Identification and Characterization of Shared Duplications between Rice and Wheat Provide New...

8/14/2019 Identification and Characterization of Shared Duplications between Rice and Wheat Provide New Insight into Grass

1/15

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Co}lgo V bvo"` V{ouh`jdo Mlbl{"` Gdfhòb [h}lko"` ^djfoj{ Clnno"` Mojl{ Udoa"m _g } G`vllk P} dvhd"`

[hlg`v F`bfàjl"` ]dfh }k Fllio"m Gdfhob Kobvojt"m `jk F`{ho}djo Nodbbo{`"0

` Djv{d{{ J`{dlj`b ko b` ]ofho}fho @a}ljlgdpo,_jd~o}vd{o Mb`dvo U`vf`b _jd{o Gdx{o ko ]ofho}fho 054?" @gobdl}`{dlj o{ V`j{o

kov Ub`j{ov" >6055 Fbo}glj{'No}}`jk" N}`jfom _jd{o Gdx{o ko ]ofho}fho ?54>" Foj{}o J`{dlj`b ko b` ]ofho}fho Vfdoj{dffpo,_jd~o}vd{o ko Uo}udaj`j,Djv{d{{ ko ]ofho}fho

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[ho a}`vv n`gdbt flgu}dvov {ho glv{ dgul}{`j{ fo}o`b f}luv `jk dv ` allk vtv{og nl} v{ktdja" qd{h flgu`}`{d~o aojlgdfv"

gofh jdvgv ln o~lb{dlj" vuofd {dlj" `jk klgov{df {dlj* Ho}o" qo dkoj{dffok `jk fh`}`f{o}dsok {ho o~lb{dlj ln vh`}okkubdf`{dljv dj {ho }dfo (L}ts` v`{d~ $ `jk qho`{ ([}d{dfug ov{d~ug$ aojlgov mt flgu`}dja ;=">?; }dfo aojo vopojfov qd{h

>;=> gùuok qho`{ OV[v vdja dgu}l~ok vopojfo `bdajgoj{ f}d{o}d` `jk v{`{dv{df`b `j`btvdv* Dj{}`vuofdfff flgu`}dvljv

dkoj{dffok =4 dj{o}fh}lglvlg b kubdf {dljv fl~o}dja 1=/ ln {ho }dfo aojlgo `jk 05 kubdf {dlj mblfiv fl~o}dja >1*?/ ln {ho

qho { aojlgo* _vdja {ho v`go go{hlklblat" qo `vvovvok l}{hlblalv }ob {dljvhduv mo{qooj {ho {ql aojlgov `jk ko{of{ok

06 mblfiv ln flbdjo`}d{t{h`{ }ou}ovoj{86*0 `jk 45*;/ ln {ho}dfo `jkqho`{ aojlgov"}ovuof{d~obt* Dj{oa}`{dljln {hodj{}`vuofdfff

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ko{ dbok`j`btvdv ln {hoboja{h" flgulvd{dlj"`jk kd~o}aojfo {dgo ln {hovo kubdf`{dljv `jkflgu`}dvljv qd{hvl}ahg (Vl}ahug

mdflbl}$ `jk g dso (So` g`tv$ djkdf`{ok flgglj `jk bdjoào'vuofdfff u`{{o}jv ln fljvo}~`{dlj mo{qooj {ho kdnno}oj{ aojlgov*

[hdv `bblqok v {l u}lulvo ` glkob dj qhdfh {ho a} vv aojlgov h`~o o~lb~ok n}lg ` flgglj `jfov{l} qd{h ` m`vdf jgmo} ln

ff~o fh}lglvlgov {h}lah ` vo}dov ln qhlbo aojlgo `jk voagoj{`b kubdf`{dljv" fh}lglvlgo nvdljv" `jk {}`jvblf`{dljv*

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[ho a}`vv n`gdbt dv {ho nl}{h b`}aov{ `glja lqo}dja ub`j{v `jk

flgu}dvov vlgo ln {ho à}ljlgdf`bbt glv{ dgul}{`j{ f}lu vuo'

fdov" vfh `v qho`{ ([}d{dfg vvu$" g`dso (So` g`tv$" `jk }dfo

(L}ts` v`{d~ $* A}`vv aojlgov kdnno} a}o`{bt dj vdso" ubldkt bo~ob"

`jkfh}lglvlgo jgmo}* M}o`k qho`{ ([}d{dfg òv{d~g9 =j

;=$ mobljav {l {ho Ulldkoò n`gdbt `jk h`v ` hoxùbldk aojlgo

(@@MMKK$ ln 01 Am {h`{ l}dadj`{ok {h}lah {ql ulbtubldkds`{dlj

o~oj{v (Nobkg`j o{ `b*" 044?9 Mbìo o{ `b*" 04449 H`ja o{ `b*"

=55=$* ]dfo (=j =;$ dv kdubldk `jk mobljav {l {ho Oh}h`}{ldkoò

n`gdbt* Qd{h ` vdso ln 5*; Am" d{v aojlgo dv ;5 {dgov vg`bbo} {h`j

{h`{ ln m}o`k qho`{* Nlvvdb k`{` `jk uhtblaojo{df v{kdov ov{d'

g`{ok {h`{ {ho kdnno}oj{ a}`vv n`gdbdov kd~o}aok n}lg ` flgglj

`jfov{l} ?5 {l 15 gdbbdlj to }v àl (GT@$ (nl} }o~doqv" voo

Iobblaa" =5509 A`{" =55=$*Flgu`}`{d~o v{kdov mo{qooj a}`vvov" glv{bt fo}o`bv vfh

`v m`}bot (Hl}kog ~ba`}o$" qho`{" g`dso" }dfo" `jk vl}ahg

(Vl}ahg mdflbl}$" h`~o mooj {honlfvln dj{ojvo }ovo }fh dj {ho

u`v{ kof`ko (nl} ` }ofoj{ }o~doq" voo V`bvo `jk Nodbbo{" =551$*

O`}bt flgu`}`{d~o v{kdov }obdok lj f}lvv}ov{}df{dlj n}àgoj{

boja{h ulbtgl}uhdvg (]NBU$ gùudja `j`btvov ln fblvobt }ob`{ok

vuofdov* [hot }o~o`bok vdajdfff`j{ g`f}lflbdjo`}d{t mo{qooj {ho

fo}o b aojlgov `jkbok {l {hofljv{}f{dlj ln ` fljvojvv a}`vv

gù m`vok lj =? }dfo bdjiào mblfiv (}o~doqok dj Ko~lv `jk

A`bo" =5559 Nodbbo{ `jk Iobbo}" =55=9 Ko~lv" =55?$* [hovo }ovb{v"

hlqo~o}" qo}o lm{ djok n}lg blq'}ovlb{dlj aojo{df gùv qd{h `j

`~o} ao ln ljo g`}io} o~o}t 05 foj{dgl}a`j {h`{ `bblqok {ho

ko{of{dlj ln ljbt b`}ao }o`}}`jaogoj{v* Gl}ol~o}" {ho gùv qo}o

fljv{}f{ok qd{h blq'flut ]NBU g`}io}v {h`{ qo}o vobof{ok nl}

{hod} `mdbd{t {l u}l~dko ` vdaj b dj f}lvv'htm}dkds {dljv" {ho}omt

bdgd{dja {ho ko{of{dlj ln qhlbo l} u`}{d b aojlgo kubdf {dlj

o~oj{v* D{ `bvl h`v mooj kdnfffb{ {l `vvovv l}{hlblalv `jk u`}`b'

lalv }ob`{dljvhduv dj aojo n`gdbdov" vdjfo flgu`}`{d~o gùudja

mt ]NBU ln{oj dkoj{dffok u`}`bàlv }`{ho} {h`j l}{hlblalv vo'

pojfov" bo`kdja {l `j jko}ov{dg`{dlj ln flbdjo`}d{t*

Dj {ho u`v{ ? to`}v" dj{o}j`{dlj`b djd{d {d~ov h`~o bok {l {ho

ko~oblugoj{ ln `kkd{dlj`b aojlgdf }ovl}fov {h`{ `bblq flg'

u`} {d~o aojlgdf v{kdov mo{qooj {hoa}`vv aojlgov `{ ` hdaho}

bo~ob ln }ovlb{dlj (gdf}lflbdjo`}d{t$* [ho Dj{o}j`{dlj`b [}d{dfoò

OV[ Flluo}`{d~o (h{{u3,,qho`{*uq*vk`*al~,aojlgo,$ onnl}{v

h`~o }ovb{ok dj {ho u}lkf{dlj ln :0 gdbbdlj qho`{ OV[v (h{{u3,,

qqq*jfmd*jbg*jdh*al~,kmOV[,kmOV[\vgg`}t*h{gb" 54,=8,51

}obo`vo$" 1051 ln qhdfh" koffjdja 0>"544 blfd" h`~o mooj ft{lao'

jo{df`bbt gùuok dj kobo{dlj mdjv (Pd o{ `b*" =55;$* Dj }dfo" {ho

0 @kk}ovv fl}}ovuljkojfo {l f`{ho}djo*nodbbo{Efbo}glj{*dj}`*n}*

[ho `{hl} }ovuljvdmbo nl} kdv{}dm{dlj ln g`{o}d bv dj{oa} b {l {ho

ffjkdjav u}ovoj{ok dj {hdv `}{dfbo dj `ffl}k`jfo qd{h {ho ulbdft kovf}dmok

dj {ho Djv{}f{dljv nl} @{hl}v (qqq*ub`j{fobb*l}a$ dv3 F`{ho}djo Nodbbo{

(f`{ho}djo*nodbbo{Efbo}glj{*dj}`*n}$*QLjbdjo ~o}vdlj flj{`djv Qom'ljbt k`{`*

qqq*ub`j{fobb*l}a,fad,kld,05*005?,{uf*051*5?>654

[ho Ub`j{ Fobb" ^lb* =53 00=;" C`j`}t =558" qqq*ub`j{fobb*l}a =558 @go}df`j Vlfdo{t ln Ub`j{ Mdlbladv{v


2/15

Dj{o}j`{dlj`b ]dfo Aojlgo Vopojfdja U}lcof{ (D]AVU$ }ofoj{bt

flgubo{ok {ho vopojfo ln {ho L* v`{d~` vvu cùljdf` f~

Jduuljm }o (Dj{o}j`{dlj`b ]dfo Aojlgo Vopojfdja U}lcof{"

=55?$* [qob~o uvoklglbofbov fl}}ovuljkdja {l 61="511"850

mu ln ffjdvhok vopojfo ([ho Djv{d{{o nl} Aojlgo ]ovo`}fh

Y[DA]W ~o}vdlj ;9 680"0?5"4;? mu dj D]AVU ~o}vdlj ;$ qo}o `v'vogmbok `jk fh`}`f{o}dsok {h}lah vo~o}`b }ljkv ln `jjl{`'

{dlj* [hdv }ovb{ok dj ov{dg`{ov nl} {ho }dfo aojo jgmo} }`jadja

n}lg 96="555 (]dfo @jjl{`{dlj U}lcof{" =551$ nl} {ho glv{ }o'

foj{ `jjl{`{dlj ln {ho dj{o}j`{dlj`b fljvl}{dg {l ;=">?; aojov

dj {ho [DA] ~o}vdlj ; (h{{u3,,qqq*{da}*l}a,{da}'vf}du{v,lv`0\qom,

am}lqvo,}dfo,9 T`j o{ `b*" =556$* [hovo }ovl}fov h`~o mooj

vok {l uo}nl}g b`}ao'vf`bo dj{}`vuofdfff `jk dj{o}vuofdfff vo'

pojfo flgu }dvljv mo{qooj {ho {ql aojlgov `jk h`~o hobuok

{l }offjo l} jko}v{`jkdja ln flbdjo`}d{t mo{qooj {hod} fh}lgl'

vlgov* Vl}}obbv o{ `b* (=556$" Vl}}obbv (=55;$" `jk Vdjah o{ `b*

(=551$ h`~o flgu`}ok {ho vopojfov ln ;;8? `jk 614= ft{lao'

jo{df`bbt gùuok qho { OV[và`djv{{ho }dfoaojlgo vopojfo*

V{kdov nlfvdja lj vdjabo fh}lglvlgo a}luv l} }oadljv h`~o

mooj uo}nl}gok }ofoj{bt `v qobb nl} }dfo fh}lglvlgo 6 flg'u`}ok qd{h qho { `jk g`dso OV[v (Mobb o{ `b*" =55?9 ]dfo

Fh}lglvlgo 6 Vopojfdja Fljvl}{dg" =55?$ `jk nl} }dfo fh}l'

glvlgo 00 flgu`}ok qd{h qho`{ OV[v (Vdjah o{ `b*" =55;$*

[hovo v{kdov djf}o`vok {ho }ovlb{dlj ln flgu`}`{d~o gùudja

mo{qooj {ho {ql vuofdov mt =?' {l 65'nlbk" }o~o`bdja gl}o }o'

`}}`jaogoj{v {h`j u}o~dlvbt lmvo}~ok `{ {ho aojo{df gù bo~ob*

Dj `kkd{dlj {l {ho `vvovvgoj{ ln flbdjo`}d{t mo{qooj {ho ao'

jlgov" flgu`}`{d~o `j`btvov f`j }o~o`b `jfov{}`b aojlgo k'

ubdf`{dljv* O`}bt v{kdov qd{h {ho ff}v{ aojo}`{dlj ln glbofb`}

g`}io}v djkdf`{ok {ho u}ovojfo ln kubdf`{ok blfd lj {ho aojo{df

gùv dj kdnno}oj{ fo}o`bv" vaaov{dja `jfov{}`b aojlgo kubd'

f`{dljv `jk ulbtubldkds`{dlj o~oj{v dj {ho hdv{l}t ln vuofdov {h`{

`}o jlq fljvdko}ok kdubldkv* ]NBU `jk dvlstgo v{kdov dj {ho

o`}bt 0445v h`k `b}o`kt vaaov{ok {h`{ g`dso fh}lglvlgov

vh`}okubdf`{ok voagoj{v (Qojkob o{ `b*" 04849@hj `jk [`jivbot"

0446$* Qhlbo kubdf`{dlj ln {ho g`dso aojlgo {h}lah `bbl{o'

{}ùbldkds`{dlj q`v dkoj{dffok `jk fh`}`f{o}dsok n}{ho} {h}lah

{ho o~lb{dlj`}t `j`btvdv ln kubdf`{ok aojov (A`{ `jk Klombot"

0441$ `jk mt dj{o}vuofdfff flgu`}dvljv mo{qooj l}{hlblalv

blfd dj }dfo" vl}ahg" `jk g`dso (Vqdaljl~` o{ `b*" =55;$* Dj }dfo"

o }bt]NBU gùudja v{kdov vaaov{ok{h`{ fh}lglvlgov 0 `jk

? (Idvhdgl{l o{ `b*" 044;$ `v qobb `v fh}lglvlgov 00 `jk 0=

(Jà`g}` o{ `b*" 044?$ flj{`dj `jfdoj{ kubdf`{ok }oadljv* [ho

}obo`vo ln {ho aojlgo vopojfo k}`n{v n}lg cùljdf` `jk djkdf`

}dfo vmvuofdov `bblqok qhlbo aojlgo vopojfo flgu`}dvljv

`jk n}{ho} fh`}`f{o}ds {dlj ln kubdf`{dljv dj }dfo (T o{ `b*"

=55=" =55?9 U`{o}vlj o{ `b*" =556" =55;9 ^`jkoulobo o{ `b*" =5569

Atl{ o{ `b*" =55;9 Dj{o}j`{dlj b ]dfo Aojlgo Vopojfdja

U}lcof{" =55?9 Q`ja o{ `b*" =55?$* [ho glv{ }ofoj{bt umbdvhok

`j`btvdv (T o{ `b*" =55?$ }o~o`bok ` qhlbo aojlgo kubdf`{dlj

(QAK$ {h`{ lff}}ok mo{qooj ?6 `jk 4; GT@ (d*o*" monl}o {ho

kd~o}aojfo ln {ho fo}o`b aojlgov$" ` }ofoj{ voagoj{`b kubdf`'

{dlj mo{qooj fh}lglvlgov 00 `jk 0=" `jk jgo}lv djkd~dk`b

aojo kubdf`{dljv* [lao{ho}" {hovo kubdf {dljv fl~o} `j ov{d'

g`{ok >?*1/ln {ho }dfoaojlgo* ]dfoaojlgo kubdf`{dljv h`~o

mooj v{kdok `bvl mt [DA] vdja d{v b`{ov{ aojlgo `jjl{`{dlj

(;0"5;> jlj{} jvulv`mbo obogoj{}ob {ok }dfo u}l{odj vopojfov9

h{{u3,,qqq*{da}*l}a,{km,o=i0,lv`0,voagoj{`b\ku,djkox*vh{gb$*

[ho }ovb{vdjkdf`{o` b`}ao jgmo} ln voagoj{ b kubdf {dljv" m{

{ho blq v{}djaojft ln {ho `j`btvdv kdk jl{ `bblq fbo`} fljfbvdljv

{l mo k}`qj lj {ho ox`f{ j`{}o ln {ho }dfo kubdf`{dljv* Ndj`bbt"

flgu`} {d~o `j`btvov mo{qooj }dfo `jk l{ho} a}`vvov h`~o mooj

hobunb dj }o~o bdja kubdf`{dljv dj {ho }dfo aojlgo* Nl} ox`gubo"

mt flgu`}dja =>55 g`dso gùuok vopojfo g`}io}v qd{h {ho}dfo vopojfo" V`bvo o{ `b* (=55;$ dkoj{dffok vdx kubdf`{dljv

mo{qooj fh}lglvlgov 8'0=" ='>" >'05" 0'?" `jk 6'> {h`{ h`k

jl{ mooj ko{of{ok u}o~dlvbt*Gl}o }ofoj{bt" Qod o{ `b* (=551$ mdb{

` hdah'}ovlb{dlj flgu`} {d~ouhtvdf b gù mo{qooj {ho }dfo`jk

g`dso aojlgov {h { hobuok{l }offjo g`dso `jk }dfo kubdf {dljv*

[hv" ` jgmo} ln v{kdov h`~o vaaov{ok {h`{ {ho a}`vv ao'

jlgov qo}o vmcof{ok {l kdnno}oj{ }ljkv ln qhlbo aojlgo `jk

voagoj{ b kubdf {dljv k}dja {hod} o~lb{dlj n}lg ` flgglj

`jfov{l} ?5 {l 15 GT@* Qhdbo {ho gofh`jdvgv mt qhdfh {ho

aojlgov h`~o o~lb~ok h`~o moflgo gl}o o~dkoj{ l~o} {ho u`v{

kof`kov" {ho m`vdf fh}lglvlgo jgmo} ln {ho a}`vv `jfov{l}

`jk {ho o~lb{dlj`}t u`{h {h`{ bok {l {ho b`}ao ~`}do{t ln m`vdf

fh}lglvlgo jgmo} nljk dj {lk`tv a}`vv aojlgov }og`dj

jfo}{`dj* Kdnno}oj{ `{hl}v h`~o u}lulvok m`vdf jgmo}v }`ja'dja n}lg ? {l 0= fh}lglvlgov (nl} ` }o~doq" voo A`{" =55=9 Qod

o{ `b*" =551$" m{ {l k`{o jl glkob {h`{ qlbk }ofljfdbo `bb ln {ho

k`{` h`v mooj u}lulvok nl} {ho v{}f{}o `jk o~lb{dlj ln {ho

`jfov{}`b a}`vv aojlgo*

Mof vo d{ dv kdnfffb{ {l djno} l}{hlblalv (ko}d~ok n}lg `

flgglj `jfov{l} mt vuofd`{dlj$ `jk u`} blalv (ko}d~ok mt

kubdf`{dlj qd{hdj ljo aojlgo$ }ob {dljvhduv n}lg vopojfo

flgu`}dvljv" v{}djaoj{ `bdajgoj{ f}d{o}d` `jk v{`{dv{df`b ~`bdk`'

{dlj `}o ovvoj{d`b {l o~`b`{o `ff}`{obt qho{ho} {ho `vvlfd`{dlj

mo{qooj {ql l} gl}o aojov nljk dj {ho v`go l}ko} lj {ql

fh}lglvlg`b voagoj{v dj kdnno}oj{ aojlgov lff}v mt fh`jfo

l} }oof{v {}o flbdjo`}d{t* Vo~o}`b }ofoj{bt ko~obluok vln{q`}o

u}la}`gv" vfh `v Bdjo_U (H`guvlj o{ `b*" =556$" @KHl]O

(@{lg`{df Ko{of{dlj ln Hlglblalv ]oadljv9 ^`jkoulobo

o{ `b*" =55=$" NDVH (N`v{ Dkoj{dfff`{dlj ln Voagoj{`b Hlglblat9

F`b m}ovoo{ `b*" =556$"`jk Fblvo_u (H`guvlj o{ `b*" =55?$"hobu

{l `kk}ovv {hovo pov{dljv* @ jgmo} ln l{ho} u}la}`gv" vfh

`v Fgù (N`ja o{ `b*" =556$" `jk qomvd{ov" vfh `v A}`gojo

(C`dvq`b o{ `b*" =55>$ l} {ho [DA] vtj{ojt u}lcof{v (h{{u3,,qqq*

{da}*l}a,{km,vtj{ojt,qho`{,kovf}du{dlj*vh{gb$" h`~o mooj ov{`m'

bdvhok {l ~dv bdso vopojfo'm`vok flbdjo`}d{t k`{` lm{ djok

n}lg flgu`}`{d~o vopojfo `j`btvov mo{qooj {ho a}`vv ao'

jlgov* Qhdbo {hovo qomvd{ov u}l~dko vo}'n}dojkbt a}ùhdf b

kdvub`tv ln g`f}lflbdjo }d{t" {hot }obt lj k`{ lm{ djok qd{h blq'

v{}djaojft `bdajgoj{ f}d{o}d` `jk qd{hl{ v{`{dv{df`b ~`bdk`{dlj* Dj

`kkd{dlj"{hot kl jl{{ìodj{l `fflj{ {hokojvd{t`jk blf {dlj ln

fljvo}~ok aojov {l dkoj{dnt u}ofdvobt u`}`blalv `jk l}{hlbl'

alv }oadljv9 {ho}onl}o" {hot aojo}`bbt l~o}ov{dg`{o flbdjo`}d{t

mo{qooj kdnno}oj{ voagoj{v ln {ho aojlgov*

Dj {hdv v{kt" qo ùubdok joq `jk v{}djaoj{ `bdajgoj{ f}d{o}d`

`jk uo}nl}gok v{`{dv{df`b {ov{v vtv{og`{df`bbt {l }okoffjo dj{o}'

fh}lglvlg`b kubdf`{dljv dj }dfo" dkoj{dnt qho`{ aojlgo kubd'

f`{dljv" `jk }o`vvovv flbdjo`}d{t }ob`{dljvhduv mo{qooj {ho {ql

aojlgov* [hdv `bblqok v {l ko{of{ `jk fh`}`f{o}dso vh`}ok

kubdf`{ok }oadljv mo{qooj }dfo `jk qho`{" {l flgu`}o {hog

qd{h g`dso `jk vl}ahg k`{`" `jk {l ov{`mbdvh ` glkob nl} {ho

o~lb{dlj ln {ho a}`vv aojlgov n}lg ` flgglj `jfov{l} qd{h

j ? fh}lglvlgov*

0= [ho Ub j{ Fobb


3/15

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Dgu}l~ok Vopojfo @bdajgoj{ F}d{o}d` {l Djno} Vdajdfff`j{

L}{hlblalv `jk U`}`blalv ]ob {dljvhduv

Qhoj {ql vopojfov `}o `bdajok" MB@V[J (@b{vfhb o{ `b*" 0445"

0441$ u}lkfov hdah'vfl}dja u`d}v (HVUv$ {h`{ fljvdv{ ln {ql

vopojfo n}àgoj{v ln `}md{}`}t m{ op`b boja{h" {ho `bdajgoj{

ln qhdfh dv blf`bbt g`xdg`b `jk nl} qhdfh {ho `bdajgoj{ vfl}o

goo{v l} oxfookv ` {h}ovhlbk l} f{lnn vfl}o*HVUv `}om`vok lj

v{`{dv{df`b f}d{o}d` vfh `v {ho o'~`bo" vfl}o" `jk uo}foj{ào ln

dkoj{d{t* Ko{of{dja fljvo}~ok }oadljv dv bdgd{ok qd{h vopojfo

`bdajgoj{v lm{ djokmt MB@V[qd{h {hovokon`b{u`}`go{o}v* [l

djf}o`vo {ho vdajdfff`jfo ln dj{}`vuofdfff `jk dj{o}vuofdfff vo'

pojfo `bdajgoj{v nl} djno}}dja o~lb{dlj`}t }ob`{dljvhduv qd{hdj

`jk mo{qooj aojlgov" qo koffjok {h}oo joq u`}`go{o}v nl}

MB@V[ `j btvdv3@B nl}`bdajok boja{h" FDUnl} fgb {d~o dkoj{d{t

uo}foj{ào" `jk F@BU nl} fgb`{d~o `bdajgoj{ boja{h uo}foj{'

ào (voo Go{hlkv nl} koffjd{dljv$* Qd{h {hovou`}`go{o}v" MB@V[

u}lkfov {ho hdahov{ fgb`{d~o uo}foj{ào ln dkoj{d{t l~o} {hobljaov{ fgb`{d~o boja{h" {ho}omt djf}o`vdja {ho v{}djaojft dj

koffjdja fljvo}~ {dlj mo{qooj vopojfov* Umbdfbt `~`db`mbo

}dfo `jk qho`{ OV[ vopojfov qo}o }o j`btsok mt MB@V[ vdja

{hovo u`}`go{o}v" nlbblqok mt ` v{`{dv{df`b {ov{ qd{h {ho Fblvo_u

vln{q`}o (H`guvlj o{ `b*" =55?$ {h`{ ~`bdk`{ov jlj}`jklg `v'

vlfd`{dljv mo{qooj a}luv ln vopojfov* Qo ùubdok kdnno}oj{

bo~obv ln v{}djaojfdov {l {ho dj{}`vuofdfff `jk dj{o}vuofdfff vo'

pojfo flgu`}dvljv dj {ho Fblvo_u `j`btvdv {l {ìo dj{l `f'

flj{ kdnno}ojfov mo{qooj {ho jgmo}v ln vopojfov dj o`fh

k {` vo{* Vdjfo {ho qhlbo }dfo aojlgo dv `~ db`mbo (;=">?;

`jjl{`{ok aojov$" qo ùubdok hdaho} v{}djaojft `bdajgoj{ f}d{o'

}d` `jk v{`{dv{df`b ~`bdk`{dlj dj }dfo {h`j dj qho`{" nl} qhdfh ljbt

` bdgd{ok vmvo{ ln gùuok aojo vopojfov (>;=> OV[v$ dv

`~`db`mbo* Mt flgmdjdja {hovo }ovb{v qd{h k`{` lj {ho fh}lgl'vlg`b blf`{dlj ln {ho vopojfov" qo qo}o `mbo {l kdv{djadvh

l}{hlblalv `jk u`}`blalv }oadljv dj ml{h aojlgov qd{h hdah

fljffkojfo `jk" vmvopoj{bt" {l dkoj{dnt vh`}ok kubdf`{dljv

mo{qooj {ho {ql aojlgov*

Dkoj{dfff`{dlj `jk Fh`} f{o}ds`{dlj ln Kubdf`{ok ]oadljvdj {ho ]dfo Aojlgo

Kubdf`{ok }oadljv dj }dfo qo}o dkoj{dffok mt ùubtdja {ho joq

`bdajgoj{ f}d{o}d` `jk v{`{dv{df`b ~`bdk`{dlj kovf}dmok `ml~o {l

{ho ;=">?; jlj'{}`jvulv`mbo obogoj{'}ob`{ok aojov ko{of{ok dj

{ho nl}{h }obo`vo ln {ho [DA] }dfo aojlgo `jjl{`{dlj (h{{u3,,

qqq*{da}*l}a,{km,o=i0,lv 0,uvoklglbofbov,djnl*vh{gb$* [ho

aojo vopojfov qo}o `bdajok à`djv{ {hogvob~ov (MB@V[J$

vdja 15/ FDU `jk 15/ F@BU* [ho }ovb{v vhlq {h`{ 6;"456"

=;05" 00=0" `jk ;==5 aojov g`{fhok so}l" ljo" {ql" `jk gl}o

{h`j {ql vopojfov" }ovuof{d~obt" obvoqho}odj {ho}dfo aojlgo*

Qo fljvdko}ok `v }obd`mbo djkdf`{l}v ln u{`{d~o kubdf`{dljv dj

{ho aojlgo {ho =;05 (?*>/$ vopojfov {h`{ dkoj{dffok ` vdjabo

hlglbla (qd{h `j `~o}ào ~`bo ln 84*;/ FDU `jk 40*=/ F@BU$*[hot qo}o `j btsok n}{ho} qd{h Fblvo_u (kojvd{t }`{dl"=9 fbv{o}

boja{h" ;59 g`{fh" ?$ {l kdv{djadvh mo{qooj {ho }oadljv fl}}o'

vuljkdja {l aojov {h`{ }ovb{ n}lg `jfdoj{ kubdf`{dljv `jk

{hlvo {h`{ `}o `vvlfd`{ok }`jklgbt* @glja {ho =;05 u{`{d~o

kubdf`{ok blfd" ?64 (==*;/$ qo}o v{`{dv{df`bbt vdajdfff`j{* [hot

koffjok =4 kubdf`{ok }oadljv {h`{ `}o kdv{}dm{ok `glja {ho 0=

}dfo fh}lglvlgov `v nlbblqv3 }0'}=,6,?,05,0=" }='};,>,1,8,0="

}6'}1,4,05,00,0=" };'}?,8,05" }?'}4,00,0=" }>'}1,8,0="}1'}8" }8'}4,00"

}4'}00" `jk }00'}0= (Nda}o 0@9 vooVuubogoj{ b [`mbo 0 ljbdjo$*

[oj ln {ho =4 kubdf`{dljv (djkdf`{ok mt `v{o}dviv dj Vuubo'

goj{`b [`mbo 0 ljbdjo$ fl}}ovuljk {l {ho kubdf`{dljv dkoj{dffok

u}o~dlvbt mt T o{ `b* (=55?$ (dj }ok dj Nda}o 0@$ `jk fl~o}

;1*8/ ln {ho }dfo aojlgo* [ho 05 kubdf`{dljv fl}}ovuljk {l

ox`f{bt {ho v`go }oadljv `v {ho 08 kubdf`{ok }oadljv }oul}{okmt T o{ `b* (=55?$" m{ dj l} `j`btvdv qo h`~o fljvdko}ok `

Nda}o 0* Dj{}`vuofdfff Kubdf`{dljv ln {ho ]dfo `jk Qho`{ Aojlgov*

(@$ Vfhog {df }ou}ovoj{ {dlj ln {ho ?64u`d}v ln u`} blalv aojov (bdjiok mt {hdj mbo bdjov$ koffjdja =4 kubdf {dlj mblfiv lj {ho 0= }dfo fh}lglvlgov*

[ho 05 kubdf`{ok }oadljv dkoj{dffok u}o~dlvbt (T o{ `b*" =55?$ `}o hdahbdah{ok dj }ok" {ho 6 joqbt ko{of{ok kubdf`{dljv `}o djkdf`{ok dj a}ooj" `jk {ho

0> kubdf`{ok }oadljv nljk qd{hdj {ho 06 voagoj{v u}o~dlvbt dkoj{dffok `}o dj a}`t*

(M$ Vfhog`{df }ou}ovoj{`{dlj ln {ho 05 kubdf`{ok }oadljv `jk = {}`jvblf`{dljv dkoj{dffok lj {ho vo~oj qho`{ fh}lglvlgo a}luv* Kubdf`{ok

voagoj{v `}o vhlqj dj a} t" qd{h {hdj mbo bdjov }ou}ovoj{dja {hokubdf`{okaojov qd{hdj o`fhvoagoj{* [ho {} jvblf`{dljv mo{qooj q;'q? `jk q;'q1

`}o hdahbdah{ok dj }ok*

O~lb{dlj ln @jfov{} b A}`vv Aojlgo Kubdf {dljv 06


4/15

vdjabo kubdf`{dlj o~oj{ qhoj {ql kubdf`{dljv qo}o uhtvdf`bbt

fblvo lj {hov`go vdv{o} fh}lglvlgov* @glja {ho04 `kkd{dlj`b

kubdf`{ok }oadljv (mo{qooj fh}lglvlgov }0'}=,6,05,0=" }='1,

8,0=" }6'}4,00" };'}?" }?'}4,00,0=" }>'}1,8,0=" }1,}8" }8'}00" `jk

}4,}00$" 6 fl}}ovuljk {l kubdf`{ok }oadljv jl{ dkoj{dffok u}o~d'

lvbt (dj a}ooj dj Nda}o 0@$* [hot fl~o} 05*;/ ln {ho aojlgo`jk koffjo jl~ob }ob`{dljvhduv mo{qooj fh}lglvlgov }? `jk

}00" }8 `jk }00" `jk }0 `jk }6* [ho }og`djdja 0> kubdf`{dljv (dj

a}`t dj Nda}o 0@$ `}o vuo}dgulvok lj {ho u}o~dlv 06 (05 6$

kubdf`{dljv* [hot koffjo jl~ob }ob`{dljvhduv mo{qooj {ho fh}l'

glvlgov `jk}ou}ovoj{ 0;*8/ ln {hoaojlgo* [hv" dj {l{ b"{ho

=4 kubdf`{dljv fl~o} 1=/ (=>1 Gm$ ln {ho }dfo aojlgo" qd{h `j

`~o}ào kojvd{t ln ljo aojo uo} 5*8 Gm* Qo fljfbko {h`{ {ho

dkoj{dfff {dlj mt l} go{hlk ln 05 ijlqj `jk 04 `kkd{dlj`b

kubdf`{dlj mblfiv dj }dfo ~`bdk`{ov {ho }obd`mdbd{t ln l} ùu}l`fh

nl} ko{o}gdjdja dj{o}fh}lglvlg`b kubdf`{dljv `jk koglj'

v{}`{ov d{v vonbjovv nl} n}{ho} dj{}àojlgdf `jk dj{o}aojlgdf

flgu`}dvljv*

Dkoj{dfff`{dlj `jk Fh`} f{o}ds`{dlj ln Kubdf`{ok

]oadljv dj {ho Qho`{ Aojlgo

[l dkoj{dnt kubdf`{dljv dj {ho qho`{aojlgo" qo ff}v{ ov{`mbdvhok

` vo{ ln jdpo OV[ vopojfov qd{h {ho hdahov{ ulvvdmbo boja{h

`jk nl} qhdfh fh}lglvlg`b blf`{dljv `}o ijlqj* [ho >;=> OV[

vopojfov {h`{ h`~o mooj ft{laojo{df`bbt gùuok lj qho`{

kobo{dlj mdjv (Pd o{ `b*" =55;$ qo}o `bdajok à`djv{ jlj}okjk`j{

OV[ fbv{o}v u}lkfok dj {ho n}`goql}i ln Aojlub`j{o u}lcof{v

(`~`db`mbo `{ h{{u3,,}ad*~o}v`dbbov*dj}`*n},k`{`,m`jiv,$* _vdja FDU

`jk F@BU ~`bov ln 4? `jk 8?/" }ovuof{d~obt" 45*>/ (?8=6$ ln

{ho gùuok OV[v qo}o fljvdko}ok {l mo dkoj{df`b (qd{h `~o}ào

FDU `jk F@BU ~`bov ln 44*= `jk 48*8/" }ovuof{d~obt$ {l ?151

jlj}okjk`j{OV[ flj{dav `jkqo}o f bbok QOFv (nl} qho`{ OV[

flj{dav$* [ho }og`djdja >56 vopojfov {h { qo}o jl{ `vvlfd {ok

qd{h ` flj{da qo}o f bbok QOVv (nl} qho`{ g`}io}vdjabo{ljv$* Qo

{hoj ko{o}gdjok {ho jgmo} ln QOFv (`glja ?8=6$ {h`{ `}o

`vvlfd`{ok qd{h ` jdpo OV[ flj{da (`glja ?151$ vdja {ho

v`go FDU `jk F@BU ~`bov* [ho }ovb{v vhlqok {h`{ 4>*0/

(??4>$ ln {ho OV[ flj{dav `}o `vvlfd`{ok qd{h ` vdjabo QOF"

qho}o`v 6*4/ (000$ `}o `vvlfd`{ok qd{h {ql (051$ l} {h}oo (;$

QOFv* [hovo b`{{o} fl}}ovuljk {l hlglolblalvQOF vopojfov

qd{h hdah vopojfodkoj{d{t" {ho}omt }oof{dja {ho hoxùbldk j`{}o

ln {ho qho`{ aojlgo* Qhoj {ql l} {h}oo hlglolblalv QOFv

qo}o dkoj{dffok" qo vok {ho vopojfo ln {ho OV[ flj{da {h {

vhlqok {ho hdahov{ FDU ~`bo `v ` }ou}ovoj{`{d~o ln {ho hlglo'

lblalv vopojfo a}luv dj {ho }ov{ ln {ho flgu`}`{d~o `j`btvov*

[hv" `glja {ho djd{d`b >;=> gùuok OV[" 48*=/ (?"151

>56 >605$ `}o `vvlfd`{ok qd{h `j OV[ flj{da {h`{ }ou}ovoj{v `

vdjabo blfv lj ` a}lu ln hlglolblalv fh}lglvlgov* Gù'

udja djnl}g`{dlj nl} {ho ?151 QOFv `jk >56 QOVv (Pd o{ `b*"

=55;$ vhlqok {h`{ ?556" 4;>" ==;" `jk 061 qo}o `vvdajok {l

ljo" {ql" {h}oo" `jk gl}o {h`j {h}oo blfd dj qho`{" }ovuof{d~obt*

[ho ?556 QOFv `jk QOVv gùudja `{ ` vdjabo blfv qo}o vok

nl} n}{ho} `j btvdv ln {ho flbdjo`}d{t qd{h {ho }dfo aojlgo"

qho}o`v {hlvo gùudja {l {ql kdv{djf{ blfd (4;>$ qo}o vok {l

v{kt dj{}àojlgdf kubdf`{dljv dj qho`{*

@glja {ho 4;> kubdf`{ok QOFv `jk QOVv" >68 qo}o `vvl'

fd`{ok qd{h ` aojo{df ulvd{dlj qd{hdj ` vuofdfff kobo{dlj mdj `v

koffjok mt Pd o{ `b* (=55;$* Qo dajl}ok {ho }og`djdja 658 vo'

pojfov" `v {ho djnl}g`{dlj q`v bdgd{ok {l {hod} u}ovojfo lj `

fh}lglvlgo l} ` fh}lglvlgo `}g* U{`{d~o dj{o}fh}lglvlg`b

kubdf`{dljv qo}o dkoj{dffok {h}lah {ho v{`{dv{df b `j`btvdv ln {ho

=0 ulvvdmbo u`d}qdvo flgmdj`{dljv nl}gok mt kubdf`{ok QOV

`jk QOF blfd `glja {ho vo~oj qho`{ fljvojvv fh}lglvlgoa}luv (nl} ` a}ùhdf`b kdvub`t ln `bb ln {ho }ob`{dljvhduv" voo

Vuubogoj{`b Nda}o 0 ljbdjo$* [ho jgmo} ln u{`{d~obt kubd'

f`{ok QOF l} QOV blfd }`jaok n}lg 06 {l 4; uo} fh}lglvlgo

u`d}" qd{h ` {l{`b ln >68* Qo lm{`djok {ho b`}aov{ jgmo}v nl} {ho

q;'q? `jk q;'q1 flgmdj`{dljv (voo Vuubogoj{`b Nda}ov

0'0> `jk 0'08 ljbdjo$* Ljbt =0> (66*4/$ ln {ho >68 u{`{d~o

kubdf`{dljv qo}o ~`bdk`{ok vdja Fblvo_u (kojvd{t }`{dl" 5*?9

fbv{o} boja{h" =?9 g`{fh" ?$ `jk {ho djnl}g`{dlj lj {ho ulvd{dlj

ln {ho QOV `jk QOF vopojfov lj fljvojvv fh}lglvlgov

(voo Go{hlkv `jk Vuubogoj{`b [`mbo = ljbdjo$* [hot koffjo 0=

v{`{dv{df`bbt vdajdfff`j{ kubdf`{dlj mblfiv {h`{ fl~o} >1*?/ ln {ho

aojlgo `jk fl}}ovuljk {l {ho nlbblqdjafh}lglvlgo u`d}v3 q0'

q= (0>OV[v$" q0'q6 (00OV[v$" q0'q; (? OV[v$"q0'q1 (1 OV[v$"

q='q; (> OV[v$" q='q1 (4 OV[v$" q6'q? (0; OV[v$" q6'q1 (0;OV[v$"q;'q? (>4 OV[v$"q;'q1 (;?OV[v$" q?'q1 (05OV[v$" `jk

q>'q1 (05 OV[v$ (Nda}o 0M$* Jl v{`{dv{df`bbt vdajdfff`j{ kubdf`'

{dljv qo}o ko{of{ok mo{qooj q0'q?" q0'q>" q='q>" q6'q>"

`jk q;'q> (voo Vuubogoj{`b [`mbo = `jk Vuubogoj{`b Nda}o

0 ljbdjo$* Qo nljk {ho hdahov{ jgmo} ln kubdf`{ok aojov

mo{qooj fh}lglvlgov q;'q? (Jl* 4 dj Vuubogoj{`b [`mbo =

ljbdjo9 >4 u`}`blav$ `jk q;'q1 (Jl* 05 dj Vuubogoj{`b [`mbo =

ljbdjo9 ;? u`}`blav$* [hovo }oadljv fl}}ovuljk {l {ql ijlqj

{}`jvblf`{dljv dj qho`{ (Gdfiobvlj'Tlja o{ `b*" 044?9 Gdn{`hkdj

o{ `b*" =55;$* [hot ùuo } `v kubdf {dljv dj l} `j btvdv mof vo

qo vok fljvojvv fh}lglvlgov" `jk qhoj ` hlglolblalv

}oadlj h`v mooj {}`jvblf {ok {l `jl{ho} fh}lglvlgo" d{ qdbb

vhlq vdgdb`}d{t {l {ho }og`djdja hlglolblalv }oadlj lj {ho

fh}lglvlgo a}lu ln l}dadj* [l kdv{djadvh mo{qooj kubdf`'

{dljv `jk {}`jvblf {dljv" qo vtv{og`{df`bbt }o`j btsok o~o}t

kubdf`{ok }oadlj lj o`fh ln {ho hlglolblalv fh}lglvlgo

a}luv (vooVuubogoj{`b Nda}ov 0'0 {l 0'=0 ljbdjo$* [ho }ovb{v

fljff}gok {h`{ ljbt {ho kubdf`{dljv dkoj{dffok mo{qooj q; `jk

q? `v qobb `v mo{qooj q; `jk q1 fl}}ovuljk {l {}`jvblf`{dljv*

[hv" qd{h {hdv aojlgo'qdko `j`btvdv" qo dkoj{dffok 05 kubd'

f`{ok }oadljv `jk = {}`jvblf`{dljv lj {ho vo~oj qho`{ fh}lgl'

vlgo a}luv* [ho dkoj{dfff`{dlj ln 05 qobb'koffjok kubdf`{ok

}oadljv `bblqok v {l n}{ho} v{kt {hod} l}dadj {h}lah flgu`}'

dvljv qd{h {ho }dfo kubdf`{dljv*

Dkoj{dfff {dlj ln L}{hlblalv ]oadljv mo{qooj

]dfo `jk Qho`{

[l dkoj{dnt l}{hlblalv }oadljv mo{qooj {ho }dfo `jk qho {

aojlgov" qo `bdajok {ho ?556 QOF `jk QOV vopojfov {h`{

gùuok `{ ` vdjabo blfv dj qho { à`djv{ {ho ;=">?; }dfo aojov*

_vdja >5/ FDU `jk 15/ F@BU nl} {ho vopojfo `bdajgoj{

(MB@V[J$"6>/ (085?$ ln {hoqho`{vopojfov vhlqokvdgdb }d{t

(`~o}ào ~`bo ln 86*4/ FDU `jk 45*>/ F@BU$ {l ` jdpo aojo

dj }dfo* Vmvopoj{ Fblvo_u `j`btvdv (kojvd{t }`{dl" =9 fbv{o}

boja{h" =59 g`{fh" ?$ djkdf`{ok {h`{ 0058 ln {hog f`j mo fljvdk'

o}ok {}o l}{hlblav* [hot `}o u}ovoj{ dj 06 l}{hlblalv }oadljv

{h { fl~o} 86*0 `jk 45*;/ ln {ho }dfo `jk qho { aojlgov"

0; [ho Ub j{ Fobb


5/15

}ovuof{d~obt" `jk fl}}ovuljk {l {ho nlbblqdja fh}lglvlgo

u`d}v3 q0'}? (05= aojov$" q0'}05 (;6 aojov$" q='}; (005 aojov$"

q='}1 (?0 aojov$" q6'}0 (=51 aojov$" q;'}6 (0;8 aojov$" q;'}00

(01 aojov$" q?'}6 (;5 aojov$" q?'}4 (6> aojov$" q?'}0= (;=

aojov$" q>'}= (0?> aojov$" q1'}> (4? aojov$" `jk q1'}8 (>0

aojov$ (Nda}o =@9 voo Vuubogoj{`b [`mbo 6 ljbdjo$* Dj n`f{" {hoq?'}6 }ob`{dljvhdu klovjl{ }oof{ {}o flbdjo`}d{t mo{qooj {hovo

fh}lglvlgov m{ {ho qho`{ {}`jvblf`{dlj mo{qooj q; `jk q?

`jk {ho l}{hlblat mo{qooj qho`{ fh}lglvlgo ; `jk }dfo

fh}lglvlgo 6* [hv" dj {l{`b" 0= {}o l}{hlblalv }ob`{dljvhduv

f`j mo koffjok (Nda}o 6$*

Qo {hoj flgu`}ok {ho bdjo`} l}ko} ln {ho }dfo aojov qd{h {ho

ulvd{dljv ln {ho l}{hlblalv OV[v dj {ho qho`{ kobo{dlj mdjv* [ho

}ovb{v djkdf`{o {h`{ nl} =1*=/ ln {hog" {ho dkoj{dffok qho`{ l}'

{hlbla dv jl{ blf`{ok dj {ho l}{hlblalv qho`{ kobo{dlj mdj"

{ho}omt djkdf`{dja }o`}}`jaogoj{v qd{hdj l}{hlblalv }oadljv*

Nl} ox`gubo" ln 0;4 l}{hlblav u}ovoj{ lj }dfo fh}lglvlgo

0 `jk qho`{ fh}lglvlgo 6M" =0 (0;*0/$ `}o jl{ nljk dj {ho

l}{hlblalvqho`{ mdjv (Nda}o =M$* Dj `kkd{dlj"qo lmvo}~ok {ql

b`}ao dj~o}vdljv dj~lb~dja kobo{dlj mdjv 6MV4" 6MV0" `jk f'6MV0mo{qooj q6M `jk }0 (Nda}o =M$* [hv" l} }ovb{v vhlq {h`{"

o~oj dn {ho f}}oj{ umbdf vo{ ln g`uuok qho`{ OV[ u}ovoj{v

vlgo bdgd{v dj flgu`}`{d~o `j`btvdv" vdjfo {ho bdjo`} l}ko} ln {ho

OV[v qd{hdj ` qho`{ kobo{dlj mdj dv jl{ ijlqj" }o`}}`jaogoj{v

f`j mo dkoj{dffok `jk{ho o~ b {dlj ln flbdjo`}d{t mo{qooj qho`{

`jk}dfo f`jmo dgu}l~ok {h}lah `j `ff} {o`vvovvgoj{ln {ho

vdsov `jk ulvd{dljv ln {ho l}{hlblalv }oadljv*

Dkoj{dfff`{dlj ln Vh`}ok Kubdf`{dljv mo{qooj

]dfo `jk Qho`{

Dj {hdv v{kt" qo dkoj{dffok =4 kubdf`{dljv dj }dfo" 05 dj qho`{"

`jk 0= }oadljv ln l}{hlblat mo{qooj {ho {ql aojlgov* Vo~oj ln

{ho dj{}`vuofdfff kubdf`{dljv `}o fljvo}~ok `{ l}{hlblalv ul'

vd{dljv mo{qooj }dfo `jkqho`{(Nda}o;@$* [hot `}onljklj {ho

nlbblqdja fh}lglvlgo u`d} flgmdj`{dljv3 q0'q=,}?'};" q0'q6,

}?'}0" q0'q;,}05'}6" q='q;,}1'}6" q='q1,};'}8" q?'q1,}4'}8"

`jk q>'q1,}='}> (ko{`dbok dj Vuubogoj{ b [`mbo ; ljbdjo$*

@b{lao{ho}" {hot }ou}ovoj{ >8*6/ ln {ho }dfo aojlgo `jk >?*4/

ln {ho qho`{ aojlgo* Ljo ln {ho b }aov{ vh`}ok kubdf`{dlj (Jl* =

dj Vuubogoj{`b [`mbo ; ljbdjo$ fl}}ovuljkv {l ` kubdf {dlj

mo{qooj q0 `jk q6 {h`{ dv l}{hlblalv {l {ho }0 `jk }? kubdf`'{dlj* [ho fljvo}~ {dlj ln kubdf {dljv mo{qooj {ho }dfo `jk qho {

aojlgov djkdf`{ov {h`{ {hot u}lm`mbt l}dadj`{ok n}lg `j `jfdoj{

kubdf`{dlj o~oj{ {h`{ u}ok`{ok {ho kd~o}aojfo mo{qooj {ho {ql

vuofdov" ?5 {l 15 GT@* Jl{ `bb fh}lglvlgov vhlq }og`djv ln

`jfdoj{ vh`}ok kubdf`{dljv* Jl l}{hlblalv kubdf`{dljv qo}o

dkoj{dffok mo{qooj }dfo fh}lglvlgov 00 `jk 0= `jk {hod} qho`{

l}{hlblavq; `jk q? (Nda}o6$*[hdvdv u}lm`mbt ko {l{ho n`f{{h`{

q; `jk q? h`~o mooj dj~lb~ok dj }ofoj{ {}`jvblf`{dljv" {ho}omt

kdv}u{dja {ho l}{hlblalv }ob`{dljvhduv*

[l v{kt {ho l}dadj `jk no`{}ov ln {ho vh`}ok kubdf {ok

}oadljv dj gl}o ko{`db" qo `j`btsok n}{ho} ljo ln {ho b`}aov{

vh`}ok kubdf`{dljv {h`{ dj~lb~ov qho`{ fh}lglvlgov 6M `jk

0M `jk }dfo fh}lglvlgov 0 `jk ?* [ho }0'q6M l}{hlblalv

}oadljv `}o }ob`{ok {h}lah 0;4 aojov" qhdbo >> aojov `}o flj'vo}~ok mo{qooj {ho l}{hlblalv }?'q0M }oadljv (Nda}o ;M$* [l

dkoj{dnt u`}`blalv vopojfov qd{hdj {ho dj{}`vuofdfff kubdf`'

{dljv" qo vok {ho =;> `jk 00? QOF `jk QOV vopojfov {h`{

g`u `{ jdpo ulvd{dljv dj {ho kubdf`{ok }oadljv ln q6 (kobo{dlj

mdj" 6MB=" 6MB05" `jk 6MB1 nl} q6M YNda}o ;M9 voo Vuubo'

goj{`bNda}o 0'=ljbdjoW$`jk q0 (0MB0"0MB=" `jk0MB6 nl} q0M

YNda}o ;M9 voo Vuubogoj{`b Nda}o 0'= ljbdjoW$ {l uo}nl}g `

MB@V[J `bdajgoj{ qd{h 15/ FDU `jk 15/ F@BU ~`bov* [hdv

dkoj{dffok odah{ u{`{d~o u`} blalv aojov qd{hdj {ho q0'q6

kubdf`{ok }oadlj* Dj }dfo" {ho l}{hlblalv }oadljv lj fh}lgl'

vlgov 0 `jk ? flj{`dj ;= u } blav (Nda}o ;M$* Qo{hojvok{ho

u`{{o}j ln jfbol{dko vmv{d{{dlj qd{hdj {ho vh`}ok kubdf`{ok

}oadljv {l ov{dg`{o {ho kubdf`{dlj {dgo dj {ho `jfov{}`b }dfo `jk

qho`{ aojlgov* [ho 8 qho`{ `jk ;= }dfo vopojfov qo}o vm'

cof{ok {l ` vtjljtglv jfbol{dko vmv{d{{dlj `j`btvdv (voo

Vuubogoj{`b [`mbo ? ljbdjo$* [l ~`bdk`{o {ho }ovb{v" qo `bvl

Nda}o =* Dkoj{dfff`{dlj ln 06 L}{hlblalv ]oadljv mo{qooj ]dfo `jk Qho`{*

(@$ Vfhog`{df }ou}ovoj{`{dlj ln {ho 06 l}{hlblalv }oadljv dkoj{dffok mo{qooj }dfo (}0 {l }0=$ `jk qho`{ (q0 {l q1$ fh}lglvlgov* [ho 0058 u`d}v ln

l}{hlblalv aojov `}o koudf{ok `v {hdj mbo bdjov*

(M$ Vfhog`{df }ou}ovoj{ {dlj ln {ho 0;4 l}{hlblav (~o}{df`b bdjov$ dkoj{dffok mo{qooj qho { fh}lglvlgo 6M (q6M$ jk }dfo fh}lglvlgo 0 (}0$* Kdnno}oj{

flbl}ok mblfiv }ou}ovoj{ {ho flbdjo`} }oadljv dkoj{dffok mo{qooj }0 `jk q6M* ]o`}} jaogoj{v mo{qooj l}{hlblalv aojov `}o hdahbdah{ok qd{h }ok

bdjov* [ql b`}ao dj~o}vdljv ln flbdjo`} }oadljv `}o djkdf`{ok qd{h `}}lqv `ml~o `jk moblq {ho qho`{ `jk }dfo fh}lglvlgov" }ovuof{d~obt* Qho`{

kobo{dlj mdjv `}o djkdf`{ok `ml~o {ho 6M fh}lglvlgo" qho}o v }dfo fh}lglvlgo 0 dv kd~dkok dj{l 05'Gm voagoj{v*

O~lb{dlj ln @jfov{} b A}`vv Aojlgo Kubdf {dljv 0?


6/15

`j`btsok =5 u`}`blalv vopojfov }`jklgbt vobof{ok n}lg {ho

}00'}0= kubdf`{dlj* _vdja ` g{`{dlj }`{o ln >*? 6 054 vmv{d'

{{dljv uo} vtjljtglv vd{o uo} to`} (A`{ o{ `b*" 044>$" {ho

}ovb{v djkdf {o {h`{ {ho }00'}0= kubdf`{dlj o~oj{ dj }dfo lff}}ok

mo{qooj 0; `jk =1*6 GT@" qhdfh dv fljvdv{oj{ qd{h {ho =0 GT@

vaaov{ok mt T o{ `b* (=55?$* [ho kubdf`{dlj mo{qooj }0 `jk

}? dv ov{dg`{ok {l h`~o lff}}ok ?6*= {l 1>*6 GT@ dj }dfo9 {ho

qho`{ q6'q0 kubdf`{dlj {dgo dv ov{dg {ok`v 84*4 {l 0=8*6 GT@*

[hv" l} ov{dg`{ov `}o dj `a}oogoj{ qd{h umbdvhok kd~o}aojfo

{dgov nl} }dfo `jk qho`{ n}lg {hod} flgglj `jfov{l} (?5 {l 15

GT@$ `jk vuul}{ {ho dko` {h`{ kubdf {dljv lff}}ok dj {ho

a}`vv aojlgo `jfov{l} monl}o {ho kd~o}aojfo ln {ho kdnno}oj{

a}`vv vuofdov*

@ Glkob nl} {ho V{}f{} b O~lb{dlj ln ]dfo `jk Qho`{

n}lg ` Flgglj Fo}o`b @jfov{l}

Qo flgmdjok {ho k`{` lm{`djok dj {hdv v{kt lj vh`}ok kubd'

f`{dljv mo{qooj qho { `jk }dfo qd{h u}o~dlv flgu`} {d~o

`j`btvov uo}nl}gok mo{qooj }dfo `jk g`dso (V`bvo o{ `b*" =55;9

Qod o{ `b*" =551$ `jk mo{qooj }dfo `jk vl}ahg (U`{o}vlj o{ `b*"

=55;$* [ho g`dso `jk vl}ahg fh}lglvlgov nobb dj{l {ho 0=

a}luv ln l}{hlblat {h { qo h`k koffjok mo{qooj }dfo `jk qho`{

(Nda}o 6$* @j`btvdv ln {ho fljvo}~`{dlj u`{{o}j }ovb{ok dj {ho

koffjd{dljln ff~o`jfov{} b mblfiv(@?" @1"@00" @8"`jk @;9 Nda}o

6$ flj{ djdja l}{hlblalv fh}lglvlgov {h`{ oxhdmd{ vh`}ok

`jfov{}`b kubdf`{dljv* [ho ko{`dbok `j`btvdv ln {ho kubdf`{dlj

Nda}o 6* L}{hlblalv ]ob`{dljvhduv `jk Vh`}ok Kubdf`{dljv mo{qooj {ho ]dfo" G`dso" Qho`{" `jk Vl}ahg Aojlgov*

Flbdjo } qho`{" }dfo" vl}ahg" `jk g`dso fh}lglvlgov `}o kdvub`tok lj {ho v`go bdjo dj {ho ffa}o* Kubdf`{dljv `}o djkdf`{ok qd{h vlbdk bdjov* [ho ff~o

mblfiv ln vh`}ok kubdf`{dljv dkoj{dffok dj {ho nl} aojlgov `}o kdvub`tok lj {ho }dah{ vdko ln {ho `jfov{} b fh}lglvlgov (@?" @1" @00" @8" `jk @;$ {h`{

{hot koffjo* [ho `}{on`f{`b vtj{ojdf }ob`{dljvhdu dkoj{dffok mo{qooj q? `jk }6 {h`{ }oof{v {ho qho`{ q;'q? {}`jvblf`{dlj dv djkdf`{ok dj u`}oj{hovov*

[ho {ql kubdf`{dljv vh`}ok mo{qooj qho`{ `jk }dfo fh}lglvlgov {h`{ kl jl{ vh`}o ` flgglj `jfov{}t (q0'}05,q='}1 `jk q1'}>,q='};$ m{ `}o

nljk lj l}{hlblalv fh}lglvlgov dj ml{h vuofdov `}o djkdf {ok qd{h klmbo `}}lqv*

0> [ho Ub j{ Fobb


7/15

u`{{o}jv mo{qooj }dfo" qho`{" vl}ahg" `jk g`dso qd{hdj o`fh

mblfi (Nda}o 6$ bok v {l u}lulvo ` glkob (Nda}o ?$ nl} {ho

o~lb{dlj ln {hovo nl} a}`vv aojlgov n}lg ` flgglj `jfov{l}

qd{h ff~o fh}lglvlgov {h`{ qo}o j`gok @;" @?" @1" @8" `jk

@00" nlbblqdja {ho f}}oj{ jgmo}dja ln {ho }dfo fh}lglvlgov*

[ho ff}v{ mblfi (`jfov{}`b fh}lglvlgo @?$ fl}}ovuljkv {l {ho

}?'}0 `jk q0'q6 vh`}ok kubdf`{dlj* Dj vl}ahg" {ho fl}}ovuljk'

dja kubdf`{dlj dv nljk mo{qooj {ho vA `jk v@ fh}lglvlgov

(U`{o}vlj o{ `b*" =55;$* Dj g`dso" d{ dv blf`{ok lj fh}lglvlgov

g6 `jk g8 `v qobb `v lj fh}lglvlgov g> `jk g8 (Nda}ov 6

`jk?$* [hokubdf {dlj vh }okmo{qooj g6 `jkg8 `jkmo{qooj

g> `jk g8 }oof{v {ho }ofoj{ {o{}ùbldkds`{dlj ln {ho g`dso

aojlgo" qho}o v {ho fljvo}~ {dlj mo{qooj g6'g8 `jk g>'g8

k`{ov m`fi {l ` QAK ln {ho `jfov{}`b a}`vv aojlgo qd{h ff~o

fh}lglvlgov (Nda}o ?" o~oj{ 0$* [hdv u`{{o}j ln kubdf`{dljv

q`v }ofoj{bt fljff}gok mt Qod o{ `b* (=551$ dj ` }ofljv{}f{dlj ln

{ho g`dso aojlgo o~lb{dlj`}t hdv{l}t {h}lah ` flgu`}`{d~o

`j`btvdv mo{qooj ` hdah'}ovlb{dlj dj{oa}`{ok uhtvdf`b gù ln

g`dso `jk {ho }dfo `jk vl}ahg aojlgov*

[ho vofljk mblfi (`jfov{}`b fh}lglvlgo @1$ fl}}ovuljkv {l

{ho }6'}1'}05 `jk q;'q='q0 vh`}ok kubdf`{dljv (Nda}ov 6 `jk

?$* Ho}o" {ho }6'}1 `jk }6'}05 kubdf`{ok }oadljv kl jl{ l~o}bù

`jk fl~o} ?=/ ln fh}lglvlgo 6 (Nda}o 0@$* [hdv u`{{o}j ln

kubdf`{dlj }oof{v {ho l}dadj ln {ho }6 fh}lglvlgo {h}lah

{}`jvblf`{dljv `jk nvdljv mo{qooj {ho `jfov{}`b fh}lglvlgov

@1 `jk @05" `v vaaov{ok u}o~dlvbt mt Q`ja o{ `b* (=55?$

(Nda}o ?" o~oj{ =$* [ho v`go {ql kubdf`{dljv `}o fljvo}~ok dj

qho`{ mo{qooj fh}lglvlgo q; `jk {ho q= `jk q0 fh}lgl'

vlgov" vaaov{dja {h`{ qho { fh}lglvlgo ; l}dadj`{ov n}lg {ho

v`go `jfov{}`b o~oj{* Dj vl}ahg" ` kubdf`{dlj q`v lmvo}~ok

mo{qooj {ho vM `jk vF fh}lglvlgov (U`{o}vlj o{ `b*" =55;$"

`jk d{ q`v kogljv{} {ok {h { vF l}dadj`{ok n}lg ` fh}lglvlg`b

nvdlj mo{qooj {ho `jfov{}`b }6 `jk }05 fh}lglvlgov (@6 `jk

@05 dj l} glkob9 Nda}o ?$* [hdv l}dadj oxub`djv qht ljbt ljo

kubdf`{dlj f`j mo nljk dj vl}ahg (Nda}o 6$* [ho nvdlj

mo{qooj @6 `jk @05 lff}}ok dj {ho `jfov{}`b aojlgo {l g`dso

`jk vl}ahg (Nda}o ?$9 {ho}onl}o" {ho vh`}ok kubdf`{dlj nljk

dj g`dso mo{qooj {ho g0'g?'g4 `jk g1'g= fh}lglvlgov

(Nda}o 6$ }oof{v {ho v`go u`{{o}j* [hdv q`v `bvl fljff}gok mt

{ho g`dso aojlgo `j`btvdv ln Qod o{ `b* (=551$*

Mblfi 6 (`jfov{}`b fh}lglvlgo @00$ fl}}ovuljkv {l {ho bovv

fljvo}~ok kubdf`{dlj" vdjfo d{ dv ko{of{ok ljbt mo{qooj }dfo }00

`jk }0=" vl}ahg vH `jk vO" `jk g`dso g='g; `jk g6'g05

(Nda}o 6$* Dj qho`{" {hdv kubdf`{dlj f`jjl{ mo ko{of{ok" mo'

f`vo ln {ho u}o~dlvbt goj{dljok {}`jvblf {dljv {h`{ h`~o

`nnof{ok {ho l}{hlblalv q; `jk q? fh}lglvlgov*

Mblfi ; (`jfov{}`b fh}lglvlgo @8$ fl}}ovuljkv {l {ho kubd'

f`{dljv vh`}ok mo{qooj }dfo }8'}4 `jk qho`{ q1'q? (Nda}o ?$*

[hovo kubdf`{dljv qo}o `bvl lmvo}~ok mt U`{o}vlj o{ `b* (=55;$

lj {ho l}{hlblalv vl}ahg fh}lglvlgov vC `jk vM (Nda}o 6$

`jk mt Qod o{ `b* (=551$ mo{qooj g0 `jk g; `jk mo{qooj g=

`jk g1 (}oof{dja {o{}ùbldkds`{dlj$ `v qobb `v mo{qooj g0'g;

`jk g='g1 (}oof{dja {ho `jfov{}`b kubdf`{dlj$ (Nda}o 6$*

Mblfi ? (`jfov{} b fh}lglvlgo @;$ flj{ djv kubdf`{dljv

vh`}ok mo{qooj {ho }dfo }>'}='};" qho`{ q>'q= (Nda}o ?@$" `jk

vl}ahg vD" vN" `jk vK (U {o}vlj o{ `b*" =55;$ l}{hlblalv

fh}lglvlgov* [hdv u`{{o}j }oof{v {ho l}dadj ln {ho @= fh}lgl'

vlgo {h}lah ` nvdlj mo{qooj {ho @; `jk @> `jfov{}`b fh}l'

glvlgov (Nda}o ?" o~oj{ =$* [ho kubdf`{dlj mo{qooj q> `jk

q1 q`v jl{ ko{of{ok dj qho`{ mof`vo ln {ho u}o~dlvbt goj'

{dljok {}`jvblf`{dljv mo{qooj q;'? `jk q1* [hovo kubdf`{dljv

`}o fljvo}~ok dj g`dso (Qod o{ `b*" =551$ mo{qooj fh}lglvlgov

g>" g?" `jk g4" mo{qooj fh}lglvlgov g; `jk g?" `jk mo'

{qooj fh}lglvlgov g= `jk g05 `v ` }ovb{ ln {o{}ùbldkds`{dlj

ln {ho aojlgo* [ho lmvo}~ok kubdf`{dljv mo{qooj g>'g?'g4"

g;'g?" `jk g='g05 }oof{ {ho `jfov{}`b }ob`{dljvhduv mo{qooj

{ho @=" @;" `jk @> fh}lglvlgov (Nda}o ?$* Dj {ho }dfoqho`{

flgu`}dvlj" qo h`k dkoj{dffok vo~oj vh`}ok kubdf`{dljv" m{

ljbt ff~oln {hog fl}}ovuljk {l {ho`jfov{} b vh }okkubdf {dljv

{h`{ qo h`~o dkoj{dffok mo{qooj {ho nl} a}`vv aojlgov* Dj n`f{"

Nda}o ;* Vo~oj Kubdf`{dljv @}o Vh`}ok mo{qooj ]dfo `jk Qho`{*

(@$ Vfhog`{df }ou}ovoj{`{dlj ln {ho vo~oj kubdf`{ok }oadljv vh`}ok mo{qooj qho`{ `jk }dfo* [ho u`}`blalv }oadljv `}o }ou}ovoj{ok qd{h {ho v`go

flbl}v dj qho`{ ({lu$ `jk }dfo (ml{{lg$ `v qobb `v {ho fl}}ovuljkdja l}{hlblalv }oadljv dkoj{dffok mo{qooj {ho {ql vo{v ln fh}lglvlgov (foj{o}$* [ho

flbl} flko dv `v nlbblqv3 q0'q=,}?'}; (}ok$" q0'q6,}?'}0 (l}`jao$" q0'q;,}05'}6 (a}ooj$" q='q;,}1'}6 (bdah{ mbo$" q='q1,};'}8 (u}ubo$" q?'q1,}4'}8

(m}lqj$" `jk q>'q1,}='}> (k`}i mbo$* ]dfoqho`{ l}{hlblav jl{ dj~lb~ok dj vh`}ok kubdf`{dljv `}o djkdf`{ok dj a}`t*

(M$ Vfhog`{df }ou}ovoj{`{dlj ln {ho kubdf`{dljv vh`}ok mo{qooj }dfo fh}lglvlgov ? {l 0 (;= u`}`blav bdjiok mt hl}dslj{`b bdjov `{ ml{{lg$ `jk qho`{

fh}lglvlgov 0M {l 6M (ff~o u`} blav bdjiok mt hl}dslj{ b bdjov `{ {lu$* [ho }dfo `jk qho`{ flbdjo } }oadljv }0'q6M jk }?'q0M`}o bdjiok mt 0;4`jk >>l}{hlblav (~o}{df`b bdjov$" }ovuof{d~obt*



8/15

Nda}o ?* Glkob nl} {ho V{}f{}`b O~lb{dlj ln {ho ]dfo" Qho`{" Vl}ahg" `jk G`dso Aojlgov n}lg ` Flgglj @jfov{l} qd{h j ? Fh}lglvlgov*

08 [ho Ub j{ Fobb


9/15

{ho l{ho} {ql (}?'};,q='q0 `jk };'}8,q='q1$ `}o nljk lj

fh}lglvlgov {h`{ kl jl{ vh`}o ` flgglj `jfov{}t `jk `}o

vuo}dgulvoklj }oadljv {h { `}o`b}o`kt dj~lb~ok dj QAK* [hot

ljbt ùuo`}ok dj {ho flgu`}`{d~o `j`btvdv mof`vo {hot `}o

blf`{ok dj vtj{ojdf }oadljv*

[ho `j`btvdv ln kubdf`{dljv {h`{ (0$ `}o vh`}ok mo{qooj {ho}dfo" qho`{" g`dso" `jk vl}ahg aojlgov" (=$ kl jl{ l~o}bù

qd{h o`fh l{ho}"`jk (6${dbo{lao{ho}{l fl~o} {hoaojlgov`bglv{

oj{d}obt bok{l {hoglkob ln o~lb{dlj {h { dv u}ovoj{okdj Nda}o ?"

dj qhdfh `j `jfov{}`b aojlgo qd{h ff~o fh}lglvlgov (@?" @1"

@00" @8" `jk @>$ jko}qoj{ ` QAK (o~oj{ 0$ {h`{ }ovb{ok dj ff~o

`kkd{dlj`b fh}lglvlgov3 @0" @05" @0=" @4" `jk @>* [hdv {o{}`'

ubldkds {dlj q`v nlbblqok mt {ql {}`jvblf {dljv,nvdljv {h`{

h`~o }ovb{ok dj {ql joq fh}lglvlgov" @6 (@05 @1$ `jk

@=(@;@>$ (o~oj{=$" `jk`j dj{o}gokd {o`jfov{l} qd{hj0=

(? ? =$ fh}lglvlgov* Vmvopoj{bt" {ho kdnno}oj{ a}`vv

aojlgov qlbk h`~o o~lb~ok kdnno}oj{d`bbt n}lg {hdv `jfov{}`b

aojlgdf v{}f{}o* Dj }dfo" `kkd{dlj b voagoj{ b kubdf`{dljv

lff}}ok qd{hl{ glkdntdja {ho m`vdf v{}f{}o ln 0= fh}lgl'

vlgov* [hv" {ho =4 kubdf`{dlj o~oj{v dkoj{dffok dj {ho }dfoaojlgo }ovb{ n}lg {h}oovffovvd~o }ljkv ln kubdf`{dljv3 (0$ `

QAK (o~oj{ 0$ `jk {ql fh}lglvlgo {}`jvblf {dljv (o~oj{ =$9 (=$

== `kkd{dlj b voagoj{`b kubdf {dljv l~o}bùudja qd{h {ho

QAKv9 `jk (6$ }ofoj{ kubdf`{dljv l~o} 96 Gm `{ {ho {o}gdj`b

ojkv ln fh}lglvlgov }00 `jk }0=*

N}lg {ho `jfov{}`b aojlgo qd{h 0= fh}lglvlgov" qho`{

jko}qoj{ ff~o fh}lglvlg`b nvdljv (o~oj{ 6 dj Nda}o ?$ mo'

{qooj @? `jk @05" @> `jk @8" @4 `jk @0=" @6 `jk @00" `jk @;

`jk @1" }ovb{dja dj fh}lglvlgov q0" q1" q?" q;" `jk q="

}ovuof{d~obt* Fh}lglvlgov q6 `jk q> l}dadj`{ok kd}of{bt n}lg

{ho `jfov{}`b fh}lglvlgov @0 `jk @=" }ovuof{d~obt* [hdv

}ovb{ok dj `j `jfov{}`b qho`{ aojlgo qd{h j 1 fh}lglvlgov

(? ? = ?$* [hv" {ho 05 kubdf`{ok }oadljv lmvo}~ok ho}o dj

{ho qho`{ aojlgo }oof{ {ho `jfov{}`b QAK (o~oj{ 0" nl} vo~oj

ln {ho kubdf`{dljv$ `jk {h}oo `kkd{dlj`b voagoj{`b kubdf`{dljv

{h`{ h`~o lff}}ok vdjfo {ho fh}lglvlg`b nvdljv*

Nl} g`dso `jk vl}ahg" l} ffjkdjav `jk glkob `}o dj flg'

ubo{o à}oogoj{ qd{h {ho }ofoj{ `j btvdv ln Qod o{ `b* (=551$" qhl

vhlqok {h`{ ml{h h`~o o~lb~ok n}lg `j `jfov{}`b aojlgo qd{h

0= fh}lglvlgov `n{o} {ql fh}lglvlg`b nvdljv (mo{qooj @6

`jk @05 `jk mo{qooj @1 `jk @49 Nda}o ?$" }ovb{dja dj `j dj'

{o}gokd`{o `jfov{l} qd{h j 05 fh}lglvlgov (? ? = =$

(o~oj{ ; dj Nda}o ?$* [hoj" g`dso `jk vl}ahg o~lb~ok djko'

uojkoj{bt n}lg {hdv `jfov{l}* Qhdbo {ho vl}ahg aojlgo v{}f'

{}o }og`djok vdgdb`} {l {ho `jfov{}`b aojlgo" g`dso jko}qoj{

` QAK }ovb{dja dj{l `j dj{o}gokd`{o qd{h j =5 fh}lglvlgov

(o~oj{ ? dj Nda}o ?$* [hdv fl}}ovuljkv {l {ho {o{}ùbldkds`{dlj

o~oj{ kovf}dmok dj u}o~dlv v{kdov (A`{ `jk Klombot" 04419

Vqdaljl~` o{ `b*" =55;$* Nlbblqdja {hdv o~oj{" jgo}lv fh}l'

glvlg`b nvdljv h`~o bok {l ` aojlgo v{}f{}o qd{h 05 fh}l'

glvlgov (j 05 Y? ? = =W 6 = 05$* @{ bo`v{ 01

fh}lglvlg`b nvdljv (o~oj{ > dj Nda}o ?$ gv{ h`~o lff}}ok {l

oxub dj {ho }ob {dljvhduv {h`{ f`j mo lmvo}~ok{lk`t mo{qooj {ho

kdnno}oj{ g`dso fh}lglvlgov*

[hv" qd{h {hdv glkob {h`{ u}lulvov ` }ofljv{}f{dlj ln {ho}dfo" qho`{" vl}ahg" `jkg`dso aojlgov n}lg `j `jfov{l} qd{h

j ? fh}lglvlgov" d{ dv ulvvdmbo {l dggokd`{obt dkoj{dnt {ho

`jfov{} b }ob`{dljvhduv jk {ho l}dadj (QAK" m}oìào" nvdlj$ ln

{ho kdnno}oj{ fh}lglvlgov dj o`fh ln {ho nl} aojlgov*

KDVF_VVDLJ

Dj{} aojlgdf `jk Dj{o}aojlgdf Flgu`}dvljv _vdja

Dgu}l~ok Dj{oa}`{d~o @bdajgoj{ F}d{o}d` ]o~o b Vh`}ok

Kubdf`{dljv mo{qooj ]dfo `jk Qho {

Dj {hdv v{kt" qo vok dgu}l~ok dj{oa}`{d~o vopojfo `bdajgoj{

f}d{o}d` (FDU `jk F@BU$ flgmdjok qd{h ` v{`{dv{df`b ~`bdk`{dlj {l

}o`j`btso {ho umbdfbt `~`db`mbo k`{` vo{ ln }dfo `jk qho`{ vo'pojfov* [hdv `bblqok v {l dkoj{dnt l}{hlblav `jk u`}`blav qd{h

fljffkojfo `jk {l djno} joq }ob`{dljvhduv flgu`}ok qd{h u}o~d'

lv v{kdov {h { qo}o od{ho} m`vok ljbt lj vg bb'vf bo vopojfo

flgu`}dvljv (Atl{ o{ `b*" =55;9 Vdjah o{ `b*" =55;9 Mobb o{ `b*"

=55?9 ]dfo Fh}lglvlgo 6 Fljvl}{dg" =55?$ l} b`fiok v{`{dv{d'

f`b ~`bdk {dlj qhoj uo}nl}gok `{ {ho qhlbo aojlgo bo~ob (Vl}}obbv

o{ `b*" =5569 B` ]l{` `jk Vl}}obbv" =55;9 Vdjah o{ `b*" =551$*

Nl}go} flgu`}`{d~o v{kdov qo}o uo}nl}gok qd{h ` vopojfo

`bdajgoj{ {h}ovhlbk ln 85/ dkoj{d{t l~o} 055 m`vov nl} {ho mov{

HVU (B` ]l{` `jk Vl}}obbv" =55;$ l} qd{h ` vfl}o ln =55 nl}

MB@V[J `j`btvdv (Vdjah o{ `b*" =551$* Qo h`~o vhlqj u}o~dlvbt

{h { {hovo ~`bovg`t bo`k {l {hogdvdkoj{dfff`{dlj ln l}{hlblalv

}oadljv (V`bvo o{ `b*" =55=" =55;$" `v {hot `bblq {ho ko{of{dlj ln

gogmo}v ln aojo n`gdbdov {h`{ `}o jl{ {}bt l}{hlblalv l} ln

hlglbladov {h`{ `}o m`vok ljbt lj fljvo}~ok klg`djv*

[l ~`bdk`{o l} v{}`{oat" qo ff}v{ ùubdok l} v{}djaoj{ `bdaj'

goj{ f}d{o}d` `jk v{`{dv{df`b ~`bdk`{dlj {l {ho }dfo aojlgo* Qo

fljff}gok `bb ln {ho kubdf`{dljv }oul}{ok u}o~dlvbt (T o{ `b*"

=55?$ `jk dkoj{dffok 04 `kkd{dlj`b }oadljv kubdf`{ok mo{qooj

kdnno}oj{ }dfo fh}lglvlgov* T o{ `b* (=55?$ h`k ov{dg`{ok {h`{

{ho kubdf`{dljv ln {ho }dfo aojlgo fl~o} >?*1/ ln {ho aojlgo*

Dj l} `j`btvdv" {ho v`go }oadljv (05 kubdf`{dljv$ fl~o} ;1*8/

ln {ho aojlgo* [ho kdnno}ojfo dv ko {l {ho `ff}`ft ln {ho

go{hlkvok {l ko{o}gdjo{ho bdgd{vln {hokubdf`{ok }oadljv* T

o{ `b* (=55?$ `klu{ok ` a}ùhdf`b ùu}l`fh mof`vo ln {ho m`fi'

a}ljk jldvo u}lkfok mt MB@V[* _vdja gl}o v{}djaoj{ f}d{o}d`

`bblqok v {l ko{o}gdjo {ho bdgd{v ln {ho kubdf {ok }oadljv

qd{h hdah fljffkojfo `jk `ff}`ft" {ho}omt }okfdja {ho vdso ln

{ho }oadljv flgu`}ok qd{h {hod} `j`btvdv* [ho `ff}`ft `jk

Nda}o ?* (flj{djok$*

Fh}lglvlgov `}o }ou}ovoj{ok qd{h flbl} flkov {l dbbgdj`{o {ho o~lb{dlj ln voagoj{v n}lg ` flgglj `jfov{l} qd{h ff~o fh}lglvlgov* [ho ff~o

fh}lglvlgov `}o j`gok `ffl}kdja {l {ho }dfo jlgojfb`{}o* Kdnno}oj{ o~oj{v {h`{ h`~o vhùok {ho v{}f{}o ln {ho kdnno}oj{ a}`vv aojlgov k}dja

{hod} o~lb{dlj n}lg {ho flgglj `jfov{l} `}o djkdf`{ok qd{h &* Nl} o`fh vuofdov" fh}lglvlgo jgmo}v `}o nlbblqok mt ` nl}gb` djkdf`{dja {ho

o~lb{dlj }t l}dadj ln {hdv jgmo} (o*a*"dj qho {"j 1 ? Y`jfov{l}W ? YQAKW = Y`joubldk voagoj{ b kubdf {dljW ? Yfh}lglvlgo nvdljW$*Qho}o

ulvvdmbo" kd~o}aojfo {dgov `}o djkdf`{ok m`vok lj u}o~dlv ov{dg`{ov mt A`{ (=55=$" Vqdaljl~` o{ `b* (=55;$" `jk U`{o}vlj o{ `b* (=55;$*



10/15

}lmv{jovv ln l} go{hlk `}o vuul}{ok mt }ovb{v lm{`djok mt

{ho ]dfo Fh}lglvlgov 00 `jk 0= Vopojfdja Fljvl}{d` (=55?$"

qhl ov{dg`{ok {ho boja{h ln {ho glv{ }ofoj{ kubdf`{dlj lj {ho

~o}t kdv{`b ojk ln fh}lglvlgov 00 `jk 0= `v 6*6 Gm* [hdv

fl}}ovuljkv ox f{bt {l {ho boja{h {h { qo nljk qd{h l} go{hlk

(voo Vuubogoj{`b [`mbo 0 ljbdjo$ `jk dv vg`bbo} {h`j {ho ov{d'g`{ov (>*? `jk;*8 Gm lj fh}lglvlgov 00 `jk 0=" }ovuof{d~obt$

ln T o{ `b* (=55?$ nl} {ho v`go }oadlj* Gl}ol~o}" l} `j`btvdv

`bblqok v {l ko{of{ 0> jl~ob kubdf`{dljv {h`{ `}o vuo}dgulvok

lj }oadljv `b}o`kt dkoj{dffok `v kubdf`{ok" {ho}omt koffjdja `k'

kd{dlj`b `jfov{}`b }ob`{dljvhduv mo{qooj {ho }dfo fh}lglvlgov*

Dj{o}ov{djabt" {hovo }ob {dljvhduv qo}o jl{ lmvo}~ok mo{qooj {ho

l}{hlblalv fh}lglvlgov dj {ho l{ho} a}`vv aojlgov* [hdv

vaaov{v {h`{ {ho vuo}dgulvok kubdf`{dljv lmvo}~ok ho}o dj

}dfo `}o{}`fov ln ~o}t `jfdoj{ kubdf`{dljv {h { u}ok`{o {hoQAK

dkoj{dffok dj {ho a}`vv `jfov{l}* @kkd{dlj`b a}`vv aojlgo vo'

pojfov `v qobb `v `kkd{dlj`b {llbv {h`{ `bblq {ho ov{dg`{dlj ln

kd~o}aojfo {dgov mo{qooj ~o}t `jfdoj{ kubdf`{dljv qd{h hdah

`ff}`ft `}o jookok {l vuul}{ {hdv htul{hovdv*

Dj qho`{" qo dkoj{dffok 05 kubdf`{ok }oadljv {h`{ }ou}ovoj{>1*?/ ln {ho aojlgo* U}o~dlv ]NBU gùudja v{kdov h`k

vaaov{ok `jfdoj{ kubdf`{dljv dj {ho qho`{ aojlgo* Nl} ox'

`gubo"Kmfl~vit o{ `b*(044>$ vhlqok{h`{ 60/ln {ho]NBU blfd

dj {ho kdubldk [}d{dfg gljlflffg gù `}o u}ovoj{ gl}o {h`j

ljfo dj {ho aojlgo" `jk Pd o{ `b* (=55;$ }oul}{ok {h`{ 04/ ln {ho

OV[ g`}io}v vok nl} kobo{dlj mdj gùudja qo}o nljk lj jlj'

hlglolblalv vo{v ln fh}lglvlgov* _j{db jlq" hlqo~o}" {ho

ox{oj{ `jk blf`bds`{dlj ln {ho kubdf {ok }oadljv qo}o jl{ koffjok

u}ofdvobt" `jk l} }ovb{v u}l~dko ` udf{}o ln kubdf`{dljv dj {ho

qho`{ aojlgo* [ho 05 dkoj{dffok kubdf`{dljv `}o u}lm`mbt `j

jko}ov{dg`{dlj" `jk d{ dv ulvvdmbo {h`{ ` jgmo} ln kubdf`{dljv

{h`{ qo}o jl{ v{ {dv{df bbt ~`bdk`{ok dj {hdv v{kt (o*a*" q='q6"

q='q?" `jk q?'q>$ qdbb mo fljff}gok dj {ho n{}o `v `kkd{dlj`b

aojo'gùudja djnl}g`{dlj moflgov `~`db`mbo* @{ {hdv {dgo" l}

`j`btvov kogljv{}`{o `b}o`kt {h`{ glv{ ln {ho aojlgo dv kubd'

f`{ok `jk v{}ljabt vaaov{ `j `jfdoj{ kubdf`{dlj ln {ho kdubldk

qho`{ aojlgov monl}o {hod} htm}dkds`{dlj dj{l ulbtubldk qho`{*

Nlbblqdja {ho v`go ùu}l`fh" qo }oox`gdjok {ho flbdjo`}d{t

mo{qooj }dfo `jk qho`{ `jk dkoj{dffok 06 flbdjo`} }oadljv {h`{

fl~o} 86*0 `jk 45*;/ ln {ho }dfo `jk qho`{ aojlgov" }ovuof'

{d~obt* U}o~dlv flgu`}`{d~o `j`btvov mo{qooj {ho }dfo k}`n{

vopojfov `jk qho`{ OV[v (Vl}}obbv o{ `b*" =5569 Fljbot o{ `b*"

=55;9 B` ]l{ `jk Vl}}obbv" =55;9 Bdjidoqdfs o{ `b*" =55;9

Gji~lbk o{ `b*" =55;9 ]`jkh`q` o{ `b*" =55;$ `bvl nljk 06 l}'

{hlblalv voagoj{v mo{qooj {ho {ql aojlgov* Ho}o" qo qo}o

`mbo {l dkoj{dnt gl}o u}ofdvobt {ho bdgd{v ln {ho l}{hlblalv

}oadljv `jk {l ko{of{ gl}o }o`}}`jaogoj{v {h`j u}o~dlvbt

kovf}dmok vdja ` flgu`}dvlj mo{qooj {ho flgubo{o }dfo

aojlgo vopojfo (Dj{o}j`{dlj`b ]dfo Aojlgo Vopojfdja

U}lcof{" =55?$ `jk ` jdpo vo{ ln gùuok qho`{ OV[v qd{h

{ho hdahov{ ulvvdmbo boja{h* Qd{h {hdv bo~ob ln }ovlb{dlj" d{ dv jl

bljao} ulvvdmbo {l vubd{ qho`{ fh}lglvlgov dj{l ` glv`df ln

}dfol}{hlblalv }oadljv (Vl}}obbvo{ `b*" =5569Vl}}obbv" =55;$" `jk

{ho flbdjo`}d{t mo{qooj {ho {ql aojlgov dv gl}o n}àgoj{ok

{h`{ u}o~dlvbt `vvgok mt flgu`}`{d~o gùudja* Ho}o" {ho

ox{oj{ ln ko{of{`mbo }o`}}`jaogoj{v dv fblvo} {l {h`{ lmvo}~ok

{h}lah flgu }dvljv mo{qooj qho`{ M@F vopojfov `jk

l}{hlblalv }dfo aojlgo vopojfov" dj qhdfh g`jt oxfou{dljv

{l gdf}lflbdjo`}d{t h`~o mooj lmvo}~ok (}o~doqok dj V`bvo `jk

Nodbbo{" =551$*

Mt flgmdjdja k`{` n}lg {ho dj{}`vuofdfff `jk dj{o}vuofdfff

flgu`}dvljv" qo dkoj{dffok vo~oj kubdf`{dlj o~oj{v {h`{ `}o

fljvo}~ok `{ l}{hlblalv ulvd{dljv mo{qooj }dfo `jk qho`{* Dj

{hdv v{kt" qo vok ` flgmdj`{dlj ln djkd~dk`b `j`btvdv ln kubd'f`{dljv qd{hdj o`fh aojlgo `jk flbdjo`}d{t `vvovvgoj{ mo'

{qooj {ho {ql aojlgov vdja dkoj{df`b `bdajgoj{ f}d{o}d` `jk

v{`{dv{df`b ~`bdk`{dlj* U}o~dlv `{{ogu{v {l dkoj{dnt vh`}ok kubd'

f`{dljv mo{qooj qho`{ `jk }dfo qo}o ljbt m`vok lj {ho j`btvdv

ln }oadljv {h`{ fl}}ovuljk {l kubdf`{ok }oadljv dj }dfo vhlqdja

` hdah u}lul}{dlj ln aojo g`{fhov qd{h {ql kdnno}oj{ qho`{

fh}lglvlgo a}luv* [hdv k`b vtj{ojt ùu}l`fh vok }ofoj{bt

mt Vdjah o{ `b* (=551$ q`v m`vok lj }dfo aojov u}ovoj{ dj 8 ln {ho

05 }oadljv u}o~dlvbt ijlqj {l mo kubdf`{ok (T o{ `b*" =55?$

`jk {ho dkoj{dfff`{dlj ln hlglblalv qho`{ OV[v {h`{ gù dj

kobo{dlj mdjv lj {ql kdv{djf{ qho`{ fh}lglvlgov* _vdja {hdv

ùu}l`fh lj {ho 06 l}{hlblalv }oadljv {h`{ qo}o dkoj{dffok dj

l} v{kt" qo nljk {h`{ }0 dv l}{hlblalv {l q6 (=51 fljvo}~ok

aojov$ `jk {l q0 (06 fljvo}~ok aojov$ m{ `bvl {l q= qd{h {hov`go vdajdfff`jfo (00 fljvo}~ok aojov$* Vdgdb`}bt" }? dv l}{hlb'

lalv {l q0 (05= fljvo}~ok aojov$ `jk {l q6 (4 fljvo}~ok

aojov$ m{ `bvl {l q= (8 fljvo}~ok aojov$ (k`{` jl{ vhlqj$*

[hv" dj flj{}`v{ qd{h l} v{}`{oat" d{ q`v jl{ ulvvdmbo qd{h {hdv

ùu}l`fh {l ~`bdk`{o v{`{dv{df`bbt {h`{ {ho }0'}? kubdf`{dlj dj }dfo

dv vh }ok mo{qooj q6'q0 dj qho`{* Vdjah o{ `b* (=551$ `bvl

fljfbkok {h`{ {ho }oadlj kubdf`{ok mo{qooj }00 `jk }0= dv

fljvo}~ok dj qho`{ mo{qooj q;'q?" vaaov{dja {h`{ {ho kubd'

f`{dlj u}ok`{ok {ho }dfo `jk qho`{ kd~o}aojfo* [hdv fljdf{v

qd{h l} ffjkdjav `v qobb `v qd{h u}o~dlv v{kdov djkdf`{dja {h`{

{ho}00'}0= kubdf`{dlj dv vuofdfff {l {ho}dfo bdjoào `jk}ob {d~obt

}ofoj{ (T o{ `b*" =55?$* [hovo ffjkdjav u}l~dko ` jl{o ln f`{dlj

nl} flgu`}`{d~o aojlgo'qdko `j`btvov `jk vaaov{ {h`{ ùubt'

dja {ho v`go v{}djaoj{ `bdajgoj{ f}d{o}d` `jk v{`{dv{df`b ~`bdk {dlj

{l o`fh ln {ho k`{` vo{v vok nl} aojlgo flgu`}dvljv dv ov'

voj{d`b {l `~ldk gdvdj{o}u}o{`{dlj ln o~lb{dlj`}t u`{{o}jv* Ho}o"

mt m`vdja l} dj{}àojlgdf `jk dj{o}aojlgdf flgu`}dvljv lj

{ho hdahov{ dkoj{d{t l~o} {ho bljaov{ vopojfo `bdajgoj{" qo

vok ` fljvo}~`{d~o ùu}l fh {h`{ oxfbkok vopojfov {h`{

flbk bo`k ul{oj{d`bbt {l `j l~o}ov{dg`{dlj ln vopojfo fljvo}'

~`{dlj qd{hdj `jk mo{qooj {ho }dfo `jk qho`{ aojlgov* Jo~o}'

{hobovv" qo qo}o `mbo {l ko{of{ `kkd{dlj b kubdf`{dljvdj }dfo `jk

u}l~dko ` ko{`dbok `vvovvgoj{ ln aojlgo kubdf`{dljv dj qho`{"

kogljv{} {dja {ho }lmv{jovv ln {hdv ùu}l`fh* Ndj bbt" {ho

vo~oj kubdf`{dljv {h`{ `}o vh`}ok dj }dfo `jk qho`{ `}o bdiobt

jko}ov{dg`{ok" vdjfo {ho k`{` vo{ ln qho`{ aojov nl} qhdfh `

fh}lglvlg`b ulvd{dlj dv ijlqj dv f}}oj{bt bdgd{ok* N{}o b`}ao

OV[ gùudja l} aojlgo vopojfdja u}lcof{v qdbb mo }opd}ok {l

lm{`dj ` flgubo{o `vvovvgoj{ ln {ho kubdf`{dljv dj {ho qho`{

aojlgo `jk ln {hod} fljvo}~`{dlj qd{h {ho }dfo aojlgo*

O~lb{dlj ln {ho A}`vv Aojlgov n}lg `jj? ?

Flgglj @jfov{l}

Djkd~dk`b aojlgo kubdf`{dlj `j`btvov dj }dfo" vl}ahg" `jk

g`dso h`~o `b}o`kt vaaov{ok `j `jfov{}`b QAK u}ok`{dja {ho

kd~o}aojfo mo{qooj {ho kdnno}oj{ fo}o`b aojlgov (U`{o}vlj

o{ `b*" =55;9 T o{ `b*" =55?9 Q`ja o{ `b*" =55?$" m{ {l k`{o {ho

=5 [ho Ub j{ Fobb


11/15

l}dadj`b m`vdf jgmo} ln fh}lglvlgov }og`djok jfo}{`dj

(A`{" =55=$* ]ofoj{bt" Qod o{ `b* (=551$ {hl}lahbt v{kdok {ho

l}dadj ln {ho g`dso fh}lglvlgov `jk u}lulvok ` glkob nl} {ho

o~lb{dlj ln {ho fo}o`b aojlgov n}lg `j `jfov{l} qd{h j 0=

fh}lglvlgov qhlvo v{}f{}o dv vdgdb } {l {ho }dfo aojlgo* L}

glkob dv dj flgubo{o à}oogoj{ qd{h {ho u}lulvok o~lb{dlj`}tu`{h n}lg {hdv `jfov{l} m{ u}l~dkov `kkd{dlj`b o~dkojfo nl} {ho

l}dadj ln {ho 0= `jfov{}`b fh}lglvlgov*

Mt dj{oa} {dja joq k`{` lj {ho kubdf`{dljv ln {ho qho`{

aojlgo dj{l ` ko{`dbok flgu`}`{d~o `j`btvdv ln {ho u`{{o}j ln

vh`}ok kubdf`{dljv mo{qooj }dfo" qho`{" g`dso" `jk vl}ahg"

qo qo}o `mbo {l u}lulvo ` m`vdf fh}lglvlgo jgmo} ln j ?

nl} {ho flgglj `jfov{l} ln {ho fo}o`b aojlgov* Qo vaaov{

{h`{ u}ok`{dja {ho kd~o}aojfo mo{qooj {ho fo}o`b aojlgov" ?5

{l 15 GT@" {ho `jfov{l} qd{h j ? fh}lglvlgov jko}qoj{

` QAK {h`{ }ovb{ok dj `j j 05 dj{o}gokd`{o* Nlbblqdja {hdv

{o{}ùbldkds {dlj o~oj{" {ql dj{o}fh}lglvlg`b {}`jvblf {dljv

`jk nvdljv bok {l {ho fljv{}f{dlj ln {ql joq fh}lglvlgov"

}ovb{dja dj {ho j 0= dj{o}gokd`{o `jfov{l} kovf}dmok u}o~d'

lvbt* [hdv vfoj`}dl }ofljfdbov u}o~dlv flj{}`kdf{l}t vaaov'{dljv {h { h`k u}lulvok a}`vv `jfov{l} qd{h od{ho} j ? l}j

0= fh}lglvlgov (A`{" =55=$" vdjfo {ho o~lb{dlj n}lg ? {l 0=

fh}lglvlgov qlbk h`~o hùuojok monl}o {ho kd~o}aojfo

mo{qooj {ho kdnno}oj{ a}`vv aojlgov* Dj l} glkob" }dfo qlbk

h`~o }o{`djok {hdv l}dadj`b fh}lglvlgo jgmo}" qho}o`v d{

qlbk h`~o mooj }okfok dj {ho qho`{" g`dso" `jk vl}ahg

aojlgov* [hdv dv u}lm`mbt ` flgglj uhojlgojlj dj ub`j{

fh}lglvlgo jgmo} o~lb{dlj* Fh}lglvlgo nvdljv" {}`jvbl'

f`{dljv" `jk dj~o}vdljv h`~o mooj u}lulvok }ofoj{bt nl} {ho

o~lb{dlj ln {ho @}`mdkluvdv {h`bd`j` aojlgo (j ?$ n}lg `j

`jfov{l} `{j 8* Flgu`}`{d~o `j`btvov qd{h {ho }ob {ok vuofdov

@}`mdkluvdv bt}`{` (j 8$`jk Fùvobb` }mobb` (j8$ h`~o vhlqj

{h`{ fh}lglvlgov 0" =" `jk ? l}dadj`{ok {h}lah {ho nvdlj ln

{}`jvblf`{ok `jk dj~o}{ok voagoj{v ln `jfov{}`b fh}lglvlgov

(nl} }o~doq" voo Vfhmo}{" =551$* [ho ff~o nvdljv vaaov{ok mt

l} glkob dj qho`{ bdiobtlff}}okdj {ho`jfov{} b aojlgoln {ho

[}d{dfoò (qho`{" m`}bot" `jk }to YVof`bo fo}o`boW$ {h`{ h`~o `

m`vdf fh}lglvlgo jgmo} ln j 1* U}obdgdj`}t o~dkojfo nl}

{}`fov ln {ho u}ovojfo ln `jfdoj{ kubdf`{dljv q`v }ofoj{bt }o'

ul}{ok dj ` m`}bot,}dfo flbdjo`}d{t v{kt (V{odj o{ `b*" =551$ vdja

{ho k`b vtj{ojt ùu}l`fh ogubltok mt Vdjah o{ `b* (=551$*

Flgu`}ok qd{h {ho jgo}lv }o`}}`jaogoj{v {h`{ }ovb{ok dj

` k}`g`{df }okf{dlj ln {ho g`dso fh}lglvlgo jgmo} (n}lg =5

{l 05$`n{o}{o{}ùbldkds`{dlj(Qod o{ `b*" =5519 l}k`{`$" l}glkob

vaaov{v {h`{ ljbt {ql fh}lglvlg`b nvdljv h`~o lff}}ok

vdjfo {o{}ùbldkds`{dlj ln {ho `jfov{l} qd{h j ? fh}lglvlgov*

[hdv blq bo~ob ln }o`}}`jaogoj{v dv vdgdb`} {l qh`{ dv lmvo}~ok dj

qho`{" dj qhdfh o~oj `n{o} vo~o}`b }ljkv ln ulbtubldkds {dlj

{ho}o dv ~o}t bd{{bo kdv}u{dlj ln flbdjo`}d{t mo{qooj {ho qdbk

kdubldk `jfov{l}v`jk {ho ulbtubldkqho`{ aojlgov* [ho}onl}o" d{

dv ulvvdmbo {h`{ {ho `jfov{}`b a}`vv aojlgo flj{`djok ` aojo

{h`{ u}o~oj{ok hlglolblalv u`d}dja `jk }okfok {ho dgu`f{

ln ` qhlbo aojlgo klmbdja" vdgdb`} {l {ho Uh0 aojo dj qho`{

(G`}{djos'Uo}os o{ `b*" 0444$* Vdjfo {}`jvulv`mbo obogoj{v f`j

`bvl u`}{dfdu {o dj b`}ao }o`}}`jaogoj{v (Mojjo{soj" =55?$"

kdnno}ojfov dj {ho `glj{ ln {}`jvulv`mbo obogoj{v g`t dj'

ojfo {ho koa}oo ln aojlgo }o`}}`jaogoj{v `v qobb* [hv" ljo

f`j vuofb {o {h`{ {ho `jfov{}`b a}`vv aojlgo h`k ` blqo}

`glj{ ln {}`jvulv`mbo obogoj{v {h`j g`dso" {ho}omt }okfdja

{hod} dgu`f{ lj aojlgo }o`}} jaogoj{v nlbblqdja {ho {o{} ubldk'

ds`{dlj o~oj{*

L} glkob u}lulvov `j o~lb{dlj`}t u`{h {h`{ }ofljfdbov `bb

u}o~dlv lmvo}~`{dljv `jk ùu`}oj{ djfljvdv{ojfdov {h`{ h`~o

mooj }oul}{ok dj djkd~dk b a}`vv aojlgo v{kdov* D{ f`j vo}~o `v` m`vdv nl} n}{ho} `j btvov ljfo {hovl}ahg `jkg`dso aojlgo

vopojfov `}o flgubo{ok* D{ qdbb mo dj{o}ov{dja `bvl {l voo

qho{ho} l} glkob }og`djv flgu`{dmbo qd{h {ho o~lb{dlj ln {ho

ogo}adja {oguo}`{o a}`vv aojlgo glkob" M}`fhtulkdg kdv'

{`fhtlj (j ?$" qhdfh dv `{ `j dj{o}gokd`{o o~lb{dlj`}t v{ào

mo{qooj }dfo `jk qho {(K}ùo} o{ `b*" =550$ `jk nl} qhdfh `j 86

qhlbo aojlgo vhl{aj vopojfo qdbb mo flgubo{ok qd{hdj {ho

jox{ to`} (Hl o{ `b*" =55>$* Ndj`bbt" {l vuul}{ l} htul{hovdv ln

`j `jfov{l} qd{h j ? fh}lglvlgov" `kkd{dlj`b flgu`}`{d~o

v{kdov `}o jookok qd{h aojlgov n}lg vuofdov l{vdko ln {ho

Ul`bov* Gogmo}v ln {ho @}of`bov (flflj{ YFlflv jfdno}`W"

u`bgv YU`bgòW$ l} {ho Sdjadmo}`bov (m`j`j` YGv` vuuW" adjao}

YSdjadmo} lnfffd`j`boW$ `}o allk f`jkdk`{ov dj qhdfh {l fljkf{

vfh v{kdov*

GO[HLKV

Jfbodf @fdk Vopojfo @bdajgoj{v

[h}oo joq u`} go{o}v qo}o koffjok {l djf}o`vo {ho v{}djaojft `jk

vdajdfff`jfo ln MB@V[ vopojfo `bdajgoj{ mt u`}vdja MB@V[J }ovb{v

`jk }omdbkdja HVUv l} u`d}qdvo vopojfo `bdajgoj{v* [ho ff}v{ u`}`g'

o{o}" @B (`bdajok boja{h$" fl}}ovuljkv {l {ho vg ln `bb HVU boja{hv* [ho

vofljk" FDU (fgb`{d~o dkoj{d{t uo}foj{ào$" fl}}ovuljkv {l {ho fg'

b`{d~o uo}foj{ào ln vopojfo dkoj{d{t lm{ djok nl} `bb ln {ho HVUv (FDU

Y) DK mt HVU,@BW 6 055$* [ho {hd}k u`}`go{o}" F@BU (fgb`{d~o`bdajgoj{ boja{h uo}foj{ào$" }ou}ovoj{v {ho vg ln {ho HVU boja{hv

(@B$nl} `bb ln{ho HVUv kd~dkokmt {ho boja{h ln{ho po}t vopojfo (F@BU@B,po}tboja{h$*[ho FDU`jk F@BU u`} go{o}v `bblq {hodkoj{dfff`{dlj

ln {homov{ `bdajgoj{(d*o*" {hohdahov{ fgb {d~o uo}foj{ào ln dkoj{d{t dj

{ho bljaov{ fgb`{d~o boja{h$" {ìdja dj{l `fflj{ `bb HVUv lm{`djok nl}

`jt u`d}qdvo `bdajgoj{* [hovo u`}`go{o}v qo}o ùubdok {l `bb ln {ho

MB@V[ `bdajgoj{v {h { qo}o uo}nl}gok dj {hdv v{kt* @n{o} {ov{dja

kdnno}oj{ flgmdj`{dljv ln FDU `jk F@BU ~`bov dj {ho kdnno}oj{ `j`btvov"

v{}djaoj{ ~`bov (4?/ FDU" 8?/ F@BU$ qo}o vok nl} {ho dkoj{dfff`{dlj ln

{}o u`} blav `glja {hoqho`{ ([}d{dfg òv{d~g$ OV[flj{dav" qho}o v

bovv v{}djaoj{ u`}`go{o}v qo}o ùubdok nl} {ho `j`btvov ln flbdjo`}d{t

(>5/ FDU" 15/ F@BU$ `jk kubdf`{dlj (15/ FDU" 15/ F@BU$*

Qho`{`jk ]dfo Vopojfo K`{`m`vov

[ho >;=> qho`{ OV[v }ou}ovoj{dja 0?"?>4 jlj}okjk`j{ blfd {h`{ qo}o

`vvdajok {l kobo{dlj mdjv mt Pd o{ `b* (=55;$ qo}o klqjbl`kok n}lg {hoA}`djAojo qomvd{o (h{{u3,,qho`{*uq*vk`*al~,$* Vdjfo vlgo OV[v g`t

fl}}ovuljk {l jljl~o}bùudja 64 `jk ?4 ojkv ln {ho v`go fKJ@ vo'

pojfo" qo ko~obluok ` jdaojo vo{ ln gùuok qho`{ OV[v mt `bdajdja

{hovo vopojfov à`djv{ {ho umbdf OV[ fbv{o}v {h`{ qo}o u}lkfok dj

{ho n}`goql}i ln Aojlub`j{o u}lcof{v (h{{u3,,}ad*~o}v`dbbov*dj}`*n},k`{`,

m`jiv,$* [l ojv}o {h`{ o`fh OV[ dv `vvlfd`{ok qd{h ` jdpo OV[ flj{da

qhdbo g`xdgdsdja {ho boja{h ln {ho `bdajgoj{" ~o}t v{}djaoj{ FDU (4?/$

`jk F@BU (8?/$ ~`bov qo}o ùubdok {l {ho `j`btvdv* [hdv bok {l {ho

dkoj{dfff`{dlj ln QOVv (d*o*" OV[v {h`{ `}o jl{ `vvlfd`{ok qd{h `jt OV[

fbv{o}$`jk QOFv (d*o*"OV[v`vvlfd {ok qd{h `j OV[flj{da qd{h 4?/FDU

`jk 8?/ F@BU$* QOF `jk QOV vopojfov qo}o vok nl} {ho dkoj{dff'

f`{dlj ln kubdf`{dljv qd{hdj {ho qho`{ aojlgo `jk nl} ov{`mbdvhdja

O~lb{dlj ln @jfov{} b A}`vv Aojlgo Kubdf {dljv =0


12/15

l}{hlblalv }ob`{dljvhduv mo{qooj }dfo (L}ts` v`{d~ $ `jk qho`{* Vdjfo

OV[v `}o jl{l}ko}ok qd{hdjkobo{dlj mdjv `jkmof`vo kobo{dlj mdj vdso dv

~`}d`mbo mo{qooj {ho hlglolblalv @" M" `jk K aojlgov" flgu`}`{d~o

`j`btvdv qd{h {ho {h}oo aojlgov qlbk mo u}ljo {l gùudja o}}l}v* [l

vdgubdnt {ho `j`btvdv `jk ojv}o {ho fl}}of{ dkoj{dfff {dlj ln u`}`blav dj

qho`{ `jk l}{hlblav qd{h }dfo" {ho `j`btvdv q`v uo}nl}gok lj {ho vo~oj

qho`{ hlglolblalv fh}lglvlgo a}luv* [hv" `jt QOF `jk QOV{h`{ q`v gùuok dj ` kobo{dlj mdj lj {ql l} {h}oo ln {ho hlglolblalv

fh}lglvlgov ln ` ad~oj fh}lglvlgo a}lu q`v fljvdko}ok qd{h `

jdpo ulvd{dlj lj ` vdjabo fljvojvv fh}lglvlgo uo} a}lu* [ho

fljvojvv ulvd{dlj q`v f`bfb`{ok `v nlbblqv3 Y(MV{ ((MVd,(JA 0$$ 6

JA]$$,FVd W 6 055" qho}o MV{ mdj v{`}{ fll}kdj`{o" Mvd mdj vdso (dj

uo}foj{ ao ln {ho}og`djdja fh}lglvlgo YPdo{ `b*" =55;W$" JA jgmo}

ln aojov `vvdajok {l ` mdj" JA] aojo }`ji qd{hdj ` mdj" `jk FVd {l{`b

fh}lglvlgo vdso (=55 055 nl} {ho blja `}g `jk 055 nl} {ho vhl}{ `}g

`ffl}kdja {l Pd o{ `b* Y=55;W$* OV[v {h`{ gùuok lj kdnno}oj{ hlglolb'

lalv fh}lglvlgo `}gv qo}o dajl}ok*

[ho vopojfov ln {ho 0= }dfouvoklglbofbov(mdbk ;9 61="511"850 mu$

qo}o klqjbl kok n}lg {ho [DA] qomvd{o (n{u3,,n{u*{da}*l}a,um,k`{ ,

Oi`}tl{df\U}lcof{v,l\v`{d~`,`jjl{`{dlj\kmv,uvoklglbofbov,~o}vdlj\;*5,$"

`jk {ho ;=">?; aojov dkoj{dffok mt {ho `jjl{`{dlj qo}o vok nl} {ho

`j`btvdv ln {ho }dfo kubdf`{dljv* Qo fhlvo {l uo}nl}g {ho `j`btvdv qd{h{ho [DA] `jjl{ {dlj }`{ho} {h j {ho gl}o fljvo}~`{d~o `jjl{ {dlj

(96="555 aojov$ {h`{ q`v }ofoj{bt }obo`vok mt {ho ]dfo @jjl{`{dlj

U}lcof{ (=551$ {l djf}o`vo {ho u}lm`mdbd{t ln ffjkdja fljvo}~ok l}{hlblav

o~oj `glja vopojfov {h`{ qo}o jl bljao} fljvdko}ok dj {ho joq

`jjl{`{dlj mof`vo {hot qo}o ljbt vuul}{ok mt OV[v* [l ov{`mbdvh {ho

l}{hlblalv }ob`{dljvhduv qd{h qho`{" {ho aojo ulvd{dlj (fll}kdj`{ov dj

goa`m`vov$ lj {ho uvoklglbofbov q`v {ìoj dj{l `fflj{*

Dkoj{dfff`{dlj ln Kubdf`{ok ]oadljv dj Qho`{ `jk ]dfo

Dj qho`{" kubdf`{dljv qo}o dkoj{dffok vdja QOVv `jk QOFv fl}}o'

vuljkdja {l OV[v {h`{ qo}o gùuok lj {ql kdnno}oj{ hlglolblalv

fljvojvv fh}lglvlgov nl} o`fh ln {ho vo~oj fh}lglvlgo a}luv* Dj

}dfo" kubdf`{dljv qo}o dkoj{dffok {h}lah aojlgo vopojfo flgu`}dvlj

vdja {ho ;=">?; }dfo `jjl{ {ok aojov* @n{o} `bdajgoj{ ln {ho }dfo

`jjl{ {ok aojov vdja 15/ FDU `jk 15/ F@BU ~`bov" {ho aojov

vhlqdja ` g`{fh qd{h `jl{ho} aojo obvoqho}o dj {ho aojlgo qo}o

koffjok `v u{`{d~o u`}`blalv u`d}v {h`{ qo}o vok nl} {ho dkoj{dfff`{dlj

ln kubdf`{ok }oadljv*

Dkoj{dfff`{dlj ln L}{hlblalv ]oadljv mo{qooj ]dfo `jk Qho {

Jlj}okjk`j{ QOFv `jk QOVv qo}o `bdajok à`djv{ {ho }dfo `jjl{`{ok

aojov qd{h >5/ FDU `jk 15/ F@BU {l dkoj{dnt u{`{d~o l}{hlblalv

vopojfov* @j dj'kou{h `j`btvdv ln {ho `bdajgoj{v vhlqok {h`{ {ho

u}ovojfo ln jfljvo}~ok ?4 l} 64 j{}`jvb`{ok }oadljv (_[]v$ fljvdko}'

`mbt kof}o`vok {ho l~o}`bb uo}foj{ào ln dkoj{d{t `jk kdv{}mok {ho

dkoj{dfff`{dlj ln l}{hlblalv ~o}vv u`}`blalv aojov* [l {ìo {hdv

u}lmbog dj{l `fflj{" qo ov{dg {ok {ho `~o}ào boja{h ln {ho ?4

`jk 64

_[]v dj l} k`{` vo{* [ho `~o}ào boja{hv qo}o =?5 > >?*> `jk ;55 >

00=*? mu ln {ho ?4 `jk 64 _[]v" }ovuof{d~obt" nl} 8?/ ln {ho QOFv l}

QOVv fljvdko}ok dj l} v{kt* [hv" dj `kkd{dlj {l vopojfov vhlqdja

hdah vdgdb`}d{t (FDU$ l~o} {ho qhlbo boja{h (F@BU$" qo fljvdko}ok `v

ul{oj{d`b l}{hlblav l} u`}`blav `bb aojov nl} qhdfh u`d}qdvo vopojfo

`bdajgoj{v vhlqok ` gdjdgg ln >5/ FDU `jk 15/ F@BU `n{o} vtv'

{og`{df`bbt oxfbkdja {ho _[] vopojfov*

@ aojo (A$q`v fljvdko}ok}o`}} jaok mo{qooj }dfo `jkqho`{(d*o*" jl{

dj v`go l}ko} flgu`}ok qd{h {ho `jidja l}{hlblav$ qhoj Aqu q`v jl{

flj{`djok dj {ho @qu > VK ~`bo (qd{h Auq }ou}ovoj{dja {ho OV[

fll}kdj`{o dj qho`{ `jk @qu }ou}ovoj{dja {ho go`j f`bfb`{ok nl} {ho

05 uv{}o`g `jk 05 klqjv{}o`g OV[v m`vok lj {hod} ulvd{dljv dj }dfo$*

V{`{dv{df`b @j`btvdv

U{ {d~o u`} blalv u`d}v dkoj{dffok k}dja{ho kubdf {dlj `j btvov dj {ho

qho`{ `jk }dfo aojlgov" `v qobb `v l}{hlblalv aojo u`d}v dkoj{dffok

n}lg {ho flbdjo`}d{t `j`btvdv mo{qooj }dfo `jk qho`{" qo}o ~`bdk`{ok

{h}lah Fblvo_u `j`btvdv (h{{u3,,qqq*dam*fd*ok,vo}~o}v,favv*h{gb$*

[ho v{`{dv{df`b `j`btvdv dv m`vok lj ` uo}g{`{dlj {ov{ (Glj{o F`}bl$uo}nl}gok {h}lah ` }`jklgds`{dlj ln {ho djd{d`b k`{` {l vobof{ fljvo}~ok

mblfiv ln aojov {h { `}ojl{ lm{ djok mt fh`jfo(d*o*" {h { `}ojl{ lm{ djok

dj `jt }`jklg kdv{}dm{dlj uo}nl}gok$* @ flbdjo`} l} kubdf`{ok }oadlj

q`v fljvdko}ok v{`{df`bbt vdajdfff`j{ qhoj {ho aojo kojvd{t qd{hdj {ho

}oadlj q`v ~`bdk`{ok mt Fblvo_u uo}g{`{dlj {ov{v qd{h {ho nlbblqdja

u`}`go{o}v3 kojvd{t }`{dl,fbv{o} boja{h,g`{fh jgmo} ln 5*?,=?,? nl}

qho`{ `jk =,;5,? nl} }dfo* [ho v{`{dv{df`b u`}`go{o}v qo}o bovv v{}djaoj{

nl} {ho kubdf`{dlj `j`btvdv dj qho`{ mof`vo bovv vopojfo djnl}g`{dlj

(>;=>$ dv `~`db`mbo flgu`}ok qd{h }dfo (;=">?;$* Nl} {ho ~`bdk`{dlj ln

l}{hlblalv }oadljv dj {ho flbdjo`}d{t `j`btvdv" kon`b{ u`}`go{o}v qd{h `

kojvd{t }`{dl ln =" ` fbv{o} boja{h ln =5" `jk ` g`{fh jgmo} ln ? qo}o

vok*

A}ùhdf`b Kdvub`t

Kubdf {dljv `v qobb `v flbdjo }d{t qo}o a}ùhdf`bbt ~dv`bdsok vdja

Aojlgo Udxobdso} vln{q`}o (h{{u3,,jdmb}}v*fk`~dv*ok,AojlgoUdxobdso},

AojlgoUdxobdso}\Qobflgo*h{gb$* [h}oo k`{` vhoo{v qo}o u}l~dkok {l

{ho vln{q`}o3 g`}io} djnl}g`{dlj (j`go" ulvd{dlj lj fh}lglvlgo" fh}l'

glvlgo jgmo}$9 bdji djnl}g`{dlj (k`{` lm{`djok nl} {ho v{`{dv{df`b dkoj'

{dfff`{dlj ln u`}`blalv l} l}{hlblalv vopojfo u`d}v$9 `jk a}ùhdf`b

djnl}g`{dlj (jgmo}" vdso ln fh}lglvlgov$*

Jfbol{dko Vmv{d{{dlj ]`{o @j`btvdv ln {ho Vh`}ok Kubdf`{dlj

mo{qooj ]dfo Fh}lglvlgov 0 {l ? `jk Qho`{ Fh}lglvlgov

6M {l 0M

Vtjljtglv jfbol{dko vmv{d{{dlj ~`bov (Jod `jk Alclml}d" 048>$

qo}o f`bfb`{ok mo{qooj u`}`blalv aojov dj }dfo (kubdf`{dlj mo{qooj

fh}lglvlgov }0'}?$ `jk {hod} qho`{ l}{hlblav (kubdf`{dlj mo{qoojfh}lglvlgov q0'q6$ vdja {ho vln{q`}o u`fiào GOA@6 (Ig`}

o{ `b*" =55;$ `n{o} vopojfo `bdajgoj{ vdja FB_V[@B Q ([hlguvlj

o{ `b*" 044;$* K`{dja ln kubdf {dlj o~oj{v q`v m`vok lj ` g{`{dlj }`{o

ln >*? 6 054 vmv{d{{dljv uo} vtjljtglv vd{o uo} to`} (A`{ o{ `b*"

044>$*

Vuubogoj{`b K`{`

[ho nlbblqdja g`{o}d`bv `}o `~`db`mbo dj {ho ljbdjo ~o}vdlj ln {hdv `}{dfbo*

Vuubogoj{`b Nda}o 0* A}ùhdf`b ]ou}ovoj{`{dlj ln {ho =0> V{`{dv'

{df`bbt ^`bdk`{ok Qho`{ U`}`blav dj O`fh ln {ho =0 Ulvvdmbo U`d}qdvo

Flgmdj`{dljv mo{qooj {ho Vo~oj Qho`{ Fh}lglvlgo A}luv*

Vuubogoj{`b [`mbo 0* Fblvo_u @j`btvdv ln Kubdf`{ok Aojo U`d}v

]o~o`bv =4 Kubdf`{ok ]oadljv dj {ho ]dfo Aojlgo*

Vuubogoj{`b [`mbo =* Fblvo_u @j`btvdv ln Kubdf`{ok Aojo U`d}v

]o~o`bv 05 Kubdf {ok ]oadljv dj {ho Qho`{ Aojlgo `jk [ql

[}`jvblf`{dljv*

Vuubogoj{`b [`mbo 6* Ko{`dbok No`{}ov nl} {ho 06 L}{hlblalv

]oadljv Dkoj{dffok mo{qooj ]dfo `jk Qho`{*

Vuubogoj{`b [`mbo ;* Ko{`dbok No`{}ov nl} {ho Vo~oj Kubdf`{dlj

Mblfiv Vh`}ok mo{qooj Qho`{ `jk ]dfo*

Vuubogoj{`b [`mbo ?* Jfbol{dko Vmv{d{{dlj ]`{ov ln {ho U`}`b'

lalv Aojov U}ovoj{ dj {ho Vh }ok Kubdf`{dlj mo{qooj ]dfo

Fh}lglvlgov 0 {l ? `jk Qho`{ Fh}lglvlgo A}luv 0 {l 6*

== [ho Ub j{ Fobb


13/15

@FIJLQBOKAGOJ[V

[hdv ql}i q`v vuul}{ok mt a}`j{v n}lg {ho @aojfo J`{dlj`bo ko b`

]ofho}fho (A}`j{ @J]'5?'MB@JF'5=?8'50$ `jk n}lg {ho Djv{d{{ J`'

{dlj b ko b` ]ofho}fho @a}ljlgdpo*

]ofod~ok Lf{lmo} 0?" =5519 }o~dvok Jl~ogmo} =0" =5519 `ffou{ok

Kofogmo} 0=" =5519 umbdvhok C`j`}t ;" =558*

]ONO]OJFOV

@hj" V*" `jk [`jivbot" V*K* (0446$* Flgu`}`{d~o bdjiào gùv ln

{ho }dfo `jk g`dso aojlgov* U}lf* J`{b* @f`k* Vfd* _V@ 453 1485

148;*

@b{vfhb" V*N*" Advh" Q*" Gdbbo}" Q*" Gto}v" O*Q*" `jk Bdug`j" K*C*

(0445$* M`vdf blf`b `bdajgoj{ vo`}fh {llb* C* Glb* Mdlb* =0?3 ;56;05*

@b{vfhb" V*N*" G`kkoj" [*B*" Vfh`nno}" @*@*" Sh`ja" C*" Sh`ja" S*"

Gdbbo}" Q*" `jk Bdug`j" K*C* (0441$* Aùuok MB@V[ `jk UVD'MB@V[3

@ joq aojo}`{dlj ln u}l{odj k`{`m`vo vo`}fh u}la}`gv* Jfbodf @fdkv

]ov* =?3 66846;5=*

Mojjo{soj" C*B* (=55?$* [}`jvulv`mbo obogoj{v" aojo f}o`{dlj `jk

aojlgo }o`}}`jaogoj{ dj lqo}dja ub`j{v* F}}* Ludj* Aojo{* Ko~*

0?3 >=0>=1*

Mb io" J*I*" Bohnobk{" M*]*" B`~dj" G*" `jk [`bmo}{" B*O* (0444$*

Uhtblaojo{df }ofljv{}f{dlj m`vok lj blq flut KJ@ vopojfo k`{`

dj `j `bblulbtubldk3 [ho M aojlgo ln qho`{* Aojlgo ;=3 6?06>5*

Mobb" F*]*" o{ `b* (=55?$* Vopojfo" `jjl{`{dlj" `jk `j`btvdv ln vtj{ojt

mo{qooj }dfo fh}lglvlgo 6 `jk kd~o}aok a}`vv vuofdov* Aojlgo

]ov* 0?3 0=8;0=40*

F`b`m}ovo" U*U*" Fhì}`~`}{t" V*" `jk ^dvdlj" [*C* (=556$* N`v{ dkoj'

{dfff`{dlj `jk v{`{dv{df`b o~`b`{dlj ln voagoj{`b hlglbladov dj flg'

u`}`{d~o gùv* Mdldjnl}g`{dfv 043 1;85*

Fljbot" O*C*" o{ `b* (=55;$* @ =>55'blfv fh}lglvlgo mdj gù ln qho`{

hlgolblalv a}lu = }o~o`bv dj{o}v{d{d`b aojo }dfh dvb`jkv `jk flbdj'

o`}d{t qd{h }dfo* Aojo{dfv 0>83 >=?>61*

Ko~lv" I*G* (=55?$* _uk`{dja {ho f}lu fd}fbo* F}}* Ludj* Ub`j{ Mdlb* 83

0??0>=*

Ko~lv" I*G*" `jk A`bo" G*K* (=555$* Aojlgo }ob`{dljvhduv3 [ho a}`vv

glkob dj f}}oj{ }ovo`}fh* Ub`j{ Fobb 0=3 >61>;>*

K}ùo}" C*" G}" B*@*" Cojidjv" A*" Ahlvh'Mdvq`v" A*F*" M`mbì" U*"

H`v{o}li" ]*" `jk ]l{bokao" @*U* (=550$* M}`fhtulkdg kdv{`fhtlj*

@ joq glkob vtv{og nl} njf{dlj`b aojlgdfv dj a}`vvov* Ub`j{ Uhtvdlb*

0=13 0?640???*

Kmfl~vit" C*" Bl" G*F*" Shlja" A*T*" M}`jv{od{o}" ]*" Kov`d" @*"

Idbd`j" @*" Ibodjhlnv" @*" `jk K~l}ì" C* (044>$* Aojo{df gù ln

kdubldk qho`{" [}d{dfg gljlflffg B*" `jk d{v flgu`}dvlj qd{h

gùv ln Hl}kog ~ba`}o B* Aojo{dfv 0;63 486444*

N`ja" S*" Ulb ffl" G*" Fhoj" V*" Vfh}loko}" V*" H`jflfi" K*"

V`jfhos" H*" `jk Flo" O* (=556$* fGù3 [ho flgu`}`{d~o aojo{df

gù ~doqo}* Mdldjnl}g`{dfv 043 ;0>;01*

Nobkg`j" G*" Bu{lj" N*A*H*" `jk Gdbbo}" [*O* (044?$* Qho`{v* Dj

O~lb{dlj ln F}luv" =jk ok" C* Vg }{{ `jk J*Q* Vdggljkv" okv

(Bljklj3 Bljag`j Vfdoj{dfff$" uu* 08;04=*

Nodbbo{" F*" `jk Iobbo}" M* (=55=$* Flgu`}`{d~o aojlgdfv dj {ho a}`vv

n`gdbt3 Glbofb`} fh`}`f{o}ds`{dlj ln a}`vv aojlgo v{}f{}o `jk

o~lb{dlj* @jj* Ml{* (Bljk*$ 843 605*

A`{" M*V* (=55=$* O~lb{dlj`}t ktj`gdfv ln a} vv aojlgov* Joq

Uht{lb* 0?;3 0?=8*

A`{" M*V*" `jk Klombot" C*N* (0441$* KJ@ vopojfo o~dkojfo nl} {ho

voagoj{`b `bbl{o{}ùbldk l}dadj ln g`dso* U}lf* J`{b* @f`k* Vfd* _V@

4;3 >854>80;*

A`{" M*V*" Gl}{lj" M*]*" GfF`da" M*F*" `jk Fboaa" G*[* (044>$*

Vmv{d{{dlj }`{o flgu`}dvljv mo{qooj a}`vvov `jk u`bgv3 Vtjljt'

glv }`{o kdnno}ojfov `{ {ho jfbo`} aojo @kh u`}`bbob }`{o kdnno}ojfov

`{ {ho ub`v{dk aojo }mfB* U}lf* J`{b* @f`k* Vfd* _V@ 463 05=1;05=14*

Atl{" ]*" T`hd`ld" J*" Nodbbo{" F*" `jk Iobbo}" M* (=55;$* Dj vdbdfl

flgu`}`{d~o `j`btvdv }o~o`bv ` glv`df fljvo}~`{dlj ln aojov qd{hdj `

jl~ob flbdjo`} }oadlj dj qho`{ fh}lglvlgo 0@V `jk }dfo fh}lgl'

vlgo ?V* Njf{* Dj{oa}* Aojlgdfv ;3 ;1?8*

H`guvlj" V*" GfBtvàh{" @*" A`{" M*" `jk M`bkd" U* (=556$* Bdjo_u3

V{`{dv{df`b ko{of{dlj ln fh}lglvlg`b hlglblat qd{h ùubdf {dlj {l

ub`j{ flgu`}`{d~o aojlgdfv* Aojlgo ]ov* 063 00=*

H`guvlj" V*O*" A`{" M*V*" `jk M`bkd" U* (=55?$* V{`{dv{df`b ko{of{dlj ln

fh}lglvlg`b hlglblat vdja vh`}ok'aojo kojvd{t `bljo* Mdldjnl}'

g`{dfv =03 066406;8*

H`ja" V*X*" Vd}dih`fhl}jid{" @*" N`}dv" C*K*" V" X*C*" Adbb" M*V*"

H`vobil}j" ]*" `jk Al}jdfid" U* (=55=$* Uhtblaojo{df `j`btvdv ln {ho

`fo{tb'Fl@ f`}mlxtb`vo `jk 6'uhlvuhlabtfo}`{o idj`vo blfd dj qho`{

`jk l{ho} a}`vvov* Ub`j{ Glb* Mdlb* ;83 85?8=5*

Hl" J*" A" T*P*" B`sl" A*]*" ^laob" C*U*" Flbog`j'Ko}}" K*" Bl"

G*F*" [hdbgljt" ]*" A`}~dj" K*N*" `jk @jko}vlj" L*K* (=55>$*

Fljv{}f{dlj `jk fh`}`f{o}ds`{dlj ln {ql M@F bdm}`}dov n}lg M}`fht'

ulkdg kdv{`fhtlj" ` joq glkob nl} a}`vv aojlgdfv* Aojlgo ;43

05440058*

Dj{o}j {dlj`b ]dfo Aojlgo Vopojfdja U}lcof{ (=55?$* [ho gù'

m`vok vopojfo ln {ho }dfo aojlgo* J`{}o ;6>3 146855*

C`dvq b" U*" o{ `b* (=55>$* A} gojo3 @ md}kv oto ~doq ln fo}o b

aojlgov* Jfbodf @fdkv ]ov* 6;3 K101K1=6*

Iobblaa" O*@* (=550$* O~lb{dlj`}t hdv{l}t ln {ho a}`vvov* Ub`j{ Uhtvdlb*

0=?3 00480=5?*

Idvhdgl{l" J*" Hdal" H*" @mo" I*" @} d" V*" V`d{l" @*" `jk Hdal" I*

(044;$* Dkoj{dfff`{dlj ln {ho kubdf`{ok voagoj{v dj }dfo fh}lglvlgov

0 `jk ? mt bdjiào `j`btvdv ln fKJ@ g`}io}v ln ijlqj njf{dljv*

[hol}* @uub* Aojo{* 883 1==1=>*

Ig`}" V*" [`g}`" I*" `jk Jod" G* (=55;$* GOA@63 Dj{oa}`{ok

vln{q`}o nl} glbofb`} o~lb{dlj`}t aojo{dfv `j`btvdv `jk vopojfo

`bdajgoj{* M}don* Mdldjnl}g* ?3 0?50>6*

B` ]l{`" G*" `jk Vl}}obbv" G*O* (=55;$* Flgu`}`{d~o KJ@ vopojfo

`j`btvdv ln gùuok qho`{ OV[v }o~o`bv {ho flguboxd{t ln aojlgo

}ob`{dljvhduv mo{qooj }dfo `jk qho`{* Njf{* Dj{oa}* Aojlgdfv ;3

6;;>*

Bdjidoqdfs" @*G*" o{ `b* (=55;$* @ =?55'blfv mdj gù ln qho`{

hlglolblalv a}lu ? u}l~dkov djvdah{v lj aojo kdv{}dm{dlj `jk

flbdjo`}d{t qd{h }dfo* Aojo{dfv 0>83 >>?>1>*

G`}{djos'Uo}os" O*" Vh`q" U*" ]o`ko}" V*" @}àlj'@bf`dko" B*" Gdbbo}"

[*" `jk Gll}o" A* (0444$* Hlglblalv fh}lglvlgo u`d}dja dj qho`{*

C* Fobb Vfd* 00=3 01>001>4*

Gdfiobvlj'Tlja" B*" Ojkl" [*]*" `jk Adbb" M*V* (044?$* @ ft{laojo{df

b`kko}'gù ln {ho qho`{ hlglolblalv a}lu'; fh}lglvlgov*

[hol}* @uub* Aojo{* 453 05510500*

Gdn{`hkdj" ]*I*" o{ `b* (=55;$* @j`btvdv ln oxu}ovvok vopojfo {à blfd

lj qho`{ fh}lglvlgo a}lu ;* Aojo{dfv 0>83 >?0>>6*

Gji~lbk" C*K*" o{ `b* (=55;$* A}lu 6 fh}lglvlgo mdj gùv ln

qho`{ `jk {hod} }ob`{dljvhdu {l }dfo fh}lglvlgo 0* Aojo{dfv 0>83

>64>?5*

Jà`g} " T*" o{ `b* (044?$* Fljvo}~`{dlj ln kubdf {ok voagoj{v

mo{qooj }dfo fh}lglvlgov 00 `jk 0=* M}ook* Vfd* ;?3 61661>*

Jod" G*" `jk Alclml}d" [* (048>$* Vdgubo go{hlkv nl} ov{dg`{dja {ho

jgmo}v ln vtjljtglv `jk jljvtjljtglv jfbol{dko vmv{d{'

{dljv* Glb* Mdlb* O~lb* 63 ;08;=>*

U`{o}vlj" @*H*" Mlqo}v" C*O*" `jk Fhùg`j" M*@* (=55;$* @jfdoj{

ulbtubldkds`{dlj u}ok`{dja kd~o}aojfo ln {ho fo}o`bv" `jk d{v fljvo'

pojfov nl} flgu`}`{d~o aojlgdfv* U}lf* J`{b* @f`k* Vfd* _V@ 0503

44564458*

O~lb{dlj ln @jfov{} b A}`vv Aojlgo Kubdf {dljv =6


14/15

U`{o}vlj" @*H*" Mlqo}v" C*O*" Uo{o}vlj" K*A*" Ov{dbb" C*F*" `jk

Fhùg`j" M*@* (=556$* V{}f{}o `jk o~lb{dlj ln fo}o`b aojlgov*

F}}* Ludj* Aojo{* Ko~* 063 >;;>?5*

Pd" B*B*" o{ `b* (=55;$* @ fh}lglvlgo mdj gù ln 0>"555 oxu}ovvok

vopojfo {à blfd `jk kdv{}dm{dlj ln aojov `glja {ho {h}oo aojlgov

ln ulbtubldk qho`{* Aojo{dfv 0>83 15010=*

]`jkh`q`" H*V*" o{ `b* (=55;$* Kobo{dlj gùudja ln hlglolblalva}lu >'vuofdfff qho`{ oxu}ovvok vopojfo {àv* Aojo{dfv 0>83

>11>44*

V`bvo" C*" `jk Nodbbo{" F* (=551$* Flgu`}`{d~o aojlgdfv ln fo}o`bv* Dj

Aojlgdfv'@vvdv{ok F}lu Dgu}l~ogoj{" ^lb* 0" ]* ^`}vhjot `jk ]*

[mo}lv`" okv (Kl}k}ofh{" [ho Jo{ho}b`jkv3 Vu}djao}' o}bà$" uu*

011=5?*

V`bvo" C*" Udoa" M*" Fllio" ]*" `jk Kobvojt" G* (=55=$* Vtj{ojt

mo{qooj @}`mdkluvdv {h`bd`j` `jk }dfo `{ {ho aojlgo bo~ob3 @ {llb {l

dkoj{dnt fljvo}~`{dlj dj {ho ljaldja }dfo aojlgo vopojfdja u}lcof{*

Jfbodf @fdkv ]ov* 653 =60>=6=8*

V`bvo" C*" Udoa" M*" Fllio" ]*" `jk Kobvojt" G* (=55;$* Joq dj vdbdfl

djvdah{ dj{l {ho vtj{ojt mo{qooj }dfo (L}ts` v`{d~` B*$ `jk g`dso (So`

g`tv B*$ hdahbdah{v }ovhndja `jk dkoj{dffov joq kubdf`{dljv dj {ho

}dfo aojlgo* Ub`j{ C* 683 64>;54*

Vfhmo}{" D* (=551$* Fh}lglvlgo o~lb{dlj* F}}* Ludj* Ub`j{ Mdlb* 05305400?*

Vdjah" J*I*" o{ `b* (=55;$* Vopojfo `j`btvdv ln {ho blja `}g ln }dfo

fh}lglvlgo 00 nl} }dfo'qho`{ vtj{ojt* Njf{* Dj{oa}* Aojlgdfv ;3

05=001*

Vdjah" J*I*" o{ `b* (=551$* Vdjabo'flut aojov koffjo ` fljvo}~ok l}ko}

mo{qooj }dfo `jk qho`{ nl} jko}v{`jkdja kdnno}ojfov f`vok mt

kubdf`{dlj" kobo{dlj" `jk {}`jvulvd{dlj ln aojov* Njf{* Dj{oa}* Ao'

jlgdfv 13 016?*

Vl}}obbv" G* (=55;$* Fo}o`b aojlgdfv }ovo`}fh dj {ho ulv{'aojlgdf o}`*

Dj Fo}o`b Aojlgdfv" U*I* Au{` `jk ]*I* ^`}vhjot" okv (Kl}k}ofh{"

[ho Jo{ho}b`jkv3 Ibqo} @f`kogdf Umbdvho}v$" uu* ??4?8;*

Vl}}obbv" G*O*" o{ `b* (=556$* Flgu`}`{d~o KJ@ vopojfo `j`btvdv ln

qho`{ `jk }dfo aojlgov* Aojlgo ]ov* 063 080808=1*

V{odj" J*" o{ `b* (=551$* @ 0"555'blfd {} jvf}du{ gù ln {ho m`}bot

aojlgo3 Joq `jfhl}dja uldj{v nl} dj{oa}`{d~o a}`vv aojlgdfv* [hol}* @uub* Aojo{* 00;3 8=6864*

Vqdaljl~`" S*" B`d" C*V*" G`" C*X*" ]`gì}dvhj`" Q*" Bb f`" ^*"

Mojjo{soj" C*B*" `jk Govvdja" C* (=55;$* Fblvo vubd{ ln vl}ahg

`jk g`dso aojlgo u}laojd{l}v* Aojlgo ]ov* 0;3 040>04=6*

]dfo @jjl{ {dlj U}lcof{ (=551$* F}`{ok aojlgo `jjl{`{dlj ln L}ts`

v`{d~` vvu* cùljdf` `jk flgu`}`{d~o aojlgo `j`btvdv qd{h @}`md'

kluvdv {h`bd`j`* Aojlgo ]ov* 013 01?086*

]dfo Fh}lglvlgo 6 Vopojfdja Fljvl}{dg (=55?$* Vopojfo"

`jjl{`{dlj" `jk `j btvdv ln vtj{ojt mo{qooj }dfo fh}lglvlgo 6

`jk kd~o}aok a}`vv vuofdov* Aojlgo ]ov* 0?3 0=8;0=40*

]dfo Fh}lglvlgov 00 `jk 0= Fljvl}{d` (=55?$* [ho vopojfo ln }dfo

fh}lglvlgov 00 `jk 0=" }dfh dj kdvo`vo }ovdv{`jfo aojov `jk }ofoj{

aojo kubdf`{dljv* MGF Mdlb* 63 =5*

[hlguvlj" C*K*" Hdaadjv" K*A*" `jk Admvlj" [*C* (044;$* FB_V[@B Q3

Dgu}l~dja {ho vojvd{d~d{t ln u}la}ovvd~o gb{dubo vopojfo `bdajgoj{

{h}lah vopojfo qodah{dja" ulvd{dlj'vuofdfff aù uoj`b{dov `jk

qodah{ g`{}dx fhldfo* Jfbodf @fdkv ]ov* ==3 ;>16;>85*

^`jkoulobo" I*" Vòtv" T*" Vdgdbbdlj" F*" ]òv" C*" `jk ^`j ko Uoo}"

T* (=55=$* [ho `{lg`{df ko{of{dlj ln hlglblalv }oadljv (@KHl]o$

`jk d{v ùubdf`{dlj {l gdf}lflbdjo`}d{t mo{qooj @}`mdkluvdv `jk }dfo*

Aojlgo ]ov* 0=3 014=0850*

^`jkoulobo" I*" Vdgdbbdlj" F*" `jk ^`j ko Uoo}" T* (=556$* O~dkojfo

{h { }dfo `jk l{ho} fo}o`bv `}o `jfdoj{ `joubldkv* Ub`j{ Fobb 0?3=04===5=*

Q`ja" X*" Vhd" X*" H`l" M*" Ao" V*" `jk Bl" C* (=55?$* Kubdf`{dlj `jk

KJ@ voagoj{`b blvv dj {ho }dfo aojlgo3 Dgubdf`{dljv nl} kdubldkds`'

{dlj* Joq Uht{lb* 0>?3 4614;>*

Qod" N*" o{ `b* (=551$* Uhtvdf`b `jk aojo{df v{}f{}o ln {ho g`dso aojlgo

}oof{v d{v flgubox o~lb{dlj`}t hdv{l}t* UBlV Aojo{* 63 o0=6*

Qojkob" C*N*" V{mo}" F*Q*" Allkg`j" G*G*" `jk Mofio{{" C*M*

(0484$* Kubdf`{ok ub`v{dk `jk {}dubdf`{ok ft{lvlbdf dvlstgov ln {}d'

lvouhlvuh`{o dvlgo} vo dj g`dso (So` g`tv B*$* C* Ho}ok* 63 =08==8*

T" C*" o{ `b* (=55=$* @ k}`n{ vopojfo ln {ho }dfo aojlgo (L}ts` v`{d~` B*

vvu* djkdf $* Vfdojfo =4>3 144=*

T" C*" o{ `b* (=55?$* [ho aojlgov ln L}ts` v`{d~ 3 @ hdv{l}t ln

kubdf`{dljv* UBlV Mdlb* 63 =>>=80*

T`j" P*" Lt`ja" V*" Bd" C*" Vh" M*" Fhoja" N*" Vb{`j`" ]*" Boo"

K*" P`fiojmvh" C*" `jk Mobb" F*]* (=556$* [ho [DA] }dfo aojlgo`jjl{ {dlj }ovl}fo3 @jjl{`{dja {ho }dfo aojlgo `jk f}o`{dja }o'

vl}fov nl} ub`j{ mdlbladv{v* Jfbodf @fdkv ]ov* 603 ==4=66*

=; [ho Ub j{ Fobb


15/15

[hdv djnl}g`{dlj dv f}}oj{ `v ln G`}fh 6" =554

KLD305*005?,{uf*051*5?>654=5589=5900'=;9 l}dadj`bbt umbdvhok ljbdjo C`j ;" =5589UB@J[ FOBB

[hlg`v F`bf`ajl" ]dfh`}k Fllio" Gdfhob Kobvojt `jk F`{ho}djo Nodbbo{C}go V`bvo" V{uh`jdo Mlbl{" Gdfh`b [h}lko" ^djfoj{ Clnno" Mojl{ Udoa" _g`} G`vllk P}`dvhd"

Djvdah{ dj{l A}`vv Aojlgo O~lb{dljDkoj{dndf`{dlj `jk Fh`}`f{o}ds`{dlj ln Vh`}ok Kubdf`{dljv mo{qooj ]dfo `jk Qho`{ U}l~dko Joq

Vuubogoj{`b K`{` h{{u3,,qqq*ub`j{fobb*l}a,fad,flj{oj{,nbb,{uf*051*5?>654,KF0

]ono}ojfovh{{u3,,qqq*ub`j{fobb*l}a,fad,flj{oj{,nbb,=5,0,00&MDMB

[hdv `}{dfbo fd{ov ?4 `}{dfbov" 6; ln qhdfh tl f`j `ffovv nl} n}oo `{3

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Identification and Characterization of Shared Duplications between Rice and Wheat Provide New...

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