I DENTITY AND P ERSONALITY The Self Identity Personality.
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Transcript of I DENTITY AND P ERSONALITY The Self Identity Personality.
IDENTITY AND PERSONALITY The Self
Identity
Personality
SELF-UNDERSTANDING
Self: All characteristics of a person Self-understanding, self-esteem, self-concept
Identity: Who a person is.
Personality: Enduring personal characteristics of individuals. Young children perceive self as external
characteristics. Older children recognize difference between inner and
outer states.
The Self
EARLY CHILDHOOD
Self-understanding: Self-descriptions are unrealistic
positive overestimations Understanding others:
Individual differences in social understanding linked to caregivers.
The Self
MIDDLE AND LATE CHILDHOOD
Self-understanding: (5 key changes) Internal characteristics emphasized More referencing in social descriptions More use of social comparisons Distinguish between real self and ideal self Realistic in self-evaluations
Understanding others: Increased perspective taking.
Perspective-taking: Ability to assume another’s perspective and
understand his or her thoughts and feelings.
The Self
SELF-UNDERSTANDING IN ADOLESCENCE
Abstract and idealistic Self-conscious; preoccupied with self Contradictions within the self – multiple roles in
different contexts realized Fluctuating self over time and situations Compare real and ideal selves
Possible selves: what persons may be, would like to be, and are afraid of becoming
Self-integration in sense of identity
The Self
CHANGES IN SELF-UNDERSTANDING IN ADULTHOOD
Self-Awareness: Awareness of strengths and weaknesses Improves in young and middle adulthood
Possible Selves: Get fewer and more concrete with age Some revise throughout adulthood
Life Review: Some in middle age, common in older adults Evaluations of successes and failures
The Self
ISSUES WITH SELF-ESTEEM
Modest correlations link self-esteem and school performance; links vary between adult job performance and self-esteem
Self-esteem related to perceived physical appearance across life-span Depression lowers high self-esteem
Persons with high self-esteem: Increased happiness Have greater initiative Prone to both prosocial and antisocial actions
Undeserved high self-esteem: Narcissism: self-centered, self-concerned Conceited Lack of awareness linked to adjustment problems
The Self
SELF-ESTEEM IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE
Accuracy of self-evaluations increases across the elementary school years
Majority of adolescents have positive self-image cross-culturally
Girls’ self-esteem is lower than boys’ by middle school years
The Self
SELF-ESTEEM IN ADULTHOOD
Some researchers find drops in self-esteem in late adulthood; others don’t.
Older adults with positive self-esteem: May not see losses as negatively Decrease in knowledge-related goals Increase in emotion-related goals Compare themselves to other older adults
The Self
SELF-ESTEEM ACROSS THE LIFESPAN
Prenatal Development
SELF-REGULATION IN INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD
12-18 months
2-3 years
Preschool
Depend on caregivers for reminder signals about acceptable behaviors
Begin to comply with the caregiver’s expectations in the absence of monitoring
Learn to resist temptation and give themselves instructions that keep them focused
The Self
SELF-REGULATION IN MIDDLE/LATE CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE
Self-regulation increases from about 5 or 6 years up to 7 or 8 years of age
Across elementary school years, children increase beliefs that behavior is result of own effort and not luck
From 8 to 14 years of age, children increase perception of self-responsibility for failure
Successful self-regulation in aging linked to: Selection:
Reduction in performance
Optimization: Continue practice, use of technology
Compensation: Concealment; offsetting or counterbalancing a deficiency
The Self
PERSONAL CONTROL Primary control striving:
One’s efforts to change external world to fit needs and desires.
Attain personal goals, overcome obstacles. Secondary control striving:
Targets one’s inner worlds: motivation, emotion, and mental representation.
The Self
WHAT IS IDENTITY?
Self-portrait of many identities:
Vocational/career Political Religious Relationship Achievement/intellectual
Identity
• Sexual• Cultural/ethnic• Interests • Personality • Physical
ERIKSON’S IDEAS ON IDENTITYErickson: Identity versus identity confusion:
Adolescents examine who they are, what they are about, and where they are going in life.
Psychosocial moratorium: Gap between childhood security and adult autonomy,
part of adolescent identity exploration.
_____________________________________________________________ Marcia:
Individuals go through periods of- Crisis: exploring alternatives during identity
development. Commitment: individuals show personal
investment in what they are going to do.
Identity
Identity
MARCIA’S IDENTITY STATUSES
EARLY ADOLESCENCE TO ADULTHOOD
Most important changes occur ages 18 to 25 “MAMA” cycle: pattern for positive identity
moratorium • achievement • moratorium • achievement
_____________________________________________________________ Parenting styles:
Democratic foster identity achievement Autocratic foster identity foreclosure Permissive foster identity diffusion
Identity
TRAIT THEORIES AND THE BIG FIVE FACTORS OF PERSONALITY
Trait Theories: Personality is broad dispositions or traits that tend to
produce characteristic responses.
Personality
VIEWS ON ADULT DEVELOPMENT Stage-Crisis View:
Levinson’s Seasons of a Man’s Life- Stage and transitions occur in life span. Tasks or crisis in each stage shape personality. Levinson’s midlife crisis in 40s.
Personality
AGE AND WELL-BEING
Personality
THE LIFE-EVENTS APPROACH
Now contemporary life-events approach.
How a life event influences individual’s development depends on: The life event Individual’s adaptation to the life event Life-stage context Sociohistorical context
Personality
GENERATIVITY VERSUS STAGNATION
Seventh stage in Erikson’s life-span theory: Generativity-
Encompasses adults’ desire to leave legacy to next generation
Middle-aged adults develop in number of ways Stagnation-
Also self-absorption, develops when one senses s/he has done nothing for next generation
Personality
STABILITY AND CHANGE Many longitudinal studies have found evidence
for both change and stability in personality in adulthood:
Smith College Study
Costa and McCrae’s Baltimore Study
Berkley Longitudinal Studies
Helson’s Mills College Study
Vaillant’s studies
Personality
STABILITY AND CHANGE Cumulative Personality Model:
With time and age, people become more adept at interacting with environment in ways that promote stability
Overall, personality is affected by:
Social contexts
New experiences
Sociohistorical changes
Personality