1. Ibn Khaldun of North Africa an AD 1377 theory of leadership Summarized and Presented by: Anas Abd Al-moumen Huda Al Midani Juliet Naddaf Majd Suleiman Moulham Ghassan Mallouk An MBA course designed by: Rami M Ayoubi, PhD 21 November 2008 MBA HIBA, Syria 1

2. The author: Yusuf M. Sidani Olayan School of Business, American University of Beirut, Ras Beirut, Lebanon The journal: Journal of Management History, Vol. 14, No. 1, 2008 The keywords: Leadership, North Africa, Islam 2

3. The paper presents the works of Ibn Khaldun (13321406), one of early contributors to structure theories in Sociology, regarding his conceptualization of leadership and the role of asabiya (group feeling) in leadership phenomena emergence. 3

4. The study reviews an earlier work (Muqaddimah of Ibn Khaldun), investigates and describe concepts with regard to understanding of an issue (leadership), and develops models for comparison and analysis. 4

5. As the paper gives a pictorial representation of Ibn Khalduns leadership conceptualization, and a comparison between modern leadership theory and Ibn Khalduns leadership conceptions. It draws special attention to the significant role of group feelings or bonds (Asabiya), that may help in understanding follower- leader relationship development in some non- western collective societies. 5

6. Western Perspective Ibn Khalodons Perspective Cultural Framework Individualism , command and control chain. Collective, blood ties, Religion, Group feelings (Asabyia). Outcomes High potential Obedience and Organizational performance organizational stability. & effectiveness .

7. Administrative and managerial relationships in middle eastern countries would only be successful if they take aspects of group feeling and the impact of religion on day to day life into good consideration. It is necessary for people from western cultures who operate in eastern societies to understand these concepts presented by Ibn Khaldun. To better implement organizational policies that do not take the particularities of the region into perspective. understanding the leadership dynamics in such setting would defiantly help managers & researchers. 9

8. By considering carefully the framework in which this study is undertaken, the purpose, the methodology and the analysis technique, we couldnt find any limitations. But looking for practical implications outside the framework , while the study invites modern research to utilize earlier theories of Ibn Khaldoun and investigates its potential usefulness in understanding current societies with different culture, it does not dig into contextual situations or symptoms in which these theories can be of practical value, or how various societies historical development can alter such one. 10