collection and

Processing (2001).FHWA, Washington, D.C.

Hallenbeck, M. and Weinblatt, H.(2004). Equipment for Collecting Traffic Load

Data, NHCRP REPORT 509, Washington, D.C.

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Highway Planning Division, (2012). Road Traffic Volume Malaysia (RTVM) 2011

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Huang, Wen, Li Xu-hong, Ju Peng & He Jie (2005). Site Survey and Analysis of

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