IEC standards relating to equipment used for the purposes ...
Transcript of IEC standards relating to equipment used for the purposes ...
SC 45B
IEC standards relating to
equipment used for the purposes
of Non-Medical Human Imaging
IAEA, Vienna, 17-20 January 2016
Miroslav Voytchev, IRSN (France)
Secretary of IEC/SC 45B
“Radiation Protection Instrumentation”
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Contents
1. IEC and its SC45B
2. IEC imaging standards
3. IEC 62463 X-ray systems for the screening of persons
for security and the carrying of illicit items
4. IEC 62523 Cargo/Vehicle radiographic inspection
systems
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Major standardization organisations
Scope
Level Electro-technologies
All except electro-technologies and telecommunication
International
International Electrotechnical Commission
International Organization for Standardization
European European Committee for Electrotechnical
Standardization European Committee for Standardization
National
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Standard
A standard is a document, established by consensus and
approved by a recognized body, that provides, for common
and repeated use, rules, guidelines or characteristics for
activities or their results, aimed at the achievement of the
optimum degree of order in a given context.
According to ISO/IEC Directives
Adoption of IEC/ISO standards by any country, whether it is
a member or not, is entirely voluntary.
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IEC - International Electrotechnical
Commission
Founded in 1906
Prepares and publishes international standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies
First IEC president: Sir William Thomson - Lord Kelvin
National Committees (NC) 61 member countries 23 associated member countries
Technical Committees (TC) and Sub-committees (SC)
177 TCs and SCs more than 700 WGs
More information: http://www.iec.ch
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IEC Technical Committees (TC)
TC 1 Terminology …
TC 9 Electrical equipment and systems for railways …
TC 45 Nuclear instrumentation
SC 45A Instrumentation of nuclear facilities
SC 45B Radiation protection instrumentation …
TC 62 Electrical equipment in medical practice …
TC 86 Fibre optics …
TC 113 Nanotechnology standardization
TC 114 Marine energy - Wave and tidal energy converters
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IEC/SC 45B Radiation protection
instrumentation
Scope:
To prepare standards that address instrumentation used for: the measurement of ionizing radiation in the workplace, to the public, and in the
environment for radiation protection purposes
illicit trafficking detection and identification of radionuclides
radiation-based security screening
Leadership Chairman: Peter Chiaro (ORNL, US), Secretary: Miroslav Voytchev (IRSN, France)
Country membership Participating countries (P-members): 21
Observer countries (O-members): 14
More than 100 experts Testing laboratories
Governmental agencies
Manufacturers
Users
Standards and technical documents Published: 54, In development: 9
Liaisons with ISO, IAEA, ICRP, ICRU…
SC 45B standards are considered by CENELEC for adoption as EN
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IEC/SC 45B Working Groups
WG 5 - Measurement of Environmental Radiation
WG 8 - Active pocket and portable dose (rate) meters and monitors and passive dosimetry systems
WG 9 - Installed Equipment for Radiation and Activity Monitoring in Nuclear Facilities
WG 10 - Radon and Radon Decay Products Measuring Instruments
WG 15 - Illicit Trafficking Control Instrumentation using spectrometry, personal electronic dosimeter and portable dose rate instrumentation
WG 16 - Contamination Meters and Monitors
WG 17 - Security inspection systems using active interrogation with radiation
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Radiation protection screening
standards
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IEC # PL Title Date of
publicat.
62463 UK
X-ray systems for the screening of
persons for security and the carrying
of illicit items 06/2010
62523 China Cargo/Vehicle radiographic inspection
systems 06/2010
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Imaging performances screening
standards
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IEC # PL Title Date of
publicat.
62709 US
Measuring the Imaging Performance
of X-ray Systems for Security
Screening of Humans 02/2014
62945 US
Evaluating the Image Quality of X-ray
Computed Tomography (CT)
Security-Screening Systems Exp. 2019
62963 China Bottle/can liquid X-ray inspection
system Exp. 2020
63085 Russia
System of spectral identification of
liquids in transparent containers
(Raman systems) Exp. 2021
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IEC 62463 X-Ray Systems for the
Screening of Persons for Security and
the Carrying of Illicit Items
Examples of systems being standardized by IEC 62463
Rapiscan X-ray system, http://www.rapiscan.com
SmartCheck, http://www.as-e.com
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Introduction
The existence of this standard does not indicate
approval of the use of the relevant equipments.
However these equipments exist and are used in some
countries and are likely to be used to scan persons of
all nationalities including nationals of those countries
which ban their use. If other international organisations
ban their use, this standard could be withdrawn.
Meanwhile it is considered valuable to have this
standard to reduce the radiation doses to members of
the public and others likely to have to use the
equipments Personnel X-ray screening assemblies are
used to examine persons in order to detect objects,
such as: weapons, explosives, smuggled or stolen
items such as drugs or diamonds.
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Personnel X-ray screening systems
Personnel X-ray screening assemblies are used to examine
persons in order to detect objects that they should not be
legally carrying
Three types of screening devices
using the Compton backscattered X-rays (Backscatter
system)
using the transmitted X-rays (Transmission system)
combination of the other two types (Backscatter +
Transmission)
All three types consist of an X-ray unit and a detector unit
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Backscatter X-ray systems
Narrow pencil shaped X-ray beam scans the subject at
high speed in a horizontal and vertical direction.
Detectors are on the side of the X-ray source.
Typically a person is scanned twice, once from the front
and then from the back.
X-rays penetrate only about 0.2 - 0.3 mm of the skin.
Typical systems use fixed peak voltage (kV) and current
(mA) settings for the X-ray source. These are typically
50 kV and 5 mA.
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Transmission X-ray systems
Use of a vertical fan–shaped beam of X-rays and a linear array of detectors.
The person stands between the X-ray tube and the detector array. Typical beam width is approximately 2 mm.
The scan takes about 10 seconds.
Peak voltage (kV) is in the range of about 140 kV to 220 kV and current (mA) is in the range of 0.1 mA to about 4 mA.
The systems are capable of detecting objects within the body.
Backscatter plus transmission X-ray systems, are systems that use both backscattered and transmitted X-rays.
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IEC 62463 - Scope and object
This International Standard is applicable to X-ray systems designed for screening people to detect if they are carrying objects that could be used for criminal purposes, e.g., terrorist use, drug smuggling and theft. These objects include weapons, explosives, chemical and biological agents and other concealed items.
The object of this standard is to lay down standard requirements and also to specify general characteristics, general test procedures, radiation characteristics, electrical characteristics, environmental influences, mechanical characteristics, safety requirements and to provide examples of acceptable methods in terms of dose to the whole or part of the body for each screening procedure and the time taken for each screening procedure.
In particular the standard addresses the design requirements as they relate to the radiation protection of the people being screened, people who are in the vicinity of the equipment and the operators. The standard does not address the performance requirements for the quality of the object detection.
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IEC 62463 - Safety considerations
The manufacturer shall provide a description of the radiation
safety systems that are designed to prevent, during normal
operation of the X-ray screening system, accidental
exposure to the operator and public and for ensuring that
the person being screened is not exposed above
manufacturers stated maximum dose per scan.
Shielding
When a person is being screened and the X-ray beam is
emanating, shutter or beam stop open, the ambient dose
equivalent rate to any area where other members of the public
or the operator have access should not exceed 2.5 μSv h-1
taken over several scans
Where the doserate could exceed this value at a distance in
excess of 30 cm from any external surface the manufacturer
shall provide an isodose contour at this value
National regulations may stipulate lower limits
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IEC 62463 - System controls and
normal operation indications
The operating conditions, namely the tube voltage and tube current, for each mode of operation shall be pre-set by the manufacturer and shall not be alterable by the system operator
The operators control panel shall show the following:
Electrical power to the system is on. Only the operator is permitted to switch on the power and this should require the use of a key
When the X-rays are being produced an “X-rays on” illuminated sign shall operate
The voltage and current for the operating mode shall be displayed when required by an engineer or maintenance staff
Indication shall be made for both when the shutter or beam stop is open and/or for when the scan is taking place, “scan on”
The production of x-rays shall only start if the illuminated sign “X-rays” is ready to operate
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IEC 62463 - Ambient dose equivalent at
the position to a person being scanned
A monitoring instrument shall be placed, before the exit beam location, to measure the ambient dose equivalent rate as well as to integrate the scanning exposure.
Dose equivalent alarm shall terminate the exposure when the dose to the subject exceeds any pertinent limit.
Safety interlocks, indications and alarms shall be independent of the system’s normal controls.
The ambient dose equivalent, H*(10), at the reference point shall not exceed
- 0.3 μSv per screening procedure for backscatter systems, - 5 μSv per screening procedure for transmission systems.
Other values may be specified as per national regulations.
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IEC 62523 Cargo/Vehicle
radiographic inspection systems
Examples of systems being standardized by IEC 62523
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IEC 62523 - Scope and object
This International Standard applies to cargo/vehicle radiographic-based inspection systems. It is also applicable to the radiographic-based systems used for inspecting various packaging cargo and transport vehicles.
The object of this standard is to prescribe the component, classification, technical and radiation protection requirements, and test methods of cargo/vehicle radiographic inspection systems.
This standard is not applicable to computed tomography systems, backscatter inspection systems, cargo/vehicle radiographic inspection system using neutron radiation and X-ray systems for the screening of persons.
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IEC 62523 - General characteristics
The inspection systems are designed to create object images
for an inspector to detect, locate, and identify contraband hidden in cargo and/or vehicles.
Inspection systems shall be equipped with emergency-stop devices that are able to terminate the radiation emission and stop all the driving mechanism of the system when activated.
The emergency devices shall only be reset manually. Once any emergency device is activated, the system shall stop operating immediately.
The emergency devices shall work in a fail-safe mode.
In case of power failure, the radioactive source shutter of a gamma-ray system shall automatically close.
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IEC 62523 - Imaging classifications
Steel penetration of radiation : 4 categories from 400 mm to 200 mm
Wire detectability: 4 categories from 2 mm wire thickness to 5 mm thickness
Spatial resolution: 4 categories from 5 mm to 12 mm
Contrast sensitivity: 4 categories from 0.5% to 2%
Object recognition capability: 3 categories (satisfactory, acceptable, failure)
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IEC 62523 - Radiological safety tests
The maximum ambient dose equivalent rate, not including the natural background, shall not exceed 2.5 μSv/h outside the supervised area during exposure.
The manufacturer shall state the maximum ambient dose equivalent rate at the control panel during the scan. The dose equivalent rate shall not exceed 1 μSv/h while the control panel is located in the controlled area, however, other national regulatory limits may apply.
If the driver stays in the vehicle during scanning, the ambient dose equivalent level for the driver shall not exceed 0.1 μSv per scan.
If the system exposes any carry-on or checked cargo to more than 10 μSv during the inspection, a sign which advises to remove film of all kinds from the cargo before inspection shall be posted.
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Conclusions
In addition to the presented requirements in both standards there are also mechanical, environmental, electrical, electromagnetic and documentation requirements
Compliance with such standard requirements provides the manufacturers with internationally acceptable specifications and the device users with assurance of the rigorous quality and accuracy of the measurements in relation to the radiation hazard.
Both IEC 62463 and IEC 62523 (published in 2010) will be revised in the coming years and the feedback from the users, regulators and manufactures is important.
3 more IEC standards on imaging performances are under development.
SC 45B
Meetings
Last SC 45B meeting took place in
Gyungju (Rep. of Korea)
from 7th to 12th March 2016
Next regular SC 45B meeting
will be in Shanghai (China)
from 16th to 21st October 2017
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