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Idioma Japonés
He who knows no foreign language knows nothing of his own.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
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Mapa de Asia
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Mapa de Japón
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Languages of the world
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• Centum and satem Languages• Deborah Anderson•
Department of LinguisticsUniversity of California, Berkeley
• In a lecture given in 1786, Sir William Jones, Chief Justice of India and founder of the Royal Asiatic Society, noted the strong relationship in verbal roots and the grammatical forms of Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin. This similarity, he remarked, could not have been produced by accident; these languages must have originated from a common source. He added that Gothic, Celtic, and Old Persian may have come from the same origin. Others had also noted the similarity between Sanskrit and other languages by comparing words from different languages. Though he was not the first, Jones is often credited with the birth of Indo-European linguistics by eloquently stating that a common source, later to be identified as Proto-Indo-European, was the ancestor of these related languages. The discovery of sound laws in the 1860's helped to establish the foundation of comparative Indo-European linguistics. It is upon such regularly occurring sound laws that allowed comparisons to be made; exceptions to the laws needed to be explained. Today the study of IE linguistics draws on work done in phonetics, dialectology, typology, and other fields but the basis of comparison still rests on the set of correspondences between the languages.
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Indoeuropean language tree
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Stem languages
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Map of Indoeuropean languages
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El idioma indoeuropeo
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Afro-asiatico
Lenguas afro - asi á ticas
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Lenguas altáicas y lenguas sino-tibetanas
Ainu----Kennewick Man
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Tipología lingüística (1)
• Lenguas aglutinantes: japonés, coreano, mongol, etc.
• Lenguas analíticas: chino, tibetano, tai, vietnamita, birmano, *inglés
• Lenguas flexivas (sintéticas): español, alemán, inglés antiguo, latín, etc
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Lenguas aglutinantes▲ cierta complejidad morfológica
▲ morfemas (elementos estructurales) siempre se
pueden separar claramente
▲ aunque el radical se modifique, permanecen
inalterables
▲ el orden de las palabras es menos
importante que en las lenguas analíticas
ej.
昨日私は数学を勉強しなければなりませんでした。
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Lenguas analíticas
▲ apenas existe la derivación morfológica
▲ el orden de la palabras es muy importante
▲ el radical permanece solitario y no se le
modifica
ej. All my students have Japanese dictionaries..
我 的 学生 们 有 日本 的 词典 Yo posesivo estudiante plural tener Japón posesivo diccionario
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Lenguas sintéticas
▲ mayor comlejidad morfológica de los tres
▲ a menudo, no se puede separar los
morfemas del lexema o radical
▲ el orden de las palabras no es importante
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Tipología lingüística (2)
• SOV: aprox. 50 %
• SVO: aprox. 40 %
• VSO: aprox. 10 %
• VOS: lenguas austronesias
• OVS: muy rara
• OSV: no existe
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SVO
Lengua europeas:
español ingles francés alemán noruego ruso etc.
chino
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SOV
• japonés
• coreano
• quechua
• persa
• latín
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VSO
• árabe
• galés
• tagalo
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SVO vs. SOV▲ Japonés: 私はカラカスに住んでいます。 (presente)
Watashi wa Caracas ni sundeimasu. 私はカラカスに住んでいました。 (pasado) Watashi wa Caracas ni sundeimashita
▲ Español: Vivo en Caracas. (presente)
Viví en Caracas. (pasado)
▲ Chino: 我住在加拉加斯。 (presente)
Wo zhu zai Caracas.(jīarājīasī) 我過去住在加拉加斯。 (padado)
Wo guo qu zhu zai Caracas
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¿Japonés es lengua altáica?
• Lenguas altáicas
lenguas túrquicas (turco, uzbeco, kazaco etc.)
lenguas mongoles (mongol, buryat, oirad,
lenguas en Gansu, Qinghai, etc.)
lenguas tunguses (ivenk, lamut, manchú, etc.)
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Características de las lenguas altáicas
• palabras aglutinantes
• harmonía en vocales
• SOV
• no existen palabras que empiezen con “r”.
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Origen del japonés
• Existen varias teorias
lenguas altáicas
lenguas austronesias
lenguas indonesias tamil
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Lenguas aisladas
• el vascuense
• el ainu
• el buruchasqui (burushaski)
• el japonés
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Similitud entre el japonés y el coreano
• 일본어 와 한 국 어 에 대해 세계 에서 제일 먼 저 Irbono wa h angugo e tehe sege e so cheiru mon jo 日本語 と 韓国語 に ついて 世界で 一番 早
く El japonés y coreano sobre el mundo en más temprano
학 문 적 연 구 를 한 시 림 은 Aston 이 린 han mun jok eon gu rul han sa ra mun I rin 学問的 研究 を した 人は Aston という escolástica investigación persona llamada
영 국 의 외 교 관 이 다 yong gug ui wi gyo goan i da
英国 の 外交官 である。 inglaterra de diplomático es
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Comparación entre el japonés y el chino
• Sobre 1.800 palabras de kanji recolectadas de los libros de enseñanza de japonés:
1. las que tienen mismo significado en ambos idiomas: aprox. 1.200 外国、会場、海上、 etc.
2. palabras aproximadas en su significado: aprox. 80 意識、順序、対象、 etc.
3. palabras totalmente distintas en su significado: 70 手紙、趣味、先生、 etc.
4. palabras de kanji que no existen en el chino: 510 馬鹿、道具、入院、雰囲気 , etc.
Chosen go no susume, 1994 kodansha gendaishinsho
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Comparación entre el japonés, el coreano y el chino
De las 1.200 palabras de la Clasificación I, 1.170 palabras tienen el mismo significado en los tres idiomas. De las 510 palabras de la Clasificación 4, 300 palabras se encuentran en el idioma coreano
ej. japonés chino coreano
冷蔵庫 電氷箱 冷蔵庫 reizooko dianbīng xiaāng 냉장고 neng sang go
洋服 西装 洋服 yoohuku xīzhuāng 양복 yanbok
名作 有名的著作 名作 meesaku yǒumíngde 명작 myeong sak zhù zūi
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便利 方便 便利 benri biànlì 편리 pyeon-li
無事 平安 無事buji píng ān 무사 mu-sa
就職 就業 就職
shuushoku jiùyè 취직 chou-shik
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• 昨天我去了图书馆。 Zuótiān wǒ qù le túshūguǎn. Fui a la biblioteca ayer. • 今天我去图书馆。 Jīntiān wǒ qù tushūguǎn. Voy a la biblioteca hoy. • 明天我去图书馆。 Míngtiān wǒ qù tushūguǎn. Iré a la biblioteca mañana.
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Mandarin• The term "Mandarin" refers to a group of Chinese dialects spoken in most of northern and southwestern China. M
andarin is known as ("common language") or (Beijing language) in the People's Republic of China (PRC), ("national language") in Taiwan, and ("Chinese language") in Singapore and Malaysia. Mandarin can also refer to Standard Mandarin, loosely based on the dialect of Beijing, the capital of PRC. In everyday usage, however, Mandarin refers to a large number of dialects that vary in mutual intelligibility. The English term "Mandarin" comes from the Portuguese mandarim, borrowed from from Sanskrit mantrin "minister".
• Chinese is a written language of great antiquity with an unbroken history dating back to 1,500 BC. There are several main periods in the history of literary (written) Chinese:
• Preclassical (1,500 to 500BC)The earliest records of this period are short oracle inscriptions on bone and tortoise shell and an anthology of 305 poems from which scholars have been able to get a great deal of information about the language of that period.
• Classical (500BC to 200AD)This period begins with the earliest writings of Confucius and ends with the Han dynasty (206BC - 220AD). There are many prose works dating back to this period.
• Postclassical (200AD to mid 20th century)The language of this period was modeled on the language of the Classical period. However, even though the written and the spoken language(s) began to diverge to the point that the written form was no longer comprehensible to most people, it continued to be used by administrators, scholars, and the educated elite. This period produced some of the greatest literature of the Tang dynasty (618 to 907 AD) and a large number of neo-Confucian works. This style endured into the first half of the 20th century when efforts began to reform the written language to bring it closer to the spoken form.
• Modern (mid 20th century to the present)In 1956, Modern Standard Chinese was introduced as part of a broad-sweeping reform to promote literacy. It was based on the pronunciation of the Beijing dialect of Mandarin, the grammar of Northern Mandarin, and the vocabulary used in colloquial speech. Part of the reform movement included the simplification of the traditional characters and the development and dissemination of a phonetic alphabet, known as Pinyin.
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De dónde viene la palabra mandarín
El termino “mandarín" viene de la palabra
portuguesa mandarim prestada del
sánscrito mantrin “ministro”
OED
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El japonés y el chinoEl japonés tiene 13 consonantes y 5 vocales. Se forman 323 sílabas. El chino tiene 21 consonantes y 6 vocales (a, i, u, e, o, ü,): se forman 410 sílabas.Tres tipos de sílabas del chino:
1) La que se compone solamente con vocales 2) La que tiene una vocal especial después de una consonante 3) La que tiene la combinación de consonante y vocal
El mismo kanji se pronuncia de manera parecida en el japonés y el chino. Sin embargo, aunque el japonés tiene la combinación de vocal y consonante, el chino no la tiene.
Eg: Eki, iku, etsu
Entre los tres tipos, 90% de las 410 sílabas son del tipo tres.
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• 37 vocales: • Las seis vocales son: a, i, u, e, o, ü. La pronunciación de e no es [e] sino [ә] y ü tiene
el sonido mixta de [yu] y [i].
• Combinaciones de vocales son:• ai, ei, ao, ou • an, en ang, eng, ong• er• ia, io, ie, iai, iao, iou, ian • in, iang, ing, iong, • ua, uo, uai, uei, uan • uen, uang, • üe, üan, ün
• 21 consonantes: • 1) b, p, m • 2) f• 3) d, t, n, l• 4) g, k, h• 5) j (casi igual que [chi] de japonés), q, x (el sonido producido• usando la parte delantera de la lengua)• 6) zh, ch, sh, r (el sonido producido enrollando la parte delantera de• la lengua)• 7) z, c, s (el sonido producido empujando la lengua contra los dientes • delanteros)
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Cuatro tonos
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• 麻
• 馬
• 媽
• 罵
2 yute
3 caballo
1 madre
4 insultar
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Hangul
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Japonés
日本語 ni hon go
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Tres tipos de escritura
• Hiragana: invención japonesa finales del siglo VIII d.C.
• Katakana: invención japonesa principios del siglo VIII d.C.
• Kanji: originario de China finales del siglo IV d.C. ~ principios del siglo V d. C.
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Hiragana y katakana
• silabarios
• provienen de la simplificación de caracteres chinos
• no tienen valor conceptual
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Usos de hiragana y katakana
Hiragana:
1. partículas 2. desinencias verbales (okurigana) 3. palabras
Katakana:
1. palabras extranjeras 2. onomatopeyas 3. los nombres de animales en textos científicos
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Origen de hiragana
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Manyogana
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Manyogana
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ManyoganaManyogana
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Manyogana
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Manyogana
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Homónimos
Homónimos
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Origen de katakana
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Kanji 漢字
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Los seis principios de la teoría de los caracteres chinos
• 1. pictogramas
• 2. ideogramas
• 3. compuestos semánticos
• 4. compuestos semánticos fonéticos
• 5. caracteres de anotación cambiada
• 6. caracteres del “préstamo” fonético
(phonetic loan characters )
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Pictogramas• 山 (montaña)
• 川 (rio)
• 女 (mujer)
• 木 (árbol)
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Ideogramas• 1) intento de graficalizar concepto abstracto:
上 (sobre,arriba)下 (debajo)一 (uno)二 (dos)本 (raíz)
• 2) pictogramas con indicador ideográfico:
刃 (hoja de la espada)
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Compuestos semánticosCada elemeto (compuesto semántico) del carácter
sugiere su significado o los dos interactúan para
mostrar el significado
信 (creer, confiar) 人 (persona) + 言 (decir)
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Compuestos semánticos
男 (hombre)
田 (campo de arroz)
+
力 (esfuerzo)
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compuestos semánticos fonéticos
• Un compuesto (compuesto semántico) indica el significado general del carácter y el otro (fonético) sugiere la pronunciación
河 ( rio) 水 (agua) + 可 (serpentear)
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caracteres de anotación cambiada
• Caracteres que eran originalmente los mismos pero se bifurcaron a través del cambio ortográfico y semántico
考 (pensar) y 老 (anciano)
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caracteres del “préstamo” fonético
• Cuando un carácter con el sonido igual o similar “tomado prestado”, ocasionalmente el nuevo significado puede reemplazar al significado anterior
• 自 (uno mismo) anteriormente significaba
鼻 (nariz)
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Tipos de kanjiEscritura de caparazones y huesos
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escritura de sello pequeño
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escritura administrativa
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escritura semicursiva
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escritura cursiva
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escritura común
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Kanji tradicional y simplificado• Reemplazando componentes complicados por caractere
s comunes de forma más simples: • 對 > 对 ; 觀 > 观 ; 風 > 风 ; etc. • Cambiando el fonético: • 潔 > 洁 ; 鄰 > 邻 ; 極 > 极 ; etc. • Quitando componentes enteros: • 廣 > 广 ; 寧 > 宁 ; 滅 > 灭 ; etc. • Usando forma de escritura cursiva: • 書 > 书 ; 長 > 长 ; 馬 > 马 ; etc. • Adoptando estilos antiguos que son más simples en for
ma: • 涙 > 泪 ; 網 > 网 ; 傑 > 杰 ; etc. • Creando nuevos compuestos radicales-radicales: • 體 > 体 ; 塵 > 尘 ; 竃 > 灶 ; etc. • Creando nuevos compuestos radicales-fonéticos: • 護 > 护 ; 驚 > 惊 ; 膚 > 肤 ; etc.
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• Fusionado un carácter en otro que suene igual o similar:
– 餘 > 余 ; 穀 > 谷 ; 後 > 后 ; etc.
• Fusionando varios caracteres en un carácter nuevo y más simple:
– 髮 & 發 > 发 ; 儘 & 盡 > 尽 ; etc.
• Sistemáticamente simplificando la forma para que cada carácter que la usa es simplificado:
– 門 > 门 ; 閉 > 闭 ; 問 > 问 ; etc
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Comparación entre cantonés y mandarín
• A selection of characters and words used in colloquial written Cantonese