ICRIER GGGI WATER WORKSHOPicrier.org/Urbanisation/events/23-2-15/Groundwater_Himanshu.pdf · –...
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GROUNDWATER IN URBAN INDIA ICRIER – GGGI W ATER WORKSHOP
Transcript of ICRIER GGGI WATER WORKSHOPicrier.org/Urbanisation/events/23-2-15/Groundwater_Himanshu.pdf · –...
GROUNDWATER IN URBAN INDIA
ICRIER – GGGI WATER WORKSHOP
The larger pictureFoster et al, 2010; GWMATE
• More than 1.5 billion urban dwellers rely on groundwater, globally
• Dependence on groundwater, especially in “developing cities”,
surface water supplies notwithstanding
• Modification of groundwater cycle on account of urbanisation
• Many problems around groundwater are predictable, few are
predicted
Tradeoff between
reduction in
infiltration-facilitative
surfaces and leaking
mains and sewers…
Contaminant loading
of sub-surface –
improper sanitation,
sewerage and waste
disposal..
Groundwater
• In over 71 cities and towns, groundwater
constitutes 48% of urban water supply (Narain,
2012)
• 56 per cent of metropolitan, class-I and class-II
cities are dependent on groundwater (NIUA, 2011)
• Unaccounted groundwater in urban areas exceeds
50% in 28 Indian cities (CGWB, 2011)
Despite 50% share in
usage, groundwater
remains the blind spot
in Urban Water
Planning
Urban groundwater pie
Core
New city
Peri-urban
Rural
Natural recharge area
Natural recharge
area
Agglomeration
The Urban Continuum: A Schema in Four Stages
Deconstructing “Urban” India
• Two ways of looking at these stages
– Spatial distribution of stages based on size and population;
hence, nucleus towns, growing towns, expanding cities
and urban agglomerations…
– Temporal dimension of any single urban settlement that is
passing through these stages…
• These stages represent unique situations and
solutions through varying degrees of dependence
on sources of water
The Four Stages and their
Water Sources
• I: Small towns emerge from rural hinterlands, mainly groundwater
• II: Core town-surface water, periphery still dependent on groundwater
• III: Surface and groundwater grow but groundwater quality, levels both fall
• IV: Surface water outstrips groundwater, which can go 3 ways
Trends in Surface and Groundwater Use across
variously sized Urban Settlements in India
Typology
Himalayan mountain region
Himalayan region
A Urban Agglomerations 0
B Million plus cities 0
C Lakh plus cities 8
Total cities(A+B+C) 8
Total cities % 2.5%
Smaller towns corresponding to taluka headquarters 457
Talukas % 8%
Extensive alluvium
Alluvial
A Urban Agglomerations 5
B Million plus cities 19
C Lakh plus cities 118
Total cities(A+B+C) 142
Total cities % 46%
Smaller towns corresponding to taluka headquarters 1847
Talukas % 32%
Volcanic – largely basalt
Volcanics
A Urban Agglomerations 2
B Million plus cities 6
C Lakh plus cities 24
Total cities(A+B+C) 32
Total cities % 10.5%
Smaller towns corresponding to taluka headquarters 391
Talukas % 7%
Deeper aquifers used under many parts of the city and its neighbourhood
Shallow aquifers in
the core cityShallow aquifers in
eastern fringes
Shallow aquifers in
western fringes
Slice of the pie: Pune city – basalt aquifers
Various sources, from 1970s onwards…
Crystalline
Crystallines
A Urban Agglomerations 4
B Million plus cities 21
C Lakh plus cities 89
Total cities(A+B+C) 114
Total cities % 35.5%
Smaller towns corresponding to taluka headquarters 1773
Talukas % 31%
A hydrogeological section: a part of Bengaluru – data entirely derived from participation by citizens
20 years ago
5-10 years ago
2 years ago
Consolidated sedimentary
Sedimentary Systems
A Urban Agglomerations 0
B Million plus cities 1
C Lakh plus cities 12
Total cities(A+B+C) 13
Total cities % 4.0%
Smaller towns corresponding to taluka headquarters 172
Talukas % 3.0%
Transition
Transition
A Urban Agglomerations ?
B Million plus cities ?
C Lakh plus cities ?
Total cities(A+B+C) ?
Total cities % ?
Smaller towns corresponding to taluka headquarters 1142
Talukas % 20%
A Typology of Urban Aquifers in IndiaSome examples
1. Himalayan Mountain: Aizawl, Darjeeling,
Dharamsala, Gangtok, Mussoorie, Nainital, Shillong, Shimla
2. Extensive Alluvial: Bhubaneshwar, Chandigarh,
Guwahati, Kolkata, Lucknow, Patna, Varanasi
3. Volcanic: Aurangabad, Bidar, Bijapur, Buldana, Dewas,
Mumbai, Nagpur, Nasik, Pune, Solapur, Ujjain
4. Crystallines: Bhilwara, Bengaluru, Bolangir, Dindigul,
Coimbatore, Hyderabad, Mysore, Ranchi, Thrissur
5. Consolidated Sedimentary: Adilabad, Bundi,
Chandrapur, Dhanbad, Hazaribagh, Kota, Raipur, Rewa
6. Transition Zones: Bagdogra, Bhopal, Indore, Bhuj,
Delhi, Gurgaon, Haldwani, Kalka
Urban Groundwater Management
• Phase 1– Mapping and Registration of Key Groundwater Sources
– Participatory Aquifer Mapping, including a recharge plan
– Stakeholder database: users, drillers, tanker-operators
• Phase 2– Groundwater Recharge Programme, using the concept of
Managed Aquifer Recharge
– Participatory Groundwater Management
• Phase 3– Regulatory framework
• Securing Groundwater from impacts of Sanitation and Waste Disposal
• Protection of Recharge Zones
– Institutions that are organised around Urban Governance structures – mohallas, wards etc.
Pilots such as in Indore and
Nagpur
• A New Plan for Groundwater Management– groundwater recharge and catchment plan – linked to the upstream
– aquifer management plan
– groundwater discharge zone protection plan – linked to the river
improvement and downstream conservation / protection plan
• Key activities– Strengthening the Data Baseline
– Building a Strong Framework of Participatory Planning
– Mapping, Preservation and Revival of Local Water Bodies
– Working with Industry to Lower Water Footprint
– Training and Building Capacities of relevant stakeholders, especially ULBs
Advanced Center for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM)Plot 4, Lenyadri society, Sus road, Pashan, Pune-411021.
020-25871539
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.acwadam.org
