IAEA activities on Nuclear Hydrogen Production activities on Nuclear Hydrogen Production ... but the...
Transcript of IAEA activities on Nuclear Hydrogen Production activities on Nuclear Hydrogen Production ... but the...
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IAEA activities on Nuclear
Hydrogen Production
Ibrahim Khamis
Technical Meeting to
17–19 July 2017
Department of Nuclear Energy
Examine the Role of Nuclear Hydrogen Production in the Context of the Hydrogen Economy
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Contents IAEA & Project on nuclear hydrogen production
Nuclear H2 Production
Major H2 production processes
Insights on H2 production and status of HTR
Main issues & Challenges for Nuclear H2 Production
Summary
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Role of the IAEA
• Involves ALL countries
• Special focus on: Training developing countries Sharing information Catalyse research, development and innovation
• Means to achieve goals Training workshops and technical meetings Collaborative research activities CRPs Produce technical reports/documents
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IAEA Project on Non-Electric Applications
1.1.6 Support for Non-electrical Applications of
Nuclear Power I. Khamis
Website: http://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/NEA/
Support to Near-Term
Deployment
+
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DEEP • Identification of cost
options for desalted water and/or power
DE-TOP • Identification of
coupling configurations and analysis of heat extraction and power production
Desalination Toolkit • Contains hyperlinks
to sources on nuclear desalination.
IAEA tools in support of non-electric applications
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WAMP • Identification of
water needs in NPPs, and comparative assessment of various cooling systems)
HEEP • Identification of cost
options for hydrogen production, distribution and storage
Hydrogen Toolkit • Contains hyperlinks
to sources on nuclear hydrogen production
IAEA tools in support of non-electric applications
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The Need for Nuclear Hydrogen Production
Promising Still under R&D Safety of coupling
• 96% of current annual hydrogen production is by steam reforming
• Future Hydrogen production needs high temperatures
• Nuclear hydrogen can be generated during off-peak or cogeneration
• Nuclear hydrogen is more benign to Environment
Characteristics
Electricity
Hydrogen
- -
Heat
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Routes of Nuclear H2 Production
Future nuclear reactors:
- High-temperature electrolysis, efficiency ~ 95%
- Thermochemical/hybrid thermochemical cycles, efficiency (up to 95%) Sulfur- Iodine cycle. Sulfur-Bromine hybrid Cycle cycle Copper Chlorine cycle …. etc
For Current nuclear reactors: - Low-temperature electrolysis,
efficiency ~ 75%
- Off-peak power or intermittent
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Major hydrogen production processes
Electrolysis Ideal for remote and decentralized
H2 production
Off-peak electricity from NPP (if share of nuclear among power plants is large)
Use of nuclear outside base-load is more attractive, as fossil fuels become more expensive.
Plant for 200 m3/h
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Major hydrogen production processes
High Temperature Steam Electrolysis Higher efficiency; Reduced electricity needs; Capitalize from SOFC efforts. (SOFC= Solid Oxide Fuel Cell )
Suitable for integration with HTGR, VHTR and SCWR
HTGR= high temperature Gas cooled reactors VHTR= Very high Tempertaure Reactors SCWR= Supercritical Water Reactors
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Major hydrogen production processes:
Nuclear HeatNuclear HeatHydrogenHydrogen OxygenOxygen
H2O22
1
900 C400 C
Rejected Heat 100 C
Rejected Heat 100 C
S (Sulfur)Circulation
SO2+H2O+O22
1H2SO4
SO2+
H2OH2O
H2
I2+ 2HI
H2SO4
SO2+H2OH2O
+
+ +
I (Iodine)Circulation
2H I
I2
I2
WaterWater
Nuclear HeatNuclear HeatHydrogenHydrogen OxygenOxygen
H2O22
1 O22121
900 C400 C
Rejected Heat 100 C
Rejected Heat 100 C
S (Sulfur)Circulation
SO2+H2O+O22
1H2SO4
SO2+
H2OH2O
H2
I2+ 2HI
H2SO4
SO2+H2OH2O
+
+ +
I (Iodine)Circulation
2H I
I2
I2
WaterWater
–Sulphur-Iodine (S-I) Process Need Very High Temperature Reactor
(VHTR)
–Hybrid Sulphur (Hyb-S) Process Need Very High Temperature Reactor
(VHTR)
–Copper Chlorine Process Ideal for Supercritical Water Reactor (SCWR)
Thermochemical Cycles
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Global status on high temp reactors
Increasing interest in electrolysis Low temperature has potential – but the economics?
High temperature is 10 to 20 years away!!
Major efforts in China, US, Canada, Japan, India…
Chemical processes of interest, Yet…
Which reactors – monolithic, pebble bed, molten salt??
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Insights from Member States
China developing HTR – start up imminent (SI & HTSE)
USA proceeding on NGNP Japan is very active with VHTR (SI) France VHTR was a breeder option
(HTSE) Canada is more focus on SCWR
(HTSE & CuCl) India looking at molten salt option
(SI & HTSE) Rep. of Korea HTR (SI & HTSE) South Africa suspends PBMR
effort Russian Federation (HTR)
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Main Issues of Consideration for Nuclear H2 Plants
Coupling
Public Acceptance
Project Management Siting
Safety
Flexibility
Reliability Environment
etc…
Licensing
Business Plan/ Vendors
Feasibility/ Economics
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Technology Materials selection for long term operation
(corrosive, high temperature environment) Process system design, control and integration Demonstration of production processes at large
scale Development of storage systems (e.g. 350-700 bar)
due to H2 low energy density
Safety Coupling of H2 production plant with NPP Preventing H2 migration Preventing H2 combustion
Challenges for Large Scale Nuclear H2 Production
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Economics Demonstrating low H2 production costs on an
industrial scale Exploiting today’s needs to move toward a large
future market Building and operating a very large number of NPPs
with low energy generation costs Public acceptance Both H2 and NPPs
Challenges for Large Scale Nuclear H2 Production
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Cost of hydrogen can be reduced by:
Sell electricity to grid during periods of high demand/high price
Use electricity for hydrogen production during periods of low demand/low price
Economics of Nuclear H2 Intermittent Production
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Specific Safety Consideration Nuclear power reactors should:
Have inherent/passive safety features
Constructed with separate containment
Build underground
Arranged with a safe distance from the hydrogen plant
Separation distance between the nuclear reactor and the H2 production system is a key element.
Factors affecting safety distance between the nuclear reactor and the hydrogen production plant: – Air shock wave impact; – Capital costs; – Heat losses; – Coolant pumping power requirements.
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Environmental Impact of Nuclear H2 Production
• Replacement of CO2 emitting fossil fuels
Coal
Oil
Natural Gas
Nuclear Solar thermal PV Wind
Small hydro Large
hydro
Geothermal
Biomass 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
CO
2 Em
issi
ons
(kg
CO
2/kg
H2)
• Securing energy supply by reducing dependency on foreign oil uncertainties
• Saving of resources by 30-40%
Carbon footprint of nuclear hydrogen is almost 0
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Summary
• Nuclear hydrogen production will be an important dimension of the hydrogen economy
• All power cooled reactors can be used for hydrogen production
• Nuclear hydrogen production faces challenges
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Thank you!