IB WORLD RELIGIONS - Sciencepress€¦ · Diploma Programme for World Religions, which comprises...

IB WORLD RELIGIONS

• Howard Clark •

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of Science Press. ABN 98 000 073 861

© Science Press 2015First published 2015

Science PressPrivate Bag 7023 Marrickville NSW 1475 AustraliaTel: +61 2 9516 1122 Fax: +61 2 9550 [email protected] www.sciencepress.com.au

Contents

Words to Watch iv

Introduction v

Dot Points

Introduction to World Religions vi

Buddhism vii

Christianity vii

Hinduism viii

Islam viii

Judaism ix

Sikhism ix

Questions

Introduction to World Religions 1

Buddhism 55

Christianity 93

Hinduism 129

Islam 171

Judaism 219

Sikhism 263

Answers

Introduction to World Religions 302

Buddhism 320

Christianity 334

Hinduism 347

Islam 362

Judaism 379

Sikhism 395

Appendix

Index 408

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account, account for State reasons for, report on,

give an account of, narrate a series of events or

transactions.

analyse Interpret data to reach conclusions.

annotate Add brief notes to a diagram or graph.

apply Put to use in a particular situation.

assess Make a judgement about the value of

something.

calculate Find a numerical answer.

clarify Make clear or plain.

classify Arrange into classes, groups or categories.

comment Give a judgement based on a given

statement or result of a calculation.

compare Estimate, measure or note how things are

similar or different.

construct Represent or develop in graphical form.

contrast Show how things are different or opposite.

create Originate or bring into existence.

deduce Reach a conclusion from given information.

define Give the precise meaning of a word, phrase or

physical quantity.

demonstrate Show by example.

derive Manipulate a mathematical relationship(s) to

give a new equation or relationship.

describe Give a detailed account.

design Produce a plan, simulation or model.

determine Find the only possible answer.

discuss Talk or write about a topic, taking into account

different issues or ideas.

distinguish Give differences between two or more

different items.

draw Represent by means of pencil lines.

estimate Find an approximate value for an unknown

quantity.

evaluate Assess the implications and limitations.

examine Inquire into.

explain Make something clear or easy to understand.

extract Choose relevant and/or appropriate details.

extrapolate Infer from what is known.

hypothesise Suggest an explanation for a group of facts or phenomena.

identify Recognise and name.

interpret Draw meaning from.

investigate Plan, inquire into and draw conclusions about.

justify Support an argument or conclusion.

label Add labels to a diagram.

list Give a sequence of names or other brief answers.

measure Find a value for a quantity.

outline Give a brief account or summary.

plan Use strategies to develop a series of steps or processes.

predict Give an expected result.

propose Put forward a plan or suggestion for consideration or action.

recall Present remembered ideas, facts or experiences.

relate Tell or report about happenings, events or circumstances.

represent Use words, images or symbols to convey meaning.

select Choose in preference to another or others.

sequence Arrange in order.

show Give the steps in a calculation or derivation.

sketch Make a quick, rough drawing of something.

solve Work out the answer to a problem.

state Give a specific name, value or other brief answer.

suggest Put forward an idea for consideration.

summarise Give a brief statement of the main points.

synthesise Combine various elements to make a whole.

Words to Watch

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Words to Watch

What the book includes

This book provides questions and suggested answers for each dot point in the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme for World Religions, which comprises two parts:

• Introduction to World Religions

• In-depth Studies of World Religions

In-depth Studies of World ReligionsSelect two in-depth studies from the six religions listed in the table, each from a different column.

Hinduism Judaism

Buddhism Christianity

Sikhism Islam

Introduction to World ReligionsSelect five religions from the nine religions listed in the table, at least one from each of the three columns.

Hinduism Judaism Taoism

Buddhism Christianity Jainism

Sikhism Islam Baha’i Faith

Format of the book

The book has been formatted in the following way:

1. Theme from syllabus.

1.1 Subtopic for this theme from syllabus.

1.1.1 First question for this subtopic.

1.1.2 Second question for this subtopic.

The number of lines provided for each answer gives an indication of how many marks the question might be worth in an examination. As a rough rule, every two lines of answer might be worth 1 mark.

How to use the book

Completing all questions will provide you with a summary of all the work you need to know from the syllabus. You may have done work in addition to this with your teacher as extension work. Obviously this is not covered, but you may need to know this additional work for your school exams.

When working through the questions, write the answers you have to look up in a different colour to those you know without having to research the work. This will provide you with a quick reference for work needing further revision.

Introduction

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Introduction

Verbs to Watch

Introduction to World Religions

1 Baha’i Faith 2

1.1 Belief about the human condition. 2

1.2 Belief about where we are going. 3

1.3 Belief about how we get there. 4

2 Buddhism 7




3 Christianity 13




4 Hinduism 19




5 Islam 25




6 Jainism 32




7 Judaism 38




8 Sikhism 44




9 Taoism 50




Answers to Introduction to World Religions 302

Dot Points

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Dot Points

Buddhism

Theme 0 Key Buddhist concepts 56

0.1 Key concepts about life. 56

0.1 Key concepts about Buddhahood. 57

0.1 Key concepts about Buddhist life. 58

Theme 1 Buddhist rituals 56

1.1 Key Buddhist rituals of life. 56

1.2 Key Buddhist rituals of worship. 64

1.3 Key Buddhist rituals of festivals. 66

1.4 Key Buddhist rituals of gender. 68

1.5 Key Buddhist rituals of society. 69

Theme 2 Sacred Buddhist texts 70

2.1 Composition of Buddhist texts. 70

2.2 Collation and interpretation of 71 Buddhist texts.

2.3 Development of Buddhist texts. 72

2.4 Language of Buddhist texts. 73

Theme 3 Buddhist doctrines and beliefs 74

3.1 Where Buddhist doctrines 74 and beliefs come from.

3.2 Statements of beliefs. 75

3.3 Eschatology. 76

3.4 Cosmogony and cosmology. 78

3.5 Authority. 79

3.6 Schools of thought. 80

Theme 4 Buddhist religious experience 82

4.1 Group and individual experience. 82

4.2 Conversion. 84

4.3 Meditation, worship and prayer. 85

4.4 Gender. 86

Theme 5 Buddhist ethics and moral conduct 88

5.1 Interpretation and authority. 88

5.2 Ethical practice and legal issues. 90

Answers to Buddhism 320

Christianity

Theme 0 Key Christian concepts 94

0.1 Key concepts about God. 94

0.2 Key concepts about salvation. 95

0.3 Key concepts about Christian life. 96

Theme 1 Christian rituals 97

1.1 Key Christian rituals of life. 97

1.2 Key Christian rituals of worship. 100

1.3 Key Christian rituals of festivals. 102

1.4 Key Christian rituals of gender. 104

Theme 2 Sacred Christian texts 105

2.1 Key Christian texts. 105

2.2 Composition of Christian texts. 106

2.3 Collation and development of 108 Christian texts.

2.4 Interpretation of Christian texts. 109

2.5 Language of Christian texts. 110

Theme 3 Christian doctrines and beliefs 111

3.1 Where Christian doctrines 111 and beliefs come from.

3.2 Statements of belief. 113

3.3 Eschatology. 115


3.5 Authority. 117


Theme 4 Christian religious experience 121


4.2 Conversion. 122


4.4 Gender. 123

Theme 5 Christian ethics and moral conduct 125



Answers to Christianity 334

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Dot Points

Hinduism

Theme 0 Key Hindu concepts 130

0.1 Key concepts about the deities. 130

0.2 Key concepts about liberation. 131

0.3 Key concepts about Hindu life. 132

Theme 1 Hindu rituals 134

1.1 Key Hindu rituals of life. 134

1.2 Key Hindu rituals of worship. 138

1.3 Key Hindu rituals of festivals. 144

1.4 Key Hindu rituals of gender. 145

1.5 Key Hindu rituals of society. 147

Theme 2 Sacred Hindu texts 150

2.1 Composition of Hindu texts. 150

2.2 Collation and development 151 of Hindu texts.

2.3 Collation and development 152 of Smitri Hindu texts.

2.4 Interpretation of Hindu texts. 153

2.5 Language of Hindu texts. 154

Theme 3 Hindu doctrines and beliefs 155

3.1 Where Hindu doctrines and 155 beliefs come from.




3.5 Authority. 159


Theme 4 Hindu religious experience 162


4.2 Conversion. 164

4.3 Gender. 166

Theme 5 Hindu ethics and moral conduct 168

5.1 Approaches. 168


Answers to Hinduism 347

Islam

Theme 0 Key Muslim concepts 172


0.2 Key concepts about belief. 172

0.3 Key concepts about Muslim life. 173

Theme 1 Muslim rituals 175

1.1 Key Muslim rituals of life. 175

1.2 Key Muslim rituals of worship. 178

1.3 Key Muslim rituals of festivals. 181

1.4 Key Muslim rituals of gender. 183

1.5 Key Muslim rituals of society. 185

Theme 2 Sacred Muslim texts 188

2.1 Key Muslim texts. 188

2.2 Composition of the Qur’an. 189

2.3 Collation of the Qur’an. 190

2.4 Development of Muslim texts. 190

2.5 Interpretation of Muslim texts. 192

2.6 Language of Muslim texts. 192

Theme 3 Muslim doctrines and beliefs 193

3.1 Where Muslim doctrines and 193 beliefs come from.




3.5 Authority. 198


Theme 4 Muslim religious experience 202


4.2 Conversion. 205


4.4 Gender. 212

Theme 5 Muslim ethics and moral conduct 214



Answers to Islam 362

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Dot Points

Dot Points

Judaism

Theme 0 Key Jewish concepts 220



0.3 Key concepts about Jewish life. 221

Theme 1 Jewish rituals 223

1.1 Key Jewish rituals of life. 223

1.2 Key Jewish rituals of worship. 226

1.3 Key Jewish rituals of festivals. 233

1.4 Key Jewish rituals of gender. 236

Theme 2 Sacred Jewish texts 238

2.1 Key Jewish texts. 238

2.2 Composition of the Torah. 240

2.3 Collation of the Torah. 240

2.4 Development of Jewish texts. 241

2.5 Interpretation of Jewish texts. 242

2.6 Language of Jewish texts. 242

Theme 3 Jewish doctrines and beliefs 245

3.1 Where Jewish doctrines and 245 beliefs come from.




3.5 Authority. 249


Theme 4 Jewish religious experience 253


4.2 Conversion. 256

4.3 Gender. 257

Theme 5 Jewish ethics and moral conduct. 258



Answers to Judaism 379

Sikhism

Theme 0 Key Sikh concepts 264



0.3 Key concepts about Sikh life. 266

Theme 1 Sikh rituals 269

1.1 Key Sikh rituals of life. 269

1.2 Key Sikh rituals of worship. 272

1.3 Key Sikh rituals of festivals. 274

1.4 Key Sikh rituals of gender. 276

1.5 Key Sikh rituals of society. 277

Theme 2 Sacred Sikh texts 281

2.1 Key Sikh texts. 281

2.2 Collation of the texts. 282

2.3 Development of Sikh texts. 283

2.4 Interpretation of Sikh texts. 284

2.5 Language of Sikh texts. 285

Theme 3 Sikh doctrines and beliefs 286

3.1 Where Sikh doctrines and 286 beliefs come from.




3.5 Authority. 290

Theme 4 Sikh religious experience 292


4.2 Conversion. 293

4.3 Reaffirmation. 293


4.5 Gender. 297

Theme 5 Sikh ethics and moral conduct 298



Answers to Sikhism 395

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Notes

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Dot Point IB World ReligionsxContents

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DOT POINT


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1. Baha’i Faith.

What is the human condition?

Baha’is believe that every child is born pure and holy. God created humans with immortal souls and a dual nature: an animalistic and a selfish (evil) side and a spiritual side (soul) with reason to develop their divine attributes and pursue God’s plan for humanity.

1.1 Belief about the human condition.

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1.1.3 Outline aspects of Baha’i belief about dual nature.

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1.1.4 Distinguish between the concepts of ‘animalistic and a selfish’ (evil) and ‘spiritual’ sides.

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1.1.5 Describe how Baha’i followers pursue God’s plan.

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Where are we going?

To paradise (not a place but a state of perfection and in harmony with God’s will) or to hell (a state of imperfection, far removed from God and in conflict with His will), by denying God and His plan and performing evil acts.

1.2 Belief about where we are going.

1.2.1 Define Baha’i belief about paradise.

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1.2.2 Define Baha’i belief about hell.

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1.2.3 Distinguish between Baha’i beliefs about heaven and hell.

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1.2.4 Explain how a Baha’i could go to heaven rather than hell.

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How do we get there?

We achieve salvation by: acknowledging the oneness of God and the unity of the manifestations of God (prophets), developing our divine attributes (reason) and being involved in God’s plan for the whole of humanity and aligning our lives with the teachings, laws and obligations as revealed by Baha’ullah.

1.3 Belief about how we get there.

1.3.1 Describe how Baha’is achieve salvation.

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1.3.2 Define the Baha’i concept of ‘prophet’.

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1.3.3 Define the Baha’i concept of ‘reason’.

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1.3.4 Identify the role of Baha’ullah in Baha’i.

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1.3.5 Comment on the importance of the role of Baha’ullah in Baha’i.

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1.3.6 Analyse the importance of teachings, laws and obligations revealed by Baha’ullah.

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1.3.7 Analyse the process of achieving salvation.

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1.3.8 Explain God’s plan for the whole of humanity.

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2. Buddhism.

What is the human condition?

Buddhists believe humans are caught in samsara: the endless cycle of existence, characterised by maya (illusion), tanha (craving) and hatred/aversion, leading to dukkha (suffering or unsatisfactoriness).

2.1 Belief about the human condition.

2.1.1 Define Buddhist belief about samsara.

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2.1.2 Outline Buddhist belief about delusion.

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2.1.3 Outline Buddhist belief about suffering.

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2.1.4 Outline Buddhist belief about craving.

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Where are we going?

To a favourable or unfavourable rebirth after death or enlightenment through entering nirvana/nibbana, to Buddhahood or to Bodhisattvahood (Mahayana).

2.2 Belief about where we are going.

2.2.1 Define Buddhist belief about enlightenment.

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2.2.2 Define Buddhist belief about nirvana.

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2.2.3 Identify aspects of Buddhahood.

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2.2.4 Identify aspects of Bodhisattvahood.

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2.2.5 Distinguish between Buddhahood and Bodhisattvahood.

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2.2.6 Explain how a Buddhist could go to nirvana rather than undergoing rebirth.

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DOT POINT


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Answers

Answers


1 Baha’i Faith

1.1.1 Baha’is believe that every child is born pure and holy. Although the physical substance of Earth or plants and other animals can reveal parts of creation, only humanity can fully reveal it. Since living beings are already in a perfect state when created, it is in the living of their lives that the full extent of God’s creation can be made clear.

1.1.2 God created humans with immortal souls. This soul or essential identity of each person is invisible but distinguishes humans from non-human life. It can only grow and develop within a relationship with God. Baha’is believe this relationship is supported by a love for God, participation in prayer and knowledge of the holy writings. Appropriate behaviour which not only gives meaning to life but enhances the soul includes moral self-discipline and service to humanity.

1.1.3 Baha’i belief is that God created humans with immortal souls and a dual or two-sided nature. On one side is the physical body composed of elements and compounds and in some structures, bodily processes and some basic behaviours and functions similar to that of animals. The other side of this dual nature is the non-material (spiritual) immortal soul.

1.1.4 There are two pathways for humanity: one is called animalistic and selfish and considered to be natural and materialistic, the other is the religious or spiritual. Animals are seen to behave according to instinctive nature and they cannot change from such behaviour. Animals are believed to have no spiritual connections and no knowledge of God. The natural world is considered to be unchanging but humanity is believed to be able to change and improve. Humans have a conscience and the knowledge of God. Humanity can therefore stop living with vices and take on a range of virtues because of God.

1.1.5 Baha’i followers pursue God’s plan by attempting to detach themselves from the physical world. The world is attractive and holding on to material things such as wealth and power hides the spiritual reality and therefore holds back the spiritual progress of humanity. Humanity must try to free itself from this hold and become detached from the love of Earthly attractions. Once this has happened, then humans will see the world with different eyes and be able to more easily commune with God.

1.2.1 Paradise or heaven is a spiritual place close to God or with God.

1.2.2 Hell is a spiritual place far removed from God.

1.2.3 The difference between heaven and hell is the nearness to God after death. Baha’is believe that for every act performed in life there will be a recompense according to God’s judgement, with good deeds rewarded and bad deeds punished.

1.2.4 Most Baha’is believe that heaven and hell truly exist, and that souls who are close to God will experience heaven and souls who are far from God will experience hell. Baha’is believe that the human soul was created essentially good and that salvation can be achieved through human effort. The sole purpose of life is to come close to God and therefore get to heaven and correct behaviour supports this purpose and will lead one towards heaven. Such behaviours include: daily prayer, avoiding alcohol, reading the writings of Baha’ullah, education, hard work, support for social justice and equality.

1.3.1 According to Baha’ullah, pride or being self-centred is one of the greatest hindrances to spiritual progress. Someone who is full of pride feels in total control of their life and circumstances and then they seek power over others because that supports an illusion of superiority. From Baha’i understanding, learning right from wrong means obtaining knowledge and understanding about spiritual growth. Baha’is believe that salvation is being released from the captivity brought on by one’s own basic animal behaviours. Salvation means coming closer to God and within that, progressing on the path to a more satisfying life.

1.3.2 Prophets of God (manifestations) influence all people. The different manifestations of God are all equal and represent a level of existence which lies between that of humanity and God. Each reveals the attributes and qualities of God and has the spirit of God dwelling in them.

1.3.3 The purpose of human existence is the development of the soul. Such development involves the soul changing and moving towards God. As humans learn more about God, love for God increases and human character and actions reflect even more the various attributes and qualities of God. While Baha’i teaching is that true and enduring happiness for humanity only lies in the pursuit of spiritual development, it is the knowledge and understanding of this which is often translated as ‘reason’.

1.3.4 Prophets of God or divine messengers have influenced humanity throughout history. They have included: Abraham, Buddha, Jesus, Krishna, Moses, Muhammad and Zoroaster. The latest of these messengers/manifestations/prophets is Baha’ullah. He taught that there is only one God and it is now the time for humanity to recognise its oneness and to unite under God. Baha’ullah is not a name but a title which means ‘Glory of God’ in Arabic.

1.3.5 Baha’ullah taught that there is only one God and it is now the time for humanity to recognise its oneness and unite under God. Baha’ullah claimed to be a new and independent prophet from God. Within Baha’i, his life and influence are regarded with the same importance as Abraham, Buddha, Jesus, Krishna, Moses, Muhammad and Zoroaster are to their respective religious traditions. Baha’is believe Baha’ullah to be the most recent of God’s prophets.

1.3.6 The message of Baha’ullah is of unity. He taught that there is only one God (monotheism) for a single human race. He also taught a unity of religion stating that all the other world’s religions are stages leading to the final revelation of God’s will and purpose for humanity. He stated that in his time, ‘Humanity has collectively come of age. As foretold in all of the world’s scriptures, the time has arrived for the uniting of all peoples into a peaceful and integrated global society. The Earth is but one country and mankind its citizens’.

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Baha’ullah declared that his role was to unite the whole Earth and so his followers, the Baha’is, make this purpose the central role of their beliefs and practices. Baha’i beliefs encompass many contemporary ideas such as cultural diversity, environmental conservation and supporting family life and morality.

1.3.7 Humans achieve salvation by acknowledging the oneness of God and the unity of the manifestations of God. Salvation saves people from the captivity brought on by their own basic animal behaviours and the acknowledgement of this will cause humans to want to come closer to God. Within that desire to be more God-like, they will progress along the path to a more satisfying life. This progression includes the development of reason as an important divine attribute and being involved in God’s plan for the whole of humanity. Baha’is believe that as humans we need to align our lives and the corporate life of our society with the teachings, laws and obligations revealed by Baha’ullah.

1.3.8 According to Baha’is, God’s plan or the purpose of this life on Earth is for each and every individual to develop the spiritual and moral qualities that lie at the core of human nature. Baha’ullah stated that humanity will only develop when people turn to God. Regardless of the difficulties in the world, the Baha’i idea about the soul and human nature results in a positive view of the future.

The succession of divine teachers or prophets each supporting God’s message to a different religious tradition reflects a single divine concept or plan. This plan is to create an advanced civilisation with an enhanced level of knowledge and understanding about God and a societal cultivation of the spiritual and moral aspects of humanity.

2 Buddhism

2.1.1 Samsara is the journey that the soul takes through the endless cycle of existence punctuated by birth, life, death and rebirth. It is characterised by delusion, craving and suffering. Humanity lives with suffering because humans are deluded and ignorant and crave what isn’t real.

2.1.2 Humanity is suffering because it is deluded and ignorant and craves what isn’t real. The delusions of anger, attachment and fear are all based on ignorance or a lacking in understanding.

2.1.3 The First Noble Truth in Buddhism is the existence of suffering. We all suffer. Sometimes we suffer because we feel hurt by something that is happening and sometimes we suffer when something that is good, stops.

2.1.4 Craving is us desiring or wanting more. Sometimes we want more of what we have, whether that is material or experiences and we search, strive and crave for this. Sometimes we want something such as an uncomfortable experience, to stop or change and we desire or crave that change.

2.2.1 To be enlightened is to be awakened, to have a sense of knowledge and understanding. This means we have ceased desires and cravings and we are in control of our life rather than allowing the world to control us. The physical realm in which we live will then cease to have any importance. This realisation is more that an academic realisation, it is a spiritual understanding and therefore a change in our reality.

2.2.2 The Buddha taught the Four Noble Truths. The first Truth is that life is the suffering of pain, age, disease and death. The second Truth is that suffering is caused by craving in life and reincarnation in existence. The third Truth is that suffering can be overcome and real contentment is possible if we give up craving and learn to truly live in the present. This is nirvana. The way to reach nirvana is by following the Noble Eightfold Path. This is the fourth Truth.

2.2.3 Buddhahood can be defined as being enlightened or being as the Buddha. This occurs when craving and therefore suffering is overcome. One aspect of Buddhahood is having a mind which is fully open to all possibilities and unattached to any object or idea. To do this one needs to have knowledge or understanding of the world as it is, being awake to reality rather than the myths associated with fear and greed.

2.2.4 Bodhisattvas in the Mahayana tradition are beings who at some time realised the emptiness of all things and from that find eternal peace or nirvana as they return to honour and serve all possible Buddhas. They do this without egotism, by spreading the knowledge and practice of the dharma. They then take the next step of Buddhahood by supporting the enlightenment of others.

2.2.5 Buddhahood is being enlightened or being as the Buddha with a mind which is fully open to all possibilities. One of these possibilities is to return to honour and serve all possible Buddhas as a Bodhisattva. This is done by spreading the knowledge and practice of the dharma and supporting the enlightenment of others.

2.2.6 Nirvana is the perfect spiritual place of peace. It is the destination of a mind that is free from cravings such as fear, greed and anger. Such a mind or spirit or person does not undergo any more rebirths within samsara. One reaches nirvana or enlightenment by true knowledge and with an understanding of the nature of reality. Buddha taught to his disciples that one can reach this ultimate state by following the Noble Eightfold Path as a way to develop self-understanding and control. The Eightfold Path teaches changes in attitude, changes in behaviour and changes in mindfulness.

2.3.1 Buddhists achieve enlightenment by following a personal spiritual journey which includes: acknowledging the Three Jewels of Buddha, dharma, and sangha; accepting the Four Noble Truths; following the Noble Eightfold Path and developing wisdom and compassion.

The accepting of the truth that evil is expressed in anger, delusion, greed and hatred and so exhibiting changes in speech, action and livelihood are important to enable the spiritual to take control. Effort is maintaining the process, mindfulness is obtained by understanding all consequences and concentration is needed to block out distractions and temptations that include ego.

Dot Point IB World Religions 303 Answers

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