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IANAImportant,butnotforwhattheydo

Sco;BradnerHarvardUniversity17October2016

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OnceUponaTime•  StartedwithNetworkWorkingGroup-1968

Ad-hocgroup“concernedwiththeHOSTso2ware,thestrategiesforusingthenetwork,andini9alexperimentswiththenetwork”RFC3

NWGghosthauntedRFCsunQllate2009

•  ThenRFCs–1969JonPostelRFCserieseditor

•  ThencoordinaQngsocketnumbers–1972JonPostelcoordinator

IANAname–RFC1060in1988JoyceK.ReynoldslistedastheIANAcontact

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Morethansockets•  IP&ProtocolParameters:RFC739–1977•  IPaddressaretoohard–DNS:RFC882/3–1982•  Hierarchyisyourfriend–commonTLDs:RFC920–1984

•  Allthepartsinplaceby1984Jon&Joyce@USC-ISIFundedbyU.S.government

e.g.1988DARPAcontractwithISI,extendedin1997

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But“noone”caredforadecade•  Well,theInternetfolkdid•  ButthetradiQonaltelcomandcorporatenetworkingpeopleandcompanieddidnotItsjustatoy–noQoS,noguarantees,nosecurity

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SteadyState1984-1995•  ProtocolParameters

Databasemaintenance(only)forIETF•  IPaddresses&ASNs

AllocateblockstoRIRsNetworkSoluQons,RIPE-NCC,APNIC

•  DNSRFC920TLDs+.net+.int+rootservers(“oversee”)RFC1591:DomainNameSystemStructureandDelegaQon

Thereareasetofwhatarecalled"top-leveldomainnames"(TLDs).ThesearethegenericTLDs(EDU,COM,NET,ORG,GOV,MIL,andINT),andthetwolePercountrycodesfromISO-3166.ItisextremelyunlikelythatanyotherTLDswillbecreated.–JonPostel,March1994

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$$$$$•  1993:NetworkSoluQonswonRFPtoregisterdomainnamesin.com,.net&.org

•  Sept.1995:NSFOKedNetworkSoluQonschargingfordomainnameregistraQons-$100/2yearsAbout100K.comnamesin1995

Wouldbe1Mby1999

•  Moneytobeminted•  ButNetworkSoluQonswastheonlygameintown

SomeccTLDssawthelure

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DNSandtheothertwo•  IANAdealtwiththreetopics•  ButDNSwastheonlyoneofinteresttomostpeopleItwaswherethemoneywasItwaswheretheTrademarkissueswereItwaswherethelawyerswereItwaswherethepoliQcianswereItwaswherethepolicywonkwanabeeswereItsallthenewsmediacouldgrok(orthinktheydid)

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MoreTLDs?•  Firestormoverchargingfordomainnames•  Fall1995:PostelfloatedideaofaddingnewTLDs

TocreatecompeQQon•  Nov.1995:ISOCDNSrestructureproposal

dral-isoc-dns-role-00.txtIAB&ISOCchairs,JonPostel&NickTrioco-authors

MovegTLDmanagementunderISOCRegisternewgTLDs(note–callediTLD“internaQonal”)

•  Nov.1995:NSF-sponsoredDNSworkshopatHarvardNSFsensingfirestorm?

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DNSEVOLVBOF•  Dec.1995:DNSEVOLVBOFatIETF34inDallas•  Agenda:

ISOCproposalSpiriteddiscussion

DoweneedmoreTLDs?Roughconsensus

NewgTLDswouldsolvefewproblemsNewTLDsnotcompeQQonforexisQngTLDsforexisQngdomains

ToohardtorewirethewebtopointtoanewdomainBut…

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IAHC•  May1996:Postel–proposedadhocDNSworkinggroupsforDNSissuesdral-postel-iana-itld-admin

Alsoproposed150newgTLDsinfirstyear,30/yearalerward

•  Nov.1996:InternaQonalAd-HocCommi;ee(IAHC)formedbyISOC&IANARepresentaQvesfromIAB,NSF,WIPO,ITU,INTAReport&MoUpublishedinFeb.1997

Recommendedestablishing7newTLDsRecommendedRegistrar/Registrymodel>200signersoftheMoU

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Incoming!•  Feb.1997:ImageOnlineDesignsuedIANA

i.e.JonPostelClaimedhehadrenegedonapromisetosell.webtoImageOnlineDesign

Claimedtheyhadanoralagreement

SuedtostopIAHCplan(whichincluded.web)

•  Jul.1997:EugeneKashpureffreroutedInterNICwebsitetoAlterNICusingDNScachepoisoningAlterNICwasanalternaQveDNStree

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Meanwhile•  ARINincorporatedApril18,1997•  InbusinessDec.1997•  FCCrequiredlanguageinArQclesofIncorporaQon

toencouragetheexplora9onofnewaddressingandrou9ngtechnologiesthatreduceoreliminatethecostsorinsomecasestheneedforrenumberingwhenanInternetServiceProviderorenduserchangestoanewInternetServiceProvider;and,whensuchalterna9vesaredeveloped,toworkwithitsmemberstofacilitatetheassignmentofportableaddressesand/ortheelimina9onofthecostofInternetProtocolrenumbering

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(Vice?)PresidenQalDirecQve•  1July1997:AFrameworkforGlobalElectronicCommerce

•  Principles1.Theprivatesectorshouldlead.2.Governmentsshouldavoidunduerestric9onsonelectroniccommerce.3.Wheregovernmentalinvolvementisneeded,itsaimshouldbetosupportandenforceapredictable,minimalist,consistentandsimplelegalenvironmentforcommerce.4.Governmentsshouldrecognizetheuniquequali9esoftheInternet.5.ElectronicCommerceovertheInternetshouldbefacilitatedonaglobalbasis. 13

(Vice?)PresidenQalDirecQve,contd.•  2July1997:RequestforCommentsontheRegistra9onandAdministra9onofInternetDomainNames(62FR35896)•  Requestedcommentonprinciplesincluding:

Theprivatesector,withinputfromgovernments,shoulddevelopstable,consensus-basedself-governingmechanismsfordomainnameregistra9onandmanagementthatadequatelydefinesresponsibili9esandmaintainsaccountability.

•  430commentsreceived

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Meanwhile•  Jonworkedonaproposalofhisvisionofa“insQtuQonalized”IANA

•  ConsultedwithmanyinIETF•  ConsultedwithIraMagaziner(DoC)•  Semi-finalbyendof1997

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ReengineeringtheInternet•  ConferenceinLondon,Jan.26-291998•  IraMagazinerforeshadowedU.S.governmentapproachQuesQoninQ&A–WhynotjustgiveIANAtoITU?Magaziner:Internetmovestoofastforgovernments

•  Joncouldnotmakeit,inhissteadIpresented:Ins9tu9onalizingtheIANAFunc9onsToDeliveraStableandAccessibleGlobalInternetforMissionCri9calBusinessTrafficandTransac9onsCopyonwww.sobco.com(Googleforitifinterested)

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Excitement!•  Jan.281998(duringtheconference)–U.S.governmentdiscoveredJonhad“redirectedtheroot”Aprocessexperiment?

•  Causedquiteabuzzattheconference•  Heated,inprivate,wordsfromMagazinertome“GetthismessagetoJon,NOW.”Irawasoneunhappydude!

•  “Experiment”endedafewdayslater

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GreenPaper•  20Feb.1998:ImprovementofTechnicalManagementofInternetNamesandAddresses;ProposedRule

•  InformedbyIAHC-MoU,butnotacloneWeproposethecrea9onofaprivate,not-for-profitcorpora9on(thenewcorpora9on)tomanagethecoordinatedfunc9onsinastableandopenins9tu9onalframework.Thenewcorpora9onshouldoperateasaprivateen9tyforthebenefitoftheInternetasawhole.

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GreenPaper,contd.•  Authority:

1.Tosetpolicyforanddirectthealloca9onofnumberblockstoregionalnumberregistriesfortheassignmentofInternetaddresses;2.Tooverseetheopera9onofanauthorita9verootserversystem;3.Tooverseepolicyfordetermining,basedonobjec9vecriteriaclearlyestablishedintheneworganiza9on'scharter,thecircumstancesunderwhichnewtop-leveldomainsareaddedtotherootsystem;and4.Tocoordinatethedevelopmentofothertechnicalprotocolparametersasneededtomaintainuniversalconnec9vityontheInternet.

•  i.e.,allofIANA,notjustDNS,butjustIANA•  >400commentsreceived

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Wewantout!•  16-20Feb.1998:APRICOT‘98Manila•  Headsof3RIRs&ImetwithJon•  RIRrequest:leaveusoutofnewIANA

Wedonotwanttobe“inbed”withtheDNSmessToomanylawyersandtoomuchantagonism

•  Me:samerelaQvetoprotocolparameters•  Jon:notenough“therethere”withnumbersorparametersforthemtostandontheirown,needDNStomakeaviableorganizaQon

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Wewantout!,AnotherA;empt•  AsISOCVPforStandardsI,atsomepoint,askedDoCtotaketheprotocolparametersoutoftheIANAcontractNoteveryoneinIETFwantedout,butworthasking

•  DoCsaid“no”becausetheywantedto“move”theexisQngIANAcontractw/ochangeAnychangemightmeantheywouldhavetorebidthewholething

Withtheresultbeingtotallyunpredictable

•  Note:noproblemwithserviceIETFwasgevng!

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WhitePaper•  10June’98:ManagementofInternetNamesandAddresses(63FR31741)

•  “StatementofPolicy”Internetstakeholdersareinvitedtoworktogethertoformanew,private,not-for-profitcorpora9ontomanageDNSfunc9ons1)setpolicyforanddirectalloca9onofIPnumberblockstoregionalInternetnumberregistries;2)overseeopera9onoftheauthorita9veInternetrootserversystem;3)overseepolicyfordeterminingthecircumstancesunderwhichnewTLDsareaddedtotherootsystem;and4)coordinatetheassignmentofotherInternettechnicalparametersasneededtomaintainuniversalconnec9vityontheInternet.thenewcorpora9oncouldbefundedbydomainnameregistries,regionalIPregistries,orotheren99esiden9fiedbytheBoard.

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SelfAppointedCommunityReviews•  Interna9onalForumontheWhitePaper

MeeQngsinReston,Geneva,Singapore,&BuenosAires

•  BostonWorkingGroup•  …•  Thousandsofa;endees•  Talkingaboutaverydifferentconceptthanjustthe4IANAfuncQons

•  Assumed“theInternetmanager”•  i.e.,wanQngtofillaneededvacuum

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ICANNProposal•  JondevelopedaspecificproposalfortheInternetCorpora9onforAssignedNamesandNumbers

•  2Oct.1998:proposalsubmi;ed•  16Oct.1998:Jondied•  20Oct.1998:DoCsaidtheywouldacceptJon’sproposal(withtweaks)

•  26Oct1998:1stICANNboardmeeQngCloseddoormeeQngSetapa;ern?

•  21Nov1998:ICANNincorporated•  25Nov.1998:DoC&ICANNsign10-yearMoU

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ICANNMoU•  IntheDNSProject,thepar9eswilljointlydesign,develop,andtestthemechanisms,methods,andprocedurestocarryoutthefollowingDNSmanagementfunc9ons:

•  a.Establishmentofpolicyforanddirec9onofthealloca9onofIPnumberblocks;b.Oversightoftheopera9onoftheauthorita9verootserversystem;c.Oversightofthepolicyfordeterminingthecircumstancesunderwhichnewtopleveldomainswouldbeaddedtotherootsystem;d.Coordina9onoftheassignmentofotherInternettechnicalparametersasneededtomaintainuniversalconnec9vityontheInternet;ande.Otherac9vi9esnecessarytocoordinatethespecifiedDNSmanagementfunc9ons,asagreedbythePar9es.

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ICANNMoU,contd.•  TheDOCagreestoperformthefollowingac9vi9esandprovidethefollowingresourcesinsupportoftheDNSProject:ProvideexperQse,parQcipate&collaborate…Consultwiththeinterna9onalcommunityonaspectsoftheDNSProject.CollaborateonwriPentechnicalproceduresforopera9onoftheprimaryrootserverincludingproceduresthatpermitmodifica9ons,addi9onsordele9onstotherootzonefileMaintainoversightofthetechnicalmanagementofDNSfunc9onscurrentlyperformedeitherdirectly,orsubjecttoagreementswiththeU.S.Government,un9lsuch9measfurtheragreement(s)arearrangedasnecessary,fortheprivatesectortoundertakemanagementofspecificDNStechnicalmanagementfunc9ons.

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AffirmaQonofCommitments•  Sep.2009MoUreplacedbyAffirma9onofCommitmentsThisdocumentaffirmskeycommitmentsbyDOCandICANN,includingcommitmentsto:(a)ensurethatdecisionsmaderelatedtotheglobaltechnicalcoordina9onoftheDNSaremadeinthepublicinterestandareaccountableandtransparent;(b)preservethesecurity,stabilityandresiliencyoftheDNS;(c)promotecompe99on,consumertrust,andconsumerchoiceintheDNSmarketplace;and(d)facilitateinterna9onalpar9cipa9oninDNStechnicalcoordina9on

•  PlusotheroperaQonalcommitmentsPaya;enQontotheGAC

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ICANNBudget:$M

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0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

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ICANN:gTLDsareus

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0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

ICANNBylaws:Words

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0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018

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IamIgnoring•  WSIS•  VariousITUandITU-Tproposals•  IGF•  …•  MostlyignoringICANNcommunitysupport

BlewalotofgoodwillatstartTooolenseenassecreQve&capriciousGeneralI*viewisthatitsbe;erthananyforeseeablealternaQve

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EnvironmentalChanges•  Sep.2001:India,Brazil,andSouthAfrica(IBSA)Internetgovernance(whateverthatis)toUN

•  Jun.2013:EdwardSnowden•  Oct.2013:I*-MontevideoStatementontheFutureofInternetCoopera9onLetsgetamoveonawayfromUSgovernmentoversight

•  Apr.2014:NetMundialIniQaQve25-membercounciltobeInternetgovernance

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TheBeginningoftheEndoftheBeginning•  14Mar.2014:NTIAAnnouncesIntenttoTransi9onKeyInternetDomainNameFunc9ons

•  RequestsoneIANAtransiQonplan•  Thetransi9onproposalmusthavebroadcommunitysupportandaddressthefollowingfourprinciples:Supportandenhancethemul9stakeholdermodel;Maintainthesecurity,stability,andresiliencyoftheInternetDNS;Meettheneedsandexpecta9onoftheglobalcustomersandpartnersoftheIANAservices;and,MaintaintheopennessoftheInternet.

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TransiQonProposalRequirements•  ParQestobeInvolved

InternetEngineeringTaskForce(IETF)TheInternetArchitectureBoard(IAB)TheInternetSociety(ISOC)TheRegionalInternetRegistries(RIRs)TopleveldomainnameoperatorsVeriSignAndotherinterestedglobalstakeholders.

•  NTIAwillnotacceptaproposalthatreplacestheNTIArolewithagovernment-ledoraninter-governmentalorganiza9onsolu9on.

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DevelopingaTransiQonProposal•  Jun.2014IANAStewardshipCoordina9onGroup(ICG)formedtodeveloptheproposaltobesenttotheNTIA

•  3subgroups:IPaddresses

CoordinatedRIRIANAStewardshipProposal(CRISP)

ProtocolParametersIETFianaplanWorkingGroup

DomainNamesCrossCommunityWorkingGroup(CWG)

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ICANNAccountability•  Majorconcern–who/whatwillholdICANNaccountablealerthetransiQon?

•  Fall2014:ICANNAccountabilityandGovernanceCrossCommunityWorkingGroup(CCWG)createdtoworkonanaccountabilityandgovernanceplan

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AccountabilityResult•  Alerhugecommunity&ICANNeffort•  RevisedICANNmissionstatement•  IndependentReviewProcess•  EmpoweredICANNcommunitythatcantakeacQononlya2erextensivecommunitydiscussionsanddebatesthroughprocessesofengagementandescala9on

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CommunityPowersRejectICANNBudgets,IANABudgetsorStrategic/Opera9ngPlans.RejectchangestoICANN’sStandardBylaws.ApprovechangestonewFundamentalBylaws,Ar9clesofIncorpora9onandCANN’ssaleorotherdisposi9onofallorsubstan9allyallofICANN’sassets.RemoveanindividualICANNBoardDirector.Recalltheen9reICANNBoard.Ini9ateabindingIndependentReviewProcess(whereapaneldecisionisenforceableinanycourtrecognizinginterna9onalarbitra9onresults).RejectICANNBoarddecisionsrela9ngtoreviewsoftheIANAfunc9ons,includingthetriggeringofPostTransi9onIANAsepara9on.Therightsofinspec9onandinves9ga9on

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TowardsaTransiQonProposal•  6Jan.2015:IETFsubmitsplantoICG•  15Jan.2015:CRIPSsubmitsplantoICG•  25Jun.2015:CWGsubmitsplantoICG•  29Oct.2015:ICGcreatesfinalplan

Onholdpendingaccountabilityplan•  Jan2016:3groupssuggestmovingIANAIPRtoIETFTrust,IETFTrustagreestoholdIPR

•  Feb2016:CCWGproducesfinalaccountabilityplan

•  10Mar.2016:TransiQonProposalsubmi;edtoNTIA

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Meanwhile•  10Apr.2014:US.Housesubcommi;eeholdhearingontransiQon–nooutcome

•  17Sep.2015:NTIextendsIANAcontractto30Sep.2016

•  14Dec.2015:USCongressblocksNTIAfromrelinquishingresponsibilityforInternetDNSfuncQonsatleastunQlSeptember30,2016

•  Spring2016-Sep.2016:someincongresstrytoblocktransiQonBecauseitwouldbetakenoverbyRussiaorChinaandendangerourrightsonourInternet

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DoneDeal•  27May2016:ICANNchangeditsBylawstoimplementaccountabilityplan

•  30Sep2016:congressblocktoacQonandIANAcontractexpire

•  1Oct2016:thebeginningofanindependentIANA

•  WhatJonplannedforandwhatDoChadsaidtheywantedsince1998

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TheRealizaQon(sortof)A2erseveralyearsofdebateandseveralmonthsofveryhardwork...wearedosetoaccomplishingthechallengelaiddownintheWhitePaper:tocreateaglobal,consensusnonprofitcorpora9onwithaninterna9onalboard,transparentandfairprocedures,andrepresenta9onofallthevariousInternetcons9tuencies,fromthetechnicalpeoplewhocreatedandhavenurturedtheInternetfromitsearliestdays,tothecommercialinterestswhonowseeitasanimportantbusinesstool,toindividualusersfromaroundtheglobe. JonPostel,7Oct.1998

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