Idek Its Cards

8/17/2019 Idek Its Cards

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Open Borders Generally Doesn’t Solve


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Open Borders Fail

Opening the border for inclusion only masks other formsof exclusion- making immigrants even more hesitant to

cross the borderMotomura 07(Hiroshi, Professor of Law at the UCLA School of Law, 2007, “Americans in Waiting:he Lost Stor! of "mmigration an# Citi$enshi% in the Unite# States&, %g ')

his entire in*+ir! reflects m! ho%e that national citizenship in the United States can be aviable context for a sense of belonging and for participation in civic, political, social, and

economic life that is inclusive and respectful of all individuals. There are certainly other

models of belonging, including transnational models that reflect a sense of belonging to

more than one nation, and postnational models that thin beyond national citizenship

entirely. !ut the apparent inclusiveness of these other approaches to belonging can masother modes of exclusion. "f national citi$enshi% matters less, ties of religion, race, class,an# other gro+%ings that are less cosmo%olitan or #emocratic than national citi$enshi%will matter een more than the! #o alrea#!- he res+lt ma! .e a worl# witho+t nationalwalls .+t also a worl# of a “tho+san# %ett! fortresses,& as %olitical %hiloso%her /ichaelWal$er once %+t it-'0 Maing national citizenship into an inclusive vehicle is not easy. "tre#uires a $elcome of immigrants%crystallized in the idea of &mericans in $aiting%that

has faded from la$ and policy in the United States. Altho+gh this i#ea has weaene# an# isin #anger of weaening f+rther, it sho+l# .e restore# to %rominent infl+ence .eca+se itca%t+res this .asic tr+th: a sensible $e'they line must reflect the understanding that manyof them $ill become part of us. This understanding $as the conceptual engine for

integrating generations of immigrants%mostly those from (urope. )ith much of this

understanding gone, $e should not be surprised if more recent $aves of immigrants,

especially immigrants of color, seem more reluctant to cross the $e'they line into &mericansociety- 1ecoering the lost stor! of immigrants as Americans in waiting is th+s cr+cialnot onl! to giing immigrants their #+e, .+t also to recoering the ision of o+r nationalf+t+re that is reflecte# in the %hrase “a nation of immigrants& that America is ma#e +%of immigrants, .+t still one nation-

Open Borders do not solve for either economic euality!"orker oppression or Democratic representation*ohnson +007 ean of U- avis School of a$(3ein 1-, 2007“4%ening the5loo#gates6 Wh! America ee#s to 1ethin "ts 8or#ers an# "mmigration Laws&)&n open/borders solution is, of course, not the silver bullet that $ould instantly cure all of

the nations $oes- 5ar from it- "ne#ualities in the modern U.S. capitalist system $ill persist-he rece#ing of the immigration laws will allow greater la.or mo.ilit! an# free the la.ormaret to o%erate more efficientl! in res%onse to maret forces than the c+rrent s!stem of immigration controls #oes- (fficient marets, howeer, rarely operate $ithoutperpetuating or increasing economic ine#uality. 1ther tools $ould be needed to address the

endemic problems of economic ine#uality in &merican social life. 9 Seeral %ro%osals in this .oo, howeer, are #esigne# to hel% ameliorate the %ro.lems of economic ine*+alit!eacer.ate# .! o%en .or#ers- Wealth re#istri.+tion %olicies that transfer .enefits from


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those economic actors who gain from eas! la.or mo.ilit! to the %oorest citi$ens of theUnite# States constit+te one %ossi.ilit!- hose, s+ch as lower;sille# worers, who .enefit littleor %erha%s lose gro+n#.eca+se of the immigration of worers sho+l#receie transfer %a!ments or ta re#+ctions f+n#e# .! taes %ai# .! the .eneficiaries offree la.or migration, %rimaril! .+sinesses an# em%lo!ers- 9 "n a##ition, the fe#eral

goernment, which collects the lion


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Bad to #bandon Borders

$rasing borders leads to unlimited and endless violence of a "orld police state in order to erase the ontological

necessity of pluralism that makes resistance ineinvtbale%&he political gesutre of the 'ritik is a "ay to erase theother and bring about the kingdom of satan%3rozorov, 4esearch 5ello$ at the 6elsini -ollegium for &dvanced Studies,

University of 6elsini, 5inland, in 8

9Sergei, :e/imitation; The enigration of !oundaries in the 3olitical

Thought of ate Modernity< in The =eopolitics of (uropean "dentity, ed.

>oel 3arer, pg. ?@/AB5or Schmitt, the immanentist orientation of modern political theology, through the effacement

of sovereign transcendence, inevitably renders it anti/political by virtue of its negation of

any outside to the immanent order of being (cf- Bwal# '26 4Daangas 200?)- his negation of the o+t; si#e ma!

.e conce%t+ali$e# at two leels- "n terms of %olitical ontolog!, immanentism necessaril! #isaows its own origins, which m+stlogicall! .e #ecisionist an# ece%tional, i-e-, eterior to the %lane of immanence of the internal organi$ation of or#er- Ber! or#er isconstit+te# .! a fo+n#ing r+%t+re that #is%enses with the %reio+sl! eisting or#er an# ina+g+rates the new or#er, witho+t itself .eing

%art of either- "n the ontological sense, the outside of order, disavo$ed in immanentist thought, is that

marginal excess that constitutes the form of order by escaping from it, that supple/ ment

$hich simultaneously sustains and undermines the existence of order, the sovereign decision

that institutes order, $hile remaining unsubsumed under its principles (see Schmitt '@E6 Ferri#a'2)- he #is; aowal of the soereign fo+n#ation is th+s the negation of the .o+n#ar! that +ltimatel! se%arates or#er from itself, an#

th+s, in the well;nown

erridean argument, prevents its closure and consolidation into a :self/

propelling machine.< 1n the ontic level, the negation of the outside taes place through the

effacement of the fundamental spatio/temporal pluralism of political orders in the pro2ect of

$orld unity, for $hich there are no longer :friends< and :enemies,< both of $hom are

legitimate e#uals to the self in the pluralistic domain of the international. )hat remains is

only the self/immanent self that is to be elevated to the universal status and the obsceneexcess of the :foe,< $hose resistance to forcible incorporation into $orld unity serves as a

2ustification for its annihilation. The logic of $orld unity is mared by a persistent attempt

at the erasure of all dividing lines bet$een individuals and political communities and, thus,

the merger of the self and the other in the final reign of benign universality. There is no

longer a place (literall! as well as fig+ratiel!) for the exclusion of the other, simply because there is

no longer any :otherness< in the system $hich operates $ith the all/inclu/ sive category of

humanity (Schmitt '76 3eregan ')- 5or Schmitt, the horrifying conse#uence of $orld unity $ould

be the elimination of all pluralism an#, hence, the impossibility of difference, :otherness,< and,

in concretely spatial terms, the outside.

A +nifie# worl# is a worl#, which is im%ossi.le to leae in an! other manner

than .! #iscon; tin+ing one


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r+le# .! the law of %l+ralism, a piece of concrete order is more valuable than any empty

generalizations of a false totality. 5or it is an actual order, not a constructed and imaginary

abstraction . . . "t $ould be a false pluralism, $hich played $orld/comprehending totalities

off against the concrete actuality of such plural orders< (Schmitt ', 20)- he effacement of the o+tsi#eonl! seres to en#ow a necessaril! %ar; tic+laristic +nit! with a +niersalit! that eleates it a.oe its n+mero+s e*+als in the %l+ralistic

ontolog! of the international, an# conse*+entl! o%ens a %ath for glo.al %olice domination by $hat, .! logical necessit!,

remains merely one political force in the $orld. The borderless $orld, tele; ologicall! %res+%%ose# inm+ch contem%orar! %olitical #isco+rse, is, in a Schmittian anal!sis, a $orld of infinite self/certitude and

arrogance, unbounded violence of the sub2ection of particular political entities to the

pseudo/universal ideal and unlimited :$orld police po$er< over a $orld that remains

ontologically pluralistic and, thus, $ill inevitably resist its sub2ection.

Di(erence is inevitable)a borderless "orld is animpossible attempt to deny the foundations of politicsthemselves3rozorov, 4esearch 5ello$ at the 6elsini -ollegium for &dvanced Studies,

University of 6elsini, 5inland, in 8

9Sergei, :e/imitation; The enigration of !oundaries in the 3oliticalThought of ate Modernity< in The =eopolitics of (uropean "dentity, ed.

>oel 3arer, pg. ?8/EBWhat then .ecomes of .o+n#aries in an anti;immanentist t+rn in %olit; ical ontolog!G Sho+l# we sim%l! reaffirm the ontological

necessit! of .o+n#aries an# their irre#+ci.le %resence een in the immanentist #esigns for the +nit! of the worl#G "n#ee#, the

argument that boundaries are onto/ logical preconditions rather than merely ontic

phenomena points to the impossibility not merely of dispensing $ith boundaries in practice,

but also of transcending them in thought- As " hae arg+e#, it is only by a prior reification of the

boundary that disavo$s its spectral parergonal ontology, and endo$s it $ith empirical

presence that the discourse of denigration of boundaries becomes possible in the first place-A cr+cial #istinction m+st .e #rawn, tho+gh, .etween the ontological f+nction of .o+n#aries an# the em%irical %ositiities of .o+n#e#

entities- While the eistence of some or other .o+n#aries m+st .e iewe# as an ontological necessit!, it does not follo$ from

this that particular orders, bounded in historically specific $ays, are in any $ay necessary.

There can be no :natural< boundaries, 2ust as it is impossible to legitimize the location of a

boundary $ith reference to the limits of ethnic or political identity that it bounds, if only

because this very identity is a contingent effect of the boundary itself. To argue for the

ontological primacy of boundaries is therefore to re2ect the ontologization of identities that

they delimit, i-e-, to assert that a .o+n#ar! is not a gro+n#- "t is precisely this ontological stance that

permits the ontic discernment of the diverse potentialities at the margin, anal!$e# in this ol+me the reaf; firmation of the %arergonal stat+s of the .o+n#ar! necessaril! foc+ses o+r attention on concrete %ractices of (re)constit+tingmarginal entities as %os; itie effects of #elimitation- "n other wor#s, anti;immanentist #isco+rse m+st not merel! #is%lace the +to%ian

%athos of oercoming .o+n#aries in glo.al, self;immanent +nit!, .+t also %ro.lemati$e an# #ist+r. the eistence of s+ch +nities withinthe %l+ralistic international or#er- 5rom this %ers%ectie, a criti*+e of the state ma! well .e #erie# from the criti*+e of glo.alism

rather than f+nction as its o%%osite- 1ur criti#ue of immanentist tendencies in politi/ cal thought, $hich

is necessarily a criti#ue of any postmodern delusion of a borderless $orld, must therefore

not be e#uated $ith a shallo$ conser/ vatism of the defense of the status #uo or a nostalgia

for the )estphalian nation/state. *ust as Schmitts ('7, 200) argument about theimpossibility of the negation of the political did not entail for him the impossibility of the

demise of the nation/state, $e must not e#uate the ontological status of the borderline $ith

the historical immutability of the modern embodiment of the boundary in the nation/state

border. >e$ forms of delimiting difference may $ell be invented, 2ust as ne$ forms of

antagonism are certain to appear. h+s, boundaries are neither natural givens nor superficial

social constructs, but rather marers of the fundamental ontological division of the $orld,

its difference from itself that precludes its closure into self/immanence.


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#n outright re*ection of borders fails% +eframing ourconcepts of borders in terms of e(ects is crucial to

cultivate a politics attentive to lived experience&gne$ 8(ohn, Fe%artment of Ieogra%h!, UCLA, “8or#ers on the min#: re;framing .or#erthining& Bthics J Ilo.al Politics Kol- ', o- ?, 200@)

9 5o+rthl!, an# finall!,policing borders still has a po$erful normative 2ustification in 9 the defense

of that territorial sovereignty $hich serves to underpin both liberal and 9 democratic claims

to (Locean) popular rule- ow s+ch claims ma! fre*+entl! .e9 em%iricall! fictie, %artic+larl! in the case of im%erial an#

large nation;states, .+t the9 logic of the arg+ment is that, absent effective $orld$ide government, the highest 9

authority available is that of existing states -@ How s+ch states %olice their .or#ers, of9 co+rse, sho+l# .e s+.Dectto trans%arent an# o%en reg+lation- 8+t wh! it is %o%+larl!9 legitimate to engage in %olicing f+nctions in the wa! the! are carrie# o+t

cannot9 sim%l! .e %+t #own to mass #ocilit! in the face of an omni%otent (.eca+se it is9 omniscient) state a%%arat+s- >ational

populations do $orry about their borders 9 because their democracy (or other, familiar, %olitics)

depends on it. The border is a 9 continuing marer of a national (or s+%ranational) political ordereven as people, in9 B+ro%e at least, can no$ cross it for l+nch- he %ro.lem here is that democratic 9 theory

an# %ractice is not yet up to dealing $ith the complexities of a $orld in $hich 9 territories and

flo$s must necessarily co/exist- "f one can arg+e, as #oes Arash9 A.i$a#eh, that the #emos of #emocratic theor! is in %rinci%le +n.o+n#e#


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Borders are key to social solidarity that solves poverty!euality! and are key to macroeconomic regulation&gne$ +008 (ohn, Agnew is c+rrentl! Fisting+ishe# Professor of Ieogra%h! at the Uniersit! of California, Los Angeles(UCLA)- 5rom '7E +ntil 'E he was a %rofessor at S!rac+se Uniersit! in ew Mor- Fr- Agnew teaches co+rses on %oliticalgeogra%h!, the histor! of geogra%h!, B+ro%ean cities, an# the /e#iterranean Worl#-, “8or#ers on the min#: re;framing .or#erthining,& Bthics an# Ilo.al Politics, %g E, htt%:NNwww-sscnet-+cla-e#+NgeogN#ownloa#sN@EN 2E@ -%#f )

& secon# theme in ho$ borders serve political identity is a broadly social democratic emphasis

on ho$ social solidarity $ithin national borders furthers goals such as diminished poverty,

increased e#uality of opportunity, and given the absence of effective global/level institutions,

macroeconomic regulation and stabilization. o Pa+l Hirst, for eam%le, as so+rces of %ower are increasingl!

%l+ralistic


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odern borders are engines of connectivity that allo" forengagement "ith the other4umford KK, Chris 1+mfor#, Fe%artment of Politics an# "nternational 1elations, 1o!alHollowa!, Uniersit! of Lon#on, “Seeing lie a .or#er& Political Ieogra%h! 0 (20'') %ages ';

!orders are no longer seen only as lines on a map but as spaces in their o$n right (as in the i#eaof “.or#erlan#s&) and as processesF in short, there has been a shift from borders to bordering Lor

rebordering, on some acco+nts)- he arg+ment a#ance# here is that the changes to .or#ers are in fact more far;reaching than

can .e ca%t+re# .! either the idea that :borders are every$here< or a security/driven rebordering

thesis. " propose that to understand borders fully scholars need to :see lie a border


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$ven if Borders split up the "orld arti,cially they are keyto preserving our ontological connection to the "orld andpre-reuisite for political agency3arer and &ddler/>issen K+, Fe%artment of Political Science at the Uniersit! of Co%enhagen, Fenmar, 20'2Roel an# 1e.ecca, “Picing an# Choosing the Soereign< 8or#er: A heor! of Changing State 8or#ering Practices&,htt%:NN#-#oi-orgN'0-'0@0N'?E00?E-20'2-0E@2

)e can rst observe that borders help full epistemological conditions. !orders produceparticular conditions for understanding reality. )e $ho are inside the border are also

expected to possess greater no$ledge of insiders than of outsiders, $hich in turn reduces

uncertainties regarding our common no$ledge on the inside. The border is fre#uently a

bul$ar sustaining commonly agreed measures of reality (s+ch as national;c+rrenc! meas+res for inTation

or relatie welfare)- The border slices the $orld up into different pieces of reality that $e cannot

no$ e#ually $ell. That increases as $ell the plausibility of any assertion regarding the

circumstances, gains or losses $ithin our border. 6ence, other things being e#ual, borders

help promote the idea that there are fe$er uncertainties in communications bet$een

insiders by comparison $ith communications $ith those on the outside. This leads to an

assumption that $e $ill be able to agree on the terms used to evaluate changes and

preferences I even the order of priorities, $hich is a pre/condition of political decisions. P+t in

a n+tshell, the .or#er %roi#es con#itions for greater certaint! an# agreement for those within it- hom%son also maes e%licit anontological claim for the border'boundary $hich is implicit in post/structuralisms

prioritisation of dif/ ferences as against commonalities; namely, that ...borders exist

:before< entities ... I that is to say, borders are ontologically prior to specic enti/ ties.

!orders help constitute the $ay $e conceive the $orld- his can .e #emonstrate#, inter alia, on the .asis of

the e%istemological claims a.oe- 5or those epistemological conse#uences of boundaries provide ey

onto/ logical pre/conditions for the continuity of the given social particular as an integrated

entityF and hence also for its identity-'? he fact< of the .or#er hel%s %ro#+ce share# +n#erstan#ings of the i#entitiesof %artic+lars, .oth internal an# eternal to the %artic+lar itself- his incl+#es +n#erstan#ings of internal ariations an# s+.;categories(constit+encies, classes --- ) .etween insi#ersNmem.ers of the gien social %artic+lar- he self;i#entities of mem; .ers an# s+.;

categories are gro+n#e# in, an# th+s far ali#ate#, .! seeing those %artic+lars in relation to each other-'E ie$ise, the

boundary sustains any determination of the collectivity (the nation"(N(> Anthro V /cIill 7 “Postcolonialism an# the Uto%ian "magination& Israel Affairs ' (?) %- informa

http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2012.660582http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2012.660582http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14650045.2012.660582


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he i#ea of a #ias%oric or self;eile# intelligentsia %ossessing the onl! legitimate wa! totranscen# the im%erialist %ower interests in social nowle#ge is not an attractie sol+tionto man! of those who see themseles as o%%resse# colonial s+.Dects- o them, nowle#gem+st hae more than the .l+nt e#ges of #etache# h+manist contem%lation6 it m+st .e aso+rce of self;#iscoer! an# li.eration- Sai# himself was not imm+ne to the attractions of

nationalist i#entification an# commitment- "t is %ossi.le to see the tension .etween thei#eal #iscomforts of eile an# the %oliticall! tangi.le consolations of nationalismmanifeste# in Sai#s own engagement in the str+ggle for Palestinian free#om, in which heem%hasi$e# onl! the self;affirmation that emerges from o%%ression, while oerlooingthe iolent realities of their %olitical str+ggle ; all the while etolling the irt+es ofcosmo%olitan self;criticism- here is a sense in which he was %rofo+n#l! o.liio+s to the#angers that follow from s+.Dection- Altho+gh reDecting nationalism, Sai# faile# toconsistentl! recogni$e that one of the worst %ossi.le conse*+ences of %olitical o%%ressionis the %olitical #isfig+rement of the o%%resse#, .ringing o+t in them malignant forms ofcollectie self;#iscoer! an# co+nter;hatre#- he iron! of a cosmo%olitan h+manism that#eelo%s its own ersions of cultural essentialism an# self/stereotyping has .ecome a

wi#er feat+re of the %ostcolonial criti*+e of Western c+lt+ral im%erialism- "n thisliterat+re, nationalist contentions follow almost nat+rall! from the em%hasis on culturalincommensurability- "f the research agen#as of Western scholarl! tra#itions areinevitably associate# with %ower an# interests in #ominate# societies, it follows (or atleast has followe# for some of Sai#s %ostcolonial acol!tes) that the onl! legitimate formof c+lt+ral #escri%tion is c+lt+ral self;affirmation- "nsofar as %ostcolonial theor!a#ocates c+lt+ral research, it %+rs+es a metho#olog! inten#e# to .e em%owering, roote#in c+lt+ral sensitiit! an# affirmation, s+rial str+ggles, the maintenance of #ifference,+sing research %ractices that are s!m%athetic, that recoer, re#efine an# recreate therealities of #istinct %eo%les, free from the %ositional s+%eriorit! of Western nowle#gean# the legacies of c+lt+ral im%erialism-? 8+t if this a%%roach is ma#e ecl+sie, if an!+ninite#, +ncomforta.le assertion, o.seration or D+#gement is to .e ecoriate# from thescholarl! agen#as of the 4cci#ent (or its s!m%athi$ers), then all that remains is the in#of research that has alwa!s .een im%licate# in the fo+n#ation m!ths of nations, whichhae long incl+#e# themes of li.eration from o%%ression, +ncoering a %eo%lesinnermost .eing, #efining ones own citi$enshi%, .ecoming self;#etermining in a #istille#an# %+re sense, tinge# with %olitical loe- An# if, as is now wi#el! recogni$e#,nationalism .egins with ethnogra%h! an# histor!, then imagine how m+ch more liel! itis that +ncritical a+to;ethnogra%h! an# a+to;histor! will contri.+te to .o+n#e#,xenophobic forms of collectie imagination- /ore omino+sl!, the sense of collectie#iscoer! is also often %art of an essentialism of the o%%ressie other, incl+#ing thosewithin ones own self;#efine# rans who are seen as ref+sers or a%ostates of the nationalfaith- Postcolonialism, in other wor#s, has #iffic+lt! reconciling its swee%ing criti*+e ofWestern c+lt+ral im%erialism with its enco+ragement of the ten#enc! towar#s collectieself;affirmation that follows from co+nter;im%erialist re#iscoer!-


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Borders 0revent 1ar

Borders are inevitable and it is easier to prevent cross-

border aggression than an insurgency

Alean#er 8- Fownes, Assistant Professor in the Fe%artment of Political Science at F+e

Uniersit!,SA"S 1BK"BW, 200, %%- E7;@ “More Borders, Less Conflict? Partition as aSolution to Ethnic Civil Wars”Fes%ite international attem%ts to enco+rage %ower;sharing an# fe#eralism as a means to %resere a +nite# "ra*, a %artition ofthe co+ntr! into three statesa 3+r#ish state in the northeast, a Shiite state in the so+th, an# a S+nni state in the northwest is %ro.a.l! +naoi#a.le for the same reasons it is +naoi#a.le in 3osoo- he histor! of iolence an# re%ression has ma#e ithar# for "ra*s ethnic gro+%s to tr+st each other- he 3+r#s s+ffere# s+ch .r+talit! that the! insist on maintaining their ownarme# forces an# %refer an in#e%en#ent 3+r#ish state to remaining %art of a +nite# "ra*- he S+nni Ara.sthe #ominant an#

%riilege# gro+% +n#er Sa##am H+sseins regimehae s+ffere# a maDor stat+s reersal an# are now marginali$e#- heS+nni;.ase# ins+rgenc! that has rage# since Sa##ams #ownfall in 200 signals not onl! man! S+nnis attachment to an#reerence for Sa##am, .+t also their mistr+st an# s+s%icion of "ra*s Shiites an# 3+r#s- he 200E constit+tion was negotiate#mostl! witho+t S+nni in%+t an# oer their ehement o.Dections- Uns+r%risingl!, S+nnis ote# oerwhelmingl! against the

#oc+ment- Last;min+te %romises .! Shia an# 3+r#ish lea#ers that wo+l# allow the constit+tion to .e renegotiate# followingnew %arliamentar! elections are small consolation to S+nnis, who will alwa!s com%ose a small minorit! of the co+ntr!selecte# re%resentaties an# th+s will wiel# little %ower- he constit+tions fe#eral %roisions re%resent Shiite lea#ersrecognition that the 3+r#s insist on near total a+tonom!an# th+s that the Shiites sho+l# form their own fe#eral .loc as well-Iien the %owerf+l centrif+gal forces at %la!, this %rocess will lea# to the eent+al %artition of "ra*- his res+lt is nots+r%rising- he .asic logic for wh! "ra* wo+l# fall a%art was lai# o+t nearl! '0 !ears ago in an article .! Faniel 8!man- "nthis article, 8!man arg+e# that the legac! of .itterness an# mistr+st engen#ere# .! Sa##ams +se of massie iolence againstthe 3+r#ish an# Shiite comm+nities wo+l# mae it nearl! im%ossi.le for those gro+%s eer to tr+st the S+nnis again, or toentr+st their sec+rit! to instit+tions the! #i# not control- 8!man cites /ichael "gnatieffs arg+ment that XIenoci#e an#nationalism hae an entwine# histor!- "t was genoci#e that conince# the ews - - - that the! were a %eo%le who wo+l# neer

.e safe +ntil the! ha# a nation;state of their own- As with the ews, so with the 3+r#s - - - for a %eo%le who hae nowngenoci#e, there is onl! one thing that will #o: a nation;state of their own-X hese two comm+nities are regionall! concentrate#in areas the! iew as homelan#s, increasing their a.ilit! an# willingness to fight for secession an# maing %artition relatiel!feasi.le to im%lement- Iien each gro+%s ina.ilit! to rel! on the others .enign intentions, the fact that each gro+% is arme#,an# the lielihoo# that central %ower;sharing instit+tions will generate #ea#loc rather than consens+s, it is liel! thatfe#eralism will %romote se%aration rather than +nit! an# lea# to %artition- 8!mans concl+sion in '7 still rings tr+e: X"ra* - - -

is a state that #eseres to colla%se an# .e %artitione#-X

he 3+r#s, of co+rse, will .e #elighte# at the %ros%ect of achieingstatehoo#, an# the Shiites will acce%t the .rea;+% of "ra*, as the! will o.tain the largest %iece of territor! as well as co%io+sreseres of oil- he S+nnisthe gro+% that stan#s to lose the most territor! an# nat+ral reso+rcesare also the gro+% with theleast ca%a.ilit! to reerse %artition- he ins+rgenc! is .ase# in the areas that wo+l# .ecome %art of a S+nni state6 th+s it wo+l#lose steam once foreign occ+%ation forces #e%art- 4nce new .or#ers an# states are create#, the %ro.lem wo+l# .ecome one of#eterring an# %reenting cross;.or#er aggression- his wo+l# .e easier than *+elling a #omestic ins+rgenc! with strong socials+%%ort an# a tas that 3+r#ish an# Shiite forcesai#e# .! smaller eternal forcessho+l# .e a.le to %erform-

$liminating borders makes peace impossible

Alean#er 8- Fownes, Assistant Professor in the Fe%artment of Political Science at F+eUniersit!, SA"S 1BK"BW, 200, p. 49 More Borders, Less Conflict? Partition as a

Solution to Ethnic Civil Wars”

he conentional wis#om among scholars an# %olic!maers o%%oses soling ethnicconflicts .! #rawing new .or#ers an# creating new states- his iew, howeer, is flawe# .eca+se the %rocess of fighting ciil wars im.+es the .elligerents with a #ee% sense ofmistr+st that maes sharing %ower after the conflict #iffic+lt- his is es%eciall! tr+e inethnic ciil wars, in which negotiate# %ower;sharing agreements r+n a high ris of failingan# lea#ing to renewe# warfare- "n light of these %ro.lems, this article arg+es that

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%artition sho+l# .e consi#ere# as an o%tion for en#ing seere ethnic conflicts- he articleshows how fail+re to a#o%t %artition in 3osoo has left that %roince in a semi;%ermanentstate of lim.o that onl! increases the maDorit! Al.anian %o%+lations #esire forin#e%en#ence- he onl! ro+te to long;term sta.ilit! in the regionan# an eit forinternational forcesis thro+gh %artition- /oreoer, the article s+ggests that the Unite#

States sho+l# recogni$e an# %re%are for the coming %artition of "ra* rather than %+rs+ingthe f+tile en#eaor of im%lementing %ower;sharing among "ra*s Shiites, 3+r#s, an#S+nnis-

PA1""4 P14K"FBS /41B SBCU1"M HA F"S4LK"I 841FB1S

Alean#er 8- Fownes, Assistant Professor in the Fe%artment of Political Science at F+e

Uniersit!, SA"S 1BK"BW, 200, %- ?0 More Borders, Less Conflict? Partition as aSolution to Ethnic Civil Wars”

"n this article, " arg+e that %artition#efine# as se%aration of conten#ing ethnic gro+%s

an# the creation of in#e%en#ent statessho+l# .e consi#ere# as an alternatie to %ower;sharing an# regional a+tonom! as a means to en# ciil wars- Partition #oes not re*+iregro+%s to #isarm an# mae themseles +lnera.le to #eastating .etra!al- or #oformerl! warring gro+%s hae to coo%erate an# share %ower in Doint instit+tions- Partitionalso satisfies nationalist #esires for statehoo# an# fills the nee# for sec+rit!- "n cases ofseere ethnic conflict, when %erce%tions of the a#ersar!s malign intentions are soentrenche# as to im%e#e an! agreement .ase# on a single;state sol+tion, %artition is the %referre# sol+tion-

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0artition is better than po"er sharing-

Alean#er 8- Fownes, Assistant Professor in the Fe%artment of Political Science at F+eUniersit!, SA"S 1BK"BW, 200, %- E?' More Borders, Less Conflict? Partition as aSolution to Ethnic Civil Wars””

he %oor recor# of negotiate# settlements in ethnic ciil wars that leae .or#ers intact,whether or not the! are facilitate# .! thir#;%art! interention, s+ggests that a newa%%roach might .e necessar!: one .ase# on %artition rather than %ower;sharing- "n thismo#el, thir# %arties wo+l# interene not to t+rn .ac the cloc to the %re;war sit+ation, .+t to inflict a #ecisie #efeat on one si#e or the other- his wo+l# re#+ce the lielihoo#that the #efeate# %art! wo+l# thin it co+l# gain an!thing .! resorting to war in thef+t+re- "n those cases where a thir# %art! interenes on .ehalf of ethnic re.els, militar!ictor! will res+lt in %artition- Partition can onl! lea# to %eace, howeer, if it isaccom%anie# .! ethnic se%aration- "ntereners sho+l# wor to mae s+re that the statesare as ethnicall! homogeneo+s as %ossi.le so as to re#+ce the lielihoo# of f+t+recleansing, re.ellions .! the remnant minorit! for +nion with its .rethren in the otherstate, or war to resc+e Xtra%%e#X minorities- 5inall!, .oth si#es sho+l# .e militaril!ca%a.le of #efen#ing themseles, an# the .or#ers .etween them sho+l# .e ma#e as#efensi.le as %ossi.le to #isco+rage aggression, either .! following nat+ral terrainfeat+res or .! .+il#ing #emilitari$e# $ones or other .arriers

841FB1S BCBSSA1M 4 P1BKB BH"C CLBAS"I

Alean#er 8- Fownes, Assistant Professor in the Fe%artment of Political Science at F+eUniersit!-SA"S 1BK"BW, 200, %- ?;E0 More Borders, Less Conflict? Partition asa Solution to Ethnic Civil Wars”

1ecentl!, howeer, scholars hae .eg+n to challenge this single;state;sol+tion ortho#o!,arg+ing instea# that #ii#ing states an# creating new .or#ers ma! .e a wa! to %romote %eace after ethnic ciil wars- 4ne iew, 9re%resente# .! Chaim 3a+fmann, stresses thatethnic ciil wars cannot en# +ntil conten#ing gro+%s are se%arate# into homogeneo+sethnic enclaes- When gro+%s are intermingle#, each si#e has an incentie to attac an#cleanse the other- 4nce se%aration is achiee#, these incenties #isa%%ear- With thenecessar! con#ition for %eace in %lace, %olitical arrangements .ecome secon#ar!- Unlessethnic se%aration occ+rs, 3a+fmann arg+es, all other sol+tions are fr+itless .eca+se ethnicintermingling is what f+els conflict-

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Borders Good -- Freedom

Borders create competition bet"een governments that is

key to maintaining individual libertyMorriss +00@ 9&ndre$, -hairholder in a$ and 3rofessor of !usiness at theUniversity of &labama, :!orders and ibertyo 7, http;''$$$.fee.org'publications'the/

freeman'article.aspCaidP@A@AB!orders play a critical role in our lives. Some of the .or#ers that matter to +s are ones weesta.lish o+rseles: this is m! ho+se an# %ro%ert!6 that is !o+r ho+se an# %ro%ert!- 8!choosing what is mine an# +sing the legal s!stem to mar it off from what is !o+rs, "create a .or#er- While not *+ite as in+lnera.le as s+ggeste# .! the maim “A man


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to im%ose higher taes than less;#esira.le locations s+ch as Cleelan#- onetheless, thecompetition offered on local taxation policy and other regulatory issues is important in

restraining governments from infringing liberty- 9 Macro borders $ith competition enhanceliberty- At the state an# local leel the only $ay politicians can prevent such competition isby eliminating borders- "n Cleelan#, “regional lea#ers& are %+shing consoli#ation of

local goernments into one .ig entit! as the sol+tion to the eo#+s of %o%+lation an#inestment to lower;ta D+ris#ictions- 5ort+natel!, %oliticians< self;interest also c+tsagainst consoli#ation since it wo+l# mean fewer %ositions for them- 9

&he exican border is speci,cally key to individual libertyMorriss +00@ 9&ndre$, -hairholder in a$ and 3rofessor of !usiness at the

University of &labama, :!orders and ibertyo 7, http;''$$$.fee.org'publications'the/

freeman'article.aspCaidP@A@AB>ational borders are also important sources of liberty- The Mexican border, for example,

offers a choice bet$een a drug/regulatory regime that re#uires a doctors prescription formost pharmaceuticals and one that does not- he streams of isitors to towns s+ch asAlgo#ones, 8aDa California, are not merel! seeing lower %rices- Some are seeingme#icines +na%%roe# in the Unite# States6 others are looing for me#ications for whichthe! hae no U-S- %rescri%tion, whether for recreational (s+ch as Kiagra) or me#ical(anti.iotics) +se- /eico #oes not offer the %ro;%laintiff tort #octrines of U-S- %ro#+ct;lia.ilit! law, has lower .arriers to entr! for %harmacists, an# a wi#e;o%en maret for %harmace+ticals that incl+#es o%enl! a#ertise# %rice com%etition- U-S- resi#ents near the/eican .or#er th+s hae a choice of reg+lator! regimes for their me#icine that those of+s who lie farther awa! #o not- 8or#er;region resi#ents can .+! me#icines either withthe U-S- .+n#le of *+alities, restrictions, an# rights, or the /eican .+n#le- 5rom the

leel of traffic of el#erl! isitors "


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o%%ort+nit! an# offere# essentiall! the ol#er ersion of ew erse!


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%harmace+ticals that incl+#es o%enl! a#ertise# %rice com%etition- U-S- resi#ents near the/eican .or#er th+s hae a choice of reg+lator! regimes for their me#icine that those of +s who lie farther awa! #o not- 8or#er;region resi#ents can .+! me#icines either withthe U-S- .+n#le of *+alities, restrictions, an# rights, or the /eican .+n#le- 5rom theleel of traffic of el#erl! isitors "


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5dentity #dvantage #ns"ers6&urn

&urn 4 re*ection of fences-as-borders is unethical 4separation of communities is a necessary precondition for

human identity)illiams, professor of "4 at the University of urham, ?Rohn, 7;';, Ieo%olitics, “erritorial 8or#ers, "nternational Bthics an# Ieogra%h!: FoIoo# 5ences Still /ae Ioo# eigh.o+rsG,& %- 7;?0, Aca#emic Search Com%lete,

Fefen#ing the Bthics of erritorial 8or#ers; he foregoing #isc+ssion lea#s +s to twoiss+es to #isc+ss in relation to #eelo%ing a %artial an# limite# #efence of the ethics ofterritorial .or#ers- he ontological strength of territorial .or#ers lea#s to *+estions a.o+tthe ethical com%onent of the #e%th of %ractice that s+%%orts this- Here, the article wishesto %oint to ei#ence that .or#ers of some sort, incl+#ing territorial borders, are deeplyrooted in ethics. he secon# ethical iss+e that arises relates to the #efence of a neo;

classical constr+ctiist mo#e of en*+ir! into international relations- his is an ethicall!conse*+entialist acco+nt that loos at the #esira.le elements of %ractice that flow fromthe more f+n#amental ethical role of .or#ers- +rning to the first of these tass, it isimplausible to assert that institutions as enduring as territorial borders/as/fences

inextricably lined to the sovereign state have endured for so long an# are so entrenche#

unless borders are in some $ay representative of a need for division in

human ethical life% here is ei#ence in .oth the material alrea#! s+re!e# an#

from elsewhere in normatie an# ethical acco+nts of #iision, #istinction an##ifferentiation to s+%%ort the i#ea that the ontological strength of territorial borders ininternational relations can be connected to a deep/rooted need for division in human ethical

life- "n relation to the material at the heart of this %a%er, territorial borders are

synonymous $ith division. 8o+n#aries, .! #efinition, constit+te lines of se%aration orcontact---- he %oint of contact or se%aration +s+all! creates an X+sX an# an X4therXi#entit!- 2 "n their idealised essentialism they divide tones of sovereign control; theydivide inside from outside; they divide foreign from domestic; they divide our identities as

citizensF they divide national communities: the! #ii#e those to whom we owe %rimar!allegiance from those who come secon# (if an!where) in moral calc+lation: they divide usfrom them. he en#+rance of .or#ers an# .o+n#aries in h+man societ!, whether the! .eterritorial .or#ers or otherwise, im%lies that .or#ers an# the nee# to create an +s an# another are er! %owerf+ll! entrenche# in h+man relations an# o+r a.ilit! to i#entif! an#

+n#erstan# o+rseles- &he critiue of rei,ed sovereign territoriality in

political geography does not lead to the abandonment of territorial

borders% "nstead they are reinter%rete# as features of hegemony, for Agnew an#

Cor.ri#ge, of %ower for +athail an# of i#entit! for ewman, re#uiring the re/territorialisation, rather than the de/territorialisation, of social life under conditions of

globalisation- he anthro%ological wor of orman and )ilson points to the need for

boundary distinctions bet"een social groups and the vital role that

these play in the maintenance an# development of identity -X 5rances

Har.o+rs s+re! of +niersal ethical %ro%ositions, also #rawing on anthro%ological wor,


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s+ggests a necessary division in human ethical life. 8! etension, the %ower;ri##le#,historicall! con#itione#, acci#ent %rone an# een ar.itrar!, careless or %lain misg+i#e#creation of territorial .or#ers #oes hae #ee% roots- 8or#ers, incl+#ing territorial borders,may be inescapable in international politics not 2ust for reasons of po$er, but for reasons of

right, too- 1ecalling H+tchings inD+nction not to se%arate these into essentiall!

incommens+ra.le categories of tho+ght we can arg+e that the "eight of evidenceabout the ubiuity of borders points to their being a necessary part

of human life! and a basic category of ethical thought about that life. Philoso%hical

weight can also .e .ro+ght to .ear in #efence of a iew of .or#ers an# .o+n#aries as .eing %an of the h+man con#ition thro+gh the wor of Hannah Aren#t- She famo+sl!arg+e# that we are all the same, that is, h+man, in s+ch a wa! that no.o#! is eer thesame as an!one else who lie#, lies or will lie---X The +ni*+e, distinctive individualfinds their self/understanding through interaction $ith fello$ human beings $ith $hom

they share comm+nit! an# in spaces $here they can meet as e#uals- his e*+alit!im%ortantl! incl+#es an e*+alit! of comm+nit! mem.ershi% granting them a set of share#i#eas, e%eriences an# al+es, rather than some sort of #e;contet+alise# e*+alit! s+ch as

that e%erience# .ehin# a 1awlsian eil of ignorance-X &rendtQs account emphasises the

reuirement for communities to retain their distinctiveness from

one another , including through the use of borders an# .o+n#aries- 96umanB dignity

needs a ne$ guarantee $hich can be found only in a ne$ political principle, in a new lawon earth, whose ali#it! this time m+st com%rehen# the whole of h+manit! while its %ower m+st remain strictl! limite#, rooted in and controlled by ne$ly defined territorialentities.Q "n sim%le terms, .or#ers can .e seen as either .eing %rior to an# creatie of#ifference, or that #ifference is %rior to an# creatie of .or#ers- his star D+ta%osition of o%%osites is resole# in fao+r of the latter o%tion .! the arg+ments that borders are socialphenomena and that the human condition is characterised by an essential diversity of

human beings and the necessary relationship bet$een#istinctie

individuals and their

communities. The durability an# #e%th of se#imentation of territorial borders as fencessuggest that division, an# #iision on a territorial basis, speas to a deep/seated need ofhuman identity and also in h+man ethics. We nee# to hae reasons for granting a %riilege# %osition to some that is not aaila.le to others, %erha%s in the form ofrecognising rights an# #+ties of s%ecial .eneficence, an# acce%ting that %roimit!, .othgeogra%hical an# emotional, an# location +%on one si#e of the line on the ma% or theother, #oes mae a #ifference- erritorial #iision in the form of states is an im%ortant,

.+t certainl! not the onl!, as%ect of this- &he endurance of the territorial

border-as-fence as the primary mechanism for division in international

%olitics cannot , tho+gh, be treated as prima facie ethicall! irreleant or

straightforwar#l! contingent- Howeer, its %osition as a social %henomenon also meansthat the creation an# re;creation of the .or#er;as;fence has to .e hel# +% to constantethical *+estioning an# criti*+e- The arguments of tradition, culture and precedent as to$ho is to count and $ho is not, who is to .e a citi$en an# who is not, what the role ofterritor! o+ght to .e an# how it sho+l# .e #elimite# cannot be taen for granted.X As thenormatie theorists insist, a part of ethical analysis and en#uiry is to constantly #uestiondominant ethical arguments. This may be crucial in exploring the current location of

territorial borders and the en+nciation of the role that they play, .+t s+ch a criti*+e ma!


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not .e a.le to lan# an ethical noc;o+t .low +%on a feat+re of h+man ethical tho+ght an#life that seems to .e highl! #+ra.le- Location an# role ma! change, .+t that borders $illhave locations and play roles, an# that these sho+l# he criticall! e%lore#, may be afixture- & cosmopolitan international ethic thus needs to engage $ith the desirability ofdivision as $ell as to promote inclusiveness- here is a nee# for cosmo%olitan ethics to go

f+rther than i#entif!ing the conse*+ences of territorial .or#ers that are the fre*+ent targetof normatie criti*+e- 4epression, religio+s intolerance, discrimination, ethnic cleansingand so on have become inetrica.l! associated $ith the territorial state- he conse*+encesof the eistence of territorial .or#ers can in#ee# .e etreme an# morall! re%+gnant-

6o$ever, "hether such e(ects are an inevitable an# essential result of

the existence of territorial borders seems far less certain . We ma!

arg+e that the role of territorial borders to divide in international

politics is %otentiall! ethically *usti,able% S+ch D+stification nee#s to .e roote#

in elements of eisting %ractice an# al+es that are generall! regar#e# as legitimate an#sering im%ortant %+r%oses in sha%ing the wa! the worl# o+ght to .e- "f $e accept the

vie$ of normative theory outlined earlier then $e can see that the social creation an#recreation of ethics incl+#es, ia mechanisms lie territorial borders, a iew of #iisionan# #istinction that is ethically valued- &n appreciation of the constructed an# #!namic nature of territorial borders holds out the prospect of being able to detach these aspects

from the more violent practices that have also accumulated aro+n# territorial .or#ers-his, of co+rse, is easier sai# than #one-

Diversity threatens the survival of the national #mericanidentity!eirich and 3oto E(Hei#i an# /ar, Firector of 1esearch an# "ntelligence %roDect, So+thern Poert! LawCenter, So+thern Poert! Law Center, “USA: Hate Iro+%s, 1a#ical;1ight Kiolence, onthe 1ise& Policing, htt%:NN%olicing-ofor#Do+rnals-orgNcgiNcontentNf+llN%a%020')

8+t the most im%ortant factor #riing the rise of these gro+%s is that, although the Unite# States has al$ays been a multiracial country, many $hites vie$ it as having been created byand for -hristian $hites- 8eginning in 'E, $hen racial immigration #uotas $ereabolished, large numbers of immigrants%particularly atinos%entered the country at the

same time that birth rates for native/born $hites $ere falling %reci%ito+sl!- As #arersinne# immigrants arrie# in %laces that ha# onl! rarel! seen s+ch newcomers, many$hites reacted $ith fear and anger- his has .een greatl! eacer.ate# .! the U-S- Cens+s8+rea+s %re#iction that $hites $ill lose their absolute ma2ority in the United States in+0@+6 the news in 2000 that California ha# lost its white maDorit! ha# alrea#! f+ele# these

fears- As other states follow s+it in coming !ears, more whites ma! well resort toetremism- 5or $hite supremacists, this coming date spells impending doom, a fact thatman! white s+%remacist i#eolog+es hae har%e# +%on relentlessl!- *ared Taylor, e#itor of the racist American 1enaissance maga$ine, offers what is %ro.a.l! the most cogentcriti#ue of mainstream, %oliticall! correct


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interiewer for he ew White ationalism in America: "ts Challenge to "mmigration(Swain, 2002)- " thin thatQs a in# of cultural and racial suicideJ)ere all now more orless obliged to say, :1hR iversity is a $onderful thing for the country


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.ulture #dvantage #ns"ers

+e*ect their generic link claims - borders produce culturalconnections as much as they exclude%

3arer K+Roel, Fe%artment of Politics an# "nternational St+#ies, Uniersit! of Warwic, Coentr!, U3, ic Ka+ghan;Williams, Fe%artmentof Political Science, Uniersit! of Co%enhagen, Fenmar, Ieo%olitics, '7:?, 727;7, F4": '0-'0@0N'?E00?E-20'2-70'''

4n the other han#, bordering practices O an# the ario+s forms of contestation an# resistance the! often gie rise to O are

not treated simply as normatively bad phenomena- 1+mfor#, for eam%le, highlights the wa!s in which

borders are also sites of cultural encounter rather than simply a mechanism of division

and exclusion- "n#ee#, even in some of the $orlds most persistently troubled border/zones,

such as the "ndia/3aistan region, the border can be said to act as an interlining and

cooperative space< (8o+$as, this iss+e)- 4n this iew, as Salter might sa! a.o+t 8o+$as< material, borders then nit

the $orld together even though the colonial sutures remain living after/traces of past

violence- /etho#ologicall!, the em%irical thr+st of C8S research is conersant with anthro%ological a%%roaches to the %henomenolog! of the .or#er an# in#ee# seeral of the %ieces incl+#e# here reflect etensie ethnogra%hic fiel#wor O for eam%le8o+$as< interiews with migrants in the .or#er illages near 3argil, Paistan an# Iielis


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+ace #dvantage #ns"ers

.ritical geography cannot e(ectively combat race 4"hiteness is too inscribed in the study

3rice +0K0 RPatricia L- Fe%artment of Ilo.al an# Socioc+lt+ral St+#ies, 5lori#a"nternationalUniersit!, At the crossroads: critical race theory and critical geographies of race in Progress in Human Geography 34(2) %age 'E Critical geogra%hic st+#ies of whiteness are not, howeer, witho+t their own critics- Alastair 8onnett ('), for instance, maes the(%ro.lematic) assertion that the ten#enc! to foc+s on .lacness or whiteness is a %artic+larl! American o.session< that #oes notreflect the s+.tler realit! of race in other %laces- Met there is er! little intentionall! com%aratie critical geogra%hic research on race,

s+ch that 8onnettash, +00?H.


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Backlash D#


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78.)Backlash

5mmigration legislation fuels armed! right-"ing extremistgroups%

Miller 0E (Ireg, re%orter for the Washington Post an# former re%orter for the LA imesan# winner of the 4erseas Press Awar#, Los Angeles imes, “1ight;wing etremistsseen as a threat&, A%ril ', 200, htt%:NNarticles-latimes-comN200Na%rN'NnationNna;rightwing;etremists')

The department routinely issues intelligence warnings to state and local authorities, a role it was assignedin response to criticism that the federal government had failed to do so in the months preceding the Sept.

11 terrorist attacks. Describing right-wing groups' animosity toward bama, the report saidextremist organi/ations "ere 9harnessing this historicalelection as a recruitment tool %9! "t cited two cases before the election where potentialthreats against bama were disrupted by law enforcement.! &he assessment also listedeconomic factors -- including increases in real estate

foreclosures and unemployment -- as creating a 9fertilerecruiting environment9 for right-"ing groups%! #nd it describesevidence compiled by local law enforcement agencies that extremist groups arestockpiling "eapons out of concern that $ongress and the bama administration mightenact legislation re%uiring the registration of all &rearms.! The report also said a push for ne"immigration legislation that "ould grant residency orciti/enship to people "ho entered the country illegally couldfuel anger among groups fearing competition for obs.

0reserving nationalism is key to prevent imminent race"ars

!eirich and 3oto E(Hei#i an# /ar, Firector of 1esearch an# "ntelligence %roDect, So+thern Poert! LawCenter, So+thern Poert! Law Center, “USA: Hate Iro+%s, 1a#ical;1ight Kiolence, onthe 1ise& Policing, htt%:NN%olicing-ofor#Do+rnals-orgNcgiNcontentNf+llN%a%020')

Unlie the 3+ 3l+ 3lan or neo;a$i organi$ations, the ideology of most nativistextremist groups is not explicitly racist. !ut there are ece%tions- >ine of the groupsidentified by the S3- as nativist extremist are also liste# as racist hate gro+%s- hat is .eca+se they disparage all atinos on a racial basis, regardless of immigration status, orbecause they %lainl! endorse $hite nationalism, sometimes predicting impending race $ar. While onl! a few natiist etremist gro+%s #eal in s+ch +narnishe# white s+%remacist

i#eolog!, most of them are playing a role similar to that of tra#itional hate gro+%s in theraging national immigration debate; the! are inter2ecting racist conspiracy theories,disseminating false and defamatory statistics about criminal immigrants and the problems

they create, blaming and targeting atino immigrants as individuals, and promoting #irect intimidation, mean/spirited harassment and even murder. heir rhetoric is shot thro+ghwith %aranoi# cons%irac! theories of inasions, an# is fre*+entl! $arlie. An arm! ofillegal aliens, incl+#ing criminals, #r+g sm+gglers, an# terrorists, is ina#ing o+rco+ntr!


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America is .eing #estro!e# .! a mo#ern ersion of Ienghis 3hans arm!evada, whose leader, onald 3auly, has called for the e%artmentof 6omelan# Sec+rit! to station sniper teams on the border and also s+ggeste# that allMexican $omen should be forced to undergo sterilization after haing their first child (8+chanan an# Holtho+se, 2007)-


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.auses Backlash

+adical anti-immigration groups have soared in numberand have been driven by non-"hite immigration%

3oto K0 ()ark, senior fellow of Southern *overty +aw $enter and "$ of Intelligence Report, Southern*overty +aw $enters Intelligence Report , /age on the /ight0 The ear in 2ate and 3tremism4, Spring5616 "ssue 7umber0 189, http0::www.splcenter.org:get-informed:intelligence-report:browse-all-issues:5616:spring:rage-on-the-right;

The radical right caught &re last year, as broad-based populist anger atpolitical! demographic and economic changes in #mericaignited an explosion of ne" extremist groups and activism across thenation%: ;ate groups stayed at record levels < almost 1,666 < despite the totalcollapse of the second largest neo-7a=i group in #merica. Furious anti-immigrantvigilante groups soared by nearly ! adding some 7?@ ne"groups during A==% #nd, most remarkably of all, so-called >*atriot> groups < militias andother organi=ations that see the federal government as part of a plot to impose one-world government4

on liberty-loving #mericans < came roaring back after years out of the limelight.! &he angerseething across the #merican political landscape ) over racialchanges in the population, soaring public debt and the terrible economy, the bailouts ofbankers and other elites, and an array of initiatives by the relatively liberal bama #dministration that are

seen as >socialist> or even >fascist> teaparties> and similar groups that have sprung up in recent months cannot fairly be considered e3tremist

groups, but they are shot through with rich veins of radical ideas, conspiracy theories and racism.! 1eare in the midst of one of the most signi,cant right-"ingpopulist rebellions in Cnited States history,4 $hip ?erlet, a veteran analystof the #merican radical right, wrote earlier this year. >1e see around us a series ofoverlapping social and political movements populated by

people "ho areE angry! resentful! and full of anxiety% They are raging

against the machinery of the federal bureaucracy and liberal government programs and policies includinghealth care, reform of immigration and labor laws, abortion, and gay marriage.>! Si3ty-one percent of#mericans believe the country is in decline, according to a recent 7?$ 7ews:@all Street Aournal poll. Aust a%uarter think the government can be trusted. #nd the anti-ta3 tea party movement is viewed in much

more positive terms than either the Democratic or /epublican parties, the poll found.! &he signsof gro"ing radicali/ation are every"here% #rmed men havecome to Obama speeches bearing signs suggesting that the >tree of liberty> needs to be>watered> with >the blood of tyrants.> &he .onservative 0olitical #ction.onference held this February "as co-sponsored by groups likethe Aohn ?irch Society, "hich believes 0resident $isenho"er "as a.ommunist agent, and ath Beepers ! a 0atriot out,t formed last year thatsuggests ! in thinly veiled language, that the government has secret plansto declare martial la" and intern patriotic #mericans inconcentration camps% *oliticians pandering to the antigovernment right in 89 states haveintroduced >Tenth #mendment /esolutions,> based on the constitutional provision keeping all powers not

e3plicitly given to the federal government with the states. #nd! at the 9# 1ell+egulated ilitia9 "ebsite! a recent discussion of ho" to build9clandestine safe houses9 to stay clear of the federalgovernment included a conversation about how mass murderers like Timothy )cCeigh andlympics bomber ric /udolph were supposedly betrayed at such houses % &he number of hate

http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/hate-maphttp://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2010/spring/active-patriot-groups-in-the-united-shttp://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2010/fall/oath-keepers-group-battered-by-members-http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2010/fall/oath-keepers-group-battered-by-members-http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/hate-maphttp://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2010/spring/active-patriot-groups-in-the-united-shttp://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2010/fall/oath-keepers-group-battered-by-members-


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groups in #merica has been going up for years! rising EF between 5666and 566G and driven largely by an angry backlash against non-"hiteimmigration and, starting in the last year of that period, the economic meltdown and the climb topower of an #frican #merican president.! #ccording to the latest annual count by the Southern *overty+aw $enter (S*+$;, these groups rose again slightly in 566H < from H5I in 566G to H85 last year < despitethe demise of a key neo-7a=i group. The #merican 7ational Socialist @orkers *arty, which had 8 chaptersin 5G states, imploded shortly after the ctober 566G arrest of founder ?ill @hite for making threatsagainst his enemies.! #t the same time, the number of what the S*+$ designates as >nativist e3tremist>groups < organi=ations that go beyond mere advocacy of restrictive immigration policy to actuallyconfront or harass suspected immigrants < umped from 198 groups in 566G to 86H last year. Cirtually allof these vigilante groups have appeared since the spring of 566.

$ndorsing multiculturalism and assimilation of localcultures "ill result in "hite backlash and racial violence!eirich and 3oto E(Hei#i an# /ar, Firector of 1esearch an# "ntelligence %roDect, So+thern Poert! LawCenter, So+thern Poert! Law Center, “USA: Hate Iro+%s, 1a#ical;1ight Kiolence, onthe 1ise& Policing, htt%:NN%olicing-ofor#Do+rnals-orgNcgiNcontentNf+llN%a%020')

one of the factors #isc+sse# here are liel! to wane in the coming !ears. "mmigrants legal or otherwise $ill er! %ro.a.l! continue to flo$ into the Unite# States, and $hites$ill eventually lose their ma2ority. &nother challenge relates, of co+rse, to economicglobalization, particularly the transfer of man! industrial 2obs abroad and the spread ofneo/liberal approaches to economic problems. =lobalization has contributed to the loss of

some national sovereignty, $ith its atten#ant spread of multiculturalism andmultiracialism, and pressures on local cultures to assimilate into a in# of )estern $orldculture. & baclash from some $hites is to be expected, with its chances enhance# .! theelection of 8arac 4.ama- These factors are no$ compounded by the large numbers of&mericans $ho increasingly find they are facing hard economic times- "t is not clear %recisel! how s+ch economic #eelo%ments will affect the growth of the ra#ical right,

altho+gh it seems certain that an! correlation is not a sim%le one%eo%le who lose their Do.s #o not r+sh o+t to Doin ra#ical gro+%s witho+t f+rther a#o- What seems more liel! isthat difficult economic times, %artic+larl! when the! affect %eo%le not acc+stome# toseeing their %ros%ects shrining, give the radical right an opening- "t is at s+ch momentsthat the sometimes conol+te# e%lanations of the worl# offere# .! ra#ical i#eolog+esget more of a hearing than the! otherwise wo+l# hae- An# to some, the only possibledefense against this homogenizing 2uggernaut is $hat is seen as the organic nation%a

nation that is based on race, a community of blood-

5nvasion of immigrant "orkers on domestic "orkerscreates controversy! there "ill be no harmony

*ohnson +007(Fean an# /a.ie;A%allas, Professor of P+.lic "nterest Law an#ChicanaNo St+#ies, “4%ening the 5loo#gates&, ew Mor Uniersit! P+.lication)

here is some ei#ence that lo$/$age immigrant $orers in the 9 Unite# States, whoimmigrate to this co+ntr! in s+.stantial n+m.ers, 9 have palpable effects on the $agescale of the lo$est/paid $orers in 9 the United States. !ecause these immigrants are$illing to $or for 9 lo$er $ages than are domestic $orers, employers ma! offer topay 9 less- Unsille# U-S- citi$ens in +r.an, high;immigration areas are the 9 most #irectl!

http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2010/spring/threats-and-punishmenthttp://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2010/spring/threats-and-punishmenthttp://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2010/spring/the-year-in-nativismhttp://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2010/spring/the-year-in-nativismhttp://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2010/spring/the-year-in-nativismhttp://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2010/spring/threats-and-punishmenthttp://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2010/spring/threats-and-punishmenthttp://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2010/spring/the-year-in-nativismhttp://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2010/spring/the-year-in-nativism


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affecte#- 4ne m+ch;cite# 200E st+#! .! the Harar# economists 9 Ieorge 8orDas an#Lawrence 3at$ attri.+te# wage re#+ctions 9 for low;sille# worers to +n#oc+mente#immigration from /eico-?2 9 4ther em%irical st+#ies, howeer, +n#ermine this claim-? "nfact, growing 9 wage #is%arities ma! .e attri.+ta.le to factors other than +n#oc+mente# 9immigration, s+ch as glo.ali$ation an# #ecreasing +nioni$ation 9 of worers in the Unite#

States-?? 9 (ven if the overall effects of immigration on unsilled citizens are relatively 9small, the impacts on discrete parts of the labor force are tangible 9 and help generatetension bet$een citizens and immigrants.?E Un*+estiona.l!, 9 immigration hastransformed%and continues to transform% 9 certain labor marets- 4er the %astfew #eca#es, Do.s in the 9 %o+ltr! an# .eef in#+stries in the /i#west an# the So+theast an#the 9 Danitorial in#+str! in Los Angeles hae increasingl! .een fille# .! immigrants- 9 "nsome circ+mstances, Do.s that were hel# %re#ominantl! .! 9 African Americans hae cometo .e taen for the most %art .! LatinaNo 9 immigrants-? These shifts have spared

tension and controversy%

Opening the border fails)causes backlash

*ohnson +007(Fean an# /a.ie;A%allas, Professor of P+.lic "nterest Law an#ChicanaNo St+#ies, “4%ening the 5loo#gates&, ew Mor Uniersit! P+.lication)

"mpediments to a regional arrangement #o, of co+rse, exist- The political 9 unpopularityof immigration in the Unite# States is one- Femogra%hic 9 #ifferences are another- 4acial,socioeconomic, and cultural differences 9 among the %o%+lations of the >A5A %artnersarg+a.l! ecee# 9 those of the original BU mem.ers- "n a##ition, the staying po$er of 9 anti/Mexican sentiment in the United States should not be underestimated- 9 "t has a

length! histor! an# is en#+ring- Fear of a mass migration ! of poor culturally

and racially different people $ill liel! generate consi#era.le 9 controversy for the

foreseeable future and even greater fears 9 about the national identity than currently

exist-

$conomic issues and increasing immigration is likely tolead to violence!eirich and 3oto E(Hei#i an# /ar, Firector of 1esearch an# "ntelligence %roDect, So+thern Poert! LawCenter, So+thern Poert! Law Center, “USA: Hate Iro+%s, 1a#ical;1ight Kiolence, onthe 1ise& Policing, htt%:NN%olicing-ofor#Do+rnals-orgNcgiNcontentNf+llN%a%020')

A %erfect storm is .rewing- &n economic meltdo$n, high rates of non/$hite immigration,rapid demographic change and now the election of &mericaQs first &frican &merican

president are fueling $idespread rage on &mericaQs radical right (an#, to a lesser etent, in %arts of the %olitical mainstream)- hese developments are liely to lead to gro$th in then+m.er of hate groups, higher levels of hate/motivated violence, and continuing domesticterrorism, %resenting significant challenges for law enforcement %rofessionals in the nearf+t+re- An# if antigoernment sentiment contin+es to grow in the wae of these %oliticaltren#s, law enforcement officials ma! well fin# themseles %ersonall! targete#, so a f+ll+n#erstan#ing of these moements, from .oth the %ers%ectie of %rotecting the %+.lic an#officer safet!, is im%eratie- Some leaders of the organized radical right, reacting to the


32/59

cam%aign an# +ltimate election of 8arac 4.ama, have openly suggested that moreviolence is on the $ay. Thom 4obb, an &ransas Dlan leader, described in oem.er 200@ the race $ar he sees developing bet$een our people, $ho " see as the rightful o$ners and

leaders of this great country, and their people, the blacs (1o.., 200@)- his rage hasalrea#! res+lte# in two allege# iolent %lots, incl+#ing one in which a %air of neo;a$i

sinhea#s in ennessee were arreste# D+st 2 wees .efore the 200@ elections- he! wereacc+se# of %lanning to m+r#er .lac school chil#ren, shoot an# .ehea# other AfricanAmericans, an# assassinate 4.ama, then still onl! a can#i#ate-

ulticulturalism threatens #mericans both economicallyand culturally 4 insecurity results in the formation of hategroups!eirich and 3oto E(Hei#i an# /ar, Firector of 1esearch an# "ntelligence %roDect, So+thern Poert! LawCenter, So+thern Poert! Law Center, “USA: Hate Iro+%s, 1a#ical;1ight Kiolence, onthe 1ise& Policing, htt%:NN%olicing-ofor#Do+rnals-orgNcgiNcontentNf+llN%a%020')

A remara.le thing occ+rre# while Americas Patriot moement rose an# fell- Ben asthis er! %+.lic %henomenon ca%t+re# the attention of law enforcement, citi$ens an# the %ress alie, hate groups% 3lan, neo;a$i an# other organi$ations $hose primary ideologyis based on racial or other forms of explicit group hatred%rose steadily- )hite nationalists,now #escri.ing themseles as se%aratists rather than s+%remacists, offered a racialanalysis of the $orld that $on increasing acceptance among extremists- 8! 2007, the latestfig+re aaila.le, the SPLC was tracing @@@ hate gro+%s, the largest n+m.er since theorgani$ation .egan monitoring etremism in the earl! '@0s-2 The number of hate groupshas ballooned since +000, $hen A0+ groups $ere counted, a rise of more than @O. "t is no$the hate moement, which stands to be boosted by the added fuel of the economic malaiseand the election of the first blac president

, which %resents the most #irect challenge forlaw enforcement- Worr!ingl!, the moements increasingl! reol+tionar! nat+re an#etreme antigoernment %ositionsafter 4.amas election, for eam%le, Fai# F+esai# in a ra#io interiew, that goernment is not o+r goernment


33/59

Backlash .auses 1ar

Both physical and psychological hate violence "ill onlyescalate


(ven as anti/immigrant vitriol and propaganda has increased in recent years, hate violence

has risen against perceived illegal aliens- !et$een +00? and +007, the latest !ear for which58" national hate crime statistics are aaila.le, anti/atino hate crimes rose a total @0-hose n+m.ers liel! +n#erstate the %ro.lem, .eca+se +n#oc+mente# immigrants,fearing #e%ortation, are highl! +nliel! to re%ort attacs to the a+thorities (Poto, 200@a)-The S3- also documented several %artic+larl! egregious examples of physical and

psychological violence directed at atinos bet$een +00@ and +007 (/oc, 2007)- Theperpetrators range# from racist sinhea#s to rog+e .or#er %atrol agents to otherwiseeer!#a! citi$ens who too it upon themselves to repel an invader, terrorize a criminalalien, or exterminate a cocroach- "n one %artic+larl! notorious case that occ+rre# in*anuary +007, four heavily armed men wearing militar!;st!le .erets an# camo+flagefatig+es ambushed a picup truc carrying K+ undocumented immigrants in a farm fiel#near (loy, &N- The assailants shot and illed the driver and $ounded one of the passengers-S+riors #escri.e# the shooters as three white men an# one Latino who s%oe littleS%anish- he am.+sh stoo# o+t .eca+se it lace# an! characteristics of t!%ical .or#erlan#iolence committe# .! .an#its or rial sm+gglers- o one was ro..e# in the Blo!am.+sh, no #r+gs were fo+n# in the tr+c an# no one was i#na%%e# (rial immigrantsm+gglers, or co!otes


34/59

Backlash &urns Solvency

0rotective measures are taken by nativist movements toensure border security


/an! whites hae come to see the fe#eral goernment, along with the nations .+sinesselites, as s%ecificall! res%onsi.le for the fail+re to c+r. non;white immigration- 4n thera#ical right, the goernment often is seen as %lotting to #estro! the white race- ow, the$hite supremacist movement has been 2oined in its anger over &mericaQs immigration

policy by a ne$ nativist movement that seemingl! came o+t of nowhere in the last few!ears- Starting $ith a meeting held in +00K in Sierra Gista, &N, $hich brought together

seeral anti/immigrant hate groups to laud a border rancher no$n for detaining suspectedimmigrants at gunpoint, the organized anti/immigrant movement has exploded (So+thernPoert! Law Center, 200'a)- 8! 2007, the SPLC ha# i#entifie# '?? natiist etremist<gro+%s actie across states (So+thern Poert! Law Center, 2007)- /ost of theseorgani$ationsnearl! '00 of themha# a%%eare# since A%ril 200- he gro+%si#entifie# as nativist extremist target people, rather than policy. hat is, they do not limitthemselves to advocating, een in forcef+l terms, for stricter border security, tighterpopulation control, or tougher enforcement of la$s against hiring illegal immigrants.

"nstea#, they go after the immigrants themselves, using tactics incl+#ing armed vigilanteborder patrolsF cons%ic+o+s surveillance of apartments and houses occupied by Mexicansand -entral &mericansF publicizing photos and home addresses of suspected illegal aliens

and harassment and intimidation of atino immigrants at day/labour sites and migrant/

$orer camps. 8eca+se their tactics fre*+entl! cross the line into illegal harassment an#een iolence, these gro+%s sometimes re%resent another challenge for law enforcement-ho+gh most heail! concentrate# in Ari$ona, California an# eas, nativist extremistgroups are active in all regions of the Unite# States- Many of the groups in non/borderstates are local chapters of either the Minuteman -ivil efense -orps or the Minuteman

3ro2ect, which com%rise# E7 of the '?? natiist etremist gro+%s liste# .! the SPLC-These se%arate, com%eting nation$ide organizations .oth emerge# from the originalmonth;long /in+teman ciilian .or#er %atrol< o%eration hel# in Cochise Co+nt!, A[, inA%ril 200E- /in+teman cha%ters raise mone! for their %arent organi$ations an# mustervolunteers for vigilante border actions- Many also hold protest actions or conductsurveillance ops at day/labor sites in their home cities- "n states where its allowe# .! law,

their mem.ers o%enl! carr! firearms- he /in+teman Ciil Fefense Cor%s an#/in+teman ProDect hae also s%awne# a slew of imitators an# s%linter gro+%s that haeno official affiliation with either national /in+teman organi$ation- hese rog+e o+tfitsincl+#e the &ntelope Galley Minutemen, whose leader, 5ran *orge, has $ritten on his$ebsite: )e have a right, and an obligation, to defend our country, our homes, and ourfamilies not onl! from this invasion, .+t also from the er! Ioernment that is %reci%itating this treasono+s act< (8+chanan an# Holtho+se, 2007)-


35/59

8o Solvency)tearing do"n the border "ould cause anti-immigration groups to *ust recreate borders& +00A LMay +?, &nti/efamation eague :(xtremists eclare Q1pen

SeasonQ on "mmigrants; 6ispanics Target of "ncitement and Giolence,<

http;''$$$.adl.org'main(xtremism'immigrationextremists.htmC

MultipagesectionsPs6eadingKH&nti/immigration border vigilante groups have also organized anti/immigrant events

around the country this spring- he largest .or#er igilante gro+%, the /in+teman ProDect,hel# a re%rise in A%ril of their 200E igilante .or#er %atrols along the Ari$ona; /eico .or#er, an# followe# +% with a caraan that stage# anti;immigration eents across theco+ntr!- 4ne /in+teman eent in 8irmingham, Ala.ama, was organi$e# .! /ieKan#er.oegh, a former militia lea#er- At the rall!, an atten#ee #istri.+te# co%ies of 4lafChil#resss racist an# anti;Semitic news%a%er, 5irst 5ree#om- 4ther anti;immigrationgro+%s hel# rallies from Ari$ona to /innesota- Anti;immigration gro+%s hae also t+rne#to %+.licit! st+nts- The Minutemen, for example, declared on May E that they $ould startbuilding their o$n border security fence on private property along the border $ith

Mexico, +nless the fe#eral goernment itself #e%lo!e# the militar! or erecte# s+chfencing- he /in+temen claime# that the! ha# receie# nearl! \200,000 in #onations to .+il# s+ch a fence- 4ther .or#er igilante gro+%s hae alrea#! .eg+n or anno+nce#similar %roDects-


36/59


37/59

&errorism D#


38/59

78.)&errorism

#llo"ing our borders to be opened "ill lead to loss of all#merican freedoms and nuclear terrorism

Schlafly K (Ph!llis, -F-, 4ct, he Ph!llis Schlafl! 1e%ort, he hreat of errorism "s5rom "llegal Aliens, htt%:NNwww-eaglefor+m-orgN%srN200'Noct0'N%sroct0'-shtml) M8I

At the same time, &mericans have some soul/searching to do about our security- Wh! wereo+r 58" an# C"A ca+ght so com%letel! .! s+r%riseG Wh! hae the! .een s%en#ing theirreso+rces chasing after a few %eo%le who were no harm to societ!, s+ch as one loner on amo+ntainto% at 1+.! 1i#ge an# a %athetic religio+s gro+% in Waco, while the %lottingforeign terrorists crosse# o+r .or#ers an# lie# in o+r co+ntr! illegall!, too their flighttraining in 5lori#a, an# re%eate#l! .oar#e# o+r %lanesG 9 The terrorists are foreigners, mostor all of $hom should not have been allo$ed to live in our country. As 58" Firector 1o.ert/+eller a#mitte#, at least some of the hiDacers were Xo+t of stat+s,X i-e-, the! ha# no

%ro%er immigration #oc+ments- "t sho+l# .e re%eate# oer an# oer again: The terrorismthreat is from illegal aliens $ho are allo$ed to live in our midst // and this is a failure of ourimmigration la$s and our immigration officials. V The criminals $ho $ere convicted of the

KEE? )orld Trade -enter bombing, of the murders in front of the -"& head#uarters in

KEE?, and $ho $ere involved in a KEE8 plot to bomb >e$ WorQs sub$ay system $ere

Middle (ast aliens $ho should not have been in the United States. he! were either grante#a isa that sho+l# neer hae .een iss+e# or ha# oersta!e# a isa an# sho+l# hae .eene%elle#- he ' 3ho.ar owers .om.ings, the '@ attacs on the U-S- em.assies in3en!a an# an$ania, an# the 2000 attac on the USS Cole in Memen were all carrie# o+t .! ra#ical /i##le Bast gro+%s- 9 Since easy access into the United States has been repeatedlyexploited by aliens bent on terrorism, it should have been no surprise that it $as used by the

)orld Trade -enter'3entagon hi2acers. V &he policy of opening our borders to

anyone "ho "ants to sneak into our country illegally -- or to remain

illegally after entering legally -- must be exposed and terminated%

&his is the most important security precaution our government

must take% : The flood of illegal aliens coming across our southern border from Mexico

is $ell no$n. he o%%ort+nit! for illegals to come across o+r ast northern .or#er is notas well nown, .+t offers eas! o%%ort+nities for illegals .ent on criminal acts- Cana#a hasa no;*+estions;ase# immigration %olic!, an# man! .or#er crossings .etween the Unite#States an# Cana#a are +nmanne#- 9 he thir# wi#e;o%en #oor for illegals is the iss+ing ofisas .! ,700 U-S- cons+lar officers aro+n# the worl#- 4+r State Fe%artment has alaisse$ faire %olic! on iss+ing isas an# a%%roes @0] of the @ million isa a%%licationseer! !ear- he State Fe%artment man+al +se# .! cons+lar officials states that Xmeremem.ershi%X in a recogni$e# terrorist gro+%, or een Xa#ocac! of terrorism,X #oes nota+tomaticall! #is*+alif! a %erson from entering the Unite# States- 9 Congress %asse# a lawor#ering the immigration serice to trac foreign isitors an# st+#ents an# match theirentr! into this co+ntr! with the e%iration #ate of their isas- Congress also or#ere# theimmigration serice to create a #ata.ase of foreign st+#ents that wo+l# .e accessi.le tolaw enforcement- hese re*+irements are not #+e to go into effect +ntil 200Z 9 Kisaisitors ;; whether to+rist, st+#ent or worer ;; sho+l# .e trace# on a fe#eral #ata.ase

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that flags the names when their eit #ates come aro+n#- 9 "t is inec+sa.le that isaa%%licants arent screene# more caref+ll!, an# that aliens arent e%elle# when their isae%ires- "mmigration officials #ont een now how man! %eo%le are in the Unite# Stateson isas or how man! are so;calle# Xoersta!s,X .+t its clearl! a s+.stantial factor inillegal immigration- 9 /an! new air%ort sec+rit! meas+res are now maing airline trael

longer an# more #iffic+lt- he *+estion sho+l# .e ase# how an! of these meas+res, ifthe! ha# .een in %lace, wo+l# hae %reente# the N'' hiDacings- 9 )e $ant securitymeasures that $ill put criminals at ris, not harass la$/abiding citizens. The chance of U.S.

citizens hi2acing a plane on a suicide mission is infinitely smaller than the chance of foreign

enemies doing the same. )hy are all passengers interrogated about their luggage rather

than about their citizenshipC V "ts time to rethin the r+le that an air%lane .e a g+n;free$one- "f the foreign mastermin#s .ehin# this attac ha# tho+ght that the crew or %assengers were arme#, the! might not hae ineste# so m+ch in this t!%e of terrorism-he co+rageo+s actions of %assengers against the hiDacers on the flight that crashe# inPenns!lania a%%arentl! %reente# the %lane from reaching its target where man! more %eo%le wo+l# hae .een ille#- Self;hel% is essential in an emergenc! when no law

enforcement officials are aaila.le- 9 1hile "e "orry about hi*acked planes

today! "e may soon "orry about hi*acked foreign missile silos%

Terrorists $ho $ould commit the unspeaable crimes of E'KK $ould not hesitate to use

nuclear $eapons.

&errorist retaliation causes nuclear "ar 4 dra"s in +ussiaand .hina&yson +0K0(1o.ert, Professor of Strategic St+#ies an# Firector of the Centre forStrategic St+#ies: ew [ealan# at the Kictoria Uniersit! of Wellington, +l!, “After aerrorist +clear Attac: Bnisaging Catal!tic Bffects,& St+#ies in Conflict J errorism,Kol+me , "ss+e 7, Aaila.le 4nline to S+.scri.ing "nstit+tions ia "nformaWorl#)

& terrorist nuclear attac , an# een the +se of n+clear wea%ons in res%onse .! theco+ntr! attace# in the first %lace, wo+l# not necessaril! re%resent the worst of then+clear worl#s imagina.le- "n#ee#, there are reasons to won#er whether n+clear terrorismsho+l# eer .e regar#e# as .elonging in the categor! of tr+l! eistential threats- Acontrast can .e #rawn here with the glo.al catastro%he that wo+l# come from a massien+clear echange .etween two or more of the soereign states that %ossess these wea%onsin significant n+m.ers- Ben the worst terrorism that the twent!;first cent+r! might .ringwo+l# fa#e into insignificance alongsi#e consi#erations of what a general n+clear warwo+l# hae wro+ght in the Col# War %erio#- An# it m+st .e a#mitte# that as long as thema2or nuclear $eapons states have hundreds and even thousands of nuclear

$eapons at their disposal, there is alwa!s the %ossi.ilit! of a tr+l! awf+l n+clearechange taing %lace %reci%itate# entirel! .! state %ossessors themseles- 8+t these twon+clear worl#sa non;state actor n+clear attac an# a catastro%hic interstate n+clearechangeare not necessaril! se%ara.le- "t is D+st %ossi.le that some sort of terroristattac, an# es%eciall! an act of nuclear terrorism, could precipitate a chain of eventsleading to a massive exchange of nuclear $eapons bet$een t$o or more of the states

that possess them. "n this contet, to#a!


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n+clear arsenals who were seen as raising the riss of a catal!tic n+clear war .etween thes+%er%owers starte# .! thir# %arties- hese riss were consi#ere# in the late 'E0s an#earl! '0s as concerns grew a.o+t n+clear %roliferation, the so;calle# n^' %ro.lem- tma! re*+ire a consi#era.le amo+nt of imagination to #e%ict an es%eciall! %la+si.lesit+ation where an act of n+clear terrorism co+l# lea# to s+ch a massie inter;state

n+clear war- 5or eam%le, in the eent of a terrorist n+clear attac on the Unite# States, itmight well .e won#ere# D+st how 1+ssia an#Nor China co+l# %la+si.l! .e .ro+ght into the %ict+re, not least .eca+se the! seem +nliel! to .e fingere# as the most o.io+s states%onsors or enco+ragers of terrorist gro+%s- he! wo+l# seem far too res%onsi.le to .einole# in s+%%orting that sort of terrorist .ehaior that co+l# D+st as easil! threatenthem as well- Some %ossi.ilities, howeer remote, #o s+ggest themseles- 5or eam%le,how might the Unite# States react if it was tho+ght or #iscoere# that the fissile material+se# in the act of n+clear terrorism ha# come from 1+ssian stocs,?0 an# if for somereason /oscow #enie# an! res%onsi.ilit! for n+clear lait!G he correct attri.+tion ofthat n+clear material to a %artic+lar co+ntr! might not .e a case of science fiction gienthe o.seration .! /ichael /a! et al- that while the #e.ris res+lting from a n+clear

e%losion wo+l# .e “s%rea# oer a wi#e area in tin! fragments, its ra#ioactiit! maes it#etecta.le, i#entifia.le an# collecta.le, an# a wealth of information can .e o.taine# fromits anal!sis: the efficienc! of the e%losion, the materials +se# an#, most im%ortant _some in#ication of where the n+clear material came from-&?' Alternatiel!, if the act ofn+clear terrorism came as a com%lete surprise, an# &merican officials ref+se# to .eliee that a terrorist gro+% was f+ll! res%onsi.le (or res%onsi.le at all) suspicion $ouldshift immediately to state possessors- 1+ling o+t Western all! co+ntries lie the Unite#3ing#om an# 5rance, an# %ro.a.l! "srael an# "n#ia as well, a+thorities in Washingtonwo+l# .e left with a er! short list consisting of >orth Dorea, %erha%s "ran if its %rogram contin+es, an# %ossi.l! 3aistan- 8+t at what stage wo+l# 4ussia and -hina .e #efinitel! r+le# o+t in this high staes game of n+clear Cl+e#oG "n %artic+lar, if the actof n+clear terrorism occ+rre# against a .ac#ro% of eisting tension in Washington


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might grow, altho+gh it m+st .e a#mitte# that an! %reem%tion wo+l# %ro.a.l! still meetwith a #eastating res%onse-


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Open Borders .auses 8uclear &errorism

Opening the CS Borders increases &errorismMurdoc, 5ello$ at Stanford Universitys 6oover "nstitution on )ar, +0K?

( Fero!, N'N' he Union Lea#er, “ U-S- O /eican .or#er welcomes terrorists,htt%:NNwww-+nionlea#er-comNarticleN20'0E02N4P""402N'0E0@ , 7N'2N', [)

There are at least 7,OK8 reasons to get the U.S./Mexican border under control. That e#uals

the number of aliens apprehended in fiscal year +0KK from the four nations that federal

officials label state sponsors of terrorism plus K0 countries of interest. Since an+ar!20'0, those fl!ing into the Unite# States ia these '? nations face enhance# screening- Asthe rans%ortation Sec+rit! A#ministration anno+nce# at the time: XBffectie aiationsec+rit! m+st .egin .e!on# o+r .or#ers-X U-S- national sec+rit! merits at least that m+chigilance on o+r .or#ers- 9 he roaring immigration;reform #e.ate largel! a##ressesHis%anic aliens who illegall! cross the .or#er- 5ar more worrisome, howeer, are thethousands $ho brea into the United States from countries $here $e have concerns,

particularly about al/Xaida affiliates,X a to% State Fe%artment official tol# C- 9 Theseinclude -ubans, "ranians, Sudanese and Syrians, $hose governments are federally

designated state sponsors of terrorism.X As C+stoms an# 8or#er Protections X20''Mear.oo of "mmigration StatisticsX re%orts, KE8 Sudanese $ere nabbed $hile penetratingthe US&- !et$een fiscal years +00+ and +0KK, such arrests totaled K,+07. (hese fig+rescoer all U-S- .or#ers, altho+gh - %ercent of #etainees crosse# from /eico-) ieother immigrants, most Sudanese see better lives here. !ut some may be vectors for the

same militant "slam that tore Sudan in t$o / literally- 9 "n 5M 20'', '0@ S!rians weresto%%e#6 oer the %reio+s '0 !ears, ',E were- Syria supports 6ezbollah, and !ashar al/&ssadQs unstable regime reportedly has attaced its domestic opponents $ith chemical

$eapons- 9 Among "ranians, 27 were ca+ght in 5M 20'', while 2,'0 were ca%t+re# oer

the %reio+s '0 !ears- "ran also bacs 6ezbollah, hates The =reat Satan / its name forthe United States / and craves atomic $eapons- 9 The other K0 countries of interest are&lgeria, "ra#, ebanon, ibya, Wemen and;V . &fghanistan, the TalibanQs stronghold and

current theater of &mericaQs longest $ar. LAfghans halte# in 5M 20'': '06 %rior '0 !ears:@'-) 9 - >igeria. The land of under$ear bomber Umar 5arou &bdulmutallab suffers underSharia la$ in its northern provinces- (1es%ectie #ata: E' an# ?,E2E-) 9 - 3aistan,hidea$ay of the 3aistani Taliban and the late 1sama bin aden (E2E an# '0,@2)- 9 . Saudi&rabia, generous benefactor of radical imams and militant mos#ues $orld$ideF birthplace

of KO of the KE Sept. KK hi2acers ('2 an# @)- 9 - Somalia. 6ome of "ndian 1cean piratesand al/XaidaQs al/Shabaab franchise- "n 4cto.er ', "slamic terrorists there shot #owntwo 8lac Haw helico%ters, ille# '@ U-S- sol#iers an# #ragge# seeral of their .o#ies

thro+gh /oga#ish+s streets (2 an# ',E2?)- 9 he Ho+se Homelan# Sec+rit!S+.committee on 4ersight last oem.er %+.lishe# XA Line in the San#: Co+nteringCrime, Kiolence, an# error at the So+thwest 8or#er-X This study offers chilling portraitsof some $ho consider the southern border &mericaQs $elcome mat- 9 - 4n an- '', 20'', U.S.agents discovered Said *aziri in a car trun trying to enter near San iego- *aziri traveledfrom his native Tunisia to Ti2uana, he said, and paid smugglers YO,000 to snea him across

the border. 5rance previously convicted and deported him for assaulting a Muslim $hom he

considered insufficient

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