INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING Chapter 1

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BASICS OF COMPUTERS: DEFINITION, COMPUTER GENERATIONS.Computer Definition: • A computer is an electronic machine that can

input, process, store and output a vast amount of information at an extremely high speed.

Or• A computer is an electronic device that

manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data.

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COMPUTER DIAGRAM

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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT(C P U)

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Arithmeticand Logic Unit

Input UnitKeyboard, mouse

Arithmetic and Logic Unit

Output UnitPrinter, Monitor

Control Unit

Memory Unit

Main memory: ROM, RAM Secondary memory: hard disk

INPUT UNIT AND OUTPUT UNIT

Input unit:-Used to enter the data or program (instructions)

Output unit:-Output the results or data

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CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

CPU:-The data is processed in this unit.1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)2. Control Unit (CU)3.Memory Unit (MU)

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ARITHMETIC AND LOGIC UNIT (ALU)

An ALU can do arithmetic operations like addition (+), subtraction (-), multiplication (*), division (/).

It also can do logic operations like true or false, yes or no.

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CONTROL UNIT (CU)

The unit controls and co-ordinates all parts of computer system.

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MEMORY UNIT (MU)

• Memory unit:-This is the storage device (used to store programs and data) • Types of memory:1. Main memory2. Secondary memory3. Cache memory 

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MAIN MEMORY

Temporary memory because the data is erased. When the power goes off. (in RAM)

It consists of RAM and ROM RAM – Random access Memory ROM – Read only Memory

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SECONDARY MEMORY

permanent memory or back up memory. It stores a large amount of information for a

long time, speed is less than main memory.

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CACHE MEMORY

high speed memory and placed between the CPU and the main memory.

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GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS

1st Generation : 1945 – 55 2nd Generation : 1955 – 65 3rd Generation : 1965 – 75 4th Generation : 1975 – 89 5th Generation : 1989 to present 6th Generation : Future

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1ST GENERATION : 1945 – 55

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1ST GENERATION : 1945 – 55

• During the period of 1940 to 1956 first generation of computers were developed.

• The first generation computers used vacuum

tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.

•  The vacuum tube was developed by Lee De Forest. A vacuum tube is a device generally used to amplify a signal by controlling the movement of electrons in an evacuated space.

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CHARACTERISTICS

• First generation computers were based on vacuum tubes.

• The operating systems of the first generation computers were very slow.

• They were very large in size.

• Production of the heat was in large amount in first generation computers.

• Machine language was used for programming.

• First generation computers were unreliable.

• They were difficult to program and use.

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UNIVAC -1951(UNIVERSAL AUTOMATIC COMPUTER)

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UNIVAC -1951

•First fully electronic digital computer built in the U.S.

•Created at the University of Pennsylvania

•ENIAC weighed 30 tons contained 18,000 vacuum tubes

•Cost a paltry $487,000

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IT IS THE BENDIX G-15 GENERAL PURPOSE DIGITAL COMPUTER, A FIRST GENERATION COMPUTER INTRODUCED IN 1956.

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SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTERSSECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

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SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTERSSECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

• The computers built in the 1950s and 1960s are considered the 2nd generation computers. These computers make use of the transistors invented by Bell Telephone laboratories and they had many of the same components as the modern-day computer. For instance, 2nd generation computers typically had a printer, some sort of tape or disk storage, operating systems, stored programs, as well as some sort of memory. These computers were also generally more reliable and were solid in design.

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SECOND GENERATION OF SECOND GENERATION OF COMPUTERS(COMPUTERS(TRANSISTORS)

• A transistor computer is a computer which uses discrete transistors instead of  vacuum tubes. The "first generation" of electronic computers used vacuum tubes, which generated large amounts of heat, were bulky, and were unreliable. A "second generation" of computers, through the late 1950s and 1960s featured boards filled with individual transistors and . magnetic memory cores they were first developed in 1947 They. Transistors are most often used to regulate the flow of an electrical current and to switch electricity on and off.

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CHARACTERISTICS (SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER)

Second generation computer machines were based on transistor technology.

Second generation computers were smaller as compared to the first generation computers

The computational time of  Second generation computers was reduced to microseconds from milliseconds.

Second generation computers were more reliable and less prone to hardware failure. Hence, such computers required less frequent maintenance.

Second generation computers were more portable and generated less amount of heat.

Assembly language was used to program Second generation computers. Hence, programming became more time-efficient and less cumbersome.

Manual assembly of individual components into a functional unit was still required.

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3RD GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

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3RD GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

The 3rd Generation computers replaced transistors with “integrated circuits” or I.C. was inverted by Jack Kilby as Texas instruments in 1958.

The 3rd generation computers using integrated circuits proved to be highly reliable, relatively inexpensive, and faster. Less human labour is required at assembly stage.

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FOURTH GENERATION (1971-PRESENT)

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FOURTH GENERATION (1971-PRESENT)

• In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984 Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm of desktop computers and become more advanced.

• As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which also led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of the mouse and handheld devices.

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FOURTH GENERATION (1971-PRESENT)

• The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel 4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer—from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a single chip.

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FOURTH GENERATION (1971-PRESENT)

Time Period: 1975 to Today

Technology: VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration)Incorporated many millions of transistors & electronic circuits on a single chip.

Size: Small as compared to first generation computer.

Processing: Faster then first generation computer

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FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS

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FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization.

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FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTERS

Less power consumption . High performance, lower cost and very compact. Computers based on artificial intelligence are

available. Portable note book computers introduced . Memory chips up to 1 GB, hard disk drives up to 180

GB and optical disks up to 27 GB are available (still the capacity is increasing) .

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End of Chapter 1

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