Techniques for Hydrogen Production at High … for Hydrogen Production at High Temperature IAEA’s...

Techniques for Hydrogen Production at High Temperature

IAEA’s Technical Meeting to

Examine the Role of Nuclear Hydrogen Production in the Context of the Hydrogen Economy

Vienna, 17-19 July 2017

R. Boudries

1 2

• Hydrogen production

• High temperature solar hydrogen production

• High temperature nuclear hydrogen production

• Possibilities of high temperature hydrogen production using hybrid solar-nuclear systems

• Conclusion

Need for Hydrogen Production

Interest in hydrogen

The big demand for hydrogen as a chemical feedstock in the industry sector:

Fast increase in hydrogen needs in the refinery sector because of the stringent regulation in the conventional fuel production

Flat glass manufacturing using float glass technique

Petrochemical sector needs (ammonia, ethanol, etc.)

The big interest in developing hydrogen as an energy vector:

Could solve the problem related to the conventional energy source: pollution and the limited resources

Could be used in different sectors: transport, energy , domestic, etc.

Versatility in its use

4

The big in role in the energy transition Power to Gas

It stems from:

Hydrogen exists in nature mainly in combination with other elements

Must be produced by dissociation

(water, hydrocarbons, etc.)

Hydrogen production

Hydrogen Generation Process Energy

Nuclear Energy

Any reactors, providing electrical and/or thermal energy can be coupled to hydrogen production process.

Clean hydrogen production Clean energy sources

Renewable Energy

Nuclear Energy Renewable Energy

Most of RE, providing electrical and/or thermal energy can be used in the hydrogen production process.


Nuclear Energy Technologies

Technology Temperature

Very high temperature Reactor

1000°C

Gas cooled fast reactor 850 °C

Sodium cooled fast reactor 550 °C

Liquid metal cooled reactor 550 °C

Water cooled reactor 320 °C


Solar Energy technologies

Technology Form of Energy Temperature

Solar PV

electricity

50 °C

CPV Electricity + heat Depends on concentrator

Solar parabolic trough Electricity + heat 300 ° C - 400 °C

Solar central receiver Electricity + heat 800 ° C - 1000 °C

Dish Heat 1000 °C

Energy form requirement

Electrical form: Conventional electrolysis

Thermo-chemical cycle

Thermal and electrical form

HTSE

HyS cycle

Hydrogen Generation Process

9

Thermal form:

High Temperature Process: HTSE

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 10000

15

30

45

60

75

T∆S

∆G

∆H

Temperature (°C)

Ener

gie

(Wh/

mol

e)

STGHE ∆+∆=∆=

Real case: we have to add losses

eHE η/∆=

Theoretically: Water electrolysis

10

Heat vaporizes the water and brings it to the electrolysis temperature

Electricity Water splitting

H2SO4 -------> SO2 + H2O + 1/2 O2

SO2 + I2 + 2H2O -----> H2SO4 + 2HI

2HI---------> H2 + I2

SO2 & H2O

I2 regeneration

~900oC

~120oC

~400oC

H2

O2

H2SO4 Regeneration

HI

H 2O

High Temperature Process: Thermo-chemical cycle

Heat for process operation on each cycle

High Temperature Solar Hydrogen Production

CPV-electrolysis system

Energy source: solar

Feedstock: water

Production Process: Electrolysis

Energy form:

Electric for electrolysis Thermal for steam generation


Type of technology Reflective (mirror)

Cell Technology

Advanced silicon cell Type

Efficiency 14% to 20 %

Type of mirror Parabolic trough

Concentrator

Size of concentration 20 to 100


Parameters values

Optical efficiency 85 %

Cell efficiency 14 % -20%

Module efficiency

0.85xcell efficiency

BOS efficiency

85 %

Electrolyzer efficiency

85 %

Temperature effect

75 %

Factors

values

BOS cost ($/m²)

114

BOS power cost ($/Wp)

1.61

Tracking cost ($/m²)

159

Module cost ($/m²)

290

O&M cost

2% X capital cost

PV lifetime

30 years

Factor Value

Coupling efficiency

0.85

lifetime

20 years

Rated current (mA/cm²)

134

Rated voltage (V)

1.74

Operating current (mA/cm²)

268

Capital cost ($/kW)

800

Electrolyzer characteristics



20 40 60 80 100 120 1401,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

14% 16% 20% 26%

cost

of h

ydro

gen

($/k

g)

concentration

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

2

3

4

cost

of h

ydro

gen

($/k

g)

concentration

14% 16% 20% 26%

PV efficiency:

DNI = 2350 kWh/m2 year

PV efficiency:


Evolution of hydrogen cost with concentration for different values of the PV cell efficiency .


15 18 21 241,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

cost

of h

ydro

gen

($/k

g)

PV cell efficiency (%)

20 40 60 100

Concentration:


15 18 21 241

2

3

4

5

20 40 60 100

cost

of h

ydro

gen

($/k

g)

PV cell efficiency (%)

Concentration:


Evolution of hydrogen cost with PV cell efficiency for different values of concentration


20 40 60 80 10020

40

60

80

100

PV eficiency: 20 %

Po

wer g

ener

atio

n fra

ctio

nal c

ost (

%)

Concentration

PV eficiency: 14 %


20 40 60 80 10020

40

60

80

100

PV efficiency: 20 %

Powe

r gen

erat

ion

fract

iona

l cos

t (%

)

Concentration

PV efficiency: 14 %


Fractional hydrogen production cost related to the CPV power generation

CSP-electrolysis system

Solar field Thermodynamic unit

AC/DC

Solar field technology: parabolic trough

Power Plant unit

Electrolyzer unit


Parameters values

Reflector shape Parabolic trough

Incident angle efficiency

87.5 %

Optical efficiency

75 %

Receiver thermal efficiency

73. %

Solar field availability

99.%

Piping thermal losses

96.5 %

Low insolation losses 99.6 %

Parameters values

Thermal to power plant efficiency

95.0 %

Gross steam cycle efficiency

37.5 %

Parasitics*

85. %

Plant availability

98 %

Solar capacity factor 25 %

*(1-%auxiliary power consumed by plant)

Solar field characteristics

Thermodynamic unit characteristics


Components (capital cost)

Values ($/m2)

Reflector

40

Receiver capital cost 43

Concentrator (structure + erection)

61

Tracking system

13

Interconnecting & header pipes

17

others 60

Solar unit economics

Components (capital cost)

Values ($/kW)

Structure

73

Steam generator

100

Electric power generating system

367

Balance of system

213

Thermodynamic unit economics

O&M factor

2 %

O&M factor

2 %

Power Plant unit economics


Factor Value

Coupling efficiency

0.85

lifetime

20 years

Rated current (mA/cm²)

134

Rated voltage (V)

1.74

Operating current (mA/cm²)

268

Capital cost ($/kW)

800

Capacity factor 70 %

Electrolyzer characteristics

Electrolysis unit


1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5

86

87

88

Frac

tiona

l hyd

roge

n co

st re

late

d to

STP

P (%

)

DNI (MWh/m2.year)

Fractional hydrogen production cost related to solar thermal power plant


1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5

6,0

6,3

6,6

6,9

7,2

Hydr

ogen

pro

duct

ion

cost

($/k

g)

DNI (MWh/m2.year)

Evolution of hydrogen production cost with DNI


1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,50,03

0,04

0,05

0,06

0,07

0,08

Rela

tive

colle

ctor

are

a (m

2 /kg.

H2)

DNI (MWh/m2.year)

Evolution of relative collector area with DNI

High Temperature Nuclear Hydrogen Production

Nuclear reactor Thermodynamic unit

AC/DC

Nuclear reactor technology: HTR

Nuclear Power Plant

Electrolyzer/SI unit

Nuclear Power Plant High Temperature Process

Heat

HTSE SI Reactor type HTGR HTGR

Thermal rating (MWth/unit) 250 250

Heat for H2 plant (MWth/unit) 250 250

Electricity rating (Mwe/unit) 0 0

Nombre of units 2 2

Initial fuel load (kg/unit) 2950 2950

Annual fuel feed (kg/unit) 1155 1155

Capital cost (106 $/unit) 416 395

Capital cost fraction for electricity generating infrastructure (%)

0 0

Fuel cost ($/kg) 4800 4800

O&M cost ( in % of capital cost) 3.1 3.1 Decommissioning cost ( in % of capital cost 6.3 6.3

Nuclear Power Plant : case of no cogeneration



Hydrogen Generation Plant : case of no cogeneration

Process type HTSE SI

Hydrogen generation per unit (106 kg/year) 506 68

Heat consumption (MWth/unit ) 500 500

Electricity required (MWe/unit ) 1975 16.5

Number of units 1 1

Capital cost (106 $) 1720 340 Other O&M cost ( in % of capital cost) 9.15 7.5

Decommissioning costs (in % of capital cost) 10 10

Temperature 850 °C 900 °C


HTSE SI

Reactor type HTGR -co HTGR -co

Thermal rating (MWth/unit) 250 250

Heat for H2 plant (MWth/unit) 19.5 234

Electricity rating (Mwe/unit) 89.5 16.5

Nombre of units 2 2

Initial fuel load (kg/unit) 2950 2950

Annual fuel feed (kg/unit) 762 1000

Capital cost (106 $/unit) 416 395

Capital cost fraction for electricity generating infrastructure (%)

10 10

Fuel cost ($/kg) 4800 4800

O&M cost ( in % of capital cost) 3.1 3.1 Decommissioning cost ( in % of capital cost 6.3 6.3

Nuclear Power Plant: cogeneration case


Process type HTSE -co SI –co

Hydrogen generation per unit (106 kg/year) 46 49.6

Heat consumption (MWth/unit ) 39 467

Electricity required (MWe/unit ) 179 0

Number of units 1 1

Capital cost (106 $) 156 168 Other O&M cost ( in % of capital cost) 9.15 7.5

Decommissioning costs (in % of capital cost) 10 10

Temperature 850 °C 900 °C

Hydrogen Generation Plant: cogeneration case

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0

SI

HTSE

Hydrogen production cost ($/kg H2)

conventional cogeneration

HTSE

SI


Nuclear hydrogen production cost for HTSE and SI production process


Fractional hydrogen production cost related to nuclear power plant

0 20 40 60 80 100

HTSE

HTSE

SI

SI SI

conventional co-generation

Fractional hydrogen cost related to NPP (%)

Possible hybrid solar-nuclear hydrogen production systems

Hybrid Solar-Nuclear Hydrogen Production Systems

A solar-nuclear hybrid hydrogen production system comprises:

a solar-nuclear hybrid energy system

a hydrogen production unit

Solar -nuclear hybrid energy system offers the opportunity for a better use of nuclear and solar energy resources.

It is intended as a flexible energy system that is more reliable and more efficient.

Solar nuclear hybrid energy system includes several subsystems:

a nuclear reactor

one of more solar sources (PV, CSP or both)

one power generation

an energy storage device


There are numerous configurations, depending on:

the technical specifications

the economic constraints

the local solar resources

Hybrid system configurations

For high temperature hydrogen production, there is a need for: a high temperature nuclear reactor

and/or a CSP


High Temperature Reactor

Power Generation AC/DC

DC/DC

PV module

Hydrogen Generation unit

Heat lines

Electricity lines



DC/DC

PV module



CSP system

Heat lines Electricity lines




CSP system

Heat lines Electricity lines



A solar nuclear hybrid energy system offer the opportunities for the:

production of clean energy

increase in energy conversion efficiency

optimal use of equipments

increase in profitability

optimization of the system reliability

stability in energy supply.

fast solar energy market penetration

Conclusion

As a clean source of energy, Nuclear can play an important role in the development of a sustainable hydrogen economy

Nuclear energy can produce energy under different forms and so it can be used to drive different hydrogen production processes

Techno-economic studies have shown that nuclear based hydrogen production is economically competitive

Conclusions

In combination with solar energy, nuclear offers better opportunities for hydrogen economy development

SMR , by their properties of:

Modularity Shorter construction time

Suitability for remote areas Fewer operators

Lower investment costs. High availability (≥ 90%).

Conclusions

Could play an important role not only in the energy transition by also for the development of the hydrogen economy

Thank you for your aTTenTion

Techniques for Hydrogen Production at High … for Hydrogen Production at High Temperature IAEA’s...

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