IIEE UAE CHAPTER · · 2014-11-14IIEE UAE CHAPTER v INTRODUCTION ... o concerns the low-voltage...

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=SE= Gulf/Marketing/LV Equipment/Mudassir MachhiwalaBuilding a New Electric World

IIEE UAE CHAPTER

v INTRODUCTION v EVOLUTIONv FORMS OF CONSTRUCTIONv TYPE TESTINGv PRODUCTS

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=SE= Gulf/Marketing/LV Equipment/Mudassir Machhiwala

The low voltage electrical

switchboard

A vital link for electrical distribution



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The low voltage switchboard

A vital link for electrical distribution

n and to provide a continual balance between:o the needs of safety and availabilityo and the constraints of reliability and maintenability of the installation.

n To satisfy the increasing needs of safety of people and equipment and availability of electrical power : its realization is not improvised…

Safety

Maintainability

Reliability

Availability



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DEFINITIONS:

WHAT IS SWITCHBOARD:

According to Institute of Electrical Engineers (IEE)

Is an assembly of switchgear with or without instruments. But the term does not apply to group of local switches on a final circuit.



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DEFINITIONS:

WHAT IS SWITCHBOARD:

According to Manufacturer

Is an assembly consisting of one or more vertical sections joined together to form a free-standing cubiclized, floor fixing assembly which is extensible at either ends



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DEFINITIONS:

WHAT IS SWITCHGEAR:

An assembly of a main and auxiliary apparatus for operation, regulation, protection or other control of electrical installation.



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The principal types of distribution board is referred according to specific application and they are:

n Main (General) Distribution Board (MGDB)

n Local (General) Distribution Board

n Sub - Distribution Board

n Process-control Distribution Board (MCC)

n Final Distribution Board

The types of low voltage electricalswitchboardThe principal types of low voltage distribution board is referred according to the specific application



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Low voltage network

Main LV switchboard

Sub distribution board

Final distribution board

Level 1a

Level 1b

Level 2

Level 3

Loads



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A complete L.V.Offer

n Main Switchboards

n Sub-Main Switchboards

n Final Distribution Boards

n Busways

n Intelligence & Services



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Modular Switchboards

n This modular design brings much clearness to the switchboard :o incoming unito current distribution unitso feeder units o distribution units o connection unitso communication units



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BloksetHigh Dependability Switchboards and MCC’s upto 6300A

nA system for all your applications requiring a high level of dependabilityElectrical Distribution and MCC– Fixed and Withdrawable type for both incomer and outgoingTargeted at High Commercial, Industrial and Infrastructure Markets

nA modular structureFor low-voltage switchboards designed to meet local standards, practices and requirements.

nFully TYPE-TESTED Enclosure system complying with IEC 60439-1, IEC 60947-2, IEC 60947-4, IEC 60529, etc.n Tested for Internal Arc Containment to AS 3439-1.nSheet thickness - 2mm thick, up to Form-4b, IP54nColor : RAL 9002/ 7016



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Local (General) Distribution Board, Sub-main Distribution Board, Process Control Distribution Board,

Functional Switchboards and MCC’s up to 3200AnFunctional system used to build Main & Secondary low voltage switchboards up to 3200A.

Electrical Distribution and Motor Control – FixedTargeted at Buildings and Residential Markets.

nA modular structurePrisma Plus adopts a functional concept with standard configurations for Distribution Feeders and Motor Starters.

New cost effective solution evolved with the latest switchboard needs.

nFully TYPE-TESTED complying with IEC 60439-1, IEC 60947-2, IEC 60947-4, IEC 60529, etc.

n 1.5mm thick, Form-4b, IP55nColor : RAL 9001



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Final Distribution BoardFinal Switchboards with Pan Assembly - suitable for incomer upto 250A

nFunctional system used for final switchboards Electrical Distribution with upto 54 ways of outgoing tp breakersTargeted at Buildings and Residential Markets.

Zinc coated metal sheet enclosure upto 1.2mm sheet thickness Available in both Flush and Surface mounted options Available in both Curved door and Flat door versions

Aesthetically designed enclosure – can be mounted in the main hall

Short circuit withstand upto 17KA rms for 200mS

nFully TESTED and ASTA certified, complying with IEC 60439-3.nIndex of Protection – IP31 as per IEC 60529nColor : RAL 9002



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The 4 functions of an electrical

switchboard

For Groupprotectionand device control,

Inform the end-user on the status of the installations,

Protect the switchboard end-user against the risk of accidents (direct & indirect contact)

Research & Evolve with the activity.



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n Group Protection & Device Control (switchgear control)

o Relates to all switching operations in normal service conditions for energizing or de-energizing a part of the system or installation, or an individual equipment, etc.



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n Isolation - To inform the end-user on the state of its installation (verification of the contacts of the isolating device are in fact, open)

o All poles of the circuit

o It must be provided with a means of locking open with a key in order to avoid an unauthorized reclosure, inadvertent

o It must conforms to a recognized standard (e.g. IEC 60947-3)



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n Electrical Protection

o Protection of circuit elements against thermal and mechanical stresses to short-circuit currents;

o Protection of persons in the event of insulation failure (direct and indirect contact).

o Protection of appliance and apparatus being supplied



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The minimum requirements to guarantee the reliability of a LV switchboard

First of all, it must comply with standards :

n Structural standards for incorporated switchgear :o IEC 60947-1 : general provisionso IEC 60947-2/3 : circuit-breakers/switcheso IEC 60269-1 : low voltage fuses.

n Switchboard construction standard :o IEC 60439-1 : low voltage switchgear assemblies.

n Installation standards :o IEC 60364 : buildings electrical installationo specific standards and rules to each country.



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The IEC 60439-1 standard

n The IEC 60439-1 standard gives general rules for switchboards construction to meet with safety and availability needs required by the application

o guarantees the minimum level of safety of people and equipmento concerns the low-voltage switchgear and controlgear assemblies for the

power distribution and control.o states :

- the service conditions (temperature...)- the construction requirements (IP, IK, forms,...)- the tests requirements

n Conformity to the standard is, for the end user, an insurance on switchboard realization quality.



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DESIGN CRITERIA RELATING TO BUSBAR SIZES FOR SWITHCBOARD TO MEET REQUIREMENT OF BS EN 60439-1

n In any electrical circuit, some electrical energy is lost as heat, which if not kept within safe limits, may impair the performance of the system.



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BUS BARS

Like all other equipment in the system have to be able to withstand forces attributed from the big capacity of modern electrical plant and machinery that is controlled by the system



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It is essential that the material used in the switchboard to have the best possible mechanical properties and be designed to operate with the temperature limits laid down in BSEN G0439-1 and other (national or international) standards. The conductor material should therefore have the following properties, if it is to be produced efficiently and have low running costs from the point of view of energy consumption and maintenance.



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a. Low electrical and thermal resistanceb. High mechanical strength on tension, compression and shear.c. high resistance to fatigue failure.d. Low electrical resistance of surface films.e. Ease of fabricationf. High resistance to corrosion.

This combination is met best by copper.

The mechanical properties are:



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SAMPLE BUSBAR SIZE CALCULATION



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Cont’d.



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Figure 7.

Skin effect ratio

1.08

38.124



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GUIDE TO FOMS OF SEPARATION IEC 60 439-1

Low Voltage Switchgear and Controlgear Assemblies:BS EN 60439-1: 1994 (IEC 439-1)Including Amendment No. 1 : 1995



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EIEMA GUIDE TO FORMS OF SEPARATION

FUNDAMENTAS OF FORM OF SEPARATION

BS EN 60439 Part 1/IEC 60439-1 describes a system classifying the various forms of separation to be provided principally to:

n Protection against contact with live parts belonging to the adjacent functional units

n Limitation of the probability of initiating arcing faults.n Protection against the passage of solid foreign bodies from one unit of an

assembly to an adjacent unit.The standard includes definitions relating to Assemblies



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ACHIEVING SEPARATION

Separation can be achieved in several ways depending on application and requirements for maintenance:PVC sleeving, wrapping or plastic coating of conductors

a.Insulated terminal shields or PVC boots.

b.Rigid insulated barriers or partitions.

c.Compartments formed from earthed metal.

d.A device’s integral housing.



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In general, the price of the assembly will increase with increased level of separation and/or types of construction.

Manufacturer is likely to assume the most cost effective solution where specific requirements are not specified or identified.



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Key Throughout



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SAFE WORKING WITH ADJACENT EQUIPMENT ENERGISED



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Form-1 No internal separation

Internal separation of assemblies



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Form-2 Separation of busbars from functional units

Form-2a Terminals not separated from busbars

Form-2b Terminals separated from busbars

Partition




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Form-3Separation of busbars from functional units +

Separation of functional units from one another +

Separation of terminals from functional units

Form-3a Terminals not separated from busbars

Form-3b Terminals separated from busbars




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Form-4 Separation of busbars from functional units +

Separation of functional units from one another +

Separation of terminals from functional units

Form-4a Terminals in same compartment as associated functional unit

Form-4b Terminals not in same compartment as associated functional unit




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TTA & PTTA

n Type Tested Assembly (TTA)It is a LV switchgear and controlgear ASSEMBLY conforming to an established system without deviations, which are likely to significantly influence the performance, from the typical ASSEMBLY, verified to be in accordance with this standard.

A fully type tested assembly has to undergo a series of seven tests.

n Partially Type Tested Assembly (PTTA)A LV switchgear and controlgear ASSEMBLY containing both type tested and non type tested arrangements, provided that the latter are derived from type tested arrangements which have complied with the relevant tests.



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Fully Type Tested Assemblies,complying with standard IEC 60 439-1



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The tests of standard IEC 60439-1

n 7 type tests on the prototype:o n°1 - temperature rise limitso n°2 - dielectric propertieso n°3 - short-circuit withstando n°4 - protective circuit

effectivenesso n°5 - clearances and creepage

distanceso n°6 - mechanical operationo n°7 - degree of protection

n 3 routine tests :o n°8 - overall inspection :

cabling, electrical operationo n°9 - insulation/dielectric testo n°10 - protection measures .

They guarantee that the switchboard complies with standard and confirm its characteristics:



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7 type tests performed by the manufacturern The aim of these tests is to confirm the switchboard characteristics.

n The 7 type tests are carried out on most difficult and unfavourable system configurations. The assembled and cabled switchboards are made up of their usual components, connection system…, equipped with Merlin Gerin and Telemecanique switchgear and assemblied and installed according to inductrial standards

n The tests are conducted either in approved laboratories (Asefa, Kema, etc,…), which are independant laboratories.



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Test n°1(8-2-1) :Temperature rise limits

n Guarantees the safety and reliability of the switchboard, by avoiding problems such as :

o connection damageso reduction in insulation performanceso risk of burn for maintenance operators o electronic components damageso faulty operation of the devices :

inopportune release



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Test n°2(8-2-2) : dielectric properties

n Guarantees the switchboard safety and reliability , to avoid problems such as :

o electrical arc generationo insulation performance decreasingo connection damages



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Test n°3(8-2-3) : short-circuit withstand

n This test simulates an incident which could occur on siten Withstanding the short-circuit currents is :

o to avoid danger (rupture and projections of components, arc generation and propagation outside the switchboard,...)

o it also means the installation can be quickly put back into operation after the incident

Complying limits :

the main conductors and the insulating parts must retain their insulation and mechanical withstand characteristics (lenght, cross-section, dielectric properties,…).



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Test n°4(8-2-4) : effectiveness of the protective circuit

n The effectiveness of the protective circuit is verified by two tests :o resistance measurement of the connection between the exposed conductive

parts and the protective circuitso short-circuit withstand performed between the protective conductor and

the nearest phase conductor.



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Test n°5(8-2-5) : clearance and creepage distances

n Clearance control : shortest distance between two conductive parts.

n Creepage distance control : shortest distance along the surface of an insulating material between two conductive parts.



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Test n°6(8-2-6) : mechanical operation

n Endurance of material, guaranteeing the longevity of the various mechanisms.



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Test n°7(8-2-7) : degree of protection

n The tests carried out define the capacity of an equipped switchboard to :o protect persons against contact with live partso protect equipment against penetration of solid objects and liquidso protect equipment against external influences such as impacts (shocks).



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The IP degrees of protection :(IEC 60529/EN 60529)

n 1st digit : level of protection against penetration of solids

o protection of personso protection against solids.

n 2nd digit : level of protection against penetration of liquids

o protection against liquids.



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o The IK testing requirement is already included in standard IEC 62208 and IEC 62262.

o It will also be included in reference standard IEC 60439-1 in the.near future.

o It is also to be included in the next amendment of installation standard IEC.60364-5-551.

o It lays the correct foundation for judging the Real Strength of the LV.Switchboards rather than just the perceived strength,

– Real strength = technical criteria.– These criteria are the only objective ones because they can be quantified

and proven by tests.– Perceived strength = visual/tactile/audio criteria.

– These criteria are subjective and therefore subject to debate because they depend on the personal judgement of each person.

Impact Testing as per IEC Standards - The IK code becomes a standard reference



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3 routine tests performed by the panelbuildern The 3 routine tests, easily and rapidly performed, must be carried out by the

panelbuilder. :o overall inspection according to the mounting instructions and technical

documents (right device ratings, tightening torques)o insulation checking by a dielectric testo checking of protective measures and of the electrical continuity of the

protective circuits.

n They complete the 7 manufacturer type tests and guarantee professionalism and responsibility of panelbuilder.



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Panelbuilder and manufacturer, together to offer maximum safety and reliabilityn Manufacturer :

o products tested in real configurations o detailed instructions for faultless construction.

n Installer :o it has to its disposal informations, by means of tools of switchboard

assembly and installation guide (catalogues, internet), software designso confidence in products and switchboards system, the result of many years

of experience

n A shared success :o this complementarity must fall under the duration to consolidate our

professionalism.



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IEC 60439-1 standard : an international influence

n IEC 60439-1 : the same standard for all the professionals of switchboards

UL

IEC

IEC

IEC

IEC

IEC



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Category of Circuit Breaker

n Category A : Here the breakers have no deliberate delay in the operation of the “instantaneous”short circuit magnetic tripping device & are generally moulded-case type circuit breakers

n Category B :Here, in order to discriminate with other circuit breakers on a time basis, it is possible to delay the tripping of the CB, where the fault-current level is lower than that of the short-time withstand current rating (Icw) of the CB. This is generally applied to large open-type circuit breakers and to certain heavy-duty moulded-case types. Icw is the maximum current that the B category CB can withstand, thermally and electrodynamically, without sustaining damage, for a period of time given by the manufacturer



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OVER CURRENT PROTECTION

Fundamentals and Application:

n Costn Coordination Capabilityn Safety

Decisions rely on applications of available technology and solidunderstanding of overcurrent protection fundamentals.



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Facts about Over Current:

n About the various types of high-and-low-level overcurrentn How overcurrent occurs in a typical systemn How often they can occur

Myth: Some believe that high-level bolted faults are common occurences, that there is a high probability of short circuits occuring in a given circuit .

Fact: The majority of overcurrents are over-load and low-level arcing faults. Only a fraction are high-level bolted fault.



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OVER CURRENT PROTECTION DEVICES

Purpose of overcurrent device:

n To provide protection to service entrancen Feedern Branch circuit conductorsn Equipment



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BASIC TYPES OF OVERCURRENT DEVICES

n Fusible Switches - Protection of circuit by fusing / meltingopen its current-responding element.



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n Circuit Breaker - A mechanical switching device design to open and close a circuit by non-automatic means and to open a circuit automatically on a predetermined overcurrent without injury to itself when properly applied.



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Kinds of Circuit Breaker

n Air Circuit Breaker A circuit breaker in which the contacts open and close in air at atmosphericpressure.

n Moulded Case Circuit Breaker

A circuit breaker having a supportinghousing of moulded insulating materialforming an integral part of the circuit breaker.

n Miniature Circuit Breaker



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4 Types of Molded Case Circuit Breaker

n Non Current Limiting Slower oparation due to large and heavy blades



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n Semi-current limiting Same basic component but the bladesare much thinner. Movable contacts are smaller and ligher. Move more freely.



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n Current limiting Limits current in less than one half cyle. Same basic component as semi-current limiting with the addition of‘O’ shape magnet or iron doughnut which completelysourrounds the movable and stationary contact areas where the current is flowing in opposite direction. This magnefies and intensifies the forces acting on theblades and arc to provide even more opening speed and force.



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n Electronic Circuit Breaker Delaying before trip to withstand high levels of current before tripping



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479

3953P : 7864P : 1016

3953P : 4414P : 556

439322

3P : 2884P : 358

278

The smallestin the world

Air Circuit Breaker



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5.0 P

6.0 H6.0 A 6.0 P

Type of current protection

2: Distribution L, I

5: Selective L, S, I

6: Selective and earth-fault protection L, S, I, G

7: Selective with earth-leakageprotection L, S, I, V

Micrologic 2. 0 A

type of measurementversion

type of current protection

A P H

2.0 A

5.0 A

7.0 P

5.0 H

7.0 H7.0 A

sans

2.0

5.0

The Micrologic Control Unit



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Protection offer for houses

MCBs RCDs

n N

T

« Standard » design

n RCD 2P 63A

n N

T

n RCD 4P : 25, 40, 63 A

n3P+Nn 1P+N 3P

n

6 – 40 A , 6 KA , C curve Terminal Size upto 25²mm

As per IEC 60898

& 4P& 2P n1PRCD 2P

25A, 40A, 63A- 30, 100, 300mATerminal size upto 35²mm

As per IEC 61008



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Fundamental Characteristics of a Circuit Breaker

n Rated Operational voltage (Ue)n Rated current (In) – Maximum value of current the circuit breaker can carryn Frame-size rating – corresponds to the highest current settingn Over load trip-current setting (Im)n Rated Short-circuit breaking capacity (Icu) – Highest (prospective) value of

current the breaker is capable of breaking without damagen Rated Insulation Voltage (Ui) – dielectrical test voltage.n Category and rated short-time withstandn Rated making capacity (Icm) – Highest instantaneous value of current can

establish at rated voltagen Rated service short-circuit breaking capacity (Ics) – maximum fault-current

can successfully interrupt without being damage.



IIEE UAE CHAPTER · · 2014-11-14IIEE UAE CHAPTER v INTRODUCTION ... o concerns the low-voltage...

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Transcript of IIEE UAE CHAPTER · · 2014-11-14IIEE UAE CHAPTER v INTRODUCTION ... o concerns the low-voltage...