hyh-lmcw (Discourse)shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7651/7/07_chapter 2.pdf · hyh-lmcw...
Transcript of hyh-lmcw (Discourse)shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/7651/7/07_chapter 2.pdf · hyh-lmcw...
hyh-lmcw 99
A[ymbw c v
hyh-lmcw (Discourse)
hyh-lmcw 100
1. sImtfm-Wn-b B[p-\n-I-Xm-cq-]-§Ä
2. iq{Z-hy-h-lm-c-§-fpsS kmaq-ly-kz-`mhw
3. amÀIvkn-b³ kao-]-\-§-fnse C.-Fw.-Fkv
4. B[p-\nI {InkvXy³ ZmÀi-\nI kao-]-\-§Ä
5. \h-amÀIvkn-b³ kao-]-\-§Ä
6. ]m¼mSn tPm¬ tPmk^v
7. A- -̈Sn, sk³kkv
8. {]Xo-Im-ßI aqe-[-\s¯ kw_-Ôn¨v
9. A\p-I-cW \nb-aw, a\x-im-kv{X-k-ao-]\w
10. sI.-]n.-F.-knbpw B[p-\n-I-G-I-am-{X-k-ao-]-\hpw
11. alZv kt½-f-\-¯nsâ {]kàn
12. kzman B\-μ-XoÀ°À
13. `qan¡v shfn-bn kwLw tNtc n h¶-hÀ
14. kztZ-im-`n-am-\nbpw Úm\-tPm-jzmbpw
15. ae-bmfn sat½m-dn-bepw PmXn ]p\x-\nÀh-N\ {ia-§fpw
16. tIm¬{Kkv tZio-b-{]-Øm-\w, \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-{]-Øm\w
17. sXmgn-em-fn-Isf kw_-Ôn¨v
18. A¿³Im-fn, s]mbvI-bn A¸-¨³, tPm¬ tPmk^v ]m¼mSn
ZmÀi-\nI aWvUew
19. A\yXzw XpSÀ -̈bpsS B[p-\n-I-apJw
20. D]-Pm-Xn-IÄ, tZi-cm-jv{S-k-aqlw
21. LS-\m-hmZ amÀIvkn-khpw Awt_-ZvIÀ \nco-£-Whpw
22. ]cp-h-s¸-Sp¶ P\X
23. BZn-hmkn kaq-ls¯ ]cp-h-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p
24. kv{Xok-aq-ls¯ ]cp-h-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p
25. {Kmaw ZfnXv ]Z-hnsb ]cp-h-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p
26. kap-Zm-bhpw hÀ¤hpw
hyh-lmcw 101
“Cu PmXn hncp-²-{]-Øm-\-hpw, ZfnXv t\Xr-Xzhpw P\m-[n-]Xy
hn¹-h-{]-Øm-\-§-fpsS `mK-am-bn-cp-¶p. tZiob {]Øm-\-§Ä, I½yq-
WnÌv {]Øm-\-§Ä, tkmjy-en-Ìv, sXmgn-emfn {]Øm-\-§Ä, IÀjI
{]Øm-\-§Ä F¶n-hsbt¸mse-X-s¶. F¶m Bi-b-]-c-ambpw
kwL-S-\m-]-c-ambpw tZiob tIm¬{Kkv {]Øm-\-¯nsâ sam¯m-[n-
Im-c-hpw, amÀIvkn-k-¯nsâ Bib sam¯m-[n-Im-chpw, tZiob
kzmX{´y ka-c-L-«-¯nse ZfnXv {]Øm-\-s¯bpw CS-s]-S-ep-I-sfbpw
Bi-b-§-sfbpw aqSn-¡-f-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.” (P. 13. Dalit and the Demo-
cratic Revolution. Dr. Ambedkar and The Dalit Movement in Colonial
India. Gail Omvedt)
hyh-lmcw 102
“Hcp \nÝn-X-hn-j-bs¯ kw_-Ôn-¡p¶ khn-ti-j-amb Adnhv km[y-
am-¡p-Ibpw AtX-¡p-dn¨v kwkm-cn-¡m\pw AXns\ {]Xn-\n-[m\w
sN¿m\pw klm-bn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ {]kvXm-h-\- (statements) I-fpsS
kwLm-X-s -̄bmWv ̂ qt¡m hyh-lmcw F¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xv. Hcp {]tXyI
hyh-lm-c-¯n-\-I¯v {]tXyI hnj-b-s¯-¡p-dn¨v {]kvXm-h-§Ä \S-
¯p-t¼mÄ B hyh-lmcw hnj-bs¯ \nÝn-X-amb coXn-bn cq]-s¸-
Sp-¯p-¶p. F¶p am{X-aà B hnjbw aäp coXn-I-fn a\-Ên-em-¡m-
\pÅ km[y-X-IÄ CÃm-Xm-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Hcp {]kvXmhw Hä¡v
hyh-lm-c-amhn-Ã. {]kvXm-h-\-I-fpsS kwLm-X-am-W-Xv. C§s\ {]kvXm-
h-\-IÄ khn-tijcoXn-bn kt½-fn-¡p-t¼mÄ Hcp hyh-lmc cq]o-I-
cWw (discursive formation) D m-Ip-¶p.”1
hyh-lm-c-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ^qt¡m (Foucault) bpsS A`n-{]m-b-
amWv ChnsS ImWn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. ]cn-k-c-§sf AYhm \ne-sIm-Åp¶
AhØ F¶ coXn-bn BWv ChnsS asäm-cÀ°-¯n hyh-lm-
cs¯ AÀ°-am-¡p-¶-Xv. \m«p-cm-Py-§Ä (cm-Pm-¡-·mÀ), P·n þ ImWw,
`q_-Ô-§Ä, CXn-lmk ]pcm-W-§Ä, `mjm-km-ln-Xy-hy-h-lm-c-§Ä
Ch-sbm-s¡-¯s¶ D]-cn-Xe kv]Ài-¯n\pa¸p-d¯v B`y-´c hyh-
lm-c-§-fn-emWv CS-s]-«-Xv. am{X-hp-aà Ch kq£va-hpw, ssZh-_-Ô-
hp-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ch c p-Xcw ^e-§-fmWv DXv]m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.
1. tKm{X þ ZfnXv _lp-P\ kaq-l-§sf s]mXp-hy-h-lm-c-¯nsâ
am\-Z-WvU-§Ä kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v A\p-aXn \evI-s¸-«n-Ã. kz´w
{Ia-§sf \ne-\nÀ¯m³ (t¾-OX t]mepÅ hyh-lm-c-§-fn-eqsS)
km[n-¨n-Ã.
1. t]. 83, \h-kn-²m-́ -§Ä: \h-N-cn-{X-hm-Zw, Zneo]v cmPv.
hyh-lmcw 103
1. sImtfm-Wn-b B[p-\n-I-Xm-cq-]-§Ä
{_n«o-jp-ImÀ (hn-tZ-in-IÄ) Cu {Ias¯ Agn¨p If-bp-¶n-Ã.
\ne-\n¡p¶ PmXn -_-²-amb {Ias¯ B`y-´-c -ambn CS-s]-
Sp¶XneqsS kz´w hmWn-Py-{i-a-§Ä¡v ]cm-P-b-Im-c-W-amIpw F¶-
hÀ¡v t_m[y-am-bn-cp-¶p. {Ia-§-fpsS k¦p-NnX `q]-S-§sf hnkvXr-
X-am-¡p-Ibpw (wide) ]e tI{μ-§-fn-embn hn\y-kn-¡bpw (placement)
BWv AhÀ sNbvX-Xv. tdmUv \nÀ½m-Ww, ^mIvS-dn-bpsS XpS-¡w,
tXm«-§-fpsS XpS¡w C§s\ H¶n IqSp-X CS-§-fn-te¡v Cu
{Ia-§Ä amän-h-bv¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. Un.-Un. tImkmw_n ]d-bp-¶-Xp-
t]mse “{_mÒ-WÀ AhÀ¡m-h-iy-apÅ coXn-bn FÃmw amän-sb-gp-
Xn-bn-cp¶p.”2 ImÀjn-I-hr-¯n-bnepw `t£ymÂ]m-Z-\-¯nepw ZfnXv þ
_lp-P-\-§Ä k¼qÀW tkh\w \S¯n-bn-cp¶p F¦nepw kz´w
F¶v ]d-bm³ In«m¯ Ah-Ø-bn Ft¸mgpw amdn \nÂt¡ A\n-
Ýn-X-Xz-am-bn-«mWv kmaq-ln-Im-hØ ZfnXv P\-X-bn Npäp-]mSv \nÀ½n-
¨p-h-¶n-cp-¶-Xv. Npäp-]mSv \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn Xsâ tkh\w Gähpw
sNdp-Xm-sW¶v \nc-´cw HmÀ½n-¸n-¡p¶ t_m[-km-a-{Kn-I-fm-bn-cp¶p
\nÀ½n-¡-s¸« hkvXp-¡-fn-seÃmw AS-¡-¸-«n-cp-¶-Xv. Ch-sb-¡p-dn¨v
^qt¡m hne-bn-cp-¯n-bn-«p- v.
“`mj-bà hyh-lm-cw, kmaq-ln-I-{]-tbm-K-¯n-eqsS hnI-kn-¨p-h-
cp¶ Nn´-bm-W-Xv. Nne-Im-e-§-fn Nne-Xcw {]kvXm-h§Ä am{Xw
km[y-am-Ip-¶-sX-´p-sIm-s ¶Xv ̂ qt¡m At\z-jn-¡p-¶p. Nne Ime-
§-fn NneXv kXyw, aäp NneXv Ak-Xyw. Cu a\-kn-em-¡-ensâ
\nb-a-amWv ̂ qt¡m-hn\v hyh-lm-cw.”*1 C¯-c-samcp AkXy/kXy a\-
kn-em-¡-ensâ hn]p-eo-I-cn-¡-s¸« ]Xn-¸p-I-fm-bn-«mWv sImtfm-Wn-bÂ
2. t]. 83, {]mNo\ ̀ mc-X-̄ nsâ kwkvIm-chpw \mK-cn-I-Xbpw Ncn-{X-]-c-amb cq]-tc-J, Un.-
Un. tImkmw-_n.
*1. t]. 12, antj ̂ qt¡m, hÀ -̄am-\-̄ nsâ Ncn-{Xw, tUm. ]n.-]n. cho-{μ³
hyh-lmcw 104
B[p-\n-I-X-bn (colonial modernity) s]mXp kaqlw \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-«n-
cp-¶-Xv. \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ kaq-l-¯nsâ IÃpw ac-§fpw Nfn-bp-am-
Ip¶, D]-I-c-W-§Ä, Bbp-[-§Ä F¶-Xn-\-¸p-d¯v kzbw hni-I-e\
tijn-bpÅ hyàn-tbm, kaq-l-tam, kaq-l-¯nse Hcw-Ktam Bbn-
¯o-cm³ tIc-f-k-aqlw Cu LS-Is¯ ]cn-K-Wn-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã.
“tNmäp-]m-d-bn Iqen-¡m-cpsS \o emb-§-fp- m-¡n. sNma-
¶p-sIm- p-h¶ hkvXp-¡Ä sIm m-bn-cp¶p AXv. IqSp-XÂ a\p-jy-
cp-sSbpw PohnXw IjvSX \nd-ª-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. Gtgm Ft«m t]À acn-
¨p-t]m-bn-cp¶p shÅ-¯n hotWm Nfn-bn ]pX-tªm. amt\-PÀ
aäp-Å-hÀ¡v Fs´m-s¡tbm sImSp-¯n-«p v Pohn-¨n-cn-¡m-\m-bn.”3.
aq¶m-dnsâ kmaq-ly-cq-]o-I-c-W-¯nsâ 1920 IfpsS Nn{X-amWv ChnsS
ImWp-¶-Xv. \nÀ½m-W-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n ]¦m-fn-I-fm-Ip¶ ZfnXv _lp-
P-\-§Ä asämcp coXn-bn {Ia-s¸-Sp-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. tKm{X-k-aq-
l-§-fm-hs« A\y-h¡-c-W-¯n-te-bv¡pw.
sNdn-b -I-S-IÄ, sNdnb hgn-IÄ, sNdnb hni-I-e-\-Ø-e-§Ä
F¶n-h-bn-sem-s¡-¯s¶ aqeyw CÃm-¯-h-cmbn XpS-cpI F¶ A\Àl
]cn-K-W-\-bn-emWv Ch³/ChÄ/ChÀ hyh-ln-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶-Xv. cN-\-
bnepw `mj-bnepw C§s\ kw -̀hn¨ A\Àl-]-²-Xn-bn Fgp-¯nsâ
taJe AÚm-X-am-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bmWp m-b-Xv. AhÀ¡m-h-iy-apÅ coXn-
bn FÃmw amän-sb-gp-XpI F¶ hyh-Ø-bpsS hni-I-e-\-¯n-emWv
AhÀ¡m-h-iy-apÅ ImgvN-bp- m-Ip-¶-Xv. AhÀ¡m-h-iy-apÅ cpNn-bp-
m-Ip-¶-Xv. AhÀ¡m-h-iy-apÅ ]²-Xn-bp- m-Ip-¶-Xv. Cu AhÀ
(They) F¶ `uXn-I-cq-]s¯ tNmZyw sN¿p-¶n-S-¯mWv PmXn {Ia-
¯nsâ Xs¶ tNmZyw Dcp-¯n-cn-bp-¶-Xv.
3. p.18. Facets of a hundred years planting, Amita Baig and William Henderson.
hyh-lmcw 105
“sam¯-¯n-epw, km[m-c-W-ambpw a\p-jy³ F¶ \ne-bn-epÅ
\nco-£Ww Nne `wK-§sf t\cn-Sp-¶p- v. H¶mw temI-bp-²-¯n-\p-
tijw C¯cw amä-§Ä Xe-ap-d-bn-tebv¡pw _m[n-¡p-¶p- v. hk-
´-Im-e-]-c-amb PohnXw F¶Xv Ncn-{X-¯n-em-bn-t¸m-hp-¶p- v”4 F¶v
tUhnUv {^nkv_n (David Frisby) kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. sam¯w a\p-jysâ
\nco-£-W-¯n kw -̀hn-bv¡p¶ hyXn-bm-\-§Ä ̀ mc-X-¯n AXnsâ
ASn-¯-dbv¡v `wKw D m-¡p-¶nà F¶-XmWv AXn-i-b-I-c-amb
hkvXp-X.
at\m-c-RvP³ saml´n B[p-\n-Ihpw ]mc-¼-cy-hp-a-Ãm¯ \½psS
kaq-ls¯ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p- v. “Hcp B[p-\nI kaq-l-amtWm \½p-
tSXv; B[p-\n-I-aà ]mc-¼-cy-¯n-tâXpaÃ, Cusbmcp Ah-[m-\-]-c-amb
\o¡w Hcmsf asäm-¶n-te¡v ]cn-hÀ¯-\-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p- m-hmw. AXv
sht̬ kmaq-ly-am-ä-hp-ambn X«n¨pt\m-¡n-bm F{Xtbm ]cn-Xm-]-
I-c-am-Wv.”5
]pXn-bXv F¶v hnfn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ C¯cw Ime-L-«-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv
Hmtcm Znh-k-s¯bpw A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sN¿-s¸-tS- n-h-cp-¶-Xv. Bkzm-
Z-\-X-e-¯n B[p-\n-I-X-bp-sSbpw B[p-\n-tIm-¯-c-X-bp-sSbpw hÀ®-
§-fpw, {]mtbm-Kn-I-X-e-¯n AXn-k-¦oÀ®-amb PmXn, km¼-¯nI
{Ia-¯n-sâbpw ]Ým-¯-e-¯n Fgp-¯v, AXnsâ am\-§-fn hn]p-
e-am-¡-¸-Sp-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. C¯-c-samcp hn]p-e-am-¡-emWv cmjv{So-
b-¯n-sâbpw Fgp-¯n-sâbpw kam-\-kz-`mhw F¶v ]d-bm-hp-¶-Xpw.
“kzoI-cn-¡m\pw ]pd-´-Åm\pw kwkvI-cn-¡m-\p-apÅ tijn \jvS-s¸-
Sp-t¼m-gmWv a\p-jyÀ tcmKn-I-fm-Ip-¶-Xv. At¸mÄ {]Xn-tcm[w XI-cp-
Ibpw icocw PoÀWn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. FÃm-¯-c-¯n-ep-apÅ kzoI-
4. p. 27, George Simmel: Modernity as an Eternal Present. David Frisby, The Polity reader inSocial Theory.
5. p. 183, Class, Caste, Gender: Edited by Manoranjan Mohanthy.
hyh-lmcw 106
c-W-ti-jnbpw \ncm-I-cW coXn-Ifpw AS-ªp-t]m-Ip-t¼m-gm-Wo, Xpd-
hp-IÄ XIcp-t¼m-gmWv Hcp kaqlw tcmKn-bm-Ip-¶-Xv, PoÀWn-¡p-¶-
Xv.”6
Xpd¶nSm\pw kwh-Zn-¡m-\p-apÅ Cu kaq-l-`m-h-s¯-bmWv
Fgp¯v A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sN¿p-¶-Xv. Cu Fgp¯v GXp-Xcw kmaq-
ly-L-S-\-sb-bmWv \nÀ½n-X-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv F¶ tNmZy-¯n\v shfn-
bn D¯cw D m-hpI F¶Xv {]iv\-am-bn-¯ocp-¶p. IpSpw-_w, PbnÂ,
Bkv]-{Xn, Nmb-¡-S, tdUn-tbm, ]{Xw, hntÃPv Hm^okv, t]meokv
tÌj³, ]mÀ«n Hm^o-kv, NphÀt]m-ÌÀ, ]oSn-I, F¶n-§s\ \nc-h[n
hyh-lm-c-§Ä Ah-bpsS AÀt°m-ev]m-Z\w B[p-\nI tIcf¯nÂ
\S-¯p-¶p- v. Cu AÀt°m-ev]m-Z\w F§ns\sbÃm-amWv {]hÀ¯n-
¨-Xv F¶pw Adn-hv / A[n-Im-cw / hyh-lmcw F¶n-hsb F§-s\-sb-
Ãm-amWv Øm\-s¸-Sp-¯n-bXv F¶pw DÅ tNmZyw {][m-\-am-Wv.
“hmkvX-h-¯n \ma-dn-bp¶ temIw sI«p-]n-Wª kw -̀h-§Ä
\nd-ª-Xm-Wv. Ah-bv¡p-ta Ir{Xn-a-amb GI-X-bm-tcm-]n-¡p-I-bmWv
ka-{K-N-cn-{X-§Ä sN¿p-¶-Xv. tcJo-bhpw kmÀh-P-\o-\-hp-amb hni-Zo-
I-cW amXr-I-IÄ¡pÅnehsb hn\y-kn-¡p-t¼mÄ Hmtcm kw -̀h-¯n-
sâbpw hyXy-kvXX \jvS-am-hp-¶p.”7
B[p-\nI cmjv{S-þ-km-aq-ly-þ-k-aqlw AXnsâ \nÀ½n-Xnsb
tI{μo-I-cn-¡p¶ Cc« kz`m-h-¯nsâ \nc-h[n DZm-l-c-W-§-fn-eqsS
k©-cn-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.*2
6. hmXn-ep-IÄ Xpd-¶n-Sp-I, Xncp-hà kwLw.
7. t]. 92, \h-kn-²m-́ -§Ä, Zneo]v cmPv.
*2(8) “kzX-{´-k-a-c-tk-\m-\n-sb¶ \ne-bn PbnÂhmk-̄ n Pbn hnap-à-\m-hp-t¼mÄ \qän-
¸-{´ v ]u p-ambn Pbn-en sN¶ Un.-kn.-In-g-t¡-apdn ]pd-̄ n-d§pt¼mÄ \qän-ap-̧ -̄ n-
c v ]u v Xq¡w sh¨n-cp¶p F¶v ]d-bp-¶p. Ipim-emb ̀ £-Ww, tX¨p-Ip-fn, hmbn-
¡m³ amkn-I-IÄ, InS-¡m³ I«nÂ, knwKnÄdqw, ]m Dd-sbm-gn-̈ p- m-¡nb ssXcv, _Zmw
]mbkw Ch-sbms¡ Ign¨v tZlw XSn-̈ p-sIm-gp-̄ p. kn. tIi-h³, sI.-]n. \oe-I-WvT-̧ n-
Å, tIm«bw ̀ mkn, ]mem sI.-Fw. Nm n, Ip¼-f-̄ p-i-¦-c-̧ n-Å, s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n XpS-
§n-b-hcmbn-cp¶p klXS-hp-ImÀ.” (ae-bmfw hmcn-I, tPmfn ASn-a-{X. Un.-kn. HmÀ½-IÄ, 2005).
*(9) “]qan Af-¡m³ sIÀa v kÀth-¡mcv h´v, Rm\v t]Sn v̈ tI«p-sIm v Ccn-¡v, N¦nev ]nSn-
hyh-lmcw 107
kzmX-{´y-k-a-c-{]-t£m`w F¶Xv {_n«ojv hncp-²-k-acw F¶
\ne-bn am{X-amWv C´y-bn hymJym-\n-¡-s¸-«n-«p-Å-Xv. A¿³Im-
fn, \mcm-b-WKpcp, s]mbvI-bn A¸-¨³, BZn-hmkn {]t£m- -̀§Ä,
ae-_mÀ elf XpS§nb t\Xr-Xz-§-fpsS {]t£m- -̀§-sfm¶pw kzmX-
{´y-k-a-c-ambn hymJym-\n-¡-s¸-«n-Ã. AI-hgn (inner road) / ]pd-hgn
(outer road) F¶n-§s\ c p ImgvN-IÄ ChnsS ImtW- -Xp- v.
AIs¯ hgn-bnÂ\n¶v ]pds¯ hgn-bn-te¡v Cd-§m-\m-hmsX t]mhp¶
kml-N-cy-¯n ChÀ \S-¯nb ka-c-§sf kzmX-{´y-k-a-c-§Ä F¶p
Xs¶-bmWv hnfn-t¡- -Xv. AXv AI-h-gn-bnse kzmX{´y-k-a-c-am-bn-
cp-¶p. AYhm H¶m-as¯ kzmX-{´y-t_m-[w.
¨n«v Rm³ h´m-̈ v, ]qan Af-́ v, ImSv Af-́ v, tImhnev Af-́ v, C´ ]qan BcpsS F¶-h³
tNmZn-̈ p. Rm³ ]dªp F\¡p kz´-a-Ã. hb-epcp kz´w. kzman, ssXhw s]mXp-hv,
s]mXp-hpÅ Øew. FÃmÀ¡pw s]mXp-hv. C´ tImhnev FÃmÀ¡pw s]mXp-hv, F¶mÂ
kÀtÆ-¡mcv Npc-än-IÂ t]m«pt¦m”(t]. 15, A\ym-[o-\-s¸-Sp¶ BZn-hmkn ̀ qan.
]n. sI. {]Im-iv)
*(10) “1891 apX-epÅ sk³kkv ]T-\-§Ä (a-[y-{]-tZ-inÂ) 1971- hsc BIp-t¼mÄ kz´w aX-hn-
izm-k-̄ n \n¶ tKm{X-hn-̀ m-K-§Ä 6% am{X-ambn Npcp-§p¶ (Npcp¡p¶) ImgvN-bm-Wp-Å-
Xv. am{X-hp-aà ]n¶oSv ‘tKm{X-hÀ¤-aXw’F¶pÅ {]tbm-Kta \o¡w sN¿p-¶Xv ImWmw.”(a-X-]-cn-hÀ¯\w Hcp Agnbm Ipcp-¡v. kpμÀcm-Pv)
*(11,12) sP.-kn. Um\n-tb-ensâ ‘hnK-X-Ip-am-c³’ tIcf-̄ nse BZys¯ ae-bmf kn\na F¶ \ne-
bn t]sc-Sp-̄ n-cn-¡p-¶p. Cu Nn{X-̄ nse \mbnI tdmkn ZfnXv {InkvXy³ IpSpw-_-̄ nÂ
\n¶pw kn\n-a-bn-se-̄ n. BZy-{]-ZÀi-\-̄ nsâ A¶p-Xs¶ {]am-Wn-am-cpsS ]oU\w kln-
¡m-\m-hmsX Xan-gv\m-«n-te¡v Hfn-t¨m-Sn. 2003 se CâÀ\m-j-W ̂ nenw s^Ìn-h-enÂ
Ipcn-̧ pg {ioIp-amÀ, t__n tXmakv F¶n-hÀ hnX-cWw sNbvX eLp-te-J-bn tdmkn-b-
¡p-dn¨v ]cm-aÀin-¡p-¶p. te\ F¶ Bwt¥m-C-́ y³ kv{Xobm-bn-cp¶p ‘hnK-X-Ip-am-c-\nÂ’A`n\bnt¡- n-bn-cp-¶-Xv. AhÀ¡v AkuIcyw aqew aS-§n-t¸m-th n h¶p. ]Icw
kv{XoIsf A`n-\-b-̄ n\v In«m-Xn-cp-¶-Xn-\m \mS-I-{]-hÀ -̄I-bmb tdmknsb sP.-kn.-Um-
\n-tb hnK-X-Ip-am-c-\n DÄs¸-Sp-̄ n-b-Xv. Znhkw A©p-cq-]m-¡q-en-¡mWv tdmkn A`n-\-
bn-̈ -Xv. BZy-{]-ZÀi\w \S-̄ nb A¶v ImWn-I-fmb htc-Wy-k-aqlw tdmkn-bpsS hoSv
B{I-an-¡p-Ibpw c£n-Xm-¡-sfbpw IpSpw-_mw-K-§-sfbpw aÀ±n-¡p-I-bp-am-bn-cp¶p. {]mW-c-
£mÀ°w ho«n \n¶n-d-§n-tbm-Snb tdmkn Xan-gv\m-«n-tebv¡v t]mb temdn-bn Ib-dn-̧ -äp-
Ibpw \mKÀtIm-hn-en-te¡v c£-s]-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp F¶v ]d-b-s¸Sp-¶p. ]n¶oSv Ah-sc-
¡p-dn v̈ Hc-dnhpw e`n-̈ n-«n-Ã. BZy-{]-ZÀi\w \S-̄ nb Xob-äÀ htc-Wy-k-aqlw I¯n-̈ p-I-f-
bp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. BZy-kn-\na F¶ \ne-bn ‘hnK-X-Ip-am-c³’ ae-bm-f-kn-\n-a-N-cn-{X-̄ nÂ
Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. sP.-kn. Um\n-tbepw Adn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. BZy-\m-bn-I-bmbn tdmkn ]cn-K-Wn-
¡-s¸-«n-Ã. ]Icw ‘_me³’ F¶ kn\n-a-bnse \mbnI Ia-e-bmWv ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-«-Xv.”(2003-þse CâÀ\m-j-W ̂ nenw s^Ìn-h-en Ipcn-̧ pg {ioIp-amÀ, t__n tXmakv F¶n-
hÀ hnX-cWw sNbvX eLp-te-J-bnÂ\n-¶v.)
*(13) “Rm³ asämcp hnh-cw-IqSn {]kvXm-hn-̈ p-sIm-Ås«! AXp aÀ½-t -̀Z-I-am-Wv. IÀ¯m-hnsâ
Xncp-h-̄ m-g- IÀ½-̄ n ]s¦-Sp-¡m³ Nne ]Ån-I-fn A\p-hm-Z-ap-s -¦nepw R§Ä¡n-cn-
¸nSw Gähpw ]n³\n-c-bn-em-bn-cn-¡pw. Xfn-I-bnÂ\n¶pw R§Ä¡p t\cn«v A¸w FSp-¡p-¶-
Xn-t\m, khÀW-{In-kvXym-\n-IÄ sN¿p-¶-Xp-t]mse tIm¸-bnÂ\n¶v hoªv ap¯n-¡p-Sn-¡p-
¶-Xnt\m A\p-hm-Z-an-Ã. t\sc-a-dn¨v A¸-¡-jWw R§-fpsS ssII-fn-te¡v Fdn-ªp-X-cp-
hyh-lmcw 108
{_n«ojv A[n-\n-thi (British imperialism) Imew Nne AÀ-°-
§-fn A[n-\n-thi hncp-²-ambpw H¸w \nc-h[n kmaq-ly-{]-Øm-\-§-
fp-sSbpw XpS-¡-¯n\pw km£yw hln-¨p. ]mc-¼cy C´y³ t_m[-
¯n-s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ {ia-§-fm-bn-«mWv Ch kw -̀hn- -̈Xv. tPymXn-_m-^q-
sebpsS hn¹-h-{iaw kXy-tim-[-Iva-WvU-en-eq-sS-bpw, _n.-BÀ. Awt_-
ZvIÀ, {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp XpS-§nbhcpsS {]Øm-\-§Ä PmXn-hn-cp-²-
hpw, kv{Xok-a-Xz-¯n\p-th- nbpw, AÔ-hn-izm-k-¯n-s\-Xn-sc-bpw,
DbÀ¶p-h-cp-¶Xv CubÀ°-¯n-em-Wv. cmPm-dmw-tam-l³tdmbn, alm-
ßm-KmÔn {]Øm-\-§Ä C¡m-e¯v D m-hp-¶Xpw kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI-
c-W-¯nsâ e£y-¯n-eq-¶n-bm-Wv.14 hn.-kn. lmco-kn-sâbpw, kn.-_n.
kp[m-I-c-sâbpw \nco-£-W-§fn \n¶pw DZm-l-c-W-s¸-Sp¶ hkvXpX
s]mXp-hm-b-Xm-sW-¦n-epw, ZfnXv _lp-P-\-§sf kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw
c p-Xcw kzmX-{´ykachpw {]Øm-\-§-fpsS kz`mhw AXv \nÀ®-
bn-¡p-¶p- v. H¶v C´y-bnse B`y-´c kaq-l-t¯mSpw c v sImtfm-
Wn-b kaq-l-t¯m-Spw.
“Úmt\m-Xv]m-Z-\hpw A[n-Im-chpw X½n-epÅ thgvN D¶w
shbv¡p-¶Xv ico-c-s¯-bm-Wv. ico-cs¯ hg-¡n-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-Xnsâ
kq£va-`u-Xn-I-amWv At\z-jn-t¡- -Xv. kzm`m-hn-Ihpw Poh-im-kv{X-
]-c-hp-amb H¶m-bà `uXn-I-hpw, ]cn-hÀ¯-\-hp-ap-Å-Xm-Wv.”15
Úmt\m-ev]m-Z\ kaq-lw, ]pd-´-Åp¶ {]tZ-i-§-fm-¡n-b-XnÂ
_lp-P-\-k-aq-l-¯n-s\´p kw -̀hn¨p F¶p-Å-XmWv ]T-\-]-c-am-th- -
Xv. CXm-hs« Nn-«-s¸-Sp¯nbXpw Nn«-bn-Ãm-¯-Xp-amb ZmÀi-\nI [mc-
I-fpsS A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¡-em-Wv. Nn«-s¸-S-ens\ X¨p-S-bv¡p-I. Nn«-s¸-Sp-
¶p. aäp-Å-hÀs¡Ãmw sImSp-̄ -Xn-\p-tijw hoªv Xhn-bn tImcn R§-fpsS I¿n Hgn-
¨p-X-cp-¶p.” (]m-¼mSn tPm¬ tPmk^v, Sn.-F-̈ v. ]n. sN´m-c-tÈ-cn, _mIvthUv ]o¸nÄ Uhe-
¸vsaâ v tImÀ¸-td-j³, Xncp-h-Ã, 1989
14. p. 265, A History of British Colonialism: Social and Literary Aspects, M.G. University, DCBooks, VC. Harris, C.B. Sudhakaran.
15. t]. 93, \h-kn-²m-́ -§Ä, Zneo]v cmPv.
hyh-lmcw 109
¶-h-cà F¶v Xmd-Sn-¡p-I, {Iao-I-cn-¡-ens\ aen-\-am-¡p-I, {Ia-an-Ãm-
¯-hÀ F¶v Bt£-]n-¡p-I, C§-s\-bpÅ AXn-k-¦oÀ®-X-bmWv Zfn-
Xv_-lp-P³ kaq-lhpw, khÀW-h-tc-Wy-k-aq-lhpw X½n \ne-
\n¡p¶ F¡m-e-s¯bpw ZmÀi-\nI kwhm-Zw.
“Agp¡v Hcn-¡epw Hä-s¸« kw`-h-a-Ã. FhnsS Agp-¡pt m
AhnsS Hcp hyhØ \ne-\n¡p-¶p- mhpw hkvXp-¡-fpsS hyh-Øm-
]n-X-amb {Iao-I-cW¯nsâbpw hÀ¤o-I-c-W-¯n-sâbpw Dt]m-Xv]-¶-
am-WXv þ A\m-h-iy-L-S-I-§sf ]pd-´-Ån-s¡m- mWv Cu {Iao-I-
cWw \S-¡p-¶-Xv.”16 tacn U¥-knsâ (Mary Douglas) Cu \nco-£Ww
kaq-l-¯nsâ {Iao-I-c-Whpw ]pd-´-Åepw F¶ kz`m-hs¯ ]mT-h-
ev¡-cn-¡p-¶p. icocw þ kq£va-i-co-cw, icocw þ Øqe-i-co-cw, icocw
þ {]Xo-Im-ß-I-i-cocw F¶n-§s\ ico-c-hpw, ico-c-§Ä tNÀ¶p \S-
¯p¶ ]pd-´-Åepw B[p-\nI kaq-l-¯n Abn-¯-¯nsâ (un-
touchability) cq]-§Ä \nÀ½n-¡p-¶p v.
CXn-s\-¡p-dn¨v tacn U¥kv hni-Z-am-¡p-¶Xv C§s\bmWv. “Nn«-
s¸-Sp-¯-s¸« \½psS hÀ¤o-I-c-W-§sf XInSw adn-¡p-¶-sX´pw Agp-
¡m-Wv. AXnsâ Øm\-am-Wv, Hmtcm-¶n-sâbpw Øm\-amWv {]iv\w.
Hcp-Xcw [mÀanI \nÀ_Ôw CXn ImWmw. sNcp¸v apdn-¡p-ÅnÂ
hbv¡mw tai-¸p-d¯v hbv¡m³ ]mSn-Ã. hr¯n-bp-tSXv Hcp Úm\-
kw-_-Ôn-bmb (cognitive) {]iv\w IqSn-bm-Wv. {Ia-ap-Ån-Ss¯ A{I-
a--ap-Åq. kaq-l-ap- m-hp-¶Xv Iptd-tbsd hÀ¤o-I-cW hÀÖ\ {]{In-
b-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. kmaq-ly-{Iaw Øm]n-¡p-¶-sX´pw kmaqlym-Nm-c-
am-Wv, Ipähpw amen-\yhpw Hcpt]mse-bm-Wv.”17
16. t]. 104, \h-kn-²m-́ -§Ä, Zneo]v cmPv.
17. t]., 105, \h-kn-²m-́ -§Ä, Zneo]v cmPv
hyh-lmcw 110
sslμh AÔ-hn-izm-k-¯nsâ [mÀanI kaq-l-¯n-te-¡mWv
\½psS D]-cn-Xe kaqlw Pohn-X-an-d-¡p-¶Xv F¶v t_m[y-s¸-«p. B[p-
\nI cmjv{S-k-aq-l-¯n-epw, B[p-\nI \Kc cq]o-I-c-W-¯n-epw, B[p-
\nI s]mXp-t_m[ \nÀanXnbnepw C¯cw ioe-¯p-SÀ¨-I-fpsS, ]m]-
`o-Xn-bp-sS, ip²n-I-ei at\m-`m-h-¯nsâ hÀ¤o-I-c-Whpw, hÀÖo-I-c-
Whpw kw -̀hn-¨p-sIm- n-cn-¡p-¶p. hr¯nbpw [mÀ½nI \nÀ_-Ôhpw
A[n-Imc \nÀan-Xnbpw X½n sFIy-s¸-«p-\n¡p-¶p. hr¯n (ip-²-
X) AtX AÀ°-¯n {]hr-¯nsb (movement) \nP-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p- v.
hr¯nbpw, {]hr-¯nbpw X½n \nÀ½n¨n«pÅ [mÀanI/A[mÀanI
Af-hpw, cq]hpw \ap¡p ap¶n-ep- v.
kv{Xo{]-Øm-\-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ tUm. _n{Iw \μn, ARvP\ awK-
f-Kncn F¶n-h-cpsS A`n-{]mb¯n kv{Xo{]Øm\§sf \nco-£n-
¡phm³ c v kao-]\§Ä Bh-iy-ap v. [À½-\nÀh-l-Wm-[n-jvTn-Xhpw
(functionalist), kaq-e-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-hm-Z-¯n-e-[n-jvTn-Xhpw (radical). ]mc-
¼-cyhpw hnip-²n/If-¦w, amXr-Xzw, kXo þ kmhn{Xn AS-§p¶ ]mc-
¼cy {]am-W-§-fpsS A\p-jvTm-\-]-cX (ritual) Hcp hi¯v \n¡p-
¶p.18
C´y A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t¡- p¶ Gähpw {][m\ kwKXn F¶
\ne-bn-emWv Chn-sS ]mc-¼-cy-þ-hn-ip-²n-þ-A-\p-jvTm-\-]-c-Xsb ImtW-
n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. F¶m C´y³ kmaq-ly-þ-\nÀan-Xn-bpsS Ønc XpSÀ -̈
bn-se-¶-h®w GI-]-£o-b-amb C¯cw XpSÀ -̈IÄ ZfnXv _lp-P-\-
§-fn kw -̀hn-¨n-Ã. Zfn-XÀ tZikaqlw F¶ \ne-bn sslμh
{_mÒW tZi-¯n-t\m-SpÅ XpSÀ¨-bmb bp²-¯nsâXp am{X-amWv
18. p. 73, ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-{]-Xy-b-im-kv{Xhpw kv{Xo]o-U\hpw: Nne ssk²m-́ nI {]iv\-§Ä,
tUm. _n{Iw \μn, AwRvP-\-aw-K-fKncn.
hyh-lmcw 111
C´y-\-hØ F¶mWv tUm. cmP³ _m_p, sI.-sI. Fkv. Zmknsâ
ZfnXv tZio-bX F¶ {KÙs¯ ASn-Øm-\-am¡n A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-
¶-Xv.*a sI.-sI. sIm¨nsâ A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ, ]em-b\w ZfnXv _lp-P-
\-§-fn kw -̀hn-¡m-¯-Xpw, Iq«-\nÀ½q-e\w kw -̀hn-¡m-¯Xpw {]Xn-
tcm[ km[y-amb \nc-h-[n-cq-]-§Ä ZfnXv _lp-P³ kaq-l-¯n D m-
bn-cp¶p F¶-Xp-sIm mWv F¶m-Wv.*b amÀIvkn-b³ ]Zm-h-en-bpsS
ASn-Øm-\-k-aqlw F¶-Xn-\-̧ p-d¯v Xt±-i-k-aqlw (natives) F¶-XmWv
AXnsâ {][m-\-kw-K-Xn. Pohn-X-¯nsâ ka-kvX-ta-J-e-bnepw ZfnXv
_lp-P³ kaq-l-¯n\v kz -́ambn \nc-h-[n-IÄ {]Xn-tcm-[, AXn-Po-h-\-
cq-]-§Ä D m-bn-cp¶p F¶Xv {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p¶ hkvXp-X-bm-Wv.
2. iq{Z-hy-h-lm-c-§-fpsS kmaq-ly-kz-`mhw
{_mÒ-WnI þ a\p-kvarXn kmaq-lym-h-Ø-bpsS XpSÀ¨ sImtfm-
Wn-b L«-¯n-se-¯p-t¼mÄ \nc-h[n {]th-i-I-§Ä (entre) ¡v km[y-
X-bp- m-hp-¶p- v. B[p-\nI kaq-l-¯nsâ kz`mhw amen\y P\-k-
aq-ls¯ Bh-iy-s -̧Sp¶ XpSÀ¨ am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. Knbm\n Zn¯v kn§v
(Giani Ditt Singh) aq³ssI-sb-Sp v̄, ]©m-_n Bcw-̀ n¨ kn§v k`m
aqhvsaâ v19 (Singh Sabha Movement) sslμhkaq-l-¯nsâ aen-\-am-¡-
ens\Xnsc-bpÅ {]Øm-\-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶m ASn- -̄«n AXnsâ
aen-\o-I-c-W-¯nsâ hnhn-[-cq-]-§Ä B[p-\n-I-k-aq-l-¯nepw Øm\w
]nSn-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p F¶-Xn-\m¯s¶ hf-sc-s¸-s«¶v C¯cw Bi-b-§Ä
khÀW sslμ-h-h¡-c-W-¯n-tebv¡v sX¶n-am-äp-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.
*a \mK`qan þ 2006, *b sI. sI. sIm¨p-am-bpÅ A`n-apJw
19. p. 103, Interrogating Changing Status of Dalits of Punjab, Paramjit S. Judge.]s¯m³]Xmw \qäm- nsâ Bcw-̀ -̄ n \nc-h[n ]ptcm-K-a\ kz`m-h-§Ä apt¶m-«p-h¨
]©m-_nse kn¡v {]Øm-\w, ZfnXv hn`m-K-̄ n \n¶pÅ kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvI-c-W-§sf kzm[o-
\n-̈ n-cp-¶p. cma-Zm-knb ZfnXv kaq-l-̄ nÂs]« Knbm\n Zn v̄ knwMnsâ ap³I-¿nse kn§v
k`m-{]-Øm\w sslμ-h-am-bn-̄ o-cp-¶-XmWv ]n¶oSp ImWp¶ Ah-Ø.
hyh-lmcw 112
tIc-f-¯n ZfnXv kaq-l-§Ä¡p-ta apJy-[m-cm tZio-b-
{]Øm\-§Ä 19-þmw \qäm- n \S-¯p¶ A«n-a-dnbv¡v kam-\-am-bn-
cp¶p CsX¶pw hyà-am-hp-¶p. B[p-\nI kmaqly \nÀan-Xn-bnÂ
amen-\y-amb PU-k-aq-ls¯ apJy-[m-cbv¡v Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-¶p. amen-
\y-§-fn \n¶v hkvXp-¡sf tiJ-cn¨v hyh-lm-c-§-fn CS-s]-Sp-¶-h-
cpw, \nÀ½n-X-s¸-Sp-¶-h-cp-am-bn-cp¶p Cu hr¯n-sI-«-hÀ (untouchables).
c -h-Ø-bmWv Cu hr¯n-sI-«-hÀ ioen-t¡- n-bn-cp-¶-Xv. \nÀ½m-W-
¯n-\m-h-iy-am-b-Xpw, hyh-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-X-Ip¶ A´-co£ \nÀ½n-Xn-
¡p-th- nbpw hr¯n-lo-\-X-bn {]hÀ¯\ kÖ-am-hpI F¶-Xpw,
AXn\v ]pd¯v hn\n-abamhp¶ A[n-Imc \nco-£-W-§sf {]Xn-tcm-
[n-¡pI F¶-Xp-am-W-Xv.
CXn\v ka-Im-en-I-amb c p-Zm-l-c-W-§Ä \nc-¯mw. Fw.-F³.
hnP-b³ KmÔn-Pn-bpsS {ia-§sf kmaq-ly-]-cn-tim-[-\-bpsS amÀ¤-am-
bpw, amÀIvkn-ks¯ am\-hh¡-cn-¡p¶ kn²m-´-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ
KmÔn-k-t¯mSv H¯p-hm-bn-¡p-t¼mÄ AXv DbÀ¯p¶ Nne-tNm-Zy-§Ä
sI.-sI. sIm v̈ apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡p-¶p.
{_mÒ-W-cnÂ\n¶pw Zfn-Xsc AIän \nÀ¯n-bn-cp¶p F¶ Fw.-
F³.-hn-Pbsâ \nco-£-W-t¯-¡mÄ {][m-\-s¸-«Xv Zfn-XÀ {_mÒ-W-
cnÂ\n-¶v- A-I¶p \n¡p-Ibmbncp¶p F¶ \nco-£-W-amWv. Hmtcm
]S-hnepw £{Xn-b-\pw, sshiy\pw iq{Z\pw BÀj-amb ZmÀi-\nI kzXz-
¯n-\p-th n {_mÒ-W-t\mSv Ie-ln- -̈t¸mÄ Zfn-X-cm-hs« X\-Xm-sbmcp
kwkvImcw \ne-\nÀ¯p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p... AXp-sIm- mWv B{I-a-W-Im-
cn-I-fpsS c£m-h-e-b-¯n {_mÒ-WÀ \qäm- p-Isf AXn-Po-hn-¨-Xp-
t]mse Zfn-Xcpw \qäm- p-Isf AXn-Po-hn- -̈Xv.20 F¶m C¯-c-samcp
20 t]. 87, s]mcpfdn-bm¯ CXn-lm-kw, sI.-sI. sIm v̈, AhÀW-]-£-c-N-\-IÄ.
hyh-lmcw 113
AXn-Po-h-\-¯nsâ hÀ¯-am\ Imem-hØ A¼-e-¯n im´n tPmen
sN¿p-hm³ A\p-aXn In«m¯ _lp-P³ kaq-lmwKw \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-
hnsâ A`n-{]m-b-§sf tPmen-¡mbn kzoI-cn-¡m-s\-Sp-¡p-¶p- v.21 lnμp-
t£-{X-¯nse im´n-tPm-en-¡p-th n \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hnsâ \nco-£-
Ws¯ sslμ-h-h-ev¡-cn-¡p¶ kz`mhw _lp-P-\-k-aq-l-¯n cq]w
sIm n-cn-¡p-¶p. Cug-h\v im´n-sN-¿m³ \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns\ ]qWqÂ
AWn-bn-¡-cptX F¶mWv Cu Ah-Ø-sb-¡p-dn¨v i¦-c-\m-cm-b-W³
ae-¸pdw ]d-bp-¶-Xv.
hr¯n-lo\ kmaq-lym-h-Øbv¡v ]pd v̄ {]th-in-¡m³ \S-̄ p¶
{iaw F¶ \ne-bn aX-§-fn-te-bv¡pÅ ]cn-hÀ¯-\-§fpw, aX-§sf
\ho-I-cn-¡m-\pÅ {ia-hpw, aX-§sf ]p\Àhm-bn-¡m-\pÅ {ia-§fpw
tIc-f-¯n \thm-°m\ L«-¯n kw`-hn-¡p-¶p- v. c p-Xcw kz`m-
h-am-bn-cp¶p C¯cw e£y§Ä¡v ]n¶nse kmaq-ly-t_m-[w. kmaq-
ly-t_m[w hr¯n-bp-tSXpw AXp \nÀ½n-¡m-\pÅ aqeyhpw kzcq]n-
¨p. aqey-§-fpsS XpSÀ¨bpw {]Jym-]n-¨p. adp-h-i¯v aqey-¯n\v ]pd-
¯pÅhcm-¡p-Ibpw, aqeyw t]dp-hm\pw t]dm-Xn-cn-¡m-\p-ambn hr¯n-
lo-\-cm¡n \ne-\nÀ¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C´y³ kaq-l-¯n b{´-
§-fpsS A`mhw t_m[-]qÀÆ-kr-jvSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. hr¯n-lo-\X XpS-
cp-hm-\mbn b{´-§-fn-Ãm¯ kaq-l-am-bn-cp¶p IqSp-XÂ A`n-Im-ayw.
bqtdm-]y³ kaqlt¯-¡mÄ `n¶-ambn b{´-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ At\z-
j-W-§Ä C´y-bn Ipd-ªp-t]m-bXv C¡m-c-W-¯m-em-Wv. sXmgn-
se-Sp-¡p¶ ASn-a-k-am\ PmXn-k-aq-l-§Ä \ne-\n¡p¶p F¶ H¶m-
as¯ Imcyw. c m-a-t¯-Xm-hs« Cu kmaq-ly-kz-`mhw \jvS-s¸-Sm-
Xn-cn-¡m³ b{´§Ä¡m-bpÅ {iaw t_m[-]qÀÆw \S-¯m-Xn-cn-¡pI
21. t]. 101, i¦-c-\m-cm-b-W³ ae-̧ p-dw, AhÀW-]£ cN-\-bn Fgp-Xnb teJ-\w. Xncp-hn-
Xmw-IqÀ tZhkzw t_mÀUn ]mÀ«vssSw im´n-¡m-c-\mbn Xnc-sª-Sp-¡-s¸« Hcp DtZym-
KmÀ°n. Cug-h-\m-b-Xn-\m tPmen \ntj-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw ]Icw BÀ¡pw {_mÒ-W-ssZ-h-
]qP \S¯mw F¶v hmZn-¡m³ \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hnsâ Nne ]mcm-b-W-§sf sXämbn hymJym-
\n-¡p-¶-Xns\ At±lw hnaÀin-¡p-¶p.
hyh-lmcw 114
F¶ e£yw.
{_mÒ-WnI aX-¯nsâ {]hÀ¯\]²Xn F§-s\-bmWv ZfnXv
_lp-P³ kaq-l-¯n hyh-l-cn-¡-s¸-«Xv F¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v Zneo]v
cmPv C§s\ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p. “B[p-\nI ]qÀh-tI-c-f-¯n GIm-ß-
I-amb aX-a-Ã, kaq-l-¯n D -̈\o-N-t{iWn \nÀW-bn¨ aX-hy-h-Ø-
bmWv \ne-hn-ep- m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. ssZh-§-sfbpw, BNm-c-§-sfbpw
htcWyw / km[m-cWw F¶ a«n \navt\m-¶-X-ambn hn`-Pn-¡p-I-
bmWm hyhØ sNbvX-Xv. ]mh-\hpw / \oN-hp-ambn Bcm-[-\m-co-Xn-
IÄ thÀXn-cn-¡-s¸-«p. C¯cw hn -̀P-\-§sfbpw hÀ¤o-I-c-W-§-sfbpw
Ne-\m-ß-I-am-¡nb N«-§-sf-´m-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v kqN-\-IÄ
am{Xta e`y-am-bn-«p-Åq. \¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ¡v bIvjn-am-scbpw aäp \oNm-
ßm-¡-sfbpw Iogvs¸-Sp-¯m³ iàn-bp-Å-Xm-bn hniz-kn-¡-s¸-«Xpw
IogvPm-Xn-¡m-cpsS IqtSm-{X-§fpw HSn-hn-Zy-Ifpw htc-Wy-hn-`m-K-§sf
Gim-¯-Xm-sW¶p Icp-X-s¸-«Xpw C¯cw kqN-\-I-fmbn IW-¡m-
¡mw.22
aX§Ä¡p-Ån {]th-in-¡p-I -am-{X-a-Ã, aX-§Ä¡-I-¯p-Xs¶
]cp-h-§-fp- m-¡pI IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. km[m-c-W-hpw, \oN-hp-amb
hymJym-\-§-fn kzX{´ Bßo-b-km-¶n-[y-§sf BsI-¯s¶ ]pd-
´-Åp-Ibpw, Ah-ti-jn- -̈h-sb, ZpÀhym-Jym\w \S-¯nbpw, ]nSn-s -̈Sp-
¯pw, aeo-a-k-am-¡nbpw inYn-eo-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-bncp¶p. ]nXr-]qP \S-
¯p¶ {_mÒ-WnIXbv¡v A¸-\-¸q-¸-·msc kvacn-¡p-¶-hÀ Akw-kvIr-
X-cm-bn. Imhpw {]Ir-Xnbpw ImÀjn-Im-tLm-j-§fpw ]nSn-s -̈Sp-¡p-I-
bm-bn-cp-¶p. ]ÔmÀ]p-cn-bnse Úmt\-iz-cs\ {_mÒ-WÀ ]nSn-s -̈Sp-
¯-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v im´n-kz-cq]v _u² Fgp-Xn-bn-«p- v.*3 Zkyp-¡fpw
22. t]. 178, \h-kn-²m-́ -§Ä, Zneo]v cmPv.
*3 The Respected Mother, Rama Bhaai, Santhi Swaroop Baudh.
hyh-lmcw 115
Zmk-·mcpw Bbn-¯oÀ¶ P\-k-aq-l-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ
Fgp-Xn-bn-«p- v. alm-_-ensb sImÃp-Ibpw cmjv{Sw ssIh-i-s¸-Sp-¯p-
Ibpw sNbvX-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v IÃd kpIp-am-c³ Fgp-Xn-bn-«p- v.*4 _p²-
hn-lm-c-§sf I¿-S-¡p-Ibpw Iog-S-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX \nc-h[n DZm-l-c-
W-§sf them-bp-[³ ]Wn-¡-tÈcn hnh-cn-¨n-«p- v.
C¯-c-¯n-epÅ ]nSn- -̈S-¡-en-\pw, Iog-S-¡-en\pw tijw Bcw-`n-
¡p¶ CS-s]-S-ep-I-fmWv {_mÒ-W-h¡-cn-¡-s¸« Iogm-f-sN-dp-ssZ-h-
§Ä. Ch-bm-Is« Hmtcm L«-¯nepw sslμ-ho-b-X-bpsS hb-dn-\p-
ÅnÂs¸«p-sIm- n-cn-¡p-¶p. B[p-\nI tIcf kaq-l-¯n kw`-hn¨
kap-Zmb \nÀan-Xn-bn CXnsâ {]Xn-^ew C§s\ hymJym-\n-¡m-hp-
¶-Xm-Wv.
“1936 Cug-hÀ¡v t£{X-{]-th-i\w hne-¡-s¸-«-Xn {]Xn-tj-
[n¨v Fkv.-F³.-Un.-]n. Hcp GI-I-WvT-amb {]ta-b-¯n-eqsS lnμp-aXw
hnSm³ Xocp-am-\n-¨Xv DZm-l-c-Ww. kn.-]n. cma-kzman A¿À DS³Xs¶
Cu `oj-Wn-tbmSv {]Xn-I-cn-¨p. c p]-£hpw Hcp-t]mse Icp-Xn-bXv
Cug-hÀ lnμp-k-ap-Zm-b-¯nsâ `mK-am-sW-¶mWv. kap-Zmbw hnSp-sa¶
`oj-Wn-bn-eqsS kap-Zmbw \nÀan-X-am-hp-¶-Xm-Wn-Xn ZÀin-¡m-\m-hp-
¶-Xv.”23
sslμ-ho-b-Xbv¡p ]pd¯v {]th-in-¡m-\pÅ {iahpw sslμ-
ho-b-X-bm-hp-¶-Xnsâ {]Xn-^-e-\-hp-am-bn-cp¶p CXv. hnÚm\ taJe
F¶ \ne-bn kwkvIrXw ]Tn-bv¡p-hm³ ]nt¶m¡ kaq-l-§Ä X¿m-
dm-b-Xv, Bßm-`n-am-\-¯nsâ `mK-ambn sshZn-Isc kap-Zm-b-¯n\v Dcp-
h-s¸-Sp-¯m³ {ian- -̈Xv, km¼-¯nI DbÀ -̈bn-eqsS Pohn-X-¯n\v ASn-
¯-d-bn-Sp-hm³ A[zm-\n-¨Xv Hs¡-¯-s¶ {_mÒW sslμ-hn-b-X-bpsS
*4. ZfnXv _Ôp-hnsâ ZfnXv ZÀi-\-{K-Ù-§Ä, IÃd kpIp-am-c³.
23. t]. 185, \h-kn-²m-́ -§Ä, Zneo]v cmPv
hyh-lmcw 116
amXr-I-bn-te-bvt¡m, {_mÒ-W-ssl-μ-ho-b-Xbv¡v Iog-S-¡m³ Ffp-¸-
apÅXntebvt¡m F¯n-s¸-Sp-I-bm-Wp- m-b-Xv.
ZfnXv s]mXp-t_m-[-am-hs« t£{X-{]-th-i\ XmÂ]cyw apt¶m-
«p-h- -̈Xm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. AXv hyh-Øm-]nX [mc-W-Isf _ln-jvI-cn-¡p-
¶-hbpw AXp-t]mse P\m-[n-]-Xy-{i-a-§sf {]Xn-jvTn-bv¡m³ X¿m-
sd-Sp-¯-h-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶m tIc-f-¯nse hyh-lmcw t£{X-{]-
th-i-\-¯n-tebv¡v Xncn-bp-¶Xv {i²n-bvt¡ kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. iq{Z-
t_m-[-¯nsâ kmaq-ly-kz-`m-h-am-bn-cp¶p CXn {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¨n-cp-
¶Xv. Zfn-XÀ¡p-ta Cu iq{Z-t_m[w ASn-t¨Â¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
iq{Z-hy-h-lm-c-§-fpsS kmaq-ly-kz-`mhw tIc-f-¯n {]hÀ¯n-
¨Xv apJy-[m-c-bv¡p-th- n-bpÅ At\z-j-W-§fpsS `mK-am-bn-«m-bn-cp-
¶p. Iq«p-Ip-Spw-_-L-S-\-bn-eqsS kw -̀hn-bv¡p¶ km¼-¯nI {Ib-hn-
{I-b-an-Ãm-bva, iq{Z-k-aq-l-§-fn¯s¶ \nc-h[n ]pd-t¼m-¡p-Isf
\nÀ½n-¡p-¶p- v. C§s\ ]pd-t¼m-¡p-Ifmbn-¯o-cp-¶-hÀ kaq-l-̄ nse
\h-ZÀi\§sf kzoI-cn-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. tkmjy-enÌv {]Øm-
\-§-fn-te-bv¡v, I½yq-WnÌv {]Øm-\-§-fn-te-bv¡p-apÅ BIÀjWw
C¯-c-samcp kmaq-ly-{]-Xn-k-Ôn-bn \n¶mWv Bcw-`n- -̈Xv. Htc-k-
abw kz´w kap-Zm-b-t¯m-sS, IpSpw-_-t¯m-sS, \S-¯p¶ ]cn-jvI-c-
Whpw, AtX-k-abw kmaq-ly-ambn I®n-tNÀ¡m³ DX-Ip¶ A´-co-
£-hpw A\y-§sf \nÀ®-bn-¡p-I-bpw, AS-cp-IÄ¡p-Ånse A\y-§Ä
AXp-sIm- p-Xs¶ kmaq-ly-cq-]o-I-c-W-¯nsâ BZy-]Sn \nÀ½n-¡p-I-
bp-amWv sNbvX-Xv. \in- -̈\m-bÀ, apSn-ª-am-¸f ({In-kvXy³), s]g¨
tNmtIm³ F¶o aq¶p A\y(other) -§-fpsS sFIy-B-i-b-hn-\n-a-b-§-
fn-te-bv¡mWv Zfn-Xcpw IqSn-t¨À¡-s¸-«-Xv.
ChnsS c p {]tXy-I-X-I-fp-ÅXv \in¨/\in-¡m-¯, apSnª/
apSn-bm-¯, s]g¨/s]g-¡m¯ F¶n-§s\ Hcp `n¶X kmaq-ly-ambn
hyh-lmcw 117
kw -̀hn-¨n-cp-¶p F¶ hkvXp-X-bmWv. \in¨ + apSnª + s]g-¨. ]pXnb
kmaq-ly-cq]w AXn\v FÃm-¯-c-¯nepw kam-\-cmbn I n-cp-¶Xv Zfn-
X-sc-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Zfn-X-cn \in-¡m¯ + apSn-bm¯ + s]g-¡m¯
F¶ Hcp kmaq-ly-hn- -̀P\w NÀ -̈sN-¿-s¸-«n-cp-¶n-Ã. \in¨ + apSnª
+ s]g¨ F¶-Xns\m¸w ‘Xmgv¶’ F¶pÅ hn\n-abwIqSn {]hÀ¯n-
¡p-Ibm-bn-cp-¶p.
C¯-c-samcp kmaq-lym-h-Ø-bpsS kz`m-hs¯ amÀIyq-knsâ
A`n-{]m-b-¯n \ap¡v C§s\ hne-bn-cp-¯m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. “ ‘hyàn’sb
Hcp hkvXp-\n-jvT-hy-h-Ø-bpsS Ahn-`m-Py-L-S-I-sa¶ \ne-bn ]p\À
\nÀh-Nn-¡p-I-bmWv ]pXnb kaq-lw. Bß-\n-jvT-X-bpsS aWvU-es¯
AaÀ¨ sNbvXp (supress) sIm mWv Cu ]p\À \nÀh-N\w km[y-am-
¡p-¶-Xv. CtXmsS bpàn, kzmX-{´yw, IÀXrXzw, hnaÀi-\w, kzX-
{´-amb CÑ F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ Iev]-\-I-sfÃmw Akw-K-Xtam Ak-
Xytam Bbn-¯o-cp-I-bm-Wv. hkvXp-\n-jvTX kzXz-¯nsâ am\-Z-WvU-
ambn amdp¶ hnNm-c-k-{¼-Zmbw ka-Im-e-k-aq-ls¯ kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-
t¯mfw AXns\ \ne-\n-ev]nsâ A\n-hm-cy-amb ap¶p-]m[n Xs¶-bm-
Wv. amÀ-Iyq-knsâ `mj-bn ]d-ªm GI-am-\-amb Hcp hnNm-c-am-
Xr-Isb AXnsâ kmwkvIm-cnI hyh-lm-c-§fpsS ka-kvX-X-e-§-fnepw
\nc-´cw ]p\-cpXv]mZn-¸n-¨p-sIm- mWv B[p-\n-I-k-aqlw \ne-\n¡p-
¶Xpw hf-cp-¶Xpw”24
amÀIyq-knsâ A`n-{]mbw {]k-à-am-Ip-¶Xv CubÀ°-¯n-em-
Wv. GI-am\-amb hnNm-c-[mc A]-c-§Ä¡n-S-bn B[p-\nI tIc-f-
¯n {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp-¶p. F¶m AXv ]e-t¸mgpw bpàn-sb-bpw,
kzmX-{´y-s¯-bpw, IÀXr-Xz-s¯bpw, hnaÀi-\-s¯bpw, kzX{´ CÑ-
sbbpw {Zhn-¸n¨v sslμ-hn-b-X-bpsS ASn-t_m-[-¯nsâ Nme-I-§-fmbn
24. t]. 34, \h-amÀIvknÌv kmaq-ly-hn-aÀiw þ Sn.-hn.-a[p
hyh-lmcw 118
AZÀiambn -Po-hn-X-¯n-ep- m-bn-cp¶p F¶ hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. \in- -̈
hÀ¡pw, Xpe-ª-hÀ¡pw ]ng- -̈hÀ¡pw sslμ-hn-b-X-bpsS {]tZ-i-§-
fn F¯pI F¶ e£y-¯nsâ `mK-am-bmWv tZio-b-{]-Øm-\-§-fn-
te-¡pw, I½yq-Wn-k-¯n-te¡pw Nme-I-§-fm-bn-¯oÀ¶-Xv. CXm-hs«
Zfn-X-scbpw khÀW-ssl-μ-h-X-bn-te¡v hen- -̈Sp-¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
c p-{]-iv\-§-fmWv ChnsS {][m-\-ambpw a\-Ên-em-t¡- Xv. H¶v
ZfnXv þ BZn-hm-kn-IÀXrXzw kzoI-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-Itbm, amXr-I-bm-¡-s¸-Sp-
I-tbm, At\z-j-W-]-c-am-hp-I-tbm sNbvXn-Ã. kmwkvIm-cn-I, cmjv{So-
b, kuμ-cy, hyh-lmctaJ-e-bn-sem¶pw Xs¶ ]cm-aÀin-¡-s¸-«n-Ã.
amXr-I-bm-¡-s¸« KmÔn-b³ tZiob {]Øm\w sslμ-h-h-evI-cn-¡p-
¶-Xn-te-¡pw, amÀIvkn-b³ ZÀi-\-¯n\v Hcp kzX-{´-A-t\z-j-W-tam,
I½yq-WnÌv kwkvIm-ctam CÃmsX Ccp-«n¯¸p-Ibpw sNbvX-t¸mÄ
(iq-\y-am-bn) B[p-\n-I-k-aqlw ZmÀi-\n -I-hpw-þ -B-ZÀi-]-chpw þ
kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw þ kmaq-lyhpw þ cmjv{So-b-ku-μ-cy-]-c-hpw, XXz-
imkv{Xw þ ssZh-imkv{Xw XpS-§n-b-h-bnepw iq\y-amb B[p-\nI
kaqlw AZÀi-ambn sslμ-h-k-hÀW-h-ev¡-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
amÀIvkn-b³ kao-]-\-§Ä¡p-Ånse C.-Fw.-Fkv
amÀIvknsâ \nco-£-W-§-fnse ]ng-hp-IÄ AYhm Ah-bpsS
C´y³ þ Gjy³ kaq-l-§-fpsS Ahy-à-X-IÄ NÀ¨ sN¿p-¶Xv DNn-
X-am-bn-cn-¡pw. “{]tXyI coXn-bn ]c-kv]cw \nÀ®-bn-̈ p-sIm v \ne-
sIm-f-fp¶ At\Iw Xe-§-fp-sSbpw (levels) {]tbm-K-a-WvU-e (instances)
-§-fp-sSbpw Iq«m-bva-bm-W-Xv. ]qÀW-amb Hcp hyh-Ø-bpsS A]qÀW-
amb Awi-§Ä F¶ \ne-bn-e-Ã, kzbw k¼qÀW-amb LS-\-I-fm-bmWv
Ah {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu LS-\-IÄ X½n-epÅ ]c-kv]c _Ô-s -̄
¡p-dn-¡p¶ k¦-ev]-amWv amÀIvkn-k-¯nse ka-{K-X.”*5 kzbw ]qÀW-
*5 t]. 52, \h-amÀIvknÌv kmaqly hnaÀiw, Sn.-hn.-a-[p.
hyh-lmcw 119
amb LS-\-I-fmbn tIcf kaqlw AXnsâ B[p-\nI bqWnäv {]hÀ¯n-
¨n-«p-t m? am{X-hp-aà kzbw k¼qÀW-X-bpsS {ia-§ÄXs¶ ]c-¼-
cm-KX Xmev]-cy-§-fpsS XpSÀ¨-bm-bn-cp¶p F¶pw sXfn-bn-¡-s¸«
hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. C.-Fw.-F-Ên-s\-¡p-dn-¨pÅ \nc-h-[n-]-T-\-§Ä A¯-c-
¯n {it²-b-am-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
“sImtfm-Wn-b `c-W-¯nsâ Bcw- -̀¯n¯s¶ Hcp Cw¥ojv
aoUnbw kvIqÄ Bcw-`n-¡p-Ibpw A½ At±-ls¯ B kvIqfnÂ
Ab-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. \¼q-Xncn kap-Zm-b-¯n Cw¥ojv hnZym-`ymkw
e`n¨ BZy-hy-àn-I-fn-sem-cmfmbncp¶p At±-lw. tIc-f-¯nse
BZys¯ a{´n-k- -̀bn Awt_-ZvIÀ t\Sn-s¡m-Sp¯ kwh-cW koän-
\-¸p-d¯v Hcp a{´n-sb-t¸mepw kw`m-h\ sN¿m³ C.-Fw.-Fkv a{´n-
k` Xmev]cyw ImWn-¨nÃ. am«n-d¨n Gsd Xn¶p¶ tIc-f-¯n kkym-
lm-cn-bm-bn-«mWv C.-Fw.-Fkv Adn-b-s -̧«-Xv.25 asäm¶v \¼q-Xn-cn-¸mSv F¶
PmXn-\m-a-{]-tbm-K-¯n-eqsS PmXnsb Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw ZfnXv _lp-P-\-
§Ä¡p-ta \¼q-Xn-cn, \mbÀ, \mb-\mÀ, tat\m³, ]Wn-¡À, A¿À,
t]män F¶n-§s\ PmXn \ma-§-fpw, PmXn-hy-h-lm-c-§fpw Øm]n-s -̈
Sp-¡p-Ibpw, A[n-Im-c-cq-]-§-fmÀÖn-bv¡m³, \in¨ þ ]ng¨ F¶n-§s\
kz´w PmXn-bnse A\y-§Ä¡v Øm\w \nÀ½n¨v sImSp-¡pI IqSn-
bm-bn-cp-¶p.
“Im©m sFe¿-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-¯n {_mÒ-Wn-k-s¯-¸än
{i²m-]qÀh-amb au\w ]men-¡p-Ibpw amÀIvkn-k-s¯-¸än AXn-hm-
Nm-e-ambn kwkm-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm- mWv C.-Fw.-Fkv RmWn-
t·Â¡fn km[n-X-{]m-b-am-b-Xv... {_mÒ-Wn-ks¯ Hcp {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-
ambn Hcn-¡epw At±lw I n-cp-¶n-Ã... C´y-bpsS Imcy-̄ n ]p¯³
P\m-[n-]-Xy-hn-¹hw Akm-[y-am-¡p¶ Xc-¯n PmXn-hy-hØ \ne-\n-
25. t]. 7þ8, ]¨-¡p-Xn-c, sk]väw-_À, 2005.
hyh-lmcw 120
¶p. AXp-sIm- p-Xs¶ PmXn-\nÀaq-e-\-sa¶ Hcp {]mtbm-Kn-I-L«w
Chn-sS A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Cu hn¹-h-L-«-s¯-¸än k¼qÀW-amb au\-
amWv \¼q-Xn-cn-¸mSv ssIsIm- Xv.26
C§s\ {_mÒ-Wy-Xsb aqSn-h-bv¡p¶ kmaq-ly-{]-hÀ¯-I³
F¶ \ne-bn C.-Fw.-Fkv AtX \mhp-sIm v i¦-cs\ DbÀ¯n-¸n-
Sn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXp-hgn i¦-cs\ Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xn-te-bv¡mWv
CS-Xp-]£w ]tcm-£-s¸-«-Xv. sX¿w AS-§p¶ Iogmf Bßo-b-[m-
csb Iem-cq-]-am-¡n-s¡m v ]pd-´-Åp-I-bm-bn-cp¶p F¶-XmWv c m-
as¯ Imcyw. \nc-h[n Zfn-Xv_-lp-P³ Bßo-bmt\zj-W-§sf \nÊm-
c-h¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS ]pd- -́Åp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. “PmXn-sb-¡p-dn¨v au\w
]men-¡p¶ Hcp I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«nsb cq]-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Ignªp F¶-
XmWv \¼q-Xn-cn-¸m-Snsâ hnP-b-c-l-kyw... t_m[-]qÀÆw Xs¶, tIc-f-
¯n {_mÒ-Wnkw Ah-km-\n- -̈Xmbn tIc-f-P-\-Xsb hniz-kn-¸n-¡m-
\-t±lw {ian-¨p.”27 F¶v Im©m sFe¿ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. kwkvIm-
cw, kuμcyk¦-ev]w, cmjv{So-bw, kmaqlyw F¶o taJ-e-I-fnse B[p-
\nI kaq-l-¯nsâ _e-lo-\-X-bmWv ChnsS {]Xn-^-en-¡p-¶-Xv.
“B[n-Im-cn-I-amb AÚ-X-sIm v tIc-f-¯nsâ \nÀ®m-b-I-
amb ]e tNmZy-§-sfbpw C.-Fw.-Fkv XÅn-¸-d-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p F¶v
Sn.-Sn. {ioIp-amÀ A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.”28 C´y³ I½yq-WnÌv Ncn-{X-hpw,
tIc-f-N-cn-{Xhpw X¿mdm-¡n-bn-«pÅ C.-Fw.-Fkv A¿³Imfn-bpsS ka-
c-§sf ImWmsX t]mhp-¶p- v. CXv At±-l-¯nsâ B[n-Im-cn-I-
amb AÚ-X-bm-bn-cp-¶p. kmln-Xy-NÀ -̈I-fn ZfnXv taJ-e-I-fnse
Fgp-¯n-s\bpw AXp-sIm v Xs¶ Hgn-hm¡n kwkm-cn-¡m-\mWv C.-
Fw.-Fkv {ian- -̈Xv.
26. t]. 10, ]¨-¡p-Xn-c, sk]väw-_À, 2005.
27. t]. 10, ]¨-¡p-Xn-c, sk]väw-_Àþ2005
28. t]. 20, ]¨-¡p-Xn-c, sk]väw-_Àþ2005
hyh-lmcw 121
sP. tZhn-I-bpsS A`n-{]m-b-¯n C.-Fw.-Fkv ]d-¨n-en-sâbpw
{]hÀ¯n-bp-sSbpw c p-Xcw kao-]-\-§Ä h¨p-]p-eÀ¯n F¶p-Å-Xns\
kw_-Ôn-̈ m-Wv. kv{Xok-aq-l-¯nsâ hnIm-k-̄ n-\mbn hmNm-e-am-hp¶
At±lw {]mtbm-Kn-I-amb Hcp cq]hpw apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡msX hyh-Øm-
]nX ]pcp-j-L-S-\sb AwKo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw \ne-\nÀ¯p-I-bp-am-bn-cp¶p
F¶ hnaÀi\w DbÀ¯p-¶p.*6 Zneo]v Fw. tat\m³, C.-Fw.-F-Êns\
hnaÀin-¡p-¶Xv C¯-c-¯n-em-Wv. “sXt¡ C´y-bn {_mÒ-W³
]cm-¶-t`m-Pn-I-fmb C¯nÄ¡-®n-I-fm-sW¶ ISp¯ hnaÀi\w t\cn-
«n-cp-s¶mcp Ime-L-«-¯nÂ... sXt¡-bn-´y-bpsS kmaqly km¼-¯nI
]cn-hÀ -̄\-¯nse \nÀ®m-bI LS-I-§-fn-sem-¶mbn {_mÒ-Wsc ̀ qX-
Im-e-¯n {]Xn-jvTn-¡m³ amÀIvknÌv coXn-{Iaw ChnsS D]-bp-à-am-
bn-¯oÀ¶p.”29
Cugh{]Øm-\-§-fpw, C.-hn. cma-kzman {]Øm-\-¯n-sâbpw {]Xn-
^-e-\-amWv {_mÒ-Wn-I-Xsb _ln-jvI-cn-¡m³ \¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ¡n-S-
bnÂt]mepw {ia-§-fp- m-b-Xv. \¼q-Xn-cnsb a\p-jy-\m-¡m-\pÅ C.-
Fw.-F-Ênsâ {]Jym-]-\-§Ä¡v At±lw Xs¶ Nne hgn-IÄ Xnc-
sª-Sp -¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu \ne-]m-Sp -IÄ ]eXpw {ZmhnU
\nco-£-W-§sf XÅn-¸-d-bp-¶Xpw {_mÒ-Wn-ks¯ kwc-£n-¨p-
\nÀ¯p-¶Xpambn-cp¶p F¶v Zneo]v Fw. tat\m³.
“\¼q-Xn-cn-amÀ tIc-f-¯n hcp-¶-Xn\p ap¼p Xs¶ PmXn \ne-
\n-¶n-cp¶p F¶v Øm]n-¡p-¶p v C.-Fw.-Fkv Xsâ \mj-W Iz̳
F¶ {KÙ-¯nÂ... 1948se c mw ]mÀ«n tIm¬{Kkv PmXn-{]-iv\s¯
“_lp-P-\-§-fpsS sFIyw XIÀ¡m-\pÅ _qÀjzm-X{´w”30 F¶p
hnfn v̈ Hgn-hm-¡n-¡-f-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p... asämcp hkvXpX \¼q-Xn-cn-am-
*6 t]. 23, ]¨-¡p-Xn-c, sk]väw-_Àþ2005.
29. t]. 26-þ27, ]¨-¡p-Xn-c, sk]väw-_Àþ2005.
30. t]. 34-þ35, ]¨-¡p-Xn-c, sk]väw-_Àþ2005.
hyh-lmcw 122
cpsS GIo-I-cW {]hÀ -̄\-§-fmWv tIc-f-¯nsâ sFIy-L-S-\bv¡v
Ipd-s¨-¦nepw ASn-¯-d-bm-bXv F¶pÅ C.-Fw.-F-Ênsâ \nco-£-W-
§-fm-Wv.*7
C§s\ amÀIvkn-k-¯n-sâbpw ]ptcm-K-a\ kz`m-h-¯n-sâbpw
\ma-t[bw tIc-f-¯nsâ PmXn-þ-km-aqly AS-cp-I-fn Imcy-amb kv]Ài-
\-¯n\v apXn-cm-Xn-cn-bv¡m-\pw, Xt±i P\-k-aq-l-§-fpsS BÀÖ-h-
§Ä¡pw, XpSÀ -̈IÄ¡pw tafn {_mÒ-Wn-IX Øm]n-s -̈Sp-¡p-hm\pw
Ignªp F¶n-S-¯mWv C.-Fw.-Fkv AXn Xsâ ISa ]qÀ¯n-bm-
¡p-¶-Xv. C.-Fw.-F-Ênsâ \nco-£-W-¯nepw {]hÀ¯-\-¯n-ep-ap-S-\ofw
Zfn-X-cpw, ]nt¶m¡ _lp-P-\-§fpw kwkvIm-c-iq-\y-cpw, {]mIr-X-cpw,
Bbn-cp-¶p. adp-h-i¯v kwkvImc k¼-¶-hpw, kpIr-X-hp-ap-Å-h-sc¶
\ne-bn {_mÒ-Wy-¯nsâ B[p-\nI hymJym\w ZfnXv _lp-P-\-
§Ä¡v ta \S-¸m-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p At±-lw. tIcfw ASn-Øm-\-]-c-
ambn {i²n-bvt¡ kwkvIm-cw, Ncn-{Xw, kuμ-cy-k-¦ev]w F¶n-h-
bn-sem-s¡-¯s¶ C.-Fw.Fkv ZfnXv _lp-P-\-k-aq-ls¯ thcv apdn¨v
]Xn-X-cm-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Im© sFe¿ ]d-bp-¶-Xp-t]mse “I½yq-
WnÌv ]mÀ«n¡v C´y-bn A[n-Imcw e`n-¨n-cp-s¶-¦n AhÀ Awt_-
ZvIsd PmXn-hmZn F¶pw hnL-S-\-hmZnsb¶pw ap{Z-Ip¯n Pbn-enÂ
AS-¡m³ aSn-¡n-Ãm-bn-cp-¶p.”31 A{X-am{Xw PmXn-hy-h-Øsb kwc-£n-
¡pIbpw, khÀW-PmXn amaq-ep-I-fpsS AZÀi-\-S-¯n-¸p-Im-cmbn B[p-
\nI tIc-f-¯n (C-´y-bnÂ) {]hÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp F¶-XmWv
I½yq-Wn-k-¯nsâ A{]m-[m-\y-¯nsâ {]m[m-\yw.
*7 ]¨-¡p-Xn-c, sk]väw-_Àþ2005. (C.-Fw.-F-Ên-tâXv {_mÒ-WnIv ̀ qX-Im-es¯ DbÀ¯n-̧ n-Sn-
bv¡p¶ ZÀi-̄ n-tâ-Xm-Wv F¶ Zneo]v Fw. tat\msâ \nco-£W§Ä C³tkm-¡nMv Z
]mÌv (Hm-Ivt^mUv bqWn-th-gvknän {]Êv, 1999) F¶ kam-lm-c-̄ nÂ\n¶pw ]cn-tim-[n-¡m-
hp-¶-Xm-Wv)
31. t]. 8, ]¨-¡p-Xn-c, sk]väw-_Àþ2005
hyh-lmcw 123
4. B[p-\nI {InkvXy³ kao-]-\-§Ä
B[p-\nI {InkvXy³ {ia-§-fm-hs« ZfnXv Ah-t_m-[s¯
\njv{]- -̀am-¡p-Ibpw amÀIvkn-k-¯nsâ bqtdm-skâ-dnIv kao-]-\-¯n\v
Xpey-ambn bqtdm{InkvXy³ km[y-Xsb tIc-f-¯nsâ kmaq-ly-a-WvU-
e-¯n Øm]n-¡pI am{X-am-bn-cp¶p sNbvXp-h-¶n-cp-¶-Xv. C.-Fw.-F-
Ên\v {_mÒ-Wn-ks¯ ASn-¯-«n kwc-£n-t¡- -Xp-Å-Xp-t]m-se-
Xs¶ ss{IkvX-k-hÀW-Xbv¡v Htc kabw sslμh khÀW-X-sb-
bpw, bqtdm skâ-dnIv km¼-¯nI A[n-Imc taJ-e-sbbpw \ne-\nÀ¯p-
hm\pw \nc-´cw Øm]n-bv¡p-hm\pw XÂ]-c-cm-bn-cp-¶p.
B[p-\nI `mc-X-¯nse cmjv{Sob {]Xyb imkv{X-§sf NÀ¨
sN¿p¶ Fw.-Fw. tXmakv tIc-f-¯n ss{IkvXh khÀW-X-tbmSv
Ie-ln¨ ZfnX {ia-§sf Hgn-hm-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ss{IkvXh s]mXp-
k-aq-l-¯n\v Akv]Àiy-amb hnjbw F¶ \ne-bn ‘]m¼mSn tPm¬
tPmk^v’ {]Øm-\-s¯-bpw, k¸-tdäv AUvan-\n-kvt{Säv {]Øm-\-¯n-
sâbpw (_n-j¸v Ìo^-sâbpw aäpw ap³I¿n \S-¶) CS-s]-S-ep-Isf
Hgn-hm¡n \nÀ¯p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. KmÔn-Pn-þ-amÀIvkv-þ-{InkvXp Úmt\-
\z-j-W-¯n\v apXn-cp¶ C¯cw {ia-§Ä ZfnXv At\z-j-W-§sf A]-
l-cn-¡p-I-bpw, Npcp-¡p-Ibpw tImf-\n-cq-]-§-fnse XpSÀ -̈bmb bP-am³/
ASn-a (master/slave), \nco-£-Ws¯ {]hÀ¯n-X-am-¡pI am{X-hp-am-bn-
cp-¶p.
XnI¨pw {InkvXo-b-amb ASn-¯-d-bn \n¶p-sIm v Awt_-
ZvIsd hnaÀin-¡p¶ Fw.-Fw. tXmakv ss__n-fn-\p-th n hnizm-k-
§sf Dd-¸n-¡p-Ibpw Bßo--bX F¶ AÔ-hn-izm-ks¯ {]N-cn-¸n-
¡p-¶Xpw C§-s\-bm-Wv. “aXw a\p-jy\p th nsb¶ {]amWw
XnI¨pw {InkvXo-b-amWv. sslμ-hn-b-Xsb \ntÈjw ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-
¯pI F¶ Awt_-ZvIÀ \nco-£Ww A{]m-tbm-Kn-I-amWv F¶v
hyh-lmcw 124
At±lw hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p. Iptd-¡qSn hyXy-kvXhpw Aim-kv{Xo-b-hp-
amb hnaÀi\w tam£-Zm-Xm-hns\bÃ, amÀ¤m-t\z-j-I-sc-bmWv a\p-
jyÀ¡m-hiyw F¶ Awt_-ZvIÀ \ne-]m-Sn-t\m-Sp-Å-Xm-Wv.32
aX-s¯-bpw, cmjv{S-s¯-bpw, Ipdn¨pw aX-cm-jv{S-s¯bpw Ipdn-
¨p-apÅ Fw.-Fw. tXmakv \nco-£Ww {InkvXp-ZÀi-\-§-fn \n¶v
teihpw thdn-SmsX ]n´p-S-cp-¶p. KmÔn-Pn-bpsS kztZ-in-{]-W-bs¯
tdma³ It¯m-en¡ k` ASn-Øm\ ssZh-im-kv{X-Ú-\mbn AwKo-
I-cn-¡p¶ tXmakv AIzn-\m-knsâ ‘kzm`m-hnI \nb-a’t¯mSv Xmc-X-
ay-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.33 Alnwkm amÀ¤-¯n KmÔn-Pn¡v kw -̀hn-bv¡p¶
]cm-P-bs¯ {InkvXp-hnsâ kl-\w, XymKw, XpS-§n-b-h-bn-eqsS Xpe\w
sNbvXv t\m¡p-¶p v Fw.-Fw. tXma-kv.34 [mÀan-I-X-bpsS NÀ¨bv¡v
hnip² ]utem-knsâ A`n-{]m-bs¯ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn¨v KmÔn-Pn-bpsS
kao-]-\s¯ \nco-£n-¡p-¶p.35
adp-h-i-¯m-Is« Awt_-ZvIÀ ZÀi-\-§sf hnaÀi-\-]-c-ambn kao-
]n-¡p¶ Fw.-Fw. tXmakv C§-s\-bmWv kam-l-cn-¡p-¶Xv “Hcp aXhpw
_p²-aXw t]mepw, tIhew amÀK-ZÀiIw am{X-ambn \ne-sIm-Åp-¶n-
Ã. kXy-amÀKw ]n´pScm³ Bß-i-ànbpw a\p-jy\v Bh-iy-a-s{X.”36
F´m-bn-cn¡mw Fw.-Fw. tXmakv apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡p¶ Bß-
iàn? Bß-iàn {]Zm\w sN¿m³ _p²-a-X-¯n\v Ign-bmsX t]mhp-
¶Xv F´p-sIm- m-Wv? ChnsS a\-kn-em-t¡ hkvXpX c p-hn-[-
¯n tIc-f-¯nse (`m-c-X-¯nse) B[p-\nI ss{IkvXh ZmÀi-\n-
IX Zfn-X-scbpw Awt_-ZvIÀ ZÀi-\-§-sfbpw Hgn-hm-¡p-¶p v F¶-
XmWv. aX-§Ä¡v ta ]cn-jvI-c-W-¯n\v Blzm\w sN¿p¶ Awt_-
32. t]. 144, B[p-\nI ̀ mc-X-̄ nse cmjv{Sob {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-§Ä, tUm. Fw.-Fw. tXma-kv.
33. t]. 113, B[p-\nI ̀ mc-X-̄ nse cmjv{Sob {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-§Ä, tUm. Fw.-Fw. tXmakv .
34. t]. 95, “ ”35. t]. 94, “ ”36. t]. 144, “ ”
hyh-lmcw 125
ZvIÀ \nco-£-Ws¯ AXv \ntj-[n-¡p-¶p. AYhm _p²a-Xs¯
AXnse {_mÒ-Wo-bXsb hntOZn-¨p-sIm v Awt_-ZvIÀ apt¶m-«p-h-
bv¡p-¶ \ntbm _p²-a-X-{i-a-§Ä. asäm-¶v, Awt_-ZvIÀ PmXn-\nÀ½q-
e\ {KÙ-¯n s]mXp-k-aq-l-t¯mSp tNmZn-¡p¶ {][m\ tNmZy-§-
fn-sem-¶v. Akv]Àiys\ \ho-I-cn-¡m³ FÃm ]cn-jvIÀ¯m-¡fpw
{ian-¡p-¶p. F¶m Cu ]cn-jvIÀ¯m-¡Ä AhÀ Ahsc kzbw
]cn-jvI-cn-¡p-¶-Xns\¡pdn¨v kzbw Nn´n-¨n-«pt m F¶ tNmZyw.
Fw.-Fw. tXma-km-hs« CXc aX-§sf ]cn-jvI-cn-¡m³ Bh-iy-
s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-eqsS ss{IkvX-hn-b-Xsb AXnsâ bqtdm A[n-Im-c-þ-A-Ô-
hn-izmk cq]-¯n¯s¶ C´y³ ZfnXv þ _lp-P-\-§Ä¡p-taÂ
Øm]n¨p hbv¡p-I-bm-Wv. c m-as¯ hkvXpX sslμ-hn-b-Xsb tNmZyw
sN¿m\pw XIÀ¡m\pw Awt_-ZvIÀ \nco-£-W-̄ n-\m-hptam F¶ kwi-
b-¯n-eqsS htc-Wy-ssl-μ-ho-b-X-bp-ambn sFIy-s -̧Sp-Ibpw AXn-eqsS
ss{IkvX-ho-b-Xbv¡v ]cn-t¡Â¡msX htc-Wy-ssl-μ-ho-bX kzbw Gsä-
Sp-̄ p-sIm v hnP-bn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. aq¶m-aXv _p²-a-X-s¯bpw AXnsâ
kmaq-ly-þ-im-kv{Xo-b-þ-bpàn t_m[-s¯bpw Xf-fn-¸-d-ªp-sIm v
ss__n-fnsâ A[n-Im-c-þ-A-Ô-hn-izmk þ bqtdm-]y³ tImfm-Wn-bÂ
amÌÀ þ {_mÒ-WnI htc-Wy-Xsb AwKo-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.
tIc-f-¯nse kn.-Fw.-Fkv k`m-N-cn{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-¨m hyà-
am-hp¶ hkvXpX Bßo-bm-[n-Im-c-¯n-te¡p {]th-in-¡p¶ ZfnXv ]ptcm-
ln-X-·m-sc-bm-bn-cp¶p iq{Z-þ-{_m-Ò-WnI ]ptcm-ln-X-·mÀ shdp-¯n-cp-
¶-Xv. ]ptcm-lnX Øm\¯n-s\-Xn-sc-bpÅ aÕcw PmXn-hy-h-Øbv¡v
Imc-W-am-hp-¶p v F¶ Awt_-ZvIÀ \nco-£-W-amWv ChnsS Fw.-
Fw. tXmakv \ne-]m-Sns\ hnaÀin-¡m³ t{]c-W-bm-hp-¶-Xv. kn.-Fw.-
Fkv ss{IkvX-h-k-`m-N-cn{Xw CXc k -̀bpsS Ncn-{X-¯nÂ\n¶pw thdn«
H¶mWv F¶Xv hkvXp-X-bm-bn-cn-s¡-¯s¶ Zfn-XÀ¡p-ta {]tbm-Kn-
hyh-lmcw 126
¡p¶ \ne-]m-Sp-I-fpsS s]mXp-cq-]-amWv ChnsS {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶-
Xv. \qdv sshZn-IÀ iq{Z-þ-{_m-ÒW kaq-l-¯nÂs]-«-h-cm-Wv. AhÀ¡v
k -̀bn-epÅ AwK-_ew Ccp-]-Xp-i-X-am-\-hpw. F¬]-Xp-i-X-am\w P\-
X-bpsS {]Xn-\n[n \qän H¶m-aXv F¯p¶ ZfnXv sshZn-I³ am{X-am-
Wv. tImÀ^oÂUv Xncp-ta\n ]{´ v sshZn-Isc ZfnXv kap-Zm-b-¯nÂ
\n¶pw Xnc-sª-Sp-¡m³ {ian¨p F¶p-Å-XmWv kn.-Fw.-Fkv k -̀bv¡p-
Ånse sk¸-td-j³ {]ta-b-¯n-\pw, Zfn-Xsc ]pd-´-Åp¶ ]nfÀ¸n-
tebv¡pw Imc-W-am-bn-¯oÀ¶-Xv.37
“{InkvXym-\n-Ifpw {InkvtX-X-c-cp-amb ]nt¶m¡ kap-Zm-bmw-K-
§fpw _lp-hn-[-amb Ah-i-X-IÄ A\p- -̀hn¨p sIm n-cp¶ L«-am-bn-
cp¶p AXv. Imb-t¢-i-I-c-amb tPm-en-IÄ sNbvXp-sIm v ASn-a-I-
fpsS \ne-bn AhÀ Ign-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. s]mXp-\n-c-¯p-IÄ, N´-
IÄ, It -̈cn-IÄ F¶o s]mXp-Ø-e-§-fn AhÀ {]th-in-¡p-¶-Xns\
XS-b-cp-sX¶p Kh-s×âp N«-§Ä D m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw Ah {]mtbm-
Kn-I-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Ah-cpsS Ip«n-IÄ hnZym-e-b-§-fn ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xp-
Xs¶ CXc kap-Zm-b-¡mÀ \ncp-Õm-l-s¸-Sp-¯n. ]Tn-¡p-hm³
s]mbvs¡m- n-cp¶ Ip«n-Isf the sN¿p-hm³ \nÀ_-Ôn-¨n-cp-¶p. tNc-
aÀ kap-Zm-b-¯nÂs]« Hcp Ip«nsb tIm«bw skan-\m-cn-bn ]Tn-¡m³
A\p-h-Zn- -̈t¸mÄ henb {]t£m- -̀§Ä D mbn; X·qew B Ip«nsb
skan-\m-cn-bn \n¶pw hn«p-I-f-tb n h¶p. F¦nepw PÀa³ anj³Im-
cpsS klm-b-¯m AbmÄ sIm¨n-bn sN¶p ]Tn-¡p-Ibpw AhÀ
B Bfns\ ]n¶oSv Hcp ]«-¡m-c-\m-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Cu hnhcw 1892-
þse ae-bmf an{Xw amkn-I-bn tcJ-s -̧Sp-̄ n-bn-«p- v.”38
37. t]. 115-þ120, kn.-Fw.-Fkv k`m-N-cn-{Xw, tUm. Ìo^³ h«-̧ md.
38. t]. 42, iXm_vZn kvac-W-IÄ, dh. C.-sP. Nmt¡m.
hyh-lmcw 127
ChnsS hyà-am-hp¶ Nne Imcy-§Ä Zfn-XÀ¡v A[n-Im-c-hpw, ]ptcm-
ln-X-]-«hpw \ÂIp-¶-Xn CXc kap-Zm-b-§Ä t¾ÑX ImWp-¶p. ss__n-
fnsâ kmaq-ly-\o-Xnsb¯s¶-bmWv Cu kao-]-\-t¯msS CX-c-k-ap-Zm-
b-§Ä tNmZyw sN¿p-¶-Xv. AtX kabw k -̀bn \n¶v ]pd-̄ p-t]m-
hmsX Cu P\-k-aq-ls¯ k` hnizm-kn-I-fm¡n \nÀ¯p-hm³ B{K-ln-
¡bpw sN¿p-¶p. Fw.-Fw. tXma-kns\t¸mepÅ ss{IkvX-h-ZmÀi-\n-I-
·m-cm-hs« CXns\ ]cm-aÀin-¡m-Xn-cn-¡-bpw, _p²-aXw AS-¡-apÅ Zfn-X-
cpsS Bßob kzmX-{´y-s ,̄ ss__n-fnsâ hymJym-\-§ÄsIm v ]cm-
P-b-̧ -Sp-¯p-hm³ {ian-¡bpw sN¿p-¶p. CXv sslμ-h-cpw, amÀIvknÌv
ZmÀ-i-\nI {]mtbm-Kn-I-hm-Zn-Ifpw Zfn-XÀ¡p-ta \S-¯p¶ Bßob
`uXnI IS-¶m-{I-a-W-̄ nsâ ss{IkvX-h-cq]w am{X-am-Wv.
5. \h-amÀIvkn-b³ kao-]-\-§Ä
amÀIvkn-k-¯nsâ \h-ZÀi-\-¯n \n¶p-sIm v tIc-f-k-aqlw
F{X-am{Xw Ab-YmÀ°-§-fpsS Npän-h-cn-b-en-\p-Ån-em-sW¶v ]cn-tim-
[n-¡mw. “hyXykvX LS-\-IÄ At\ym\yw B{i-bn-¡p-Ibpw \nÀW-
bn-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ kwL-S-\-bmWv amÀIvkn\v kaq-lw. DXv]m-Z-\-
i-àn-Ifpw _Ô-§fpw IqSn-t -̈cp¶ At[m-L-S\ (base-structure) bpw
cmjv{So-bhpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb c v Xe-§sf DÄs¡m-Åp¶
D]-cn-L-S-\- (Super structure) bp-amWv AXnse tNcp-h-IÄ. hntI-{μn-
Ir-X-tam, _lp-tI-{μo-Ir-Xtam Bb LS-\-bm--W-Xv.”39
amÀIvknsâ kmaq-ly-L-S-\m-cq-]-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨pÅ Cu kao-]-\-
§Ä C´y-\-h-Ø-bn A]qÀW-am-hp-¶p. C´y-\-h-Ø-bn hyXy-
kvX-X-IÄ F§s\ B{i-bn-¡p¶p F¶Xv GI-]-£o-b-X-bn-eq-¶p-¶-
XmWv. At\ym\yw B{i-bn-¡p-t¼mgpw lcn-P-\-§Ä, ]c-¼-cm-KX Ipe-
39. t]. 53, \h-amÀIvknÌv kmaqly hnaÀi-\w, Sn.-hn. a[p.
hyh-lmcw 128
s¯m-gn-en GÀs¸-Sp-¶-hÀ A«n-a-dn¡v hnt[-b-cp-am-Wv. Cu A«n-adn
kz`m-h-amWv kn.-Fw.-Fkv k -̀bp-sS-bp-Ånepw I -Xv. sshZnI hr¯n-
bn-te¡v {]th-in-¡p¶ AhÀ A«n-a-dn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. k`m {]iv\w
ImâÀ_dn _nj-̧ n-se-¯n-bn«pw ZfnXv sshZn-IÀ sshZn-I-hr-¯n-bn-se-
¯msX CXc sXmgn-ep-I-fn-se-t¯ n h¶p. CXn-s\-bmWv Im©m
sFe¿ hyà-am-¡p-¶Xv t]mfnäv _yqtdm-bn-tebv¡v DS-s\-sbm¶pw Zfn-
Xs\ ImWm³ km[y-X-bnà F¶v.
C.-Fw.-Fkv {_mÒ-Wn-I-Xsb AZÀi-ambn Øm]n-¡m³ {ian-
¡p¶ AtX t_m[-t¯m-sS-bmWv ss{IkvX-hÀ ]cn-hÀ¯nX ss{IkvX-
h-cmb Zfn-Xsc ]pd-́ -Åp-¶-Xv.
B[p-\nI kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bpsS en_-d CS-¯n F§ns\
{_mÒ-Wo-bX {]th-in-¡p¶p F¶-XmWv CXp-sIm v AÀ°-am-¡p-¶-
Xv. KmÔn-Pn-bpsS CS-s]-SÂ F¯-c-¯n-emtWm {_mÒ-Wn-I-Xbv¡v
{]th-in-¡m³ Ah-k-c-sam-cp-¡p-¶Xv. AXn\v kam-\-amWv tIc-f-¯nse
C¯cw {]th-i-\-§-fpw.*8
*8 KmÔn-bpw alm-ßbpw: tKmc-Jv]qÀ PnÃ, 1921-þ22, F¶ jloZv Aao³ sâ {]_-Ô-̄ nÂ
KmÔn ssZh-\m-a-̄ n-te¡v hnti-jn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶-Xpw, KmÔn AXv`pXw {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ Znhy-
\m-bn-̄ o-cp-¶Xpw hyà-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ‘kztZ-in’se {]hÀ -̄\-̂ -e-ambn _\m-d-kn-
sebpw AbÂ{Km-a-̄ n-sebpw {_Ò-Nm-cn-IÄ aX-{]-Nm-c-Icpw lnμp Pohn-X-co-Xnbpw BNm-c-
§-sf-bpw-Ip-dn¨v {]`m-jWw \S-̄ n. bmK-§Ä kwLSn¸n¡s¸-«p, kwkvIr-X-]m-T-im-e-bpw,
tKmim-ebpw Øm]n-¡-s¸-«p. cmweoe DÕ-h-§Ä apS-§msX \S-̄ -s¸-«p. XÀ¡-]-cn-lm-c-
¯n-\mbn PmXn ]©m-b¯p Øm]n-¡-s¸-«p. Nadp-IÄ ]c-¼-cm-KX sXmgn _ln-jvI-cn-
¡m³ X¿m-dm-bn. IÅv, aZyw, arK-_en F¶n-hbv¡v hne-¡p-IÄ PmXn-]-©m-b-̄ p-IÄ
{]Jym-]n-̈ p. XpI¸-Wn-bn \n¶pw ]n´n-cn-bm³ {]Jym-]-\-§Ä Na-dp-IÄ \S-̄ n. arK-
s¯m-en-bp-cn-¡m\pw P·n-IÄ¡v \nÀ_-ÔnX the-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn \n¶pw ]n´n-cn-ªp.
taÂPm-Xn-¡m-cpsS ho«p-th-e-I-fnÂ\n¶pw kv{XoIsf Hgn-hm-¡m³ Na-dp-IÄ Xmev]-cy-sa-Sp-
¯p. F¶m AtX-k-abw KmÔn-̀ -P-\p-I-fpsS XpS-¡hpw, alm-ßsb FXnÀ¡p¶Xv \nc-
h[n A\n-jvS§-fn-te¡v Xncn-bp-¶-Xn-sâbpw A\p-̀ -h-§-fp- m-bn. I¬t]m-f-IÄ A\-¡m³
]äm-sX-bm-bn-t¸m-hp-I, s\¿v No¯-bm-bn-t¸m-hp-I, ico-c-̄ n ZpÀKÔw han-¡p-I. aew-
sIm v ̀ h\w kzbw A`n-tjIw sN¿-s¸-Sp-I. AXn\p kam-\-amWv tIc-f-̄ nse C¯cw
{]th-i-\-§-fpw.
KmÔn-tbmSv kwkm-cn-̈ m ]ng CuSm-t¡ n hcp-sa¶p ]dª P·n-bpsS ap¼n ̀ oam-Im-
c-cq]w {]Xy-£-̧ -Sp-¶p. inh-]qP sN¿Ww F¶v ̀ b-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶p. KmÔn-b³ XXz-kw-ln-X-
tbmSv FXnÀ v̧ {]I-Sn-̧ n-¡p-¶-hÀ¡v ho«n Akm-[m-c-W-ambn Xo]n-Sp-̄ -ap- m-hp-¶p. acp-a-
I³ acn-¡p-¶p. Im ho§n thZ-\n-¡p-¶p, hn{Klw A{]-Xy-am-hp-Itbm hoWp-In-S-¡p-
Itbm sN¿p-¶p. amwkw ̀ £n-̈ -hÀ XpSÀ¨-bmbn OÀ±n-¡p-¶p. aÕyw ]pgp-h-cn-̈ n-cn-¡p-
¶p, aZyw Ign-¡m³ t]mb-h-gn-bn IÃpw I«bpw s]¿p-¶p, F¶n-§s\ \nc-h[n AÛp-X-
hyh-lmcw 129
\h-amÀIvkn-b³ \nco-£-W-§-fpsS shfn- -̈¯n Chsb ]cn-
tim-[n-¡m³ {ian-¡mw. kmaq-ly-im-kv{X-¯nsâ hni-I-e-\-am-\-Z-WvU-
¯n hyàn¡pw kaq-l-¯n\pw ]pd-¯pÅ Hcp hni-I-e\ amXr-I-
bmWv amÀIvkv Xnc-sª-Sp-¡p-¶Xv F¶v A¯q-kÀ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
“{]tXyI coXn-bn ]c-kv]cw \nÀW-bn-¨p-sIm v \ne-sIm-Åp¶
At\Iw Xe-§-fp-sSbpw (levels) {]tbmK aWvU-e (instances) -§-fp-
sSbpw Iq«m-bva-bm-W-Xv. ]qÀW-amb Hcp hyh-Ø-bpsS A]qÀW-amb
Bi-b-§Ä F¶ \ne-bn-e-Ã, kzbw k¼qÀW-amb LS-\-I-fm-bm-Wv
Ah {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. Cu LS-\-IÄ X½n-eqÅ ]c-kv]c _Ô-
s¯-¡p-dn-¡p¶ k¦-ev]-\-amWv amÀIvkn-k-¯nse ‘ka-{K-X’.40
C´y-\-h-Ø-bn hyXy-kvX-X-IÄ F§s\ B{i-bn-¡p-¶p
F¶Xv GI-]-£o-b-X-bn-eq-¶p-¶-Xm-Wv. At\ym\yw B{i-bn-¡p-
t¼mgpw lcn-P-\-§Ä, ]c-¼-cm-KX t¾Ñ Ipe-s¯m-gn-en GÀs¸-Sp-¶-
hÀ A«n-a-dn¡v hnt[-b-cp-am-Wv. AXp-sIm- p-Xs¶ kaqlw F¶
krjvSn ]e-s¸mgpw ]mXn-kr-jvSn- (Half build)) bmbn \ne-\n¡p-I-
bmWv sNbvXn-«p-ÅXv. amÀIvkn-b³ Ncn-{X-Im-c³ tUm. sI.-F³. KtW-
insâ A`n-{]mbw C§-s\-bm-Wv. “]s¯m³]Xmw \qäm- nsâ D¯-
cmÀ[-¯n sImtfm-Wn-b \b-§-fpsS kz`m-h-§-fn amä-§Ä h¶p.
C´y³ a[y-hÀK-¯n\v ]cn-an-X-amb tXmXn `c-W-¯n ]¦m-fn¯w
\ÂIp¶ \bw Ah-bn {][m-\-s¸-«-Xm-Wv.”41
§-fmWv {]hÀ¯n-̈ -Xv. temd³kv _m_v ]d-bp-¶-Xp-t]mse sslμ-ho-b-X-bn-te-¡pÅ ASbm-
f-§-fm-bmWv CXv {]hÀ¯n-̈ -Xv. aew, aq{Xw, Dan-\oÀ, BÀ¯-h-c-àw, adp-]n-Å, N¯
I¶p-Im-en, AXnsâ Dev]-¶-§Ä, am«n-d-̈ n, XpIÂ, Ch-sbms¡ sslμ-ho-b-X-bn Aip-
²-am-Wv. C¯cw Aip-²-X-bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§-fmWv IqSp-X kw -̀hn-̈ -Xv. KmÔn-\m-a-
¯n At]-£n-̈ m \jvS-s -̧«Xv XncnsI In«pw F¶v A\p-̀ -h-km-£y-§-fp- m-bn. KmÔn-
bpsS t]cn t\À¨ t\À¶-t¸mÄ ImWm-Xmb I¶ns\ XncnsI In«n, \jvS-̧ « ]Ww
XncnsI In«p-I, InW-dn Pe-\n-c¸v Db-cp-I, adn-ªp-hoW acw kzbw \nhÀ¶v XfnÀ¡p-I,
Pe-̄ n\v ]pjv]-̄ nsâ kpKÔw e`n-¡pI F¶n-§s\ \nc-h[n AÛp-X-{]-hÀ -̄\-§Ä.
\mbm-Sn, Na-dv, {_mÒ-W³ CXc PmXn aX kaq-l-§Ä F¶n-h-bn sslμ-h-ambn {]hÀ¯n-
¡p-I-bm-Wp- m-b-Xv. Hcp Xcw hnizmk AÛpX {]hÀ -̄\-̄ nsâ KmÔn, asäm-cp-hn-[-
¯n sslμ-h-kz-cm-Pnsâ KmÔnsb BWv ChnsS ImWm-\m-hp-I. (Io-gmf ]T-\-§Ä FUn-
äÀ: kqkn Xmcp, Fkv, kRvPo-hv)
40. t]. 52, \h-amÀIvknÌv kmaqly hnaÀi-\w, Sn.-hn. a[p.
41. t]. 389, tIc-f-̄ nsâ C¶-se-IÄ, sI.-F³. KtW-iv.
hyh-lmcw 130
C´y³ a[y-hÀKhpw sImtfm-Wn-b A[n-Im-c-_-Ôhpw hnhn[
t]cp-I-fn amÀIvkn-b³ \nco-£-IÀ hnfn-¡p¶ A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ ]¦p-
h-bv¡Â Bbn-cp-¶p. AÀ² sImtfm-Wn-b AÀ² ^yqU F¶pw,
]p¯³ sImtfm-Wn-b F¶pw hnfn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ Hcp-Xcw A[n-Im-c-
_Ôw F¶pw Nne I½yq-Wn-Ìp-IÄ hymJym-\n-¨n-«p- v. C´y³
sImtfm-Wn-b-enkw Nne Ah-k-c-§-fn Zfn-XÀ¡pw CXc ]pd-t¼m-
¡p-IÄ¡pw ]cn-an-X-amb A[n-Im-cm-h-Im-i-§Ä \ÂIm³ k¶-²-am-
bn-«p- v. F¶m a[yakm-aq-ly-hn-`mKw (hÀK) D]-cnkmaq-ly-hn-`mK
(hÀK)§fm-hs« Ah-cpsS taJ-e-bn C¯cw A[n-Imc hn\n-a-b-¯n\v
X¿m-dm-bn-«n-Ã. am{X-hp-aà P\-Xsb ̀ n¶n-¸n¡pw F¶ hymJym-\-¯mÂ
AXns\ Hgn-hm-¡m³ {ian-¡pI IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p.*9
‘‘A[zm-\-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv a\p-jyÀ kzXzs¯ \nc-´-c-ambn ]p\À
\nÀ½n-¡-pIbpw kzbw hnI-kn-¸n¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶Xv F¶mWv
amÀIvknsâ \nK-a-\w.’’42
C´y-\-h-Ø-bn A[zm-\-¯n-teÀs]-Sm-¯-h-cmWv a\p-jy-sc¶
Øm\-¯n-\Àl-cm-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. A[zm-\n-¡m-Xn-cn-¡pI (`u-Xn-I-am-bpw,
Bßo-b-am-bpw) F¶ t_m[-amWv C´y-bn \à a\p-jys\ \nÀ½n-
¡p-¶-Xv. A[zm-\n-¡p¶ a\p-jys\ kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw Ch-cpsS \nco-
£-W-¯n arKw, Pohn, Ipd-hp-ffhÀ F¶o Øm\-amWv \evI-s¸-Sp-
¶-Xv. a\p-jyÀ F¶ t_m[-¯n-te¡v ico-cs¯ DÂ]m-Z-\, \nÀam-W-
¯n\v D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-h-sc-bpw, a\-Êns\ Dev]m-Z-\, \nÀam-W-¯n\v
D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-h-sc-bpw, C´y-bn ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶n-Ã. B[p-\nI kaq-
l-¯n DXv]m-Z-\-\nÀam-W-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n\v icocw hne¡p-¶-hsc ]cn-
*9 Cu hnj-b-s¯-¡p-dn-̈ pÅ tUm. Awt_-ZvI-dpsS “What Congress and Gandhi Have doneto untouchabls” F¶ {KÙw ImWp-I.
42. t]. 105, \h-amÀIvknÌv kmaq-ly-hn-aÀiw. Sn. hn. a[p.
hyh-lmcw 131
K-Wn-¨m¯s¶bpw amÀIvknsâ \nco-£-W-¯n\v ]cn-an-Xn- I-ev]n-¡-
s¸-Sp-¶p.
sl_Àam-knsâ (Hebermas) \nco-£Ww Awt_-ZvIÀ \nco-£-
W-hp-ambn IqSp-X tNÀ¶p \n¡p-¶p. “Bß-hn-Nm-c-ti-jn-bmWv
hnaÀi\w F¶ Úm\ cq]-¯n-\nSw \¡p-¶-Xv..............-D-Xv]m-Z-\-hr-
¯n-b-Ã, Bi-b-hn-\n-a-b-hr¯n (Communicative action) bmWv Cu
aÞ-e-¯n-\-Sn-Øm\w. a\p-jysâ Bß-cq-]o-I-c-W-{]-{Inb kmaq-ly-
amb A[zm-\-¯n-sâbpw kmaq-ly-k-l-hÀ¯n-¯z-¯n-sâbpw Xe-§-
fn-emWv \S-¡p-¶-Xv................. c v Xe-§-fp-sSbpw {]kàn Xncn- -̈dn-
tb- p-Xp- v. c m-as¯ Xe-̄ n\v th ]cn-K-W\ \ÂIm³ amÀIvkn-
\m-bn-Ã.”43
kmaq-ly-D-ev]m-Z-\w, kmaq-ly-k-l-hÀ¯n-Xzw, a\p-jysâ Bß-
cq-]o-I-c-W-{]-{Inb F¶n-h-bn amÀIvkn\v kw -̀hn-¡p¶ ]cm-P-bs¯
Xncn- -̈dn-bp-¶n-S-¯mWv `mc-Xo-b-amb kmaq-ly-cq-]o-I-c-W-§-fpsS ]cn-
anXn amÀIvkv a\-kn-em-¡m-Xn-cp-¶-Xns\ IqSp-XÂ hyà-am-¡m³ Ign-
bq. Bßo-b-ambpw `uXn-I-am-bpw, km¼-¯n-I-ambpw kmaq-ln-I-ambpw
XIÀ¶p-t]mb Hcp P\-X-Xnsb {]Xn\n[m-\-am-¡m-\mWv Awt_-ZvIÀ
{ian-¡p-¶-Xv. `uXn-I-Xsb am{Xw amÀIvkv Du¶p-¶-Xnsâ ]cn-an-Xnsb
‘_p²-t\m -Im-dÂamÀIvtkm’ F¶ {]_-Ô-\-¯n Awt_-ZvIÀ ]T-
\-hn-t[-b-am-¡p-¶p- v.
A´ÀIÀXr-\n-jvT-amb (Inter subjective) _Ô-§-fp-sS-bpw,
XoÀ¸p-I-fp-sSbpw aWvU-e-s -̄¡p-dn-̈ p-ff sl_Àam-knsâ \nco-£Ww
Bi-bw, Xmev]-cyw, aqeyw, hnizm-kw Ch-bpsS {]Xo-Im-ßI hn\n-a-b-
s¯bpw ka-\z-b-s¯bpw kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p- v.44 kmt¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy, bm{´n-
43. t]. 106, \h-amÀIvknÌv kmaq-ly-hn-aÀiw. Sn. hn. a[p.
44. t]. 107, \h-amÀIvknÌv kmaq-ly-hn-aÀiw. Sn. hn. a[p.
hyh-lmcw 132
I-X, A[zm\w F¶n-h-bn Du¶p-¶- amÀIvkn\v AXn-\m¯s¶
kmwkvIm-cn-I-a-WvU-e-¯nsâ _e-X-{´-]-c-Xsb Imcy-ambn kv]Àin-
¡m-\m-hnÃ. kmwkvIm-cnI bpàn-bp-sSbpw, `uXn-I-X-bp-sSbpw _e-
X{´ þ kz`m-hs¯ Awt_-ZvIÀ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶p- v. amÀIvknsâ
bm{´n-I-]-T\w asäm-cÀ°-¯n apX-em-fn-¯-¯n\v IqSp-X Icp-¯pw,
Znim-t_m-[hpw \evIp-¶p- v. a\p-jy-tI-{μo-Ir-X-k-ao-]-\w, A[z\tI{μo-
Ir-X-k-ao-]-\w, `uXn-I-am{X kao-]\w F¶nh DXv]m-Z-\-¯n-sâ-bpw,
em -̀¯n-sâbpw hni-I-e\ CS-§-fn-te¡v amÀIvkn-k-s¯-¯s¶ D]-
tbm-Kn-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶-co-Xn-bn apX-em-fn-¯(Capitalism)-¯n\v hgn-s¸-
Sp-¶p v amÀIvknkw (Marxism).
‘‘slK Iogmf hÀKs¯ knhn kaq-l-¯nsâ ZrjvSn-bn-
eqsS ImWp-t¼mÄ amÀIvkv Iogm-f-hÀK-¯nsâ ZrjvSn-bneqsS knhnÂ
kaq-ls¯ ImWp-¶p. _qÀjzm-hÀK-¯nsâ \nÀan-Xn-bn A\y-cm-hp-
¶-h-cmWv Cu Iogm-f-hÀKw.’’45
Iogm-f-hÀK-¯nsâ ]mfn-Isf F§ns\ Xncn-¨-dn-bm³ Ignbpw
F¶Xv amÀIvknk-¯nsâ `mc-Xo-b-amb {]Xn-k-Ôn-bm-bn -cp-¶p.
amÀIvkn-k-¯nsâ Xs¶ {]iv\-am-bn-cp-¶p. X«p-I-fm-hp¶ a\p-jy-k-aq-
l-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pw, kmaq-ly-hn-`m-K-§fm-hp¶ \nc-h[n A\y-§-sf-¡p-dn-
¨pw, kmwkvIm-cn-I-ambn ]pdw-X-Åp¶ aän-Xc kmaq-ln-I-cq-]-§-sf-¡p-
dn¨pw amÀIvkv kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶n-Ã. Iogm-f-hÀK GI-I¯n\pÅn¯s¶
]c-kv]cw ssIam-dm³ hnk-½-Xn-¡p¶ ssZ\w-Zn\Ncy-I-fp- m-bn-cp-¶p.
bqtdm-¸n t]mepw sXmgn-emfnhÀKw F¶ Hä am\-I-¯n-\p-Ån Idp-
¯-hÀ (Blacks) asämcp Ah-Øsb t\cn-Sp-¶p- v. Idp-¯-hcpw, PqZ-
·mcpw sFIy-s¸-Sp¶ L«-¯n-\p-tijw PqZ-·m-cm Idp-¯-hÀ ]pd-
´-Å-s¸-«n-«p- v. Pn]vkn-Ifpw Idp-¯-hcpw khn-ti-j-amb sFIyhpw
45. t]. 46. tZio-b-X-Ifpw kmln-Xyhpw. C.-hn. cma-Ir-jvW³.
hyh-lmcw 133
thdn-Sepw \S-¯n-bn-«p- v. amÀIvknsâ \nco-£-W-¯n Ch-sbÃmw
Hä GI-I-am-hp-Ibpw AXm-bXv km¼-¯nI GI-I-am-hp-Ibpw CX-
chpw {][m-\-s¸-«Xpw NÀ -̈sN-t¿- -Xp-amb ]e am\-I-§fpw ad-¨p-h-
bv¡m³ t{]cn-X-am-hp-Ibpw Ch {]iv\-hÂIr-X-am-hmsX t]mhp-Ibpw
sNbvXn-«p- v.
C´y-\-h-Ø-bnse ssZ\w-Zn-\-N-cy-IÄ P\-\-s¯bpw, Po-hn-X-s -̄
bpw, ac-W-s¯bpw ac-Wm-\-´-c-Po-hn-X-s¯bpw \nÀWbn-¡p-¶-h-bm-
Wv. Ch-bpsS \nc-´-c-km-[y-Xsb ImWm-\m-hmsX t]mhp¶ C´y³
hymJym-\-§-fn-epw, tIcf{]mhÀ¯nI taJ-e-I-fn-epw, sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpw,
sXmgn-emfn {]Øm-\-§fpw ]cn-lcn¡m\m-hmsX t]mhp¶ X«p-Isf
km¼-¯n-I-ZÀi-\-¯nsâ t]cn ad-bv¡m³ {ian-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvXn-
«p-Å-Xv. B[p-\n-I-X-bn hnI-kn¨ t{SUv bqWn-b\pI-sfm-s¡-¯s¶
PmXn-t{i-Wn-bp-sS-tbm, PmXn-kzXz§fp-sStbm AS-bm-f-§sf t`Zn-¡m-
\m-hmsX \ne-\n¶p F¶p ImWmw. IÅv sN¯v (Toddy tap), IÀj-
I-s¯m-gn-emfn (Land Labours), _mÀ_À (Barber), kzÀ®s¯mgn-
emfn (Gold Smith) Ccp-¼p-]Wn (Black smith) \nÀ½m-W-{]-hÀ¯IÀ
(Artisans) Chbnsems¡ PmXn t_m[hpw, -PmXn kaq-l-Iq-Sn-t -̈c-epw,
hn`-P-hpw XpSÀ¶p hcp-¶p- v. C§s\ CS-I-e-cmsX ssZ\w-Zn-\-am-¡-
s¸-«n-cp¶ PmXn-am-\-§-fpsS sXmgn-em-fn-hÀ¤-{]-Jym-]-\-§Ä ]uc-k-aq-
l-§Ä F¶ t]cn kaq-l-¯n ImWmw. ka-c-§fpw, {]t£m- -̀
§fpw DÄs¨À¯p-sIm- mWv ]uc-k-aqlw krjvSn-¡-s¸-«-Xv. Cu ]uc-
k-aq-l-amhs« kap-Z-mb, D]-Pm-Xn, {]Øm-\-§-fn-eq-sS-bmWv {]th-in-
¨Xv F¶-Xp-sIm- p-Xs¶ kmap-Zm-bnIXsb {]iv\-h-ev¡cn-¡msX FSp-
¯p-]-tbm-Kn¨v cmjv{SobX Zznap-Jkaqls¯ Htc-k-abw krjvSn-¡p-
I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
`c-W-Ip-S-¯n ]¦m-fn¯w t\Sp¶ AtX L-«-¯n¯s¶
kmap-Zm-bn-I-i-àn-I-fm-hm\pw, Btcm-Kyw, hnZym-`ymkw, `pan, I -̈hSw
hyh-lmcw 134
XpS-§nb c mw`cWIqS-Øm-]-\-§sf (Secondary power centers)
\nÀ½ns¨-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p- v. C§s\ c p-X-c-¯n-ep-ff kmaq-
ly-\nÀan-Xn-bmWv tIc-f-¯n hnI-kn- -̈Xv. C¯cw {iaw A[n-Im-c-
¯nsâ `c-W-IqS kz`m-h-¯n-te-¡pw, `c-W-IqSw A[n-Im-c-¯n-\mbn
kap-Zm-b-ambn, PmXn-bmbn amdp-¶-Xn-te¡pw ]cn-hÀ¯-\-s¸-Sp-¶Xpw
hymJym-\n-¡-s¸-«n-Ã. Chsb hymJym-\-¯n \n¶v Hgn-hm¡n \nÀ¯n-
s¡m- mWv B[p-\nI cmjv{So-bm-[n-Imc {]_-e-X-IÄ PmXn kwLm-
X-§sf kwc-£n- -̈Xv.
‘‘A[n-Im-c-Ø-e-§-fpsS hyXym-k-amWv ]uc-k-aq-ls¯
cmjv{Sob kaq-l-¯n \n¶pw amän \nÀ¯p-¶-Xv. `c-W-IqSw A[n-
Imcw Øm]n-¡m³th n _e-{]-tbm-K-sa¶ t]mse hnt[-b-Xzhpw
D]tbm-Kn-¡pw. ]«m-f-hpw,-t]m-eo-kpw, tImS-Xn-Ifpw, Pbn-ep-I-fpw, cmjv{So-
b-k-aq-l-¯nsâ `mK-am-sW-¦n hnZym-`ymk kmwkvIm-cnI aX-Øm-
]-\-§fpw Ah-bpsS cq]-t`-Z-§fpw ]uc-k-aq-l-¯nsâ `mK-am-Wv.
cmjv{Sob kaqlw ico-c-s¯-bmWv e£y-am-¡p-¶-sX-¦n ]uc-k-aqlw
sacp-¡p-¶-Xv a\-kn-s\-bm-Wv’’46 F¶ tUm. C.-hn. cma-Ir-jvWsâ \nco-
£Ww C´y-bn t]mcm-bva-bp- m-¡p-¶p- v.
cmjv{Sob kaq-l-¯n-\pw, ]uc-k-aq-l-¯n\pw kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ,
PmXn-k-aq-l-¯nsâ Afhpw, apS-¡p-ap-XÂ \nt£-]n- -̈Xnsâ A[n-Im-
chpw D m-bn-cp¶p. ]uc-k-aq-l-\nÀanXn kap-Zm-b-§-fm \nÀ½n-X-
amb s]mXp Øe-§-fp-tX-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu s]mXp-Øew AtX-k-
abw kmap-Zm-bnI \nÀan-Xn-bpsS Øe-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. ̀ c-W-Iq-S-hpw, _e-
{]-tbm-K-hpw, hnt[-b-Xzhpw Cu kmap-Zm-bn-I-X-IÄ¡pw D m-bn-cp-¶p.
ico-c-s¯-bpw a\-Ên-s\bpw sacp-¡m³ Cu kmap-Zm-bnI þs]m-Xp-þ-]u-
46. t]. 46. tZio-b-X-Ifpw kmln-Xyhpw. C.-hn. cma-Ir-jvW³.
hyh-lmcw 135
c-k-aq-l§Ä¡v Ign-ªn-cp-¶p. C§-s\mcp A[n-Im-c-k-aq-l-hpw, -L-S-
\bpw Xs¶-bmWv ̀ c-W-Iq-Shpw, A[n-Im-chpw Øm]n-¡p-¶-Xv. AYhm
H¶mw `cWIqSm-[n-Im-cn ]«m-f-hpw, t]meokpw tImS-Xn-bpw, Pbn-epw,
c mw ̀ c-W-Iq-Sm-[n-Im-c/iànbmb Btcm-Kyw, hnZym-`ym-kw, ̀ qan, I -̈
hSw XpS-§n-b-hbpw H¶p Xs¶-bm-sW¶v AYhm Hcp hyh-Ø-bpsS
ico-c-hpw, a\-Êp-amWv F¶v hfsc thKw Xncn- -̈dn-bm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. tZi-
\nÀ½n-Xn-bpsS/ {]tZ-in-I-\nÀan-Xn-bpsS tIc-f-cq-]o-I-c-W-¯n Zfn-XÀ,
]pd-t¼m-¡v kaq-l-§Ä hym]-I-ambn {]hÀÖn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
C¯-c-samcp {]hÀÖ-Im-hØ cmjv{Sw AXnsâ `c-W-L-S\ \nÀ½n-
¡p-t¼mÄ Dd-¸n-¡p-Ibpw Cf-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Cc-«-i-co-c-¯n-eq-sS-
bmWv {]hÀ¯n- -̈Xv.
C§-s\-bp-ff {]hÀÖ-\s¯ Ata-cn-¡³ kzmX{-´y-{]-Jym-]-
\hpw Ah-Øbpw F§s\ {]hÀ¯n¨p F¶v C.-hn. cma-Ir-jvW³
hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p- v. ‘‘Ata-cn-¡³ tZio-bX Idp-¯-hÀK-¡msc hÀÖn-
¡p¶p F¶ kXyw Ata-cn-¡³ kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ {]Xn-\n-[m\ hyh-
lm-c-§-sfbpw \nb-{´n-¡p-¶p. \ot{Km-hw-i-PÀ¡v hen-b-kvam-c-I-§-
fn-Ã. kÀ¡mÀhI BÀs¡bvhvkn {]mXn-\n-[y-an-Ã. Ah-cpsS t]cnÂ
_rlZvvØm-]-\-§Ä (]-Ån-IÄ, Kme-dn-IÄ, hym]m-c-tI-{μ-§Ä) ImWp-
I-bn-Ã. tZio-b-X-bpsS hyh-lm-c-§Ä A]-c-§sf \nÀ½n-¨p-sIm- mWv
kzbw km[q-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. AXnsâ kvac-W-I-fn henb ad-hn-I-fp- v.
Hmtcm ]mc-¼-cy-¯nsâ {]Xn-jvTm-]-\-¯nepw aäp sNdnb ]mc-¼-cy-§-
fpsS ]pd-´-Å-ep- v.’’47
C´y-\-h-Ø-bn sNdnb ]mc-¼cys¯t¸m-ep-aà ]pd-´-Ån-bn-
«p-f-f-Xv. F¬]-Xp-i-X-am\w P\-X-sb-¯s¶ ]pd-´-Åp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
47. t]. 62. tZio-b-X-Ifpw kmln-Xyhpw. C.-hn. cma-Ir-jvW³.
hyh-lmcw 136
]m¼mSn tPm¬ tPmk v̂
tIc-f-¯n ss{IkvX-h-P-\X hnizm-k-¯n ip²hpw cmP-c-
àhpw hln-¡p¶ bqtdm-]yÀ F¶ \ne-bn kzbw t]dp¶ XoÀ¸v
s]mXp-k-aql \nÀan-Xn-bnse ASª A[ym-b-§-fmbn XpS-cp-I-bm-bn-
cp -¶p. kz´w aX-k-ap -Zm -b-¯n -\p -Ån PmXn -þ -hwi t_m[
-¯nsâ B`y-´c Ne-\-§-fn-eqsS {]hÀ¯n¨v kz´w ]nSn-s -̈Sp-¡-ens\
s]mXp CSw F¶v ]tcm£-ambn {]Jym-]n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ]m¼mSn
tPm¬ tPmk^pam-bpÅ ss{IkvX-h-k- -̀bpsS kwhm-Z-¯n CXnsâ
\nc-h[n sXfn-hp-IÄ Is -Sp-¡m³ Ign-bpw.
‘khÀW {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw, AhÀW-{In-kvXym-\n-Ifpw’ F¶
{]tbmKw ae-bm-f-¯n {]iv\-h-ev¡-cn-¨Xv ]m¼mSn tPm¬ tPmk^v
Bbn-cp-¶p. tPm¬ tPmk^v Fgp-Xnb {KÙ-¯nse Nne hnh-c-W-
§sf sN´m-c-tÈcn ]cn-N-b-s -̧Sp-̄ p-¶p- v. “kXy-IÀaw \S-̄ p-t¼mÄ
khÀW-{In-kvXym-\n-I-fmb ]ptcm-ln-X-·mÀ {InkvXp-hnsâ ico-c-sa¶v
hniz-kn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ A¸-¡-jvW-§Ä, Xo  aqew, Hcp ]pe-bn-bpsS
hmbn h¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-hm-\pÅ hnjaw aqew Ah-fpsS hmbn-te¡v
Fdnªp sImSp-¡p-¶-Xv, thhn¨ I¸-¸q-fp-IÄ ]«n-bpsS hmbn-te¡v
Fdn-ªp-sIm-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ ]«n Ah hmbvsIm v ]nSn¨v hmb-S-bv¡p-¶-
Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wv.”48
ss{IkvX-h-k-hÀW-X-bpsS Akv]ÀiyX ]pd-̄ m-hp-¶-tXm-Sp-IqSn
ss{IkvXh P\-X-bn AXn-PmXn t_m[w F§s\ {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p
F¶-Xnsâ sXfn-hp-I-fn-tebv¡v tPm¬ tPmk^v \nc-h[n At\z-j-W-
§Ä DbÀ¯p-¶p- v. {_n«ojv sImtfm-Wn-b Kh¬saânsâ sk³k-
kns\ D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m v tIc-f-¯nse ZfnXv ss{IkvX-h-cpsS
48. ]m¼mSn tPm¬ tPmk-̂ v, Sn. F¨v. ]n. sN´m-c-tÈ-cn.
hyh-lmcw 137
P\-k-aq-ls¯ B[n-Im-cn-I-ambn ]cn-tim-[n-¡m³ tPm¬ tPmk^v
{iaw \S-¯n. C¯-c-samcp kma-{Kn-]-cn-tim-[-\bpw AXnsâ D]-tbm-
Kn-¡epw Zfn-X-cn A]qÀh-ambn \S-¯nb ]cn-jv¡À¯m-¡-fn HcmÄ
tPm¬ tPmk-^m-Wv.
1935 {_n«ojv ]mÀe-saâ v AwK-§Ä¡v ap¼msI \ÂIp¶
sat½m-dm w Cw¥o-jn X¿m-dm-¡n-b-Xpw, tIc-f-¯n ]{´ v e£w
tNc-aÀ hn`mKw Ds ¶pw F«p-e£w lnμp-¡fpw \mep-e£w {InkvXym-
\n-I-fp-am-sW¶pw hyàam¡ns¡m v, {_n«ojv sImtfm-Wn-b tIc-
f-¯nsâ sk³k-kns\ D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bmWv At±-lw.
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dn FÃm hn`m-K-§-fnepws]« {InkvXym-\n-IÄ ]Xn-
\mdp e£-ap- v. CXn It¯m-en-¡m, amÀt¯m-a, bm¡m_, Bw¥n-
¡³ apX-emb kpdn-bm\n hn`m-K-§Ä F«p-e-£hpw CXc kpdn-bm-\n-
IÄ H¶-c-e-£-hpw, A[x-ØnX hÀ¤ {InkvXym-\n-IÄ Bd-c-e-£-hp-
am-Wv F¶v kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dns\ Xpdn-¨p-t\m-¡p¶ c p ASn-b-́ n-c-{]-iv\-§Ä:
1. Hmtcm kap-Zm-b-§Ä¡pw ]»nIv kÀÆo-kn P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-Xn-
I-amb {]mXn-\n-[yw.
2. ta {]kvXm-hn¨ XXzm-Sn-Øm-\-̄ n \nb-a-\nÀamWk -̀bn {]mXn-
\n-[yw.
F-«p-e£w DÅ khÀW-{In-kvXym-\n-IÄ Bd-c-e-£-apÅ
AhÀW {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Xe-sb®n Ah-cpsS Ah-Im-i-§Ä ssIb-
S-¡p-I-bm-Wv.
R§sf A[x-ØnXcmbn-¯s¶ \ne-\nÀ¯p-hm³ kpkw-L-SnX
bXv\w \S-¯p-Ibpw ap³Zn-hm³ anÌÀ -Sn. cmL-h¿ Xsâ kpdn-bm\n
hyh-lmcw 138
kplr-¯p-¡-fpsS t{]c-W-bm ]»nIv kÀÆo-kn-te¡v \nb-an-¡-s¸-
Sp-¶-Xn\v {InkvXym-\n-Isf It¯m-en-¡, bmt¡m-_, amÀt¯m-a, Bw¥n-
¡³ F¶n-§s\ \mep hn`m-K-ambn Xncn-¨p. ChÀ {InkvXy³ kap-Zm-
b-¯nsâ FÃm B\p-Iq-ey-§fpw ssI¸-äp-¶p.
...AXpsIm- p-Xs¶ cmjv{Sob kan-Xn-I-fnepw kÀ¡mÀ kÀÆo-
knepw, \nba k -̀I-fnepw hnZym-`ym-k-cw-K¯pw kÀ¡m-cnsâ ]cn-c-£-
Iq-SmsX Ib-dn-¸-äm³ A[x-Øn-X-cmb ss{IkvX-hÀ¡v km[n-¡p-¶-X-
Ã. (F³. tPm¬ tPmk v̂, saw_À, {ioaqew sePn-tÉ-äohv Akw»n,
Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ, C´y).*10
Hmtcm kap-Zm-b-¯n\pw ]»nIv kÀÆokv I½o-j-\n-epw, \nb-a-
\nÀamW k -̀bnepw P\-kw-Jym-\p-]mXnI {]mXn-\n[yw Bh-iy-s¸«p
F¶-Xpw, kpdn-bm\n ss{IkvX-h-k-aq-l-§Ä \mep-{]-[m\ NÀ¨v hn`m-
K-§fpw kpdn-bm-\n-I-fp-am-bn«pw ]c-kv]cw Ah-Im-i-¯n\v kÀ¡m-cn-
t\mSv Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp-¶p. F¶m ZfnXv ss{IkvX-hsc CtX L«-
¯n Hgn-hm-¡-s¸Sp¶ PmXn-hn-\n-a-bs¯ {]iv\-h¡-cn-¡m³ tPm¬
tPmk-^n\v Ignªp F¶pÅXmWv {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p¶ asämcp
hkvXp-X. Znhm³ Sn. cmL-h-¿sb ]cm-aÀin-¡p¶ tPm¬ tPmk^v
A[n-Imc taJ-e-bnse hyàn CS-s]-S-ensâ cl-ky-hn-\n-ab§sf shfn-
s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. ss{IkvXh kpdn-bm\n kaq-l-¯n\v ]n.-F-kv.kn kwh-
c-W-¯n-\mbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ Znhm³-þ-]p-tcm-ln-X-þ-cm-jv{Sob _Ôw
asämcp coXn-bnepw ZfnXv kaq-l-§-fn km[y-a-Ãm-Xm-hp-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-
¨mWv tPm¬ tPmk^v \nco-£n-¡p-¶Xpw CS-s]-Sp-¶-Xpw.
{]nânwKv taJ-e-bn ]m¼mSn tPm¬ tPmk-^nsâ {ia-
§Ä¡vta ss{IkvXh A[n-Im-c-hpw, cmP-Io-bm-[n-Im-chpw {]hÀ¯n-
¨-Xnsâ hnhn[ kao-]-\-§Ä ]T-\mÀl-am-Wv. tIm«bw sXÅIw
*10. ]m¼mSn tPm¬ tPmk-̂ v, Sn. F¨v. ]n. sN´m-c-tÈ-cn.
hyh-lmcw 139
]Ån-bn D]-tZ-in-bm-bn-cn-s¡-bmWv At±lw kmap-Zm-bnI {]hÀ¯\w
Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. 1924Â Bbncw cq]-hn-e-h-cp¶ Hcp {]Êv hnebv¡v
hm§p-I-bp- m-bn. tNc-aÀ ZqXv ]{Xhpw, ZfnXv ss{IkvX-hÀ¡v th n
Hcp-]p-kvX-Ihpw A -̈Sn-¨p. A¨Sn¨hbpsS c p tIm¸n-IÄ kÀ¡m-
cnsâ sk{I-«-dn-tb-än-tebv¡v Ab¨p sImSp-¯n-cp-¶p. kpdn-bm\n
ss{IkvX-h-cnse ]{X-D-S-a-I-fmWv CXn-s\-Xnsc apt¶m«p h¶-Xv. ]n.-
Pn.-{]-Ên A¨Sn¨ hI-bn sImSp-¡m-\pÅ 112 cq]-bpsS t]cnÂ
tIÊv hcn-I-bpw, aq¶p-Zn-hkw Pbn in£ A\p-`-hn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
XpSÀ¶v At±-l-¯n-s\-Xnsc \nc-h[n tIÊp-IÄ ss{IkvX-h-{]-am-Wn-
amÀ \S-¯n-h-¶p. {InkvXym-\n-IÄs¡Xnsc ]pkvXIw A -̈Sn-¨n-d¡n
F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p {][m-\-s¸« tIkp-I-fn H¶v. kz¯p-¡Ä I p-sI-
«p-Ibpw, sI«n-S-hm-S-I-bv¡vt]mepw \nhÀ¯n-bn-Ãm¯ Ah-Ø-bn-se-¯p-
Ibpw sNbvX kμÀ -̀¯n at\m-ca IpSpw-_-¯nse ]n.-kn. Ipcp-hn-
fbv¡v {]Êv hnÂt¡ n h¶p. `mtKym-Zbw {]Êv F¶ t]cn AXv
]n¶oSv {]hÀ¯n-¨p. ChnsS {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p¶ Hcp kwKXn CXc
PmXn kaq-l-§-fpsS t_m[w {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ coXn-bp-tS-Xm-Wv. shdpw
Hcp D]-tZ-in¡v F§s\ {]Êv hm§m³ Imiv e`n-¨p F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p
kwi-bw. s]mXp-a-WvUew DbÀ¯p¶ kwi-b-am-Wn-Xv. F¡m-e¯pw
Ømbn-bmb (Tipical) A[-a-X-es¯ t`Zn-¡p¶ {ia-§Ä kaq-l-hn-cp-
²-am-bn-«mWv s]mXp-k-aqlw {]N-cn-¸n-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. F¶m ss{IkvX-h-
k- -̀I-fp-sStbm k`mw-K-§-fmb khÀW-þ-kp-dn-bm\n IpSpw-_-§-sf-tbm,
{]Êv, hml-\w, `qan, I¨-h-Sw, {]kn-²o-I-c-Ww, DbÀ¶ Kh-s×â v
tPmen, Fgp-¯p-Im-cm-bn-cn-¡Â, ]WvUn-X-cm-bn-cn-¡Â Ch-sbm¶pw
kwi-b-ap-bÀ¯msX Ømbn-bmbn (Tipical) XpS-cp-Ibpw tNmZyw sN¿-
s¸-Sm-¯-Xp-am-bn-cn-¡pw.
Xan-g v\m-«nse sd«n -asse {io\n-hm-ksâ ‘]d-b³’ ]{Xw
At±l¯nsâ ZfnX v XmXv] -cy -kw-c -£mÀ°w \S¶ Cw¥ v
hyh-lmcw 140
bm{Xsb¯pSÀ¶v Gsä-Sp-¡m³ c mw Xe-ap-d-bn-Ãm-sX-bmWv \n¶p-
t]m-b-Xv. Atbm-¯n-Zm-ksâ ‘Hcp ss]km Xan-g³]-{Xhpw’ At±-l-
¯nsâ acWw hsc XpSÀ¶-tijw \n¶p-t]m-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
F¶m C§-s\-sbmcp aWvU-e-aà tIc-f-¯nse ZfnXv ]{X-{]-
hÀ¯-\-¯n\v e`n¨ aWvU-ew. hmbn-¡m³ BÄ¡mÀ CÃm¯ {]iv\-
am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. adn¨v AXv \nÀ½n-t¡ s]mXp-k-aq-ls¯ hnL-Sn-¸n-
¡p-Ibpw sX¶n-am-äp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ CXc saKm-s]m-Xp-t_m-[-§Ä kq-
£va-ambn AbÂho-«n Pohn-¡p¶ a\p-jy-cmbn AXns\ d±v sN¿p-I-
tbm, sslPmIv sN¿p-I-tbm, A{]-Xy-£-am-¡p-Itbm BWv sN¿p-¶-
Xv. C§s\ AbÂ]-¡-t_m-[-¯nse PmXnsb {]Ênsâ taepÅ CS-
s]-S-embpw Zfn-X-cpsS ]X-\s¯ ap³\nÀ¯p-¶Xv F§-s\-sb¶pw a\-
Ên-em-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. tIc-f-¯n ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-¯nÂ
CSw-]n-Sn-¨n-«n-Ãm¯ Ncn-{X-am-Wn-Xv. F¶m A -̈Sn-ta-J-e-bnse {][m\
tI{μ-amb ss{IkvX-h-k-aqlw aäp Nne NphSpIÄIqSn kzoI-cn-¡p-I-
bp- m-bn. Iv\m\mb hn`m-K-¯nsâ ]{X-amb ‘tIm«bw ]{XnI’
cmjv{Sob Imcy-§-fm kÀ. kn.-]n. A¿À d±m-¡p-I-bp- m-bn.
ssek³kv \ne-hn D m-bn-cp¶ ‘tNc-aÀ ZqX³’ ]{Xw Iv\m\mb
anj³ Gsä-Sp-¡p-Ibpw c p-hÀjw {]N-c-W-¯n-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-
Ibpw sNbvXp. C§s\ Hcp {]hÀ¯-\-¯neqsS ss{IkvXh kaq-l-
¯n IqSp-X NÀ¨-bp- mhpw F¶v Icp-Xn-bn-cp-¶p. am{X-hp-aÃ
‘tNc-aÀ ZqX³’ s]mXp CS-t¯bv¡v {]th-in-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
F¶m kw -̀hn-¨Xv asäm-¶mWv ‘tNc-aÀ ZqX³’ Zfn-X-cn \n¶v \jvS-
am-hp-Ibpw Iv\m\mb anj\v ]pXnb ]{X-¯nsâ ssek³kv e`n- -̈
t¸mÄ ‘tNc-aÀ ZqX³’ A -̈Sn-¡msX Hgn-hm-¡p-I-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p.
‘Nnt{Xm-Zbw’ hmcnI {ioNn-¯n-c-Xn-cp-\mÄ alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ Inco-
S-[m-c-W-s¯-¯p-SÀ¶v Bcw-`n-¡p-I-bp- m-bn. tPm¬ tPmk^v hnä
hyh-lmcw 141
{]Ên Imiv sImSp¯v A¨-Sn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Nnt{Xm-Zbw 1942Â
CXnsâ ]p\x-{]-kn-²o-I-cWw ]ptcm-K-a\ kmlnXy {]kn-²o-I-c-W-̄ nsâ
kz`m-h-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. Imcq-cnsâ ‘s]mXn-t¨mdv’, s]m³Ip¶w
hÀ¡n-bpsS ‘^mZÀ ]mfbwtImS³’, ‘hmg-sh-«v’, sh«qÀ cma³\m-b-cpsS
IY-Ifpw Nnt{XmZbw hmcn-I-bn {]kn-²o-I-cn-¨n-«p- v. F¶m A¨Sn
km¼-̄ n-I-ambn ‘Nnt{Xm-Zb-’¯n\pw ]nSn-̈ p-\n¡m³ Ign-ªn-Ã. 1947Â
tIm¬{Kkv t\Xmhv ]n.-Sn. Nmt¡mbpw aäpw {]N-c-W-¯n-\mbn ‘Nnt{Xm-
Zbw’ hmcn-Isb Gsä-Sp v̄ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶p- v. cmjv{So-b-ambn ZfnXv
ss{IkvX-hÀ¡p-IqSn e`n-¡p¶ CSw F¶ \ne-bn-em-bn-cp¶p AXns\
I n-cp¶Xv. F¶m kÀ kn.-]n. ‘Nnt{Xm-Zbw’ hmcn-I-bpsS ssek³kv
d±m-¡p-I-bmbn-cp-¶p. ChnsS ]d-bm³ Dt±-in-¡p¶ hkvXp-X, A¨Sn
am[y-a-§-fn Zfn-XÀ \S-¯nb {iaw Htc-k-abw d±m-¡p-Ibpw AtX-k-
abw {]Xn-kÔnL-«§-fn ss{IkvX-h-k-`m, cmjv{Sob t\Xr-Xz-§Ä
CtX am[y-a-§sf tXSn hcn-Ibpw AhÀ¡p-th n D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-Ibpw
sNbvXn-«p v F¶ hkvXp-X-bmWv. sshÚm-\n-I-ambn ZfnXv ss{IkvX-
h-k-aq -lw, ZfnXvkaqlw s]mXp-k-aq -l-[m-c -bn -te¡v \S-¯nb
{]bmW§Ä¡p-ta I\¯ XS-Ê-§-fmbn khÀW kpdn-bm\n
ss{IkvX-h-k-aqlw hnhn-[-cq-]-̄ n \ne-bp-d-¸n-¨n-cp¶p F¶v A¨Sn
taJ-e-bnse {]hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS Cu A\p-`hw hyà-am-¡p-¶p. kn.-
Fw.-Fkv k -̀bn sshZn-I-cm-hm³ X¿m-dmb Zfn-Xsc Bw¥n-¡³ k -̀
bnse iq{Z-þ-kp-dn-bm\n kaq-lhpw sshZn-Icpw ]pd-̄ m-¡n-b-Xn\p kam-
\-amWv A -̈Sn-ta-J-e-bn kw -̀hn¨ A«n-a-dn-I-fpw.
A -̈Sn, sk³kkv
tImf-\n-hÂIrX A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ c p apJ-§-fn-epÅ {]hÀ¯-
\-ambn thWw CXns\ \nco-£n-¡m³. tImf-\n-L-S-\-bnse Cw¥ojv
hnZym-`ym-kw, {]nânwKv aoUn-b, ]WvUn-X-`m-j-I-fpsS ]pXp-{]-th-i\w
F¶nh sImtfm-Wn-b Kh-s×âp-I-fpsS XmÂ]-cymÀ°w IqSn-bmWv
{]hÀ¯n-̈ p-h-¶n-cp-¶-Xv. hnZym-`ym-k-k-{¼-Zm-b-§Ä, Adn-hpw, sshÚm-
hyh-lmcw 142
\nI ]pXp-{]-h-W-X-I-fpsS hnIm-khpw tImtfm-Wn-b LS-\sb ASn-
Øm-\-am¡nbmWv hnI-kn-¡p-¶-Xv.
hoW \tc-K-fnsâ (Veena Naregal) A`n-{]m-b-¯n ]WvUn-äv,
imkv{Xo F¶n§s\ \nc-h[n ]WvUn-X-cq-]-§Ä adm¯n kmwkvIm-
cnI taJ-e-bn-tebv¡v {]th-in-¡p-¶p v. CXv PmXn-cq-]-§-fpsS sImtfm-
Wn-b A[n-Imc Gän-d-¡-¯nsâ `mK-ambn ImtW- n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.49
tIc-f-¯nsâ Ah-Ø-bn ]WvUn-äv, imkv{Xo PvRm\m-[n-Im-c-¯n-
tebv¡v {]th-in-¨-hÀ Gähpw Ipd-hm-Wv. am{X-aà A[n-Imcw ssdäv
dh-dâ v, At¸m-¯n-¡-cn, alm-I-hn, C§s\ \nc-h[n taJ-e-I-fn-te¡v
hym]n-¡p-¶p- v. Cu hym]-\-¯n PmXn A[n-Imcw tImf\n tIc-f-
¯n asämcp cq]w {]m]n-¡pI-bm-bn-cp-¶p. tIc-f-¯nsâ sImtfm-Wn-
b cq]-¯n {_n«ojv anj-W-dn-bpsS kao-]-\-¯nsâ Nne cq]-§Ä
tIc-f-¯nse hwi-]-c-ambn ap´nb kaq-l-¯nÂ\n¶pw bqtdm-]y³,
tdma³ {InÌn-bm-\nän hgp-Xn-t¸m-hp-¶-Xn-epÅ `bw shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-
ap- v.*11
C´y³ khÀW t{iWn-bn-te¡p {]th-in-¡m³ bqtdm-]y³
{InÌym-\n-än-bpw, Chn-Sps¯ {InkvXym-\n-IÄ ip²-þ-cm-P-c-à-¯nsâ
IeÀ¸n-Ãm¯ ]n³-ap-d-¡m-cm-bn-cn-¡p-hm³ bqtdm-]y³ _Ô-hpw, tIc-
f-¯nse \¼q-Xncn þ \mbÀ IpSpw-_-N-cn-{Xhpw Øm]n-s -̈Sp-¡p-Ibpw
sN¿p¶ LS-\-bn-eqsS PmXn-t_m[w ss{IkvX-h-a-X-¯n A{]-Jym-
]nX {]Jym-]-\-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
49. P. 168 - 170 - Language Politics, Elites, and the Public Sphere Veena Naregal*11 kn.-Fw.-Fkv anj-\dn dh: tPmk^v ]oäv dnt¸mÀ«v sN¿p¶Xn§-s\-bmWv ‘\½Ä Bh-iy-
an-ÃmsX A[xØnX hÀK-¡m-cpsS ssII-fn-te¡p ]mªp-I-b-dn... \nμn-X-hÀ¤-¡m-cp-ambn
N§m¯w IqSp-¶Xpw ap³hn[n Df-hm-¡p-Ibpw apIį-«n \½psS kzm[o\w hym]n-̧ n-
¡p-¶-Xns\ XS-bp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xn-\p-am{Xw D]-I-cn-¡p¶ amÀK-am-Wv... Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡mcpsS
(]p-e-b-cp-sS) B[nIyw DbÀ¶ PmXn-¡m-cpsS ho£-W-tIm-Wn \½psS {]m[m-\y-s -̄bpw,
A -́Ên-s\bpw hÀ²n-̧ n-¡p-¶n-Ã...’ F¶n-§-s\-bmWv tcJ-s¸-Sp-̄ n-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. (]m-¼mSn
tPm¬ tPmk-̂ v. Sn.-F-̈ v. ]n. sN´m-c-tÈ-cn).
hyh-lmcw 143
{_n«ojv cmÚn-bn-eqsS X§-fpsS c£ km[y-ambn F¶ ZfnXv
Ah-t_m-[-¯nse hn\n-a-b-§Ä ChnsS XInSw adn-bp-I-bmWv sN¿p-
¶-Xv.*12 sImtfm-Wn-b LS-\-bnse, DSa/ASna kmaq-ly-_-Ô-§fnse
Gähpw ZpÀ_-e-amb Nne kao-]-\-§Ä am{X-am-bn-cp¶p ASn-a-I-fmb
Zfn-Xsc hnebv¡p hm§-m\pw, ssZh-¯n-¦Â Xpey-cm-¡m\pw \S-¯nb
\o¡-§Ä. P·n-þ-cm-P-þ-{_m-Ò-Wn-Iv-þ-iq-{Z- -̀cW {Ia-§-fn Cu \o¡w-
t]mepw I\¯ BLm-X-ap- m¡n F¶Xv {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶p.
lmt_Â ]nXm-hn-sâbpw Iq«-cp-sSbpw hnizm-k-{]-Jym-]\w PmXn-hy-h-
Øbv¡v FXn-sc-bpÅ Ie-lhpw hyàhpw [oc-hp-amb Nph-Sp-hbv]pw
Bbn-cp-¶p. F¶m PmXn-hy-h-Øsb \nÀ½q-e\w sN¿p-¶-XnÂ\n¶v
iq{Z-þ-{_m-ÒW ss{IkvX-ho-bX kzbw ]nt¶m-«p-t]m-hp-Ibpw ss{IkvX-
h-k-aq-l-¯n PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS \S-¯n-¸p-Im-cmbn CtX t_m[w
cwK-{]-thiw sN¿p-I-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p, `mc-X-¯n-Â.
PmXnsb aqSn-h-bv¡p-hm³ sImtfm-Wn-b L«-¯n \nc-h[n
{ia-§Ä `c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ HutZym-KnI CS-s]-S-ep-I-fn-eqsS Ign-ªn-cp-
¶p. CXnsâ D]-h-gn-IÄ sslμ-h-þ-ss{I-kvXh aX-k-aq-l-§fpw ]n³]-
än-bn-cp-¶p. sk³k-kns\¡pdn¨pÅ Nne DZm-l-c-W-§-fn-eqsS CXv
IqSp-X hyà-am-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. “sk³k-kp-ambn tNÀ¶v lnμp-¡Ä
apt¶m-«p-h¨ kwKXn sk³kkv IW-¡p-I-fn Bcpw kz´w PmXn
shfn-s -̧Sp-¯m³ ]m-Sn-sö Hcp {]N-c-W-]-cn-]m-Sn-bm-Wv. lnμp-¡-sf¶p
am{Xw ]d-ªm ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸Spw F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p lnμp-¡-fpsS
Xmev]-cyw. B sIWn-bn Akv]ÀiyÀ hoWp-t]m-bn. Akv]ÀiycpsS
P\-kwJy Ipd-bv¡-s¸-«p. lnμp-¡Ä s]cp-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.”50
*12 1854 sk]vXw-_À 6\v ssI¸-ä-bn \S¶ lmt_ ]nXm-hn-sâbpw Iq«-cp-sSbpw Úm\-
kv\m\w, Poh-\pÅ ssZhs¯ Bcm-[n-¡p-hm-\pÅ BZys¯ hnizm-k-{]-Jym-]-\-ambn Zfn-
X-cnse ss{IkvX-h-k-aqlw IW-¡m-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. F¶m \nc-h[n H¯p-XoÀ¸p-I-fn-eq-sS-
bmWv lmt_Â]n-Xm-hn\pw aäpw ss{IkvX-h-a-X-̄ n {]th-in-¡p-hm³ Ign-ª-Xv. PmXn-
bpsS AI-e-hpw, AXnsâ coXn-Ifpw ]men-̈ p-sIm-Åmsa¶ Dd-̧ n-t·-emWv ss{IkvX-h-aX
]cn-hÀ¯\w kw -̀hn-¡p-¶-Xv. (k-aX ssZzam-kn-I, 2005 þ sk]vXw-_À).
50. t]. 12, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀWIrXn-IÄ þ hmeyw 17.
hyh-lmcw 144
“1816, 1836, 1854 F¶o hÀj-§-fnse It\-jvamcn IW-s¡-Sp-
¸n 30% \mb-·m-cp- m-bn-cp-¶p. 1875 \S¶ BZys¯ imkv{Xo-b-amb
P\-kw-Jym-I-W-¡n 20%ambn¯oÀ¶p ChÀ.”51
“1891 apX-epÅ sk³kkv ]T-\-§Ä (a-[y-{]-tZ-inÂ) 1971-hsc
BIp-t¼mÄ kz´w aX-hn-izm-k-¯n \n¶ tKm{X-hn-`m-K-§Ä 6%
am{X-ambn Npcp-§p¶ (Npcp-¡p-¶) ImgvN-bm-Wp-Å-Xv. am{X-hp-aÃ
]n¶oSv tKm{X-hÀ¤-aXw F¶pÅ {]tbm-Kta \o¡w sN¿p-¶Xv
ImWmw.”52
“tIc-f-¯n-sebpw Xan-gv\m-«n-sebpw Kpl-I-fnepw h\m-´-c-§-
fnepw Ign-bp¶ s\{Kntäm tKm{X-hÀ¤-¯nÂs¸« Kncn-hÀ¤-¡q-«-§Ä,
1,9000 ImSÀ, 1,04000 Ccp-fÀ, 89,000 ae-]p-e-bÀ Hcn-¡epw Hcp {_mÒ-W-
s\-t¸mepw I n-«n-Ãm-¯-hÀ {_mÒ-W-X-a-X-¯n-te¡v ]cn-hÀ¯\w
sNbvX-Xmbn tcJ-bp- m-¡n. sk³k-knse IW-¡-\p-k-cn¨v Bcpw-
Xs¶ s\{Kntäm aX-hn-izmkw A\p-jvTn-¡p-¶n-Ã.”53
k´mÄ, ap m-hn-`m-Kw, Hd-thm¬, tlmkv hÀK-§Ä lnμp-¡sf
\pgªpIb-ä-¡mcpw `qsIm-Å-¡m-cp-am-bn-¡- n-cp-¶p. lnμp-¡-tfmSv
bmsXmcphn[ Nmbvhpw ImWn-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã. 1866se £maw s]cp-In-b-
t¸mÄ {_mÒ-W-cpsS ssI¿m ]mI-s¸-Sp -¯nb Blmcw Ign-
¡m³t]mepw ChÀ Xmev]cyw ImWn-¨n-cp-¶n-Ã. F¶m {_mÒ-W-
cpsS {ia-^-e-ambn Chsc sslμ-h-cm-¡pI am{X-aà kky-`p-¡p-I-fm-
¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. amwkw Ign-¡p¶ tKm{X-hn-`m-K-§sf Abn¯
PmXn-¡m-cmbn Cu tKm{X-hn-`m-K-§Ä Xs¶ AI-än-\nÀ¯n-¯p-S-§n.
1930-I-fn tImÄhÀ¤s¯ Abn-¯-¡m-cmb tKm{X-hÀ¤w F¶v hnfn¨p
XpS-§p-¶p- v.54
51. t]. 89-þ90, ]m¼mSn tPm¬ tPmk^v þ sN´m-c-tÈ-cn.
52. t]. 188þ189, aX-]-cn-hÀ-̄ \w Hcp Agn-bm-¡p-cp-¡v, kpμÀcm-Pv.
53. t]. 195, aX-]-cn-hÀ-̄ \w Hcp Agn-bm-¡p-cp-¡v, kpμÀcm-Pv.
54. t]. 166þ170, Census of India- aX-]-cn-hÀ-̄ \w Hcp Agn-bm-¡p-cp-¡v, kpμÀcm-Pv.
hyh-lmcw 145
C§s\ Hcp Abn¯ {]Jym-]\w ss{IkvXh aX-]-cn-hÀ¯\w
\S-¯nb Zfn-Xcpw aX-]-cn-hÀ¯\w \S-¯m¯ Zfn-Xcpw X½nepw km[n-
s -̈Sp-¯n-«p- v. Bßm-hn c£n-¡-s¸-«-hÀ F¶ \ne-bn ss{IkvX-
h-Z-fn-XÀ, ss{IkvX-h-k-hÀW-Xbv¡v ]pd¯v Bizmkw Is -¯p-¶Xv
ss{IkvX-h-h-ev¡-cn-¨n-«n-Ãm¯ Zfn-X-cnse ]m]-`m-cs¯ HmÀ¯v am{X-
am-Wv. CXn-eqsS ss{IkvX-h-cm-hm¯ Zfn-XÀ sslμ-h-h-ev¡-cn- -̈Xmbn
]c-kv]cw \nco-£n-¡p-Ibpw sslμ-h-k-hÀW-X-bpsS F{Kn-saâp-I-fnÂ
Xf-bv¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. P\X F¶ \ne-bn XnI¨pw cmjv{So-b-
a-Ãm-¯Xpw AÔ-hn-izm-k-]-c-hp-amb PmXn-am-\-§Ä Xpey-ambn t]dp-
I-bm-bn-cp¶p CXn-eqsS ZfnXv kaq-lw.
Pn. Atem-jykv sNdnb kaq-l-¯n-sâbpw henb kaq-l-¯n-
sâbpw Xmev]-cy-§-fpsS tZi-cmjv{S kz`m-hs¯ C§s\ \nco-£n-
¡p-¶p. {Kmwjn-bpsS (Gramsci) ImgvN-¸m-Sn slPn-aWn (hegemony)
tZiob kaq-l-¯nsâ {]i-kvX-amb km[m-c-Wm-h-Øsb aq¶p L«§-
fn-epÅ _Ô-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv AXnsâ kmaqly hÀ¤o-I-c-Whpw km¼-
¯nI CS-]m-Sp-Ifpw DbÀ¶ LS-\bpw \ne-\nÀ¯p-¶-Xv. Hcp sNdnb
kaq-l-¯n\v kz´-ambn Xmev]-cy-§Ä D m-tb-¡mw. F¶m DbÀ¶
kaq-l-§Ä¡v Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Xmev]-cy-§fpw AXn-tâ-Xmb Hcp henb
_Ô-§fpw D m-bn-cn-¡pw. CXns\ tI{μo-I-cn-¨m-bn-cn¡pw sNdnb
kaq-l-¯nsâ Xmev]-cy-§fpw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-I. km¼-¯n-Iw, cmjv{So-
bw, Nn´m-]-cw, [mÀanIw Hs¡-¯s¶ Cu DbÀ¶ kaq-ls¯ Npän-
¸-än-bXpw Ah-cpsS Xmev]-cy-¯n-\-\p-kr-X-ambn tZio-b-am-hp-I-bmWv
sN¿p-¶-Xv.
B[p-\nI kaq-l-¯n Zfn-XÀ \nb-a-]-c-amb Adn-h-I-fpw, a\p-
jym-h-Im-i-§-fpw, A¨Sn aoUn-b-bpsS {]tbm-P-\hpw Adnªp XpS-
§p-¶-tXmsS AhÀ¡p-ta AXn-{Iaw AXphsc {]I-S-am-hm¯ cq]-
hyh-lmcw 146
§Ä BÀÖn-bv¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶Xv. tZio-bhpw/{]mtZ-in-I-hp-am-
bn-t¸m-hp¶ A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ cq]-§Ä {Kmwjn-bpsS \nco-£-W-¯nse
kmaq-ly-hÀ¤o-I-c-Ww, km¼-¯nI CS-]m-Sp-IÄ, DbÀ¶ LS-\-bpw,
km[m-cW P\X / Akm-[m-cW P\X F¶ Zzμzs¯ \nÀ½n-bv¡p-
¶p- v. PmXn-þ-a-X-km-aq-ly-k-¼¯v þ ]Ww F¶n-§s\ sI«p-]n-
WªmWv PmXn hnth-N\w AXnsâ A]-c-cq-]-§sf C´y-bnÂ
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv.
{]XoIm-ßI aqe-[-\s¯ kw_-Ôn v̈
]e-Xcw aqey-§-fpsS, ]e kz`m-h-¯nÂs¸« aqey-§-fpsS hntI-
{μo-IrX LS-\-bpw k{¼-Zm-b-hp-amWv kaqlw. aqe-[-\ (capital) -¯nsâ
kz`m-hw, AYhm ]e-X-c-¯n-epÅ aqe-[-\-amWv Cu hotI-{μo-IrX
kaq-l-¯n {]m[m\yw \nÀW-bn-¡p-¶-Xv. {]Xo-Im-ß-I- (symbolic)
amb \nc-h[n A[n-Imc _Ô-§Ä hyàn-I-fpsS aqe-[-\-ambpw kaq-
l-¯nsâ A[n-Imc LS-\-tbbpw \nÀ®-bn-¡p-¶p. kmaqly LS\
(structure) Xs¶ c p-Xcw kz`m-h-¯nÂ, LS-\-bn \ne-\n¡p¶p
F¶v hÀ¤ (class) kaq-ls¯ ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp¯n ]nbdn t_mZyp
(Pierre Bourdieu) A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. IÀ½m-ß-I- (objective) amb
Ah-Ø-bn kzX-{´-ambn bmsXm¶pw ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-SmsX t]mhp-
I-bm-bn-cn¡pw sN¿p-I. ssIh-i-apÅ aqe-[-\-¯nsâ hn\n-abw t]mepw
hfsc Ipd-hm-bn-cn-¡pw. IÀ¯r¯ (subjective) Ah-Ø-bn-em-hs«
Cu aqe-[-\-§Ä At§-bäw hn\n-abw sN¿-s¸-Sp-¶p. ]c-kv]cw \S-
¡p¶ Cu hn\n-abw {]Xo-Im-ßI A[n-Im-c-¯n-sâbpw _Ô-¯n-
sâbpw ASn-¯-d-bn-emWv kw -̀hn-¡p-¶-Xv.55
]nbdn t_mZyp-hnsâ \nco-£-W-§sf ASn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp¯n
kmwkvIm-cnI aqe-[\w (cultural capital) F§n-s\-sbm-s¡-bmWv {]Xo-
55. P. 116-120-Social space and symbolic power, Social Theory.
hyh-lmcw 147
Im-ß-I-kz-`m-h-¯n {]hÀ¯n-bv¡p-¶Xv F¶v AXv \nco-£n-¡p-¶p.
kmwkvIm-cnI aqe-[-\-¯n \n¶pw F§-s\-bmWv Zfn-XÀ apdn-¨p-am-ä-
s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv F¶v Xncn- -̈dn-bm³ DX-Ip¶ \nco-£Ww IqSn-bmWv
CXv. kmaq-ly-kz-`m-h-¯nsâ hnth-N-\-¯n\v hyàn-¡p-]n-¶nse PmXn-
k-aq-lyXsb A{Ukv sNbvXp-sIm- mWv AXv {]hÀ¯nbv¡p-¶-Xv.
B[p-\n-I-XbpsS a[ym-Ó-¯n-epw, D¯-cm-[p-\n-I-L-«-¯nepw AXv c v
AS-bm-f-§Ä \nc-¯p-I-bp- m-bn. 1980-I-fn ‘\mbÀ CXn-lm-k-¯nsâ
Ncn{Xw’ F¶ {KÙ-am-bn-cp-¶p H¶m-a-t¯-Xv. tIc-f-¯nsâ kmaq-ly,
kmwkvIm-cn-I, cmjv{So-b, ZmÀi-\n-I, imkv{X-km-t¦-XnI hyàn-Xz-§-
fn Hcp henb hn`mKw \mbÀ PmXn-bn-ep-Å-h-cmWv F¶v B ]pkvXIw
Øm]n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. CXn-eqsS \mbÀ AÃm¯ PmXn kaq-l-
§Ä F¶pw \mbÀ Bb PmXn kaqlw F¶pw ]c-ky-{]-Jym-]\w
kw -̀hn-¡p-¶p. asämcp hkvXpX P\-Iobw, P\m-[n-]-Xyw F¶ s]mXp
am\-Z-WvU-¯n-\p-ta PmXn-hy-h-Øsb Øm]n-¨p-sIm v P\-Io-b-X-
bnÂ\n¶pw P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯nÂ\n¶pw cl-ky-am-\-Z-WvU-¯n-tebv¡v
Øm]n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. C¯cw Bi-bq-]o-I-c-W-¯nsâ D¯-cm-[p-\nI
\nÀ½nXn \S-¸n-em-¡n-bXv Fkv.-F³.-Un.-]n. (Sree Narayana Dharma
Paripalana Samkham)-bm-bn-cp-¶p. 2005-þÂ Fkv. F³.-Un. ]n. ]pd-¯n-d-
¡nb ‘tbmK-\mZw’ kvs]jy ]Xn¸v CXn-\p-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯n-\mbn s]mXp-t_m-[-t¯mSv Ie-ln¨pw \nc-´cw
Gäp-ap-«nbpw {]hÀ¯n-bv¡p¶ AXnsâ kz`m-h-¯n-\p-ta PmXn-t_m-
[-¯nsâ Npcp-¡Â \nÀ½n-bv¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p c m-as¯ {ia-hpw.
hyàn-Xz-§Ä s]mXp-k-aq-l-¯n-tâ-Xà AXv PmXn-bp-tS-XmWv F¶v
B[p-\n-tIm-¯-c-L-«-¯n {]Jym-]n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p CXn-eq-sS. aX,
D]-aX kmaq-ly-cq-]-§-fn C¯cw hn\n-a-b-§Ä DÅ-d-I-fn \ne-
\n¡p-¶p- v. D]-a-X-¯n-tâ-tXm, kap-Zm-b-¯n-tâtXm Bb sSe-
t^m¬ Ub-d-IvS-dn-IÄ, Ie- -dp-IÄ, hnhm-l-]-c-ky-tIm-f-§Ä F¶n-
hyh-lmcw 148
h-bn-eq-sS-bmWv AXv {]hÀ¯n-bv¡p-¶-Xv. B[p-\n-Im-\-´c hnhml
]c-ky-§-fnse PmXn-cq-]-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v Hcp ]T\w Hcp {InkvXy³
hnZymÀ°n {]Øm\w \S-¯p-I-bp- m-bn. Ah-cpsS \nco-£Ww Xmsg
tNÀ¯n-cn-¡p-¶p.*13
Cu \nco-£-W-§-fnÂ\n¶v C§s\ Nne-\n-K-a-\-§-fn F¯n-
t¨-cmw. AXn-{]m-No-\-ss{I-kvX-h-Ip-Spw_w F¶v Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp¶p
IqSp-XÂt]cpw. ss{IkvX-h-k-aq-l-¯n PmXn-hy-hØ \ne-\n¡p-
¶p. ss{IkvX-h-k-aq-l-¯nse Hmtcm hn`m-K-¯n\pw GsX-¦nepw Xc-
¯n Ah-cpsS PmXnsb Øm]n-¡p-Itbm adn-I-S-¡p-Itbm sNt¿-
n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. ss{IkvX-h-k-aq-l-¯nse kpdn-bm\n hn`mKw ]c-ky-
ambn Ah-cpsS PmXn shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw \ne-\nÀ¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-
¶p. PmXn-IÄ CS-I-eÀ¶ ]Ån-I-fnepw kpdn-bm\n ss{IkvX-hÀ kzbw
{]Jym-]n¨v PmXn-Ip-eo-\-Xsb Øm]n-¨p-h-cp-¶p. BtKmf (Globaliza-
tion) ]c-ambn sXmgn-en-epw, Pohn-X-¯nepw CS-s]-Sp¶hcmWv ChÀ.
Xtâ-X-Ãm¯ Imc-W-̄ m hnhm-l-tam-N\w t\Sp¶ ChÀ AtX Afhv
*13 ae-bm-f-̄ nse hÀ -̄am-\-]-{X-̄ nse hnhm-l-]-c-ky-§-fnse ss{IkvX-h-k-aq-l-̄ nsâ Xmev]-
cy-§-fm-bn-cp¶p ChÀ ]cn-tim-[n-̈ -Xv. 600 ]c-ky-§Ä ]cn-tim-[-\bv¡v FSp-̄ p. 92%
kpdn-bm\n ss{IkvX-hÀ F¶v Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-]p-cm-X\ ss{IkvX-h-Ip-Spw_w F¶v
IpSp-XÂt]cpw Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-¶p. kn.-F-kv.sF k`m-w-K-§fpw Nne ]c-ky-§-fn kn.-F-
kv.sF þ kpdn-bm\n F¶v {]tXyIw Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-¶p. ImcWw kn.-F-kv.sF an{i-cq-]-̄ n-
epÅ PmXn-hn-izm-k-Iq-«m-bva-bpsS ]f-fn-Øm-]-\-am-Wv. PmXn-aXw {]iv\-aà F¶p ]dª
Hcp Hcp hyànXzw tNc-aÀ kap-Zm-b-̄ nse ss{IkvX-h-\m-bn-cp-¶p. 70% ]c-ky-̄ nepw
hntZ-i v̄ sXmgn sN¿p¶ hc-s\-bpw, t\gvkn-Mv, I¼yq-«À Chbv¡v {]m[m\yw \ÂIp¶
h[p-hn-s\bpw Xnc-sª-Sp-¡m³ B{Klw {]ISn-̧ n-̈ n-«p- v. Xtâ-X-Ãm¯ Imc-W-̄ mÂ
hnhm-l-tam-N\w t\Sn-b-hÀ F¶mWv ]p\Àhn-hm-ln-X-cm-hm-\pÅ ]c-ky-̄ n-seÃmw I n-cp-
¶-Xv. 99% ]c-ky-̄ nepw ssZh-̀ -b-apÅ h[p-hn-s\bpw hc-s\bpw {]tXyIw Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-
¶p. 80% ]c-ky-hpw, shfp-̄ , kpap-J³, kpμcn F¶pw A\p-tbm-Py-cmb Btem-N\
F¶pw tNÀ¯n-cn-bv¡p-¶p. CXnsâ BsI-bpÅ D¯cw C§-s\-bm-Wv. ss{IkvX-h-k-aq-
l-̄ nse kpdn-bm\n hn`mKw ]c-ky-ambn Ah-cpsS PmXn shfn-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶p. CS-I-eÀ¶
PmXn kmaqly]Ån-bnepw CXv shfn-s¸-Sp¯n hcp-¶p. BtKm-f-ambn sXmgn þ Pohn-
¯n {]th-in-̈ n-cn-¡p-¶-h-cmWv Ch-cn A[n-I-hpw, Xtâ-X-Ãm¯ Imc-W-̄ m hnhm-l-
tam-N\w t\Sp-¶-Xn-\m AtX Afhv Xtâ-Xmb Imc-W-¡msc BZÀi-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶p. km¼-
¯n-I-\n-e, D¶-X-Ip-e-a-Xw, BtKm-f-h¡-c-W-sXm-gnÂ, Chbv¡v A\p-tbm-Py-cmb ssZh-̀ -
b-apÅ h[p/hc³ F¶v Fgp-Xn-t¨À¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS ip²-càw {]Xn-Øm-]n-bv¡p¶ hwi-
t_m-[-̄ nsâ ]tc-m£-s]m-Xp-a-WvU-e-ambn hÀ¯-am-\-]-{X-§Ä F¶ s]mXp-a-WvUew amdp-
¶p. (SCM ÌpUâ v {InkvXy³ aqhvsaâ v 27/01/07 Xncp-h-Ã-bn \S¶ Iym¼nÂ\n¶v.)
hyh-lmcw 149
Xtâ-Xmb Imc-W-¡msc kaq-l-¯nÂ\n¶pw ]pd-¯p-\n-dp-¯p-¶p. A\p-
tbm-Py-cmb ssZh- -̀b-ap-Å-hsc Bh-iy-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-eqsS D¶-X-Ipew þ
PmXn þ AXn-{]m-No\w F¶o PmXn-hy-h-Øm-am-\-§sf ss{IkvXhw
F¶ aX-hn-\n-a-b-¯n-\p-Ån \S¯n-s¡m- n-cn-¡p-¶p. ip²-càw
{]Xn-Øm-]n-¡p¶ hwi-t_m[w ChnsS {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. s]mXp-hym-
]m-c-¯nsâ ]{X-am-[y-a-§Ä CXn-eqsS PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS \S¯n¸p-
Im-cm-sW¶v AYhm s]mXp-hy-h-lmcw PmXn hyh-lm-c-am-sW¶v hyà-
am-hp-¶p.
A\p-I-cW\nbaw, a\-im-kv{X-k-ao-]\w
B[p-\n-I, B[p-\n-Im-\-´c kaq-l-¯n-tebv¡v PmXn-hy-h-
Øbv¡v {]hÀ¯n-¡m³ Ign-bp¶Xnsâ Nne Nme-I-§sf Awt_-ZvI-
dnsâ \nco-£-W-¯n-eqsS ]cn-tim-[n-¡mw. At±lw ‘A\p-I-cW \nb-
as¯’ PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS ]cn-]m-e-\-¯n\v kaqlw kzoI-cn- -̈Xns\
Nq n-¡m-Wn-¡p-¶p. K{_n-tb XmÀtU A\p-I-c-W-kz-`m-h-¯nsâ
Nne {]tXy-I-X-IÄ hne-bn-cp-¯n-bn-«p- v. “kμÀ`w In«n-bm A`n-Pm-
X-hÀ¤w Fhn-sSbpw FÃm-bvt¸mgpw AXnsâ t\Xm-¡-sf, cmPm-¡-·msc
AYhm ]c-am-[n-Im-cn-Isf A\p-I-cn-¡pw. AXp-t]mse P\-§Ä
kμÀ`w In«n-bm A`n-Pm-X-hÀKs¯ A\p-I-cn-¡pw. Gähpw kao-]-
Ø-am-b-h-bn Gähpw D¶-X-amb H¶mWv Gähpw IqSp-X A\p-I-
cn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv.”56 Cu \nK-a-\s¯ Awt_-ZvIÀ C§s\ hne-bn-cp-¯p-
¶p. “(1)A\p-IcW¯nsâ {]`hw kaq-l-¯n A´-Êp-ä-Xm-bn-cn-
¡Ww, (2) kaq-l-¯nse AwK-§Ä¡n-S-bn ‘\nc-´-c-_-Ô-§Ä
\ntXy\’D m-bn-cn-¡-Ww. Cu D]m-[n-IÄ C´y-bn D m-bn-cp¶p
F¶-Xn kwi-b-an-Ã. {_mÒ-W³ AÀ[ ssZh-amWv. tZhmw-i-kw- -̀
h-\m-Wv. AbmÄ Hcp amXrI krjvSn-¡p-Ibpw AX-\p-k-cn¨v aäp-Å-
56. t]. 20, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀWIrXn-IÄ þ hmeyw 1.
hyh-lmcw 150
hsc hmÀs¯-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Abm-fpsS A´Êv tNmZyw sN¿-
s¸-Sp-¶-X-Ã... AbmÄ ktKm{X hnhm-l-k-{¼-Zmbw ]peÀ¯p¶ Hcp
he-b-¯n-\p-Ån-emWp Pohn-¡p-¶-sX-¦n Abmsf aäp-Å-hÀ A\p-I-
cn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡ptam? N]-e-cmb a\p-jyÀ! A\p-I-cWw Ffp-¸-am-Wv.
\nÀ½mWw _p²n-ap-«m-Wv.”57
asämcp \nco-£Ww a\-im-kv{X-]-c-hpw, bm{´n-I-hp-amb PmXn-
bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. kzbw he-bnXambn Npcp-
§p-¶Xnsâ a\-im-kv{X-k-ao-]-\-amWv kzbw sIm«n-b-S-bv¡p¶ he-bn-
Xm-h-Ø. CXnsâ A\p-I-c-W-am-hs« adp-h-i¯v asäm-cp-co-Xn-bn sIm«n-
b-S-bv¡-s¸-Sp¶ he-bn-Xm-hØ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. Awt_-Zv-I-dnsâ ̀ mj-
bn Hcp Iq«sc ]pd-¯m¡n hmXn-e-S- -̈t¸m-Ä, hmXn-e-S- -̈hÀ kzbw
AI-̄ m-¡-s -̧«p. CXnsâ \nc- -́c-X-bn-emWv PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS bm{´n-
IX {]hÀ¯n¨p XpS-§p-¶-Xv.
“C§-s\-bp-Å bm{´n-I-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n ]pd-¯m-¡-s¸« PmXn-
IÄ F¶ \ne-bn-emWv apl-½-Zo-bÀ, blq-ZÀ, {InkvXym-\n-IÄ, ]mgvkn-
IÄ. PmXn-k-{¼-Zmbw CÃm-¯- aX-§-fm-Wn-h. F¶m Ch X½nÂ
At\ym\yw PmXn-_-Ô-¯m ]c-kv]cw hmXn-e-S- -̈h-cm-Wv. Ch-cnÂ
apl-½-Zo-bÀ, blq-ZÀ, {InkvXym-\n-IÄ ktKm-{X-_-Ô-§-fn-eqsS PmXn
\ne-\nÀ¯n-b-t¸mÄ, ]mgvkn-IÄ kml-N-cy-§-fpsS k½À±-^-e-ambn
PmXn-hy-hØ \ne-\nÀt¯- n-h-¶-h-cm-Wv. sacp-§m³ Iq«m-¡m¯
AwK-§Ä, ]pXnsbmcp Nn´m-k-c-Wn, Kpcp ({]-hm-N-I³) F¶v BZ-c-
]qÀhw hnfn-¡p¶bmÄ, Ahn-ln-X-t{]aw \S-¯p¶ hyàn Ch-scms¡
AI¯pw ]pd-¯p-ambn, k¦-c-ambn PmXnsb \ne-\nÀt¯- -h-cmbn
Npcp-t§ nhcp¶p”58 F¶v Awt_-ZvIÀ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p.
57. t]. 21, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀWIrXn-IÄ þ hmeyw 1.
58. t]. 22þ23, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀWIrXn-IÄ þ hmeyw 1.
hyh-lmcw 151
hn\n-a-b-¯n\pw sImSp-¡Â hm§-en\pw (communication and
exchange) Nn´m-]-c-ambpw hkvXpcq]-]-c-ambpw km[y-am-hm¯ GsXmcp
kaq-l-¯nepw PmXn (caste) {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p. tIc-f-¯nse \mbÀ-þ-
iq{Z kaq-l-§Ä, Cug-h-]n-t¶m-¡-k-aq-l-§Ä, ss{IkvX-h-k-aq-l-§Ä
Hs¡-¯s¶ PmXn-bpsS hml-I-cm-hp-¶Xv F§-s\-sb¶v ChnsS hyà-
am-hp-¶p. A\p-I-cW kz`mh¯nsâ tasebv¡v t\m¡p¶ {]Ir-X-
hpw, kzbw sIm«n-b-S¨v he-bn-X-§-fm-hp-Ibpw sNbvX LS-I-§Ä am{X-
aà PmXnsb hÀ¯-am-\-h-evI-cn¨v AXn\v A¸p-d-t¯bv¡v AXn\v
t]mth- n-h-¶p. {_mÒ-Wn-I-amb hwi-¯nsâ imJ F¶v Øm]n-
¡m³ AXv hy{KX ImWn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. km¼-¯n-Ihpw hnZym-`ym-
k-]-c-hp-amb DbÀ¨-bn-eq-sSbpw C´y³ {_mÒ-Wo-Im-h-Øsb A]-
IÀj-X-tbmsS \nco-£n¨ iq{Z-þ-ss{I-kvX-hnI _lp-P\ (]n-t¶m-¡À)
kaq-l-¯n\v càw {]th-i-\-¯nsâ ]mc-¼-cy-hpw, cà-ip-²-X-bpsS
hwim-h-en-bpw Bh-iy-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p. CXn-eqsS ChÀ kzbw PmXn-I-
fmbn kzbw {]Xn-jvTn-¡-s¸-«p. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS {]t_m-[-\ (Enlight-
enment) -]-c-Xsb B[p-\n-Im-\-´c (post modern) Nn´-IÄ hnaÀin-
¡p-¶p- v. Adn-hnsâ BsI-¯p-I-sb-bpw, kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ sam¯-
hyh-Ø-sbbpw AXv hnaÀin -¡p-¶p. Acn-Ip -h¡-cn -¡-s¸«
(marginalize) A]-c-§sf B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS sam¯-hy-hØ Hgn-hm-¡n-
bn-cp-¶p. hyXy-kvX-X-Isf ]pd-́ -Åp-I-bm-bn-cp¶p B[p-\n-I-X. sshhn-
[y-§-sf-bpw, hnhn-[-§-sfbpw (multiple) iàn-]-c-ambn GIo-I-cn-¡p¶
bpàn-]-c-X-bpsS coXnsb ̂ qt¡m (Foucault) FXnÀ¯n-cp-¶p. Ahbv¡v
Hs¡-¯s¶ bpàn-]cXbv¡v A¸p-d-̄ pÅ, s]mXp \nb-a-§Ä¡v A¸p-
d-¯pÅ \nc-h[n cq]-§Ä Ds ¶v ^qt¡m hyà-am-bn-¡n-bn-cp¶p.59
59. P. 153. Cultural Theory and the Problem of modernity, Alan Swingewood
hyh-lmcw 152
sI.-]n.-F.-kn.bpw B[p-\nI GI-am-{X-k-ao-]-\hpw
B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS GI-am-{X-s]m-Xp-kz-`m-h-h¡-cWw AXnsâ
kmwkvIm-cnI taJe \nÀ½n- -̈t¸mÄ ZfnXv At\z-j-W-§Ä hnk-½-X-
am-hp-¶-Xnsâ Nn{XamWv tdmkn-bn-eqsS I -Xv. tIc-f-¯nsâ {][m\
cmjv{Sob Nme-I-am-bn-cp¶ Iem-{]-Øm\w F¶ \ne-bn sI.-]n.-F.-
kn. Zfn-X-tcmSv FSp¯ \ne-]mSpw CXnÂ\n¶pw A´-c-am-bXmbn-cp-
¶n-Ã. ‘\n§-sfs¶ I½yq-Wn-Ìm-¡n’, ‘apSn-b-\mb ]p{X³’ F¶o
\mS-I-§-fpsS ]n³Im-gvN-IÄ Ch-bn-tebv¡v IqSp-XÂ shfn¨w \ÂIp-
¶p- v. \m¸¯n F«p hÀj-ambn sI.-]n.-F.-kn. (K.P.A.C) bnÂ
tPmen sN¿p¶ sI.-]n.-F.kn tPm¬ksâ hm¡p-I-fn-eqsS C§s\
hne-bn-cp-¯mw.
“Ipd-hn-e-§m-«p-sh¨v \ntcm[w h¶p. ]Ån-I-fn-sems¡ A -̈
·mcv ]dªp Cu \mSIw ssZhhnizm-k-¯n\v FXn-cm-Wv. \mSIw
ImWm³ t]mI-cpXv F¶v. ]s£ A¶v \mSIw ImWm³ h¶-h-cnÂ
ap¡mÂ]¦pw It¯m-en-¡-cm-bn-cp-¶p. I -hÀ¡v AXv ]Ån-s¡-Xn-
scm-¶p-a-Ã. Irjn-¡m-c-sâbpw sXmgn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw IY-bmWv F¶p
a\-Ên-embn. AXn-\p-tijw It¯m-en¡m ]ptcm-ln-X-·mcpw I\ym-
kv{Xo-Ifpw sI.-]n.-F.-kn-bpsS \mSIw I p-sIm- n-cp¶p.”60
sXmgn-em-fn-I-fn \n¶pw sI.-]n.-F.kn F§-s\-bmWv ad-¨p-]n-
Sn-¨p-sIm v a[y-hÀ¤-¯nsâ {]iv\-§Ä Ah-X-cn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶Xv F¶v
sI.-]n.-F.-kn. tPm¬ksâ A\p-`-h-km-£y-§-fn \n¶pw hyà-am-
Wv. sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS {]iv\-¯n-tebv¡v Xncn-ªm AXns\ _ln-
jvI-cn-¡m³ ]Ån (church) hnizm-kn-I-tfmSv ]d-bp-t¼m-gmWv ]Ånbpw,
hnizm-kn-Ifpw Adn-bp-¶Xv X§-f-S-§p¶ D]-cn-k-aq-l-§-fpsS {]iv\w
60. t]. 18, am[yaw þ hmcn-I-þ2000-þ-P-\p.28.
hyh-lmcw 153
AYhm IÀj-I-cpsS a[y-hÀ¤-§-fpsS {]iv\-amWv I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n
ssIImcyw sN¿p-¶-Xv. sXmgn-emfn AYhm Zfn-XÀ CXn a\-Ên-em-
hm¯ ]Wn-¡m-cmbn (objects) XpS-cp¶p F¶p am{Xw.
“]s£ ‘\n§-sfs¶ I½yq-Wn-Ìm¡n’ F¶ t]cv tI«p-Xs¶
alm-cmjv{S kÀ¡mÀ \mSIw \ntcm-[n¨p. sI.-]n.-F.-kn-¡mÀ c p-Zn-
hkw AhnsS Xma-kn-¡p-Ibpw XIÀ¶ Xd-hmSv F¶v t]cv amän
ssek³kn\v At]-£n-s -̈¦nepw kv{In]väv ]cn-tim-[n v̈ kÀ¡mÀ A\p-
aXn \ntj-[n-¨p. A§s\ Bdp-\m-S-Ihpw d±m-¡n.”61
‘\n§-sfs¶ I½yq-Wn-Ìm¡n’ F¶ \mSIw icn¡pw kwkm-cn-
¡p-¶Xv ‘XIÀ¶ Xd-hm-Sn’-s\-¡p-dn-¨sÃ? ]ns¶ F´n-\mWv A¡mcyw
ad-¨p-h-bv¡p-¶-Xv. C§-s\-sbmcp ad-¨p-h-bv¡-en-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp¶p ZfnX
kmwkvIm-cnI CS-t¯bv¡v B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS sI.-]n.-F.-kn. Iem-kmw-
kvIm-cnI IS-¶p-I-bäw ]qÀ¯n-bm-¡n-b-Xv. apSnb-\mb ]p{X³ F¶
\mS-I-¯nsâ e£y-§Ä IqSn ]cn-tim-[n-¨m CXv Iptd-¡qSn hyà-
X-bn-se-¯pw.
a[y-hÀK-k-aq-l-¯nsâ {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn-«mWv apSn-b-\mb ]p{X³
\mS-I-¯n {]Xy-£-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. Cu \mS-I-¯n c p hr²-I-Ym-]m-
{X-§-fp- v. ChÀ tImamfn thjw sN¿p-¶-h-cm-Wv. AXn H¶v
imkv{Xn-IÄ F¶ IYm-]m-{X-am-Wv. Ak-a-b-§-fn kwkvIr-X-tÇmIw
Dcp-hn-Sp¶ Ct±lw KmÔn-b-\mbncp¶p. {]mb-¯n aIÄ¡v kam-\-
\mb sXmgn-emfn s]¬Ip-«nsb (sN-dp-asâ aI-sf) {]W-bn-¡m\pw
hnhmlw Ign-¡m\pw Ct±lw k¶-²-\p-am-Wv. \mS-I-¯n\p ]pd¯v
Cu imkv{Xn-IÄ tIi-h-im-kv{Xn-IÄ BsW¶v hyà-am-hpw. A¿³Im-
fn-¡p-tijw km[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-e-\-kw-L-̄ nsâ t\Xm-hm-bn-̄ oÀ¶-bmÄ.
61. t]. 19, am[yaw þ hmcn-I-þ2000-þ-P-\p.28.
hyh-lmcw 154
Fkv.-F³.-Un.-]n.-bv¡p-Xpeyw Zfn-Xsc H¶n¨p \nÀ¯m³ {ian- -̈bmÄ.
imkv{Xn-]-co£ ]mÊmb hyàn-Xzw. A¿³Im-fn-bpsS aIsf hnhmlw
Ign-¨p. F¶m km[p-P\ {]Øm-\-¯n\v th {X apt¶m-«p-t]m-Ip-
hm³ Ign-ªn-Ã. F´n-\mWv imkv{Xn-IÄ F¶ IYm-]m-{Xs¯ \mS-
I-¯n tImam-fn-bm-¡p¶-Xv. Iayq-WnÌv {]Øm\w sNdp-a-cpsS CS-
bn kPo-h-am-b-t¸mÄ F´p-sIm- mWv imkv{Xn-IÄ F¶ IYm-]m{Xw
tImam-fn-bm-bn-¯oÀ¶-Xv. t_m[y-am-hp¶ kwKXn kmap-Zm-bnI {]Øm-
\-¯n \n¶pw Zfn-Xsc cmjv{So-b-]mÀ«n ]nSn-s -̈Sp-¯-t¸mÄ kmap-Zm-
bnI {]Øm-\s¯ tImam-fn-bm-t¡- Xv cmjv{So-b-{]-Øm-\-¯nsâ
Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-¶p. asämcp lmky-I-Ym-]m-{X-ap-ÅXv F³.-F-kv.-F-knsâ
t\Xm-hmWv a¶¯v ]ß-\m-`sâ IYm-]m-{X-am-Wv. Fkv.-F³.-Un.-]n.-
bn \n¶v C¯-c-samcp t\Xm-hnsâ A]-c-Xzhpw IYm-]m-{Xhpw CÃ
F¶Xpw {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p-¶p.*a
alZv kt½-f-\-¯nsâ {]kàn
sImtfm-Wn-b LS-\-bn-eqsS hnImkw hcn¨ PmXnkao-]-\-§-
fpsS XpSÀ -̈IÄ ChnsS hnL-Sn-X kq£va-§-fmbn Nme-I-{]-{In-b-bn-
em-bn-cp¶p F¶mWv hyà-am-t¡- -Xv. {_mÒ-W-Pm-Xn-L-S-\-bpsS
XpSÀ¨-bmbncp¶p CXv. AXn-\pÅ DuÀÖhpw \bhpw sImtfm-Wn-
b LS-\-I-fn-eqsS PmXn-km-aq-ly-]-cX BÀÖn¨p Ign-ªn-cp-¶p.
F¶m sImtfm-Wn-b ]T-\-§-fpsS A`n{]m-b-¯n {_mÒ-W-PmXn
LS-\bv¡v sImtfm-Wn-b _Ôw \ne-\nÀ¯m\pw AXnsâ DtZym-K,
A[n-Im-c-§Ä ]¦p-h-bv¡m\pw H¸w X§-fpsS LS-\-sbbpw, \ne-
sbbpw hne-sbbpw kwc-£n-¡m\pw Ign-ªp. Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc A[n-
Im-c-L-S-\bpw A[n-Im-c-L-S-\bpw X½n-epÅ ]¦p-h-bv¡Â IqSn-bm-bn-
cp¶p CXv.
*a Hcp-]mÀ«n Hcp P\-X-tbmSv sNbvX-Xv. Fw. _n. at\mPv (am-[y-aw).
hyh-lmcw 155
sXmÅm-bn-c¯n ap¸-Xp-I-fn Úm\-]-c-amb ZfnXv am\p-jn-IX
hnImkw t\Sp-I-bp- m-bn. 1927Â al-ZnÂh¨v a\p-kvarXn Nps«-cn-
¡p¶ ka-c-¯nsâ {]tabw Cu am\p-jn-I-X-bp-sSbpw P\m-[n-]-Xy-
¯n-sâbpw hyà-amb ZÀi\w \ÂIn-bn-cp-¶p.*14 F¶m tImf\n
B[p-\n-I-X (colonial modernity)bpw, B[p-\n-I-Xbpw C¯-c-samcp
{ias¯ ]pd-´-Åm³ bXv\n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. I -̈hSw kz´-amb
ImÀjn-I-Po-hn-Xw, hnÚm-\-ta-Je F¶n-h-bn-te-¡pÅ hgn-IÄIqSn
Cu s]mXp-t_m[w Is¿m-gn-bm³ bXv\n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. B[p-\n-I-
L-S-\-bnepw Zfn-X-{]-t£m-`-§Ä ]c-¼-cm-KX kao-]-\-§Äs¡-Xnsc
\ne-]m-sS-Sp-¯-s¸m-sgms¡ \μnbpw / \μn-tISpw, DS-abpw / arKhpw
X½n-epÅ _Ô-¯nsâ kam\-]-cm-aÀi-§-fmWv A[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-§-
fn \n¶v DbÀ¶p-h-¶n-«p-Å-Xv.
thmÄtkm-bn¦ amÀIvkn-Ìp-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v C§s\ ]cm-aÀin-¨n-«p-
v. Idp-¯-hÀ Ah-cpsS kzXz-{]-Jym-]\w \S-¯p-t¼m-Ä, \n§sf
hfÀ¯n hep-Xm-¡n-bXv R§-fm-Wv. \n§-fn-t¸mÄ R§Äs¡Xnsc
*14 {]ta-b-̄ n C§s\ tcJ-s -̧Sp-̄ n-bn-cn-¡p¶p
I. sslμh kap-Zm-b-̄ nsâ ]X-\-̄ n\p ImcWw a\p-jysâ P·m-h-Im-i-§Ä Fs´m-s¡-bm-
sW¶v Adn-bm³ _lp-P\w an\-s¡-Sm-̄ -Xm-bn-cp-¶p. X§-fpsS Øm\tam ]Z-hntbm AwKo-
I-cn-¡-s -̧Sp-¶p-t m-sb¶v AhÀ Dd-̧ p-h-cp-̄ m-̄ -Xp-sIm- m-bn-cp-¶p. a\p-jy\pw a\p-jy\pw
X½n-ep-Å, hÀ¤hpw hÀ¤hpw X½n-epÅ ka-c-̄ n Ah Nhn-«n-b-c-¡-s¸-Sp-¶n-söv Dd-̧ p-
h-cp-̄ p-I-bmWv GsXmcp hyàn-bp-sSbpw Znhy-amb [Àaw.
II. cmjv{So-btam, km¼-̄ n-I-tam, kmaq-lytam Bb Pohn-X-cw-K-§-fn kmaq-lnI ]Z-hn-bnÂ
sshPmXyw D m-¡p¶ GsXmcp {]hÀ¯n-sbbpw FXnÀt¡- -Xm-Wv.
III. FÃm A[n-Im-chpw P\-§-fn \n¶mWv DÛ-hn-¡p-¶-Xv. GsX-¦nepw hyàntbm hn`m-
Ktam Ah-Im-i-s -̧Sp¶ hnti-jm-[n-Imcw P\-§-fm AwKo-I-cn-¡-s -̧Sp¶XsÃ-¦n Ahbv¡v
bmsXmcp km[p-X-bp-an-Ã.
IV. {]hÀ¯n kzmX-{´y-hpw, A`n-{]mb kzmX-{´yhpw Hmtcm hyàn¡pw AÀl-X-s¸-«-Xm-Wv.
V. \nb-a-̄ n\v hnt[-b-a-Ãm-̄ Xv lnμp-hn-s\-s¡m v \nÀ_-Ôn¨v sN¿n-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. C¡m-c-
W-̄ m s]mXp-\n-c-̄ p-IÄ, s]mXp InW-dp-Ifpw Ipf-§-fpw, s]mXp-t£-{X-§Ä, aäv s]mXp-
ku-I-cy-§Ä F¶nh D]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ Bfp-Isf XS-Ê-s¸-Sp-̄ m³ ]mSn-Ã.
VI. \nb-a-sa-¶Xv hyàn-bp-sStbm hyàn-I-fp-sStbm Iq«-̄ nsâ BÚ-b-Ã. ]cn-hÀ¯-\-̄ n-
\p-th- n-bpÅ P\-§-fpsS \nÀt±-i-amWv \nb-aw. AXm-bXv \nbaw BZ-cn-¡-s¸-S-W-sa-
¦nÂ, AXv kÀh-cp-sSbpw AwKo-Im-c-t¯msS \nÀ½n-¡-Ww. bmsXmcp hyXym-khpanÃmsX
FÃm-hÀ¡pw Hcp-t]mse _m[-I-am-¡-Ww. kmaq-lnI hn -̀P\w kaq-l-\-·bv¡v Hgn-̈ p-Iq-Sm-
\m-h¯XmsW-¦nÂ, A¯cw hn -̀P\w P·-̄ nsâ ASn-Øm-\-̄ n-em-bn-cn-¡-cp-Xv, aqey-̄ nsâ
ASn-Øm-\-¯n-em-bn-cn-¡-Ww. (t]. 152-þ159, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ,
hmeyw-þ10)
hyh-lmcw 156
\n¡p-¶p F¶v amÀIvknÌp-IÄ i{Xp¯w Øm]n-¡m-dp v. CXn\v
kam-\-amb \μnbpw / \μn-tISpw F¶ {]Jym-]-\-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv A[n-
Im-c-_Ôw PmXn-hÂIr-X-k-aq-l-¯nepw kq£va-tI-{μ-ap-d-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.
FXnÀ {[ph-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pÅ kao-]-\s¯ N{μ-_m³{]-kmZv hne-bn-cp-
¯p-¶-Xn-§-s\-bm-Wv.*15 ZfnXsc kwth-Zn-¡p¶ Cu am\-kn-I-`u-Xn-I-
X-bmWv AXnsâ {]Xo-Im-ßI A[n-Imcw (symbolic power)
ssIImcyw sN¿p¶ thdn« kwK-Xn.
kzman B\-μ-XoÀ°À
tIc-f-¯nsâ B[p-\nI kaqlw Hcp t\Àtc-J-bnepw AtX-k-
abw \nc-h[n Gt¦m-Wn-¸p-I-fn-ep-amWv hc-bv¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶Xv F¶v hn.-
hn.-kzm-an-bpw, sI.-Sn. dPn-Ip-amdpw Fgp-Xn-bn-«p- v. “]gb Xncp-hn-Xmw-
IqÀ, hiyhpw Ipeo-\-hp-amb `q]-S-§Ä, cmPm-¡-·m-cpsS Xe-am-ä-§Ä,
tIm«-IÄ, sh«n-¸n-Sn-¯-§Ä, {_mÒW A[n-hmktI{μ-§Ä, t£{X-
§Ä, iq{Z-tI-{μo-IrX ImÀjn-I-{Km-a-§Ä, {InkvXym-\n-IÄ, Ipeo-\-
k-ap-Zm-b-§-fpsS amlm-ßy-I-Y-IÄ CÆn[w t\Àtc-J-bn-eqsS F¶p
tXm¶pw-h®w hc-¨p-Im-Wn-¡p¶ Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnsâ ̀ q]-S-§Ä Øm\w
*15 “\n§-sfmcp ZznP-\mbmWv R§-fpsS hntÃ-Pn F¯p-¶Xv F¦n \n§Ä Hcp AIew
]men-̈ n-«p- m-hpw. \n§-fpsS InW-dn \n¶pw shÅsaSp-¡m³ A\p-h-Zn-¡p-I-bn-Ã. Fsâ
kmao-]y-̄ m Aip-²-am-hp-¶-Xn-\m \n§-f-hnsS \n¶v amdn-¡-f-tª-¡mw. \o Fsâ-b-Sp-
t¯¡v hcp-¶Xv bmZ-h³, Pm«v, KpÖm-dv, I½, tXhÀ F¶n-§s\ sXm«p-Iq-«mbva ]men-¡m-
¯-h-cpsS cq]-̄ n-em-Wv. AtX-k-abw Fsâ sXmgn-en\v A\p-k-cn¨v thX\w Xcm-Xn-cn-¡p-
Ibpw sN¿pw. CXv \n§-fpsS em¯n-bm-sW-¦n AXn\v Hcp-]mSp Imcy-§Ä ]d-bm-\p- m-
hpw. \n§Ä Hcp cmjv{Sob t\Xm-hmbn Ft¸mÄ ASp-s¯-̄ ptam AXv Fs¶ kwh-c-W-
s¸-Sp-̄ m-\m-bn-cn-¡pw. \osbmcp ta DtZym-K-Ø-\m-bmWv hcp-¶-sX-¦n Rm³ Øew
amä-s -̧Sp-¶-Xnsâ Zqcw F{X-ta Bbn-cn-¡pw. \n§-sfmcp A¡m-Z-an-j-t\m, sshkvNm³k-
etdm Bbn-«mWv hcp-¶-sX-¦n H«pw t]Sn-t¡ Fs¶ Hcn-¡epw Hcp s{]m^-k-dm-bn-¡m-
Wm³ F\n-¡-h-kcw D m-hp-I-bn-Ã. \n§-sfmcp Nn{X-Im-c-\m-bn h¶m Fsâ thZ-\bpw
Zpcn-Xhpw Iym³hmkntebv¡v tamjvSn-s -̈Sp¡pw. Hcp \Ã ]cn-ØnX {]hÀ -̄I-\mbn
ap¶n¯s¶ \n¡pw. Ft¸mÄ Hcp hyh-kmbnbmbn hcp-¶pthm At¸mÄ \n§-fpsS
Dev]-¶-§-fpsS UoeÀjn v̧ F\n¡v \ÂIn-bn-«p- m-hn-Ã. \n§-sfmcp Nmcn-ä-_nÄ {SÌnsâ
\S-̄ n-̧ p-Im-c-\m-bn-cn-¡mw, F\n¡v {Kmâ v Xcm³ \n§Ä aSn-̈ n-cn-¡pw. \n§-fpsS Nmcn-än¡v
NmXpÀhÀWy-̄ nsâ aXnev IS-¶p-h-cmt\ Ign-bn-Ã. \n§-sfmcp FUn-ä-dmbn Fsâ ap¶n-
te¡p IS-¶p-h-cn-I. At¸mÄ Hcn-¡ew \n§Ä¡v Fsâ `mj CjvS-s¸-Sn-Ã. At¸mÄ
Rm\n-S-s]-«m \n§Ä ]dbpw CXn\v Idâ v kz`mhw Cà F¶v.” (P. 53, Touch me if youcan this millenium,The Dalit Diary Chandra Bhan Prasad.)
hyh-lmcw 157
sXänbpw Gt¦m-Wn-¸p-I-tfm-sSbpw \ne-\n¡p¶p”62 F¶v hc-¨p-Im-
«p-¶p.
C¯cw Gt¦m-Wn-¸nsâ i_vZ-am-bn-cp¶p kzman B\-μ-XoÀ°tâ-
Xv. C.-]n. cmP-tKm-]m-esâ \nco-£-W-§-fn C§s\ ]d-bp-¶p. “{_Ò-
k-Xyw, PKXv anYy” F¶ {_mÒ-W-th-Zm-´-¯n Nqj-W-¯nsâ
X{´w kzman hmbn-s -̈Sp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p... A{_m-Ò-Wn-I-amb k¶ym-
k-k-¦Â]w km£m-XvI-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p kzman B\-μ-XoÀYÀ. C´y-
t]mse aX-PmXn D]-PmXn k{¼-Zmb§fpw AXnsâ tZiy-t -̀Z-§fpw
sIm v k¦oÀW-amb Hcn-S¯v B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS imkv{Xo-b-Xbv¡pw
bpàn-Nn-´¡pw ]cn-hÀ¯-\-{]-ta-b-¯n\pw \nc-¡p¶ atX-X-c-am-b,
A[zm-\n-¡p¶ icocw F¶ Bibw {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m-
\pÅ t¢i-§-fmWv kzman tZl-¯p-S-\ofw XpSÀ -̈bm-bn-s«-¶-h®w A\p-
`-hn¨v ]oU-\-§Ä. {_mÒW ico-c-¯nsâ ]cn-Wmaw F¶ hnjbw
IqSn CXn-ep v F¶v ImWp-t¼mÄ kzman-bpsS Pohn-X-{]-tabw Iptd-
¡qSn {]Xn-]mT kz`m-hn-bm-hp-¶p- v.”63
B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS imkv{Xo-b-X-bpw, bpàn-Nn-´bpw tIc-f-¯nÂ
F§s\ {]hÀ¯n¨p F¶-Xnsâ ico-c-`m-j-W-amWv B\-μ-XoÀ°À.
ico-c-§Ä¡pta \nμy-hpw, ASn-a-¯-hpw, ASn-t¨Â¸n-¡p-hm³ D]-
tbm-Kn-¡p¶ ico-cw, icocw Xs¶ AÃ F¶ ‘PK-XvanYy’ ZÀi-\s¯
{_mÒ-WÀ Zfn-XÀ¡pw Iogm-fÀ¡pwta XpSÀ¶p-h-¶-Xns\ B\-μ-
XoÀ°-cn-tebv¡pw kw{I-an-¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. B\-μ-XoÀ°À Zfn-X-
scbpw Iogm-f-scbpw t£{X-¯n {]th-in-¸n¡m³ B[p-\n-I-k-aq-l-
¯nsâ imkv{X-hpw, bpànbpw D]-tbm-Kn¨v {ian-¨-t¸mÄ Abn¯
kam-\-\mbn B\-μ-XoÀ°sâ icocw aen-\-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p
62. t]. 10, Bß-I-Y-bpsS Øew, am[yaw hmcnI, 2005 s^{_p-hcn 25.
63. t]. 21, am[yaw 2006, sk]vXw-_À þ15.
hyh-lmcw 158
AYhm icocw Xs¶ CÃm-Xm-¡p-I- (P-KXvanYy)bm-bn-cp¶p {_mÒ-
Wo-b-X.
C.-]n. cmP-tKm-]m apt¶m«p-h-bv¡p¶ c m-as¯ \nco-£Ww
“kzman B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS hI-I-fmb \oXn-\ym-b-hy-h-Ø-bp-sSbpw \nb-
a-]-cn-]m-e-\-tk-\-bp-sSbpw klmbw tXSp-¶p- v... t]meo-kn ]cmXn
sImSp-¡p-Ibpw tImS-Xn-bn lÀPn ^b sN¿epw Xsâ ssien-
bmbn kzman hfÀ¯n-s¡m- p-h-¶n-cp-¶p.”64 B[p-\nI C´y-bpsS kz`m-
hs¯ Awt_-ZvIÀ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶Xv AXnsâ kq£va-tI-{μ-§-fn-epw,
AS-cp-I-fnepw {_mÒ-Wn-IX {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ bm{´n-I-X-sb-¡p-dn-¨m-
Wv. “C´y-bpsS Xe-Øm\w apXÂ {Kma-X-ew-h-sc-bpÅ `cWw \S-
¯p-¶Xv lnμp-¡-fm-Wv. kÀh-hym-]n-bmb ssZh-s¯-t¸mse lnμp-
¡Ä Imcy-\nÀh-l-W-cw-K¯v Bk-Iew hym]-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv. AXnsâ
FÃm {_m©p-I-fnepw ap¡nepw aqe-bnepw Ah-cpsS A[n-Im-c-i-àn-
bp- v. ]g-b-{I-as¯ FXnÀ¡p-¶-hÀ¡v c£-s]-Sm³ bmsXmcp ]gp-
Xp-an-Ã. dh\yp, t]meo-kv, \oXn-\ymbw F¶n-§s\ GXp hIp-¸nepw
Ch-cmWv Imcy-\nÀh-lWw \S-¯p-¶-Xv.”65
“PmXn, B[p-\nI kaq-l-¯n\v KpW-I-c-am-b-sXm¶pw hnX-c-Ww
sN¿p-¶n-Ã. {_mÒW sshZn-I³amÀ¡v Ah-cpsS Ip¯I \ne-\nÀ¯m-
\pÅ Ah-k-c-§-sfm-cp--¡n-s¡m-Sp-¡p¶p. Ah-cpsS kmaq-ln-Ihpw aX-
]-c-hp-amb Øm]-\-§Ä k¼-¶-am-hp-¶p. {_mÒ-WÀ am{X-amWv ̀ qansb
apgp-h³ D]-tbm-Kn-t¡- Xv F¶-hÀ hne-bn-cp-¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
F®m-\m-hm¯ A¼-e-§-fn \n¶p e`n-¡p¶ XpI D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-
¶Xv Cu {_mÒW ]ptcm-ln-X-cm-Wv. km[m-cW a\p-jyÀ XoÀ°-bm-
{X-bn-eqsS sIm p-s¡m-Sp-¡p¶ XpI Cu {_mÒ-Wsc k¼-¶-am-¡p-
64. t]. 22, am[y-aw, sk]vXw-_À þ 15, 2006.
65. t]. 126, tUm. Awt_-ZvIÀ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ, hmeyw-þ9.þ
hyh-lmcw 159
Ibpw AtX-k-abw km[m-c-W-¡m-cn \n¶pw {_mÒ-W-cpsS hmXn-ep-
IÄ Ft¸mgpw AS-¨p-h-bv¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. bmsXmcp PmXn Xncnhpw
Iminsâ Imcy-¯n ImWn-¡msX AXv cmPy-¯nsâ \m\m-`m-K-¯p-
\n¶psa¯p¶ km[m-c-W-¡m-cpsS t]m¡-äns\ Ic-Ø-am-¡p-¶p.
F¶m PmXn-]-c-a-Ãm¯sXm¶pw kw -̀hn-¡p-¶p-an-Ã.”66 kzman [Àa-
XoÀ° sslμ{_mÒ-Wo-b-Xsb hnaÀin-¡p-¶Xv AXv sslμ-h-k-aq-
l-¯nsâ Xncn-hp-I-sf-bpw, ASp¡p-I-sfbpw AtX coXn-bn kzoI-cn-
¡p-Ibpw \S-¸n-em-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶p F¶ AÀ°-¯n-em-Wv.
k\ym-kn-am-cpsS thj-¯n {]Ý-¶-cmbn h¶ IÃd kpIp-am-
c³ {]Øm-\-¯nsâ CS-s]-SÂ, ae-_m-dn-sebpw Be-¸p-g-bn-sebpw
lcn-P-\-{]-Øm-\-§Ä F¶n-h-bmWv Kpcp-hm-bqÀ A¼-e-¯n ]qWqÂ
CÃmsX DuWp-I-gn-¡m³ t]mb B\-μ-XoÀ°À¡v aÀ±-\-ta-ä-t¸mÄ
{]Xn-I-cn¨ {]Øm-\-§Ä. F´p-sIm- v C{Xbpw Npcp-§n-t¸mbn tIc-
f-¯nsâ PmXn-hn-cp² kmaq-ly-hn-Im-cw. kzman kz´w ico-cs¯
PmXn \nÀ½q-e-\-¯n-\mbn D]-tbm-Kn- -̈Xp-t]mse lcn-P-\-§Ä am{Xta
D m-bn-cp-¶pÅp adn¨v kzman-¡p-th- nbpw icocw aÀ±-\-taÂ]n-
bv¡m³. I½yq-WnÌv {]Øm-\-§-f-S-¡-ap-Å-hÀ lcn-P-\-§-sf-bpw,
kmaq-ly-]-cn-jvIÀ¯m-¡-sfbpw Is¿m-gn-ª-Xnsâ kqN-I-§Ä IqSn-
bm-bn-cp¶p CXv.
`qanbv¡v shfn-bn kwLw tNtc- n-h-¶-hÀ
ZfnXv ico-c-§Ä¡vta {_mÒ-Wo-b-X {]I-S-am-bn-cp¶ AZri-
X-bpsS asämcp kmaq-ly-a-dp-]-Sn-bm-bn-cp¶p ̀ qan-bp-Ån-S-s¯m¶pw kwLw
tNcm³ A\p-aXn \ntj-[n-¡p-Ibpw HSp-hn sIm¨n-¡m-b-en N§mSw
sI«n sNdp-h-Å-§-fn Ahn-sS-sb¯n sIm¨n-¸p-e-bÀ ]WvUnäv sI.-
66. P. 186, History of Hindu Imperialism, Swami Dharma Theertha, B.A., L.L.B.
hyh-lmcw 160
]n. Idp-¸sâ t\Xr-Xz-¯n \S-¯nb kt½-f-\w.67
tIc-f-¯nsâ a®n kwL-Sn-X-cm-bn-cn-¡m³ s]mXp-Øew A\p-
h-Z-\o-b-am-hm-Xn-cn-¡p-I. AYhm `qan-bnÂ\n¶pw amdn-\nÂt¡- n-h-
cp¶ Ah-Ø. s]mbvI-bn A¸-¨sâ {]Øm\w Ing-¡³ ImSp-I-fn-
emWv AXn-\pÅ Øew Hcp-¡n-sb-Sp-¯Xv. ‘Ipf-¯qÀ Ip¶nÂ’ h¨m-
bn-cp¶p s]mbvI-bn A¸-¨³ tbmKw \S-¯n-b-Xv. Cu c p kwLw-
tN-cepw \S-¡p-¶Xv68 1906, 07 Ime-L-«-§-fn-em-Wv. tIc-f-¯nse `qan-
im-kv{X-¯nsâ c p-]p-d-t¼m-¡p-I-fn-emWv Cu IqSn-t -̈c-en\v Ah-k-c-
sam-cp-§n-b-Xv. H¶v Ing¡pw H¶p ]Sn-ªm-dpw. `qan-im-kv{X-¯nsâ
]pd-t¼m-¡p-Isf ]cn-tim-[n-¨m Cu kaq-l-¯nsâ i_vZhpw
tNmZyhpw BWv tIc-f-¯nsâ B[p-\n-I-X-bnse {][m-\-s¸« kmaq-
ly-A-h-Im-i-[m-c-IÄ F¶p ImWmw.
IS-en-te-¡pw, Ic-bn-te¡pw ASn-a-I-fm-¡-s¸« ico-c-§-fm-bn-cp¶p
ChÀ. tImf\n B[p-\n-I-X-tbmsS AXv tXm«w h\-ta-J-e-bn-te¡pw
ASn-a-I-fmbn hn\y-kn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. A\nÂIp-amÀ F.-hn, ‘ -bn-
c-aymhv’ F¶ Ah-km-\s¯ ASn-asb-¡p-dn¨v Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. sI.-
sP.-t_-_n, BZn-hm-kn-I-fn ASn-a-bm-¡-s¸« ssI¸m-S-s\-¡p-dn¨v Fgp-
Xn-bn-«p- v. bqtdm-]y³ ASn-a- -̄¯nsâ kz`m-hhpw C´y³ kz`m-hhpw
F§s\ hyXym-k-am-bn-cn-¡p¶p F¶v Ignª A[ym-b-¯n NÀ¨
sNbvXn-«p- v. B[p-\nI tIc-f-¯nsâ hyh-lmc cq]s¯ ]cn-tim-[n-
¡p-hm³ {][m-\-ambpw AXnsâ kmaq-ly-kz-`m-h-¯n kw`-hn¨
A«nadnsb ]cn-tim-[-\m-hn-t[-b-am-t¡- n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Zfn-Xsc kw_-
Ôn¨nSt¯mfw AXv CS-s]-S-en-sâbpw A«n-a-dn-bp-sSbpw kmaq-ly-kz-
`m-hs¯ shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.
67. t]. 30-þ33, amXr-̀ qan BgvN-̧ -Xn¸v þ s^{_p. 22-þ28, 2004.
68. t]. 35þ37, s]mbvI-bn {ioIp-am-c-Kpcp þ sI.-Sn. dPn-Ip-amÀ
hyh-lmcw 161
1893se hnÃp-h- n-bm-{X, 1904se kvIqÄ{]-th-i-\-k-acw Cu c p
LS-I-§Ä am{Xw A¿³Im-fn-bn \n¶v {][m-\-ambn ]cn-tim-[n¨p
t\m¡p-I. Cu c p {ia-§fpw s]mXp kaq-l-¯n-\mbn Xpd-¶p-sIm-
Sp-¡p¶ kac-{]-{In-b-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. CS-hgnIfpw, ]pd-h-gn-Ifpw s]mXp-
h-gn-bn-tebv¡pw {]th-in-¡p-¶-Xnsâ kqNIw Bbn-cp-¶p. kvIqÄ {]th-
i\w Zfn -XÀ¡v am{X-am-bn -cp -¶nà CXc PmXn-þ -km-aqly A\y-
§Ä¡pIqSn Xpd-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. 1905 Nm¯w ]p¯p-cm-im\pw,
s]mbvI-bn tbml-¶m\pw tNÀ¶v cq]o-I-cn-¡p¶ Bßo-b-]-Øm\w
{]Xy-£-c-£m-ssZ-h-k- -̀bpsS (PRDS) XpS¡w Ipdn-¨p. Bßo-b-amb
At\z-j-W-¯nsâ XpS¡w Cu L«-¯n Bcw-`n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
ZfnXv ss{IkvXh-k-aq-l-¯nsâ ap³I-¿n sslμh þ ss{IkvXh
sFIy-¯n-\mbn a[y-tI-c-f-¯n kPo-h-amb {]Øm-\-ambn¯oÀ¶n-
cp¶p 1921-I-fn tNc-aÀa-lm-P-\-k-`. sIm¨n-bnepw ae-_m-dnepw PmXn-
hn-cp² P\m-[n-]-Xy-{]-Øm-\-§Ä hnImkw t\Sp-I-bp- m-bn. C¯cw
{]Øm-\-§Ä¡v GIo-I-cn-̈ Xpw hnim-e-hp-amb km[y-X-bn-tebv¡v {]th-
in-¡m³ Ign-ªn-cp-¶n-Ã. adn¨v AXn\p ap¼p-Xs¶ A«n-a-dn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-
bm-bn-cp-¶p. C¯cw CS-s]-S-en-sâbpw A«n-a-dn-bp-sSbpw kmaq-ly-kz-
`m-h-amWv B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS hyh-lm-cw.
N«-¼n-kzm-an-I-fpw, {io\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cphpw {][m\ aWvU-e-¯n-
te-bv¡v, ]cn-hÀ¯\ aWvU-e-¯n-tebv¡v Du¶n-b-t¸mÄ ssXbv¡m«v
A¿m-hp-kzm-an, A¿³Imfn, s]mbvI-bn Ipam-c-Kp-cptZ-h³, tPm¬
tPmk^v ]m¼m-Sn, sI.-]n. Idp-¸³, ktlm-Z-c³ A¿-¸³, F¶n-§s\
Hcp Bßobþkm-aq-ly-þ-cm-jv{Sob t\XrXzw A«n-a-dn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-
¶p. CXnsâ {][m-\-{]iv\w sslμ-h, ss{IkvXh PmXn-þ-km-aq-ly-þ-
cm-jv{So-b-þ-B-ßob {]iv\-§sf ChÀ Bg-¯n shÃp-hn-fn¨p F¶-
Xm-bn-cp-¶p. Cusbmcp \ne-]mSv ad-¨p-h-bv¡-s¸-Sp-I-bpw, kz´w kap-
Zm-b-§-fpsS D¶-a-\-¯n\v F¶v sXän¨p hmbn-¨p-sIm- pw, ChÀ
hyh-lmcw 162
apt¶m«psIm p-t]mb Bi-b-§sf X«n-¸-dn-¨p-sIm- p-amWv tZiob
{]Øm-\-§-fpw, I½yq-WnÌv {]Øm-\-§fpw tIc-f-¯n P\-Io-bm-Sn-
¯d \nÀ½n-s -̈Sp-¯-Xv.
tZi-cm-jv{So-b-¯n KmÔnPn lnμp-P-\-X-bpsS PmXn-þ-k-aq-l-
¯nsâ Hcp LSIw F¶ \ne-bn am{X-amWv lcn-P-\-§sf F®n-b-
Xv. CXm-hs« P\-X-sb¶ \ne-bn-epÅ Zfn-X-cpsS Ncn-{X-s¯-bpw,
kwkvIm-c-s¯-bpw, kzXz-s¯bpw Is¿mgn-bp¶ kao-]-\-am-bn-cp¶p.
Cu BZÀi kao-]-\-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-hn-cp-²-X-bv¡pw, a\p-jy-hn-cp-²-X-
bv¡p-sa-Xnsc Awt_-ZvIÀ \ne-bp-d-¸n-¡p-I-bp- m-bn. tIc-f¯nse
tIm¬{K-Êns\ kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw KmÔn-
Pn-bpsS Nne A\p-I-c-W-§Ä am{X-am-bn-cp¶p lcn-P³k-aq-lw.
A¿³Imfn hnfn¨ km[p-P-\-¯n \n¶pw KmÔnPn hnfn¨ ]pe-
b-\n-te-¡pw, s]mbvI-bn Ipam-c-Kp-cp-tZ-h³ hnfn¨ ASn-a-k-´Xn,
tPm¬ tPmk^v ]m¼mSnbpsS tNc-aÀ P\w F¶n-h-bnÂ\n¶pw lcn-
P-\-¯n-tebv¡v (ssZ-h-a-¡Ä AYhm amXmhpw ]nXmhpw CÃm-¯-hÀ)
amän {]Xn-jvTn-¡-s¸« Htc Hcp kaqlw tIc-f-¯n Zfn-X-cm-bn-cp-¶p.*16
km[p, ASn-a-k-´-Xn, tNc-aÀ F¶o \ma-t[-b-§Ä DbÀ¯n-s¡m- p-
h¶ Bßm-`n-am-\w, Bßo-bm-t\z-j-Ww, Ncn-{X-]-c-X, P\m-[n-]-Xy-k-
ao-]\w F¶nh ad-bv¡s¸Sp-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. sslμ-h-N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ-bpw,
hnizm-k-§-fp-sS-bpw, ss{IkvX-hn-b-X-bpsS Bßo-b-[m-c-bv¡pw-taÂ
*16 ‘km[p’ F¶ ]Zw ]men-̀ m-j-bn \n¶p-Å-Xm-Wv. sshÚm-\n-I³, F¶À°-am-¡p-¶p.
{_mÒ-Wþ_p² kwL-«-\-Im-e-̄ n AÀ°w XInSw adnª ]Z-§-fm-Wv km[p, ̀ n£p,
UmIn\n [À½w F¶n-§s\ ]Z-§Ä. `n£p-þ-]n¨ sX p¶ F¶ AÀ°-̄ n-te-¡pw,
km[p-þ-Z-cn-{ZÀ F¶ AÀ°-̄ n-te-¡pw, UmIn\n þ a{´-hm-Zn-̄ Å F¶pw, [À½w þ lnμp-
¡-fpsS AÔ-hn-izm-k-N-S-§p-I-fmb [Àaw F¶ ]Z-̄ n-te¡pw XInSw adn-¡-s -̧«p. A¿³Im-
fn-bpsS ‘km[p’ P\w sshÚm-\n-IX BÀ-Ön-¡p-¶, ]¯p _n.-F-¡m-cpsS P\-am-bn-cp-¶p.
F¶m 1937 P\p-h-cn-bnÂ, sh§m-\q-cn F¯nb KmÔnPn ‘]pe-b-cm-Pmhv’ F¶mWv
A¿³Im-fnsb hnti-jn-̧ n-̈ -Xv. A¿³Im-fn-bpsS {]Øm\w ]pe-b-cp-tS-Xp-am-{X-amb {]Øm\w
Bbn-cp-¶n-Ã. s]mbvI-bn Ipam-c-Kp-cp-hn-sâ-Xpw, ]m¼mSn tPm¬ tPmk-̂ n-tâXpw D]-Pm-
Xn-¡p-]p-d-t¯¡v k©-cn-¡p¶ {]Øm-\-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p. (Km-Ônbpw A¿³Im-fnbpw IqSn-¡mgvN
DbÀ¯p¶ {]iv\-§Ä þ kPn. sI. tPmk-̂ v, t]. 190, KmÔn-þ-Km-Ônkw þ Zfn-XÀ, Zfn-
Xv_Ôp)
hyh-lmcw 163
ChÀ \S-¯nb hnaÀi-\-§-fm-bn-cp¶p C¯-c-samcp A«n-a-dn-bv¡p
khÀW-k-aq-ls¯ t{]cn-¸n-¨-Xv.
Awt_-ZvI-dnsâ \nco-£-Ws¯ (_p-²-a-X-¯nsâ hn¹-hs¯
{_mÒ-W³ {]Xn-hn-¹hwsIm v ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¯m³ {ian-¨p) hni-I-e-
\-¯n-s\-Sp-¡p-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ, B[p-\nI tIc-f-¯n A¿³Im-fn-bpw,
s]mbvI-bn Ipam-c-Kp-cp-tZ-h-\pw, tPm¬ tPmk^pw AS-§p¶ Zfn-Xv-
þ-Io-gm-fÀ \S-¯nb hn¹-h-{i-a-§sf PmXn-k-hÀW-X-bpsS B[p-\n-I-cq-
]-§-fm-bn-cp¶ tZiob {]Ø-\-§-fpw, ]f-fn-bpw, I½yq-WnÌv CS-s]-S-
ep-Ifpw {]Xn-hn-¹-h-¯n-eqsS A{]-Xy-£-h-ev¡-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
Zfn-Xsc kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw kmap-Zm-bn-I-am-bpw, cmjv{So-b-ambpw
AXv On¶-`n-¶-am-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. adn-¨p-Å-hsc kw_-Ôn-¨m-hs«
Gdnbpw Ipdªpw, kmap-Zm-bn-I-hpw, cmjv{So-bhpw Bbn AYhm Bßo-
bhpw `uXn-I-hp-ambn B[p-\nI tIcfw \nc-h[n Ah-k-c-§Ä¡pw,
aÕ-c-§Ä¡pw km[yX Hcp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
kztZ-im-`n-am-\n-bpw Úm\-tPmjzmbpw
t]meo-knsâ It¿-ä-¯n\v ]{Xm-[n-]À hnt[-b-\mtb¡psa¶
`oXn-aqew tUmIvSsd hcp¯n ]cn-tim-[n-¸n-¡-W-sa¶p NneÀ At±-
ls¯ \nÀ_-Ôn-¨p. F¶m AXnsâ Bhiyw D m-bn-Ã. tÌjsâ
hcm-´-bn¯s¶ ]{Xm-[n-]À¡v Hcp Itkc \ÂIn. At±lw t{]£-
IÀ¡v A`n-ap-J-am-bn-cp-¶-t¸mÄ P\-k-©bw BÀ¯p-hn-fn-¨p. apd-{]-
Imcw tIsk-Sp¯p cma-Ir-jvW-]n-Åsb in£n-¡p-sa-¶pÅ hnizm-k-
¯n Ipd-¨p-I-gnªv P\-§Ä ]ncn-ªp-t]m-bn.*17 cma-Ir-jvW-]n-Å-
*17 in£m-ap-d-IÄ ̀ n¶ kap-Zm-b-§Ä¡v ̀ n¶-amb coXn-bn-em-bn-cp¶p. C´y³ in£m-ap-d-I-fpsS
kz`mhw ChnsS ZÀin-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. C¯cw in£m-k-ao-]-\-amWv B[p-\nI tIc-f-̄ nse
tImS-Xn-Isfbpw, XS-hp-Im-scbpw AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-̄ n-b-Xv. tImS-Xn-hn-[n-I-fpsS DÅn PmXn-
t_m[w {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p- v. CXv ̀ c-Wm-L-S-\m-hn-cp-²-amb kwK-Xn-bm-Wv. an{i-hn-hm-ln-X-
cpsS Ip«n-IÄ¡m-bpÅ ZfnXv kwh-c-W-{]-iv\-̄ n ]nXm-hnsâ PmXn¡v am{Xw F¶v tImSXn
hyh-lmcw 164
bpsS kpJ-ku-I-cy-§Ä t]meokv {]tXyIw {i²n-¨n-cp-¶p. Xsâ
t]cn Hcp tIsk-Sp¯v hnNm-cW sN¿p-sa-¶m-bn-cp¶p ]{Xm-[n-]-cpsS
hnNmcw. F¶m kq{] v C³kvs]-IvSsc hnfn¨v Ft´m Hcp
tcJ GÂ]n-¡p-¶Xv ]{Xm-[n-]À I p. A\-´-c-apÅ Hcp-¡-§Ä¡v,
Xs¶ \mSp-I-S-¯m-\pÅ BÚ-bm-bn-cn¡pw kq{] v Gev]n- -̈sX¶v
]{Xm [n-]À XoÀ -̈bm-¡n. Cu hnhcw BZyw C³kvs]-IvS-dnÂ\n¶pw
]{Xm-[n-]À tKm]\w sN¿m³ {ian-s -̈¦nepw ‘bm{X Ft¸m-gmhmw’?
F¶pÅ ]{Xm-[n-]cpsS tNmZy-¯nÂ\n¶pw B DtZym-K-Ø\v Hgn-ªp-
am-dm³ km[n-¨n-Ã. cm{Xn ]{´- p-a-Wn¡p Xncn-¡m-sa¶p am{Xw
C³kvs]-IvSÀ adp-]Sn ]d-ªp. CXn-\n-Sbv¡v Xm³ a{Zm-kn-tebv¡v
t]mhp-I-bm-W-¶pÅ hnhcw `mcysb Adn-bn-¡m³ Nne GÀ¸m-Sp-IÄ
]{Xm-[n-]À sNbvXp. {ioaXn Ieym-Wn-b½ Bhs« hoSp-]q«n ap{Z-h- -̈
Xn-\m Ip«n-I-tfm-Sp-IqSn _Ôp-{K-ls¯ A`bw {]m]n-¨p. bm{Xbv¡p
PUv¡ X¿m-dm-bn. C³kvs]-IvSÀamcmb ]n¨p A¿-¦mcpw tKmhn-μ-¸n-
Åbpw ]{Xm-[n-]-tcm-sSm-¶n¨v h n-I-b-dn.” kztZ-im-̀ n-am\n cma-Ir-jvW-
]n-Åsb \mSp-I-S-¯p-¶-Xnsâ hnh-c-W-amWv ChnsS I -Xv.
]m¼mSn tPm¬ tPmk-^n-\pw At±-l-¯n\v e£y-§Ä ]d-
ªp-sIm-Sp¯ Úm\ tPmjzm F¶ DtZym-K-Ø\pw kw -̀hn¨ Zpc-´-
hpw, kztZ-im-`n-am\n cmPm-hn-s\bpw Znhm-s\bpw hnaÀin-¨Xv GXp coXn-
bn-em-bn-cp¶p F¶pw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶Xv DNn-X-am-bn-cn-¡pw.
{ioaqew Xncp-\mÄ alm-cm-Pm-hnsâ `cW tijn-¡p-d-hpw, i¦-
c³ X¼n, ic-hW XpS§n sIm«m-c-¯nse {][m\ DtZym-K-Øsâ
Xocp-am-\n¨p. ]nXr-Xzs¯ am{Xw IW-¡m-¡p-¶Xv a\p-kvarXn kao-]-\-am-Wv. F¶m cmP-
tKm-]m hmI-̄ m\w Xsâ A\p-̀ hw ]d-ªXv C§-s\-bm-Wv. ‘a\p-kvar-Xn-bn A½bv¡v
{]m[m\yw sImSp-¡p¶ hcn-I-fpt m F¶v At\z-jn-¡p-hm³ Nne tIcf sslt¡m-SXn
A`n-̀ m-j-IÀ At±-l-t¯mSv Bh-iy-s¸«p F¶m-Wv.’ hmkvX-h-̄ n C¯cw {ia-§Ä,
a\p-kvar-Xn-bpsS cl-ky-hn-\n-a-b-§Ä ASn-̄ -«n \S-¡p¶p F¶-Xnsâ sXfn-hp-I-fm-Wv.
]o\ÂtImUpw, `c-W-L-S-\bpw, \nb-ahpw \ne-\nÂs¡ ASn-̄ -«n PmXn hn\n-a-b-§Ä
{]hÀ¯n-̈ p-sIm- n-cn-¡p-¶-sX§-s\-tbm¶v ChnsS hyà-am-Ip-¶p.
hyh-lmcw 165
X{´-§fpw kztZ-im-`n-am\n ]{X-hpw, kp`m-jnWn ]{Xhpw cmPm-hn-
sâbpw i¦-c³ X¼n-bp-sSbpw ]£w ]nSn¨v FgpXn h¶n-cp-¶p. Znhm³
]n. cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nmcnsbbpw hnaÀin-¡m³ kztZ-im-`n-am\n {ian-¨p.
cmP-tKm-]m-e-mNm-cn-bpsS `c-W-¯nsâ Agn-aXn P\-a-[y-¯n sIm p-
h-cm³ cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nm-cnsb thiym-e-¼-S³ F¶p kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw
kztZ-im-`n-am\n ]{Xw apXnÀ¶n-«p- v.69 kn.-hn. cma³]nÅ XpS-§n-b-
hÀ¡v i¦-c³X¼n apX t]cp-ambn \à ASp¸w D m-bn-cp-¶p. {]kv
BIvSv sIm v X\n¡v Xmev]-cy-an-Ãm¯ ]{X-§sf AaÀ¨ sN¿mw
F¶v Znhm³ cmP-tKm-]m-em-Nmcn Nn´n-¡p-t¼m-gmWv ‘{]kvem’sb-¸än
‘kztZ-im-`n-am\n’ ASp¯ e¡-¯n Fgp-Xp-¶-Xv.70
{ioaqew Xncp-\m-fnsâ Ime¯p Xs¶-bmWv Ah-km-\s¯ tNc-
aÀ cmPm-hns\ (sF-¡-c-b-P-am-\-s\) Xncp-h-Ã-bn Hcp tbmK-¯nÂ
tPm¬ tPmk^v ]m¼mSn ]s¦-Sp-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. hnh-c-a-dnªv {ioaqew
Xncp-\mÄ tPm¬ tPmk-^ns\ sIm«m-c-¯n-te¡v hnfn-¸n¨v Hcp ]W-
¡ngn \ÂIn bm{X-bm-¡n. shÅ-b-¼-e-¯p-h¨v ]«m-f-¡msc hn«v aÀ±n-
¡p-Ibpw ]W-¡ngn Xncn¨p hm§p-I-bpw, Xm¡oXv sN¿p-I-bp-ap- m-
bn.71 {_n«ojv Kh-s×â v \nb-an-¨n-«pÅ Úm\ tPmjzmbmWv tNc-aÀ
cmPm-¡-·msc¡pdn-¨pÅ Adn-hpw, cmP-tc-J-Ifpw tPm¬tPm-k-^n\v
\ÂIn-bXv F¶-Xn-\m At±-ls¯ thfn¡mben h¨v cmPm-hnsâ
DtZym-K-ØÀ h[n-¨p.72
ChnsS {][m-\-ambpw a\-Ên-em-hp¶ hkvXpX kap-Zm-b-þ-cm-jv{Sob
hn -̀P-\-¯n-sâbpw kÔn-bp-sSbpw AS-bm-f-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨m-Wv. At§-
b-äs¯ ]cn-K-W-\-tbm-sS-bmWv kztZ-im-`n-am\n sI. cma-Ir-jvW-]nÅ
\mSp-I-S-¯-s¸-Sp-¶-Xpw, H¸w At±-l-¯nsâ kmwkvIm-cnI aqe-[\w
69. t]. 177, kztZ-im-̀ n-am\n, sI. ̀ mkvI-c-]nÅ.
70. t]. 183, kztZ-im-̀ n-am\n, sI. ̀ mkvI-c-]nÅ.
71. t]. 42 þ 43, ]m¼mSn tPm¬ tPmk-̂ v.
72. t]. 44, ]m¼mSn tPm¬ tPmk-̂ v, Sn.-F-̈ v. ]n. sN´m-c-tÈcn.
hyh-lmcw 166
(cultural capital) At±-l-̄ nsâ kwc-£-W-̄ n\v X¿m-dm-hp-¶-Xpw. adn v̈
tPm¬ tPmk^v ]m¼m-Snsb kw_-Ôn-¨pw, Úm\-tPm-jzmsb kw_-
Ôn¨pw CtX kmwkvIm-cnI aqe-[\w Ahsc A]-I-S-¯n-se-¯n-¡p-I-
bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv.
ae-bmfn sat½m-dn-bepw PmXn-]p-\À\nÀh-N\ {ia-§fpw
C§s\ Hcp ]cn-k-c-¯n 1891 ‘ae-bmfn sat½m-dn-bÂ’
F¶ sXmgn kwh-c-Wm-h-Imi ]{XnI Zfn-Xsc A`n-kw-t_m-[\
sNbvXn-cp-¶pthm? Zfn-Xsc A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXn-cp-¶nà F¶p
am{X-aÃ, “Xncp-a-\-knse {]P-I-f-Ãm¯ bqtdm-]y-·mÀ, apl-½-Zo-b-cpsS
CS-bn hnZym-`ymkw Xosc Xmgv¶ \ne-hm-c-ap-Å-hÀ, kwØm-\s¯
P\-kw-Jy-bn ]cn-an-X-ambn am{X-apÅ PqZ-·mÀ F¶n-hsc Hgn-hm-¡n-
bn-cn-¡p¶ ae-bmfn sat½m-dn-b-enÂ, ae-bmfn iq{ZÀ, \m©n-\m«v iq{ZÀ,
Cug-hÀ AYhm Xobcpw DÄs¸-Sp-¶p. Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂh¶v Ønc-
Xm-a-k-am-¡nb hntZi lnμp-¡Ä DÄs¸-Sp-¶p. {InkvXym-\n-IÄ, kztZin
kndn-b³ {InkvXym-\n-IÄ, bqtd-jy-¡mÀ, CuÌn-´ym-¡mÀ, It¯m-en-
¡À, s{]m«-Ìâp-Imcpw DÄs¸-Sp-¶p.”73
Zfn-XÀ ]cm-aÀi-hn-t[-b-am-hm¯ Hcp Ah-Im-i-]-{XnI AXnsâ
GXp \nco£W-tIm-Wn-emWv ae-bm-fn-bm-bn-¯o-cp-¶-Xv. ae-bm-f-¯nsâ
s]mXp-t_m-[-¯n s]Sm-¯-h-cm-bn-cp¶p Zfn-XÀ. asämcp hkvXpX
hnZym-k-¼¶-cmb ae-bm-fn-sb-¡p-dn-¨mWv sat½m-dn-b kwkm-cn-¡p-
¶-Xv. Ah-cpsS sXmgn-en-\p-th- n-bpÅ {ia-amWv AÀ°-am-¡p-¶-Xv.
P\-kw-Jym-]-c-amb sk³kkv \nc-¯p-¶p v Cu sat½m-dn-bÂ. CXnÂ
Zfn-XÀ DÄs¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. AYhm 1800-I-fnse ae-bm-fn-t_m-[-¯n Øm\-
an-Ãm¯ P\-k-aq-l-s¯-bmWv KmÔn-Pn-bpsS Ime-L-«-¯n lcn-P-
73. t]. 25-þ30-, ae-bmfn sat½m-dn-b þ F³.-sI. tPmkv.
hyh-lmcw 167
t\m-°m-c-W-t¯msS Gsä-Sp-¯p XpS-§p-¶-Xv. Zfn-XÀ ae-bmfn t_m[-
¯nsâ tI{μ-§-fn \S-¯nb CS-s]-S-ep-I-fmWv lcn-P-t\m-²m-c-W-
¯n-tebv¡v ae-bmfn iq{Z-scbpw ae-bmfn lnμp-¡-sfbpw sIm p-sN-
s¶-¯n-¨Xv. AtX-k-abw ae-bmfn iq{Z-¯-hpw, ae-bmfn lnμp-Xzhpw
X½n \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ _em-_ew GsXms¡ taJ-e-bn cay-X-bn-se-
¯Ww F¶ {iaw {]m[m-\y-s¸-Sp-¶p- m-bn-cp-¶p. N«¼nkzm-an-IÄ
‘{]mNo\ ae-bmfw’ F¶ {KÙ-¯n {_mÒ-Wo-b-Xbpw iq{Z-Xzhpw
X½n-epÅ DSa/ASna Ah-Øsb shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p- v. {_mÒ-WÀ¡v
ASn-s¸-Sp¶ AhØ amtd- -Xp-s ¶v At±lw hyà-am-¡p-¶p.*18
Sn.-Sn. {ioIp-amÀ Cu Ime-L-«s¯ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶Xv “Bß{]Xn-
^-e-\-§-fpsS e£yw PmXn-L-S-\sb XIÀ¡pI F¶Xmbn-cp-¶nÃ
adn¨v kz´w PmXnsb ]p\À \nÀh-Nn-¨p-sIm v PmXym-[o-i-Xz-¯nsâ
t{iWn-bn kz´w \ne sa -̈s¸-Sp-¯p-hm\pw hnt[-b-Xz-¯nsâ Awi-
§sf D·q-e\w sN¿p-hm-\p-apÅ ]cn-{i-a-am-bn-cp¶p Cu \h-t_m-[-
¯nsâ ImXÂ. N«-¼n-kzm-an-Isf kw_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw \¼q-Xn-cn-bp-
am-bpÅ _Ô¯n \mbÀ¡pÅ \oNm-hØ ]cn-l-cn-¡pI F¶-XmWv
{][m-\w. asämcp hn[-¯n ]d-ªm PmXn-bpsS AXn-cp-IÄ
]p\À\nÀW-bn-¡msX PmXn-bpsS hkvXp-\n-jvT-Xbv¡p ]pXnb am\-
*18 “ae-bmf¯nepÅ an¡ Xd-hm-Sp-Ifpw \in-̈ p-I-gnªpw \in-̈ p-sIm pw Ccn-¡p-¶p. F¶n«pw
Xd-hm-«p-S-a-Ø-·m-cn {][m-\n-IÄ Nne \nÊm-c-§-fmb Zpc-̀ n-am-\-§Ä \nan¯w A\p-̀ -h-
s¸-«p-sIm- n-cn-¡p¶ Cu B]-̄ n \n¶pw c£-s]-Sp-¶-Xn\p {]b-Xv\n-¡m-sXbpw AXn-
s\-¡p-dn¨p ]d-bp-¶-h-tcmSp ip² Akw-_-Ô-§-fmb kam-[m-\-§sf \nÀeÖw hnfn-s¨-gp-
¶-Ån-̈ p-sIm pw Xd-hm-«p-P-·-È-\n-I-fmbn Pohn-¡p-¶p. ChÀ km[p-¡-sfbpw KpW-tZm-jn-
¡p¶ tbmKy-·m-scbpw Ae-£y-am-bn«p hnNm-cn-¡p¶psh¦nepw {_mÒ-W-tcmSp acym-Z-bp-Å-
h-cm-bn-̄ s¶ Ccn-¡p-¶p. F§-s\-bpÅ \S-̄ -¡m-cm-bmepw Xc-t¡-Sn-Ãm, Ah-tcm-sSÃmw
iq{Z-{]-̀ p-¡-·mÀt]mepw hnfn-sam-gn, Icn-¡m-Sn, s\Â]-Xn-cv, sN¼p-Im-iv, IÃ-cn, Ip¸-am-Sw,
]S-¶-̧ p-gn, ]m n-sR-«v, C¯n-s¸m-Sn, ASn-tXmÂ, hnS-sImÄI, ]g-a-\-Êv, \new-s]m-̄ p-I,
Cdm³, ASn-b³, CXymZn Xmgva hm¡p-IÄ ]dªpw AXp-t]mse BN-cn¨pw hcp-¶p. ]ns¶
iq{ZÀ¡p \¼q-Xn-cn-am-cpsS k -́Xn-I-fm-Ip¶p F¶pÅ HuXvIrjvSy \mSyw AX-§s\; {_mÒ-
Wsc¶pÅ ̀ b-̀ àn AsXm-cp-hI; AÑ-·msc¶ ̀ àn thsdmcp hI; hn[n IÀ¯m-¡-·m-
sc¶pw asäm-cp-hIþ F¶p-th Hcp PmXn-¡m-sc-¡p-dn¨p asämcp PmXn-¡mÀ¡pw ae-bmf
{_mÒ-W-sc-¡p-dn v̈ ae-bmf iq{Z-·mÀ¡p-Å-Xp-t]mepÅ s]cp-amäw Nne ]cn-jvIm-cn-IÄ KpW-
tZm-j-§sf {]tXyIw ImWn̈ v D]-tZ-in-¡p¶ Cu Ime v̄ C{X-t¯m-f-am-b-t¸mÄ ‘{_mÒtWm
aa ssZhXw’ F¶p apdpsI ]nSn-̈ n-cp¶ ap³Im-e¯v F{X-t¯m-f-am-bn-cn-¡pw.”(P.26 Ncn-
{Xhpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw, Sn.-Sn. {ioIp-amÀ)
hyh-lmcw 168
§Ä \evIm -\pÅ {ia-am -Wn -X v . PmXn -t_m-[ -¯nsâ Xs¶
cmjv{SobhXvI-cn-¡-s¸« ]pXnb ]X-\¯n-te¡p hnhn[ kap-Zm-b-§Ä
{]th-in- -̈Xnsâ kqN-I-am-Wn-Xv.”74
Hmtcm ]n³t{i-Wnbpw kzbw ]cn-jvI-cn-¡m\pw Bßm-`n-am\w
DbÀ¯m\pw {ian-¨Xv PmXn-c-ln-X-þ-P-\m-[n-]-Xy-{i-a-¯nsâ \nÀ½n-
Xnbv¡v th n Bbn-cp-¶n-Ã. adn¨v taÂt{i-Wnsb A\p-I-cn-¡p-¶-
Xn\v Bh-iy-amb D]-I-c-W-§Ä tiJ-cn-¡pI am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. C§-
s\-sbm-cp- t_m[w AXnsâ FÃm AÀ°-¯nepw {_mÒW sslμ-h-
X-bpsS `c-W-Iq-S-cq-]-§sf A\p-I-cn-¡p¶ kao-]-\-§Ä am{X-am-bn-cp-
¶p. kmaq-lyhpw cmjv{So-bhpw CS-s]-Sp-¶-Xn-\m-bpÅ B´-c-[m-c-
IÄ AXp-sIm- p-Xs¶ sslμ-hn-b-Xbv¡pw ]pd-¯p-t]m-hm-¯-Xpw,
kzPmXn kaq-ls¯ D¯-a-ambn {]Xn-jvTn-¡p-¶Xpw Bhp-¶-Xn-te-
¡mWv B[p-\nI tIc-fhpw AS-bm-f--s -̧Sp-̄ n-b-Xv. ZfnXv kaq-l-§Ä¡p-
ta A[n-Im-c-ap-d-¸n¨ \nc-h[n A[x-a-]-Z-{]-tbm-K-§Ä iq{Z-k-ap-Zm-b-
§Ä {_mÒ-W-cpsS ap³]n D]-tbm-Kn-¡-W-am-bn-cp-¶p. ASn-b³,
]g-a-\-Êv, Cdm³ XpS§n ]e-Xpw. iq{Z B¬-þ-s]¬ ico-c-§Ä¡p-ta-
epÅ A[n-Imcw {_mÒ-W-cn \n£n-]vX-am-bn-cp¶p. AXn A`n-am-
\n-¡p-¶-hcpw D m-bn-cp¶p F¶v N«-¼n-kzm-an-IÄ hyà-am-¡p-¶p.
F¶m CtX kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bpsS DÅn hyh-l-cn-¡p¶ A[xa /
D]cn t{iWn-Isf AtX-cq-]-¯nÂ, LS-\-bpsS shfn-bn Zfn-XÀ¡p-
ta¡qSn Øm]n-¡p-hm\pw AXn-eqsS Bizmkw Is -¯m\pw {ian-
¡p¶ t_m[-ambn PmXn F¶ Bß-þ-̀ u-Xn-I-hn-Imcw iq{ZÀ¡pw {]tbm-
Kn-¡m³ Ign-ªn-cp¶p F¶-Xnsâ {]mNo\ ae-bmf XpSÀ -̈bmWv B[p-
\nI ae-bm-f-¯nepw ZÀin-¡m-\m-hp-I.
74. t]. 26, Ncn-{Xhpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpw. Sn.-Sn.-{io-Ip-amÀ
hyh-lmcw 169
tIm¬{Kkv tZio-b-{]-Øm-\w, -\m-cm-b-W-Kp-cp-{]-Øm\w
C§-s\-sbmcp a[y-akm-aq-ly-hn-`mK (hÀ¤) -¯nsâ {]th-i-\-
amWv tIc-f-¯n tIm¬{Kkv {]Øm-\-¯n-sâbpw BWn-¡-Ãv. A`n-
`m-j-IÀ, ]{Xm-[n-]À, DtZym-K-ØÀ XpS-§nb \nc-bpsS hmÀjnI Iq«p-
sI-«p-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p. AXnsâ Nph-Sp-IÄ {]Xn-\n-[m\w sNbvXn-cp-¶Xpw
sImtfm-Wn-b `c-W-hÀ¤-¯n \n¶pÅ `c-W-km-[y-Xsb sslμh
cmjv{S-t_m-[-t¯msS kzoI-cn¡pI F¶p-Å-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. t\Xr-Xz-§sf
{i²n-bv¡p-t¼mÄ*19 \nÀ½n-X-amb s]mXp-k-aq-l-hy-h-lm-c-¯nse
apXnÀ¶ t{iWn-bm-Wv amdnb cmjv{Sob kml-N-cy-¯n sImtfm-Wn-
b hncp-²-\n-e-]m-Sp-IÄ¡mbn cwK-{]-thiw sNbvX-Xv. sImtfm-Wn-
b LS-\-bpsS ASª Ah-Ø-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[m-\-§-fm-bn-cp-¶nÃ
ChÀ. _mcn-ÌÀ, ]{Xm-[n-]À, DtZym-K-Ø-À, {_n«-\n Xma-kn-¡p-
Ibpw ]Tn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶-hÀ, `qhp-S-a-IÄ, PmXn-k-aq-l-¯nÂ
{]mam-Wy--ap-Å-hÀ, Cw¥ojv `mj ssIh-i-ap-Å-hÀ, sImtfm-Wn-b `c-
W-¯nsâ ]¦m-fn¯w ]¦p-h-bv¡-s¸-«-hÀ IqSn-bm-bn-cp¶p ChÀ.
ae-_mÀ ka-c-hpw, a{Zm-knse Abn-¯-Pm-Xn-¡m-cpsS CS-s]-S-
en\pw A¸p-d¯v Jnem-^¯v {]Øm-\-¯n-sâbpw Awt_-ZvI-dpsS
tZiob CS-s]-S-ep-amWv tIm¬{Kkv {]Øm\w lcn-P\ D²m-c-W-
¯n\pw lnμp-apkvenw sFIy-¯n\pw {ian-¡p-¶-Xn-se-¯n-t -̈cp-¶-Xv.
AXm-hs« Zfn-X-cpsS ta DZm-c-am-\-hn-I-X-bpsS (Liberal humanisation)
kao-]\¯n\-¸p-d-t¯bv¡v t]mhp-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Cu DZm-c-am-\-hn-IX
*19. kÀ kn. i¦-c³ \mbÀ, _mcn-ÌÀ Pn.-]n. ]nÅ, hn. ssccp-\-¼ymÀ, kn. Ipªn-cm-a³
tat\m³, a¶-̄ p-Ir-jvW³ \mbÀ, tUm. Sn.-Fw. \mbÀ, kn. Icp-Wm-I-c-ta-t\m³, Fkv.-sI.
\mbÀ, sI.-]n. ANyp-X-ta-t\m³, sI.-bp. \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m³, kn.-]n. cma-kzman A[y-£-
\mb c mw PnÃm-k-t½-f-\w. B\n-_-kâ v ]s¦-Sp¯ at©cn kt½-f-\w. IkvXq-cn-c-¦-
¿³, sI.-am-[-h³ \mbÀ, sNdn-tb-«³ cmP, \ne-¼qÀ am\-th-Z³cm-P, a¦S DZ-b-hÀ½-cm-P,
sI.-kn. hoc-cmb³ cmP, a®mÀ¡mSv aq¸n \mbÀ, Fw.-]n. \mcm-b-W-ta-t\m³, at©cn
IrjvW-¿À, Fkv.-sI. cma-kzman A¿À, sI.-kn. \mcm-b-W³ \¼ymÀ, kn.-F³. i¦-c-¿À,
sI.-Sn. N´p-\-¼ymÀ, j¬ap-J-ap-X-en-bmÀ, A_vZpÂJm-ZÀ, e£van-Zm-kv, ]n.-F. IrjvW-ta-
t\m³, Fw.-sI. BNm-cy, cma-kzman A¿-¦mÀ.... (P. 20. tIc-f-̄ nse tIm¬{Kkv {]Øm-\w,
s]cp¶ sI.-F-kv. \mbÀ.)
hyh-lmcw 170
PmXn-k-hÀW-X-bpw, sslμ-hn-b-X-bpw, P·n BUvVy-Xbpw t`Zn¨v P\m-
[n-]-Xy-¯n-te¡pw PmXn-hn-cp² kaq-l-¯n-te¡pw {]th-in-¡p-¶-Xm-
bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
ZfnXv Úm\- A-t\z-jWw FÃm hn[-¯nepw sslμ-h-X-
bnÂ\n¶v `n¶-ambn \n¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. AXnsâ At\z-j-W-]-c-
X-bn sslμ-hn-b-Xbv¡v ]pd-¯m-bn-cp¶p Øehpw temIhpw Ncn-{X-
hpw. A¿³Im-fn-{]-Øm\w sslμh-a-X-kzo-I-c-W-¯nsâ ZÀi\w
apt¶m-«p-h-¨n-Ã. ‘km[p-P\w’ F¶ sshÚm-\n-I-cm-bn-¯o-cp¶ Hcp
P\-X-bpsS {]Xn-\n-[m-\-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. Sn.-Sn. {ioIp-am-dnsâ A`n-{]m-
b-¯n “lnμp-a-X-¯nsâ XmXzn-I-]m-c-¼-cy-t¯mSv {io\m-cm-bW Kpcp-
hnsâ B`n-apJyw Cug-h-k-ap-Zm-b-¯n hfÀ¶p-h-cp¶ Dev]-Xn-jvWp-
hn-`m-K-§sf X§-fpsS Iem]w A\p-jvTm-\-¯nsâ Xe-¯n Xf¨p
\nÀ¯p-¶-Xn\v CS-bm-¡p-I-bp- m-bn”75 F¶m-Wv.
\mcm-b-W-Kpcp {]Øm\-¯n-\p-Ån \nc-h-[n-[m-c-IÄ DbÀ¶p-
h-cn-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. t£{X-¯n\p ]pd-t¯-bv¡pÅ {ia-amWv ASn-¯-d-
bm-bn-cp-¶Xv F¦nepw t£{X-§Ä¡v ]pd¯p \nÀ½n¨ t£{X-§-sf,
AhnsS \nÀ¯n-s¡m v AXnÀ¯n hnkvXr-X-am-¡p-I-bmWv {_mÒ-Wo-
bX sNbvX-Xv. \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hnsâ {iaw t£{X-§Ä¡v ]pd¯v kzX-
{´-amb CS-hpw, AtX-k-abw {_mÒW \nÀan-Xn-bpsS hnkvXoÀW-X-
{´-¯n sslμ-h-am-bpw, Cc-«-hym-Jym-\-¯n-se-¯n-t -̈cp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
\mcm-b-W-Kpcp ssk²m-´n-I-ambpw {]mtbm-Kn-I-ambpw {_mÒ-Wo-b-X-
tbmSv Gäp-ap-«p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. AXv ZmÀi-\n-I-ambn i¦-cs\¡qSn shÃp-
hn-fn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. F¶m i¦-c-s\-¡pSn shÃp-hn-fn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-
cp-¶-XÃ F¶pw, “i¦-ctâ ZÀi\w Xs¶-bmWv \½p-tS-sX¶v \mcm-b-
W-Kpcp Hcn-¡Â ]d-bp-I-bp- mbn F¶pw”76 hymJym-\-§Ä cq]w
75. t]. 27, Ncn-{Xhpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpw. Sn.-Sn.-{io-Ip-amÀ.
76. t]. 122, {io\m-cm-b-W-Kpcp Hcp knwt]m-kn-bw. FUn. kn.-BÀ. tIi-h³ sshZyÀ.
hyh-lmcw 171
sIm p. sslμ-h-k-aq-l-¯n {]th-in¡pI F¶Xv \mcm-b-Wo-b-
cpsS Xmev]-cy-am-bn-cp¶p F¶v GI-]-£o-b-ambn hne-bn-cp-¯m-\m-hp-I-
bn-Ã. ‘Kpcp’ F¶ ImgvN-¸mSv sslμ-ho-b-hp-a-Ã. ktlm-Z-c³ A¿-
¸³ AS-§p¶ Hcp ZmÀi-\nI ASn-¯d \mcm-b-Wo-b-cn D m-hp-¶p-
v. \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hn-s\-Xnsc tImS-Xn-bn tIkv cPn-kv{SÀ sNbvX-h-
cp-ap v. sslμ-hn-b-X-bn {]th-in-¨-Xp-t]mse {InkvXym-\n-bpw,
apkvenapw, kn¡p-Im-cpw, _p²cpw Bb-hcpw D v. Cug-hÀ s]mXp-k-
aq-ls¯ \nÀan-¡m³ {ian-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. \mcm-b-W-Kpcp Bßobþcm-
jv{So-bm-Sn-¯-d-bv¡mWv {ian-¨-Xv. F¶m PmXn-\nÀ½q-e-\-þ-P-\m-[n-
]Xy{ia-§-fn-te-¡pÅ AXnsâ D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw th coXn-bn hn]p-
e-am-¡m³ AXv ]cm-P-b-¸-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
s]mXpkaq-ls¯¡pdn-¨pÅ APv-R-X-bm-bn -cp¶p CXn\p
]n¶nÂ. s]mXp-k-aqlw F¶Xv sslμ-h-km-aq-ly-{I-a-§-fp-tS-XmWv
F¶ \nco-£-Ww Øqe, kq£va A[n-Im-c-\nÀ½n-Xn-bm-epw, A\p-I-
c-W-km-¶n-[y-§-fpsS _em-_-e-§-fmepw \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶p. thdn«
s]mXp-kaq-l-\nÀan-Xn-bn-tebv¡v {]th-in-¡m³ ap³I-s¿-Sp-¯-{i-a-§Ä
AXnsâ \ho-I-cW kz`m-h-¯nÂ\n¶v hnL-Sn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bm-Wp- m-
b-Xv.
sXmgn-em-fn-Isf kw_-Ôn v̈
BNm-c-§-fn-eqsS ASn-bm\pw þ sXmgnepw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xv
F§s\ F¶v Cu Ip«-\m-S³ A\p-`hw hyà-am-¡pw. HmWhpw
sXmgnepw X½n-epÅ ASna/DSa _Ôw BtLm-j-§-fn aqSn-s¸m-
bvs¡m- n-cp-¶p. F³.-sI. Ia-em-k\³ C§s\ Fgp-Xp-¶p. “Irjn-
¸-Wn-IÄ Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xn\p hfsc Znh-k-§Ä¡p-ap³]v, X¼p-cm-t\mSv
HmWw sImÅm³ ]pe-b\pw ]pe-bnbpwIqSn X¼p-cmsâ ho«n sNÃpw.
shä- ]m¡p ]pIbn-ebpw Ah CSn-¨Xpw ImgvN hbv¡pw. ]Xn-
hyh-lmcw 172
\©p]d s\Ãpw, ]¯p cq]-bp-tam, Ccp-]-Xp-]d s\Ãpw ]Xn-\©v cq]-
bptam ISw hm§pw. ‘the-¡Sw’ F¶mWv CXnsâ t]cv. ASp¯
Hcp hÀj-t¯bv¡v Cu sXmgn-em-fnbpw Abm-fpsS IpSpw-_mw-K-§fpw
asä§pw tPmen-¡p-t]m-Im³ ]mSn-Ã.”77 sXt¡m«v \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ the-
¡Sw coXn sXmgn-em-fnsb Hcp hÀj-¯n\v Icm-dn hm§p¶ GÀ¸m-
Sn\v kam-\-am-Wv. HmWw AXn-\pÅ Imc-W-am-hp¶p F¶p am{Xw.
Hcp hÀjw ]Wn-Xmepw Xocm¯ IS-hp-ambn ASp¯ HmW-¯n\v
ho pw kz´w icocw Icm-dm¡n \ÂIp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. P·n IpSn-
bm³ _Ôw FÃm AÀ°-¯nepw arK-]-cn-K-W-\-bp-tS-Xm-Wv. \ap¡v
\½psS Dcp-hns\ F´pw sN¿mw F¶m AXns\ asäm-cmÄ It¿äw
sNbvXm DSa CS-s]-Sp-a-tÃm. þC-§-s\-sbmcp hkvXp-h¡-cWw
(objective) am{X-am-bn-cp¶p IpSn-bm³. “Ip«-\m-«nse P·n IpSn-bm³
_Ô-¯n\v Nne {]tXy-I-X-IÄ D v. asäm-cn-S-¯p-an-Ãm¯ {]tXy-I-
X-I-fmWXv. P·nbpw IpSn-bm\pw X½n-epÅ Bß_Ôw Hcp IpSpw-
_-¯nse AwK-§-sf-t¸m-se-bm-Wv. X¼p-cm\v hcp¶ B]¯v ASn-
bm\p hcp¶ B]-¯p-t]m-se-bm-W-h³ Icp-Xp-¶-Xv. AXp-t]mse
ASnbmâ kwc-£Ww X¼p-cmsâ Npa-X-e-bm-Wv. ASn-bms\ F´pw
sN¿p-hm³ X¼p-cm\v Ah-Im-i-ap- v. F¶m ASn-bms\ asäm-cmÄ¡pw
H¶pw sN¿m³ X¼pcm³ A\p-h-Zn-¡p-I-bn-Ã. AXv IpSpw-_-¯n\v
hcp¶ A]-am-\-ambn AhÀ Icp-Xp-¶p. ASn-bms\ aäp P·n IpSpw-_-
§-fn-ep-Å-hÀ ssItbäw sNbvX-Xn\v \o p-\n¶ IpSpw_ hg-¡p-Ifpw
tIkp-Ifpw D m-bn-«pÅ [mcmfw kw`-h-§Ä D m-bn-«p- v.”78
P·nbpw/IpSn-bm\pw X½n-epÅ _Ôw Bß-_-Ô-¯nsâXmWv
F¶v kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ \nc-h[n cN-\-IÄ D m-bn-«p- v. F¶m Hcp
kwc-£WarKw F¶-Xn-\-¸pdw XpeyX IpSn-bm\v P·n-bnÂ\n¶v e`n-
77. t]. 32, Ip«-\mSpw IÀj-I-sXm-gn-emfn {]Øm-\hpw. F³. sI. Ia-em-k-\³.
78. t].36, Ip«-\mSpw IÀj-I-sXm-gn-emfn {]Øm-\hpw. F³. sI. Ia-em-k-\³.
hyh-lmcw 173
¨n-cp-¶n-Ã. Id-h-bpÅ þ D]-Im-c-apÅ P´p-hns\ kwc-£n-¡p¶Xn\v
Xpey-am-bn-cp¶p CXv. IpSn-bms\ kw_-Ôn¨nSt¯mfw ]pd-¯p-\n¶v
]pd-t¯-bv¡pw, AI-t¯¡pw AS-ªp-t]mb Ah-Ø-bp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.
P·n-bp-tSXv AI-¯p-\n¶v AS- -̈Xpw. I«-Ip-¯p-Im-cpsS Pohn-X-s¯-
¡p-dn¨v temIw Adn-bm¯XmWv asämcp hkvXp-X. I«-Ip-¯p-¶Xv
Zfn-Xcpw Zcn-{Z-_-lp-P-\-§-fp-am-Wv. ]Wn-bn-¸n-¡p-¶-h-cpsS Ncn-{X-amWv
]pdw-temIw Adn-bp-¶-Xv. ]Wn-bp-¶-hcpsS Ncn-{X-a-Ã. ]Wn-bp-¶-h-
cpsS Ah-Ø-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ ]T-\-§Ä kmwkvIm-cnI taJ-e-bnÂ
Øm\w ]nSn-¨n-«nà F¶p-Å-XmWv sXmgn-emfn ]T-\-§Ä. tIc-f-¯n\v
kw`m-h-\-bm-hmsX t]mb-Xv, sXmgnemfn hÀ¤-]-T-\-am-hs« sXmgnÂ
sN¿n-¡p-¶-h-cpsS ]T-\-ambn \ne-\n¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. IÀj-IÀ
sXmgn-se-Sp-¸n-¡p-¶-h-cpw, apXÂap-S-¡p-¶-hcpw sXmgn-emfn PohnXw
sImSp-¡p-¶-h-cp-am-Wv. F¶m IÀj-I-cmWv kaq-l-¯n Dev]m-Z-I-
cmbn Adn-b-s -̧Sp-¶-Xv. Ip«-\mSv Imb cmPmhv apcn-¡sâ Imcyw t\m¡p-
I. apcn-¡³ shÅ-¯n-en-d-§p-Ibpw sNfn-Ip-¯n-sb-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-
¶n-Ã. F¶m Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n\v ZfnXv þ _lp-P-\-§Ä I«-Ip¯n
(Im-bÂs -̈fn) Irjn Øe-ap- m-¡n-b-hÀ Ncn-{X-¯n-\p-]p-d-¯pw, ad-
hn-bn-ep-am-Wv. P·nXzw \nÀ½n-¡p¶ ad-hn-bpsS tIcf kz`m-h-s¯-
bmWv ChnsS AÀ°-am-¡p-¶-Xv. P·n-Xz-¯n\v kmaqly a\p-jys\
\nÀan-¡m³ Ign-bm-¯-Xp-t]m-se-bmWv AXnsâ hnizm-k-þ-B-ßo-b-[m-
c-IÄ¡pw kmaq-ly-a-\p-jy-t\m-SpÅ _m[y-X-bn-Ãm-bva. asäm¶v X§-
fpsS a\p-jy-hn-cp-²-Xsb s]mXp-\-S¸v F¶v Øm]n-s -̈Sp-¡m-\pÅ {ia-
hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«-Xm-Wv.
DXv]m-Z-\-i-àn-Ifpw _Ô-§fpw krjvSn-¡p¶ At[m-L-S\
kv]Ài/Akv]Ài, ImgvN/ImgvN-sI« Ah-Ø-bn-emWv hn\n-a-b-s¸-Sp-
¯p-¶-Xv. AXn-\m C´y³ kaq-l-¯nsâ At[m-L-S-\-Xs¶ (base-
structure) amÀIvknsâ \nco-£-W-¯nsâ ASn-¯-d-bn-eà \ne-\n¡p-
hyh-lmcw 174
¶-Xv. ASn-¯-d-Xs¶ CÃm¯ Hcp-Xcw ImgvN-sI« (invisible), ZpÀK-
Ô, Akv]Ài (untouchable) LS-\-bn HgpIn (flow) \S-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv.
CXnsâ ta¸mfn am{X-amWv cmjv{So-bhpw {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb
D]-cn-L-S-\ (super structure). tI{μw/tI{μ-\yq\w (centre / centreless)
F¶ \ne-bn-em-WnXv \ne-\n¡p-¶-Xv. hntI-{μo-Ir-X-kz-`mhw AXnsâ
Btcm-Ky-I-c-amb hn\n-ab \njvT-bn hymJym-\n-¡m-hp-¶-XÃ. \ne-
\n¡p¶ hntI-{μn-IrX kz`mhw At§-bäw Btcm-Ky-c-lnX (poor)
hpam-sW¶v ap³]v I tIcf kmaq-ly-cq-]-§Ä hyà-am-¡p-¶p.
D]-cn-L-S-\-bnse {]hÀ¯n-bp-ambn kzÑ-μhpw ]c-kv]-c-]q-c-I-
hp-amb {]tbm-K-a-WvUew Dcp-¯n-cn-bp-¶nà F¶v CXv ImWn-¡p-¶p.
LS-\-I-fpsS AXn-k-¦oÀWX AXn-\m¯s¶ ‘ka-{K-k-aq-ls¯’
(AYhm kzbw k¼qÀW LS-\-I-fp-sSbpw Cu LS-\-I-fpsS k¦-e-
\hpw F¶ amÀIvkn-k-¯nsâ ka-{K-k-aq-lw) ImWm-\m-hn-Ã. ka-{K-
X-bnse AXn-k-¦oÀWX At[m-D-]-cn-L-S-\-I-fpsS AÂ]/am{X/]mfn
cq]-§-fmsb hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p-Åp. PmXn-þ-ssl-μ-h-X-bp-sS-bpw, {_mÒ-
Wn-I-þ-P-·n-C-S-§-fp-sS-bpw, sImtfm-Wn-bÂ-þ-^yq-UÂ CS-§-fp-sSbpw ka-
{K-km-aq-ln-I-X-bpsS ]cy-¼p-d¯v (outside) an¨w hcp¶ P\-X-bm-bn-
s¡m v k¦oÀW-hpw/ka-{K-k-aq-lhpw F¶ Zzμzw \nÀan-¡p-I-bmWv
sN¿p-¶-Xv. Ahsc AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-t¯ am\-§Ä ]qÀW-a-Ã. s]mXp
\nÀan-Xn-bnte¡p klm-b-I-c-am-hp¶ c p cq]-§Ä \nb-a-]-c-hpw, {]Xy-
b-im-kv{X-]-c-hp-amb {]tbm-K-a-WvU-e-§-fm-Wv.
“apIį-«nse {]{In-b-IÄ Iogv¯-«p-ambn _Ô-s¸«p \n¡pI
am{X-aà AXns\ \nÀW-bn-¡pI IqSn sN¿p-¶p- v.”79 F¶ A¯yq-
k-dnsâ \nK-a\w ChnsS icn-bm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. \nb-a-]-c-Xsb amÀIvkv
apX-em-fn-¯-hp-ambn tNÀ¯mWv hymJym-\n-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. F¶m C´y-
79. t]. 54, \h-amÀIvknÌv kmaq-ly-hn-aÀiw, Sn.-hn. a[p.
hyh-lmcw 175
\-h-Ø-bn \nb-a-¯nsâ (bq-tdm-]y³ \nb-a-¯n-sâ) ]n³_-e-¯nÂ
am{X-amWv ]pd-t¼m-¡p-P-\X tÌänsâ KpW-i-co-c-§sf sXm«p-Xp-S-§p-
¶Xv. \nb-a-¯n-\-¸p-d¯v kmaq-ly-t_m[w \nÀan-X-am-bn-cp¶p F¶pÅ
amÀIvkn -b³ \ne-]mSv ]¨-a-\p -jy³ (Purehumanbeing) F¶
t_m[¯n \n¶p-Å-Xm-Wv. Hcp ]cn-[n-hsc CXv {]mIr-X-I-½yq-Wn-
k-(Prack communism)¯nsâ \ne-]m-Sns\ ]n´p-S-cp-¶-Xm-Wv. C´y-
\-h-Ø-bn \nb-a-§-fpsS c p L«-§Ä¡pw (1. B[p-\nI \nb-ahpw
`c-W-L-S-\bpw 2. a\p-kvar-Xn-bpsS cmjv{So-b-þ-B-ßob \nb-a-kw-ln-
X) ap³]pÅXmWv \nb-a-¯n\v ]pd-¯pÅ kmaq-ly-t_m[w. AXv
{]mIrX I½yq-Wn-k-¯n-tâ-Xn\v kam-\-ambncp¶n-Ã. am{X-hp-aà \mK-
cn-I-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p.
\nba-hy-hØ apX-em-fn-¯-¯nsâ D]m[n Xs¶-bm-sW¶v
hymJym-\n-¡p-¶p v A¯yq-kÀ. C´y-\-h-Ø-bn BZys¯ \nb-
am-hØ a\p-hnsâ \nb-a-§Ä (The law of Manu) PmXn-bp-sSbpw, cmPm-
[n-Im-c-¯n-sâ-bpw, htc-Wy-X-bp-sSbpw Bßo-b-X-bp-sSbpw \nb-a-\nÀam-
W-amWv \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶-Xv. CXn\v tijw kw -̀hn-¡p¶ B[p-\nI \nb-
a-\nÀamWamhs« a\p-{]-th-i-\m-\p-aXn \ntj-[n¨ \nc-h[n kzXz-§sf
(identity), a\p-jy-cpsS/kaq-l-¯nsâ Øm\-t¯bv¡v ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-I-
bm-bn-cp-¶p. apIį«vIogv¯-«nsâ D]m-[n-bm-bn- \nb-as¯ \nco-£n-
¡p¶ A¯yq-kÀ C´y-t]m-semcp kaq-l-¯n _e-lo-\-am-b, a\p-
jy-cmbn ]cn-K-Wn-̈ n-«n-Ãm¯ ASn- -̄«ns\ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn \n¶v
Hgn-hm-¡p-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-Xv. \nb-as¯ XÅn-¸-d-bp-¶-Xp-sIm v am{X-
aà C´y-bn AYhm GsXmcp kaq-l-¯n\pw \nbaw Bh-iy-amWv
F¶ Awt_-ZvIÀ \nco-£-W-¯m A¯yq-kÀ hnaÀi-I\m-hpI
IqSn sN¿p-¶p.
apX-em-fn-̄ -̄ nsâ \nb-a-hpw, kzmX-{´y-sa¶ hyàn-\n-jvT-Xbpw
\nÀ½n-¡p¶ hyh-Ø-IÄ C´y-\-h-Ø-bn hnhn[ t{iWo cq]-§-
hyh-lmcw 176
fmemWv \nÀ½n-X-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. A[zm-\-i-ànsb ]p\-cp-Xv]m-Z-\-¯n-
te¡v _Ôn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv PmXn kap-Zmb t{iWo-cq-]-§-fm-Wv. Cu
t{iWo-cq-]-§Ä A[zm-\-i-àn-bn¯s¶ \nc-h[n hnÅepw XÅepw
\nÀ½n-¡p-¶p- v.
amÀIvknkväv Ncn-{X-\nÀam-Xm-¡Ä PmXnsb A`n-kw-t_m-[\
sN¿m³ hnaq-J-cm-hp-¶p- v. bqtdm-¸n \n¶pÅ At\z-j-W-§-fpsS
t^mt«m-tIm-¸n-I-fm-\m-hpÅ Ab-YmÀ°{iaw Ft¶ CXns\ hnfn-¡m-
\m -hp. “Imhmew ]©m-b -¯nÂs]« ‘Ip¶p -½’bn Hcp
Cughkv{Xosb {]kn-²-\mb Hcp {InkvXy³ apXemfn ssItbäw
sNbvXp. CXv AhnsS Cug-hÀ XpS§n Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡m-cpsS CS-bnÂ
ià-amb AaÀjw D m-¡n... IÀj-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-IÄ Ip«-\m-«nÂ
Akw-L-Sn-X-am-bn-«m-sW-¦nepw BZy-ambn \S-¯nb ]Wn-ap-S¡pw {]I-
S-\hpw AXm-bn-cp-¶p. A-Xn\v Hcp PmXob ]cn-thjw D m-bn-cp¶p
F¶p am{Xw.”80 PmXo-b-amb bmYmÀ°ys¯ hÀ¤]camb (class)
hymJym-\¯n\v {ian-¡p¶ kao-]-\-amWv ChnsS ImWm³ Ign-bp-I.
PmXn-hy-h-Øsb {]iv\-h¡-cn-¡msX sXmgn-emfn t_m[s¯ apJy-
tI-{μ-am¡n {]Jym-]n-¡pI-hgn sslμ-hn-b-Xbpw/ss{IkvX-hn-b-Xbpw
Zfn-XÀ¡pw _lp-P-\-§Ä¡pwta Øm]n¨ aXm-ß-I-Xbv¡v kam-\-
ambn sXmgn-em-fn-hÀ¤w (working class) F¶ {]tbm-Khpw AXnsâ
bqtdm-]y³ Bi-bhpw Aim-kv{Xo-b-ambn¯o-cp-I-bmbncp-¶p. B[p-
\n-I-X-bpsS tIcf kmaq-ly-cq-]o-I-c-W-§Ä ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS
CXv IqSp-XÂ hyà-am-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. t]meo-kv, PbnÂ, tImS-Xn,
hnZym-e-bw, ]Ån F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ Øm]-\-§Ä PmXn-k-ap-Zmbw/
cmjv{So-b-k-ap-Zmbw F¶n-§s\ `n¶n-¡-enepw/H¶n-¡-en-ep-amWv
{]hÀ¯n- -̈Xv. asäm-cÀ°-¯n htc-Wy-X-bpsS Øm]nX cq]-§-fmbn
80. t]. 50, Ip«-\mSpw IÀj-I-sXm-gn-emfn {]Øm-\hpw. F³. sI. Ia-em-k-\³.
hyh-lmcw 177
B[p-\nI tIcf kaq-ls¯ amän-¯oÀ¡m³ {ian-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
A¯yq-k-dnsâ `mj-bnse `c-W-IqS D]-Ic-W-§- (State Apparatus)
fpsS Iq«-¯n C´y-bnse PmXn-_-²--kaqlw Bßo-b-þ-cm-{ão-b-k-aq-
lw, F¶n-hbv¡v H¸-amWv t]meo-kv, PbnÂ, tImS-Xn, hnZym-e-bw,
]Ån, A¼ew Hs¡ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. “s]mXp-L-S-I-§Ä kzm`m-hn-
I-ambn Dcp-¯n-cn-bp-¶-X-Ã, {]_-e-hn-`m-K-§Ä aäp hn`m-K-§-fn ASn-
t -̈ev]n-¡p-¶-XmWv”81 F¶v C.-hn.-cm-a-Ir-jvW³ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
B[p-\nI tIc-f-¯nsâ CS-§-fn CS-an-Ãmbva kw`-hn-¡p-¶Xv
C¯cw D]-I-c-W-§-fpsS {]tbmKw sIm mWv. a\p-jyÀ¡v D]-
tbm-Ky-am-hp¶ D]-I-c-W-§Ä¡v ]Icw AXv Nne-a-\p-jy-cpsS Xmev]-
cymÀ°w tÌän-s\-s¡m v D]-I-c-W-§Ä \nÀan-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu
s]mXp-t_m[ \nÀanXn NneÀ¡m-h-iy-amb `mj-bpw, `mj-W-hpw,
hymJym-\hpw hnh-£-bp-am-sW¶v ]d-bmw. IpSpw-_w, hnZym-e-bw,
]Ån, cmãob ]mÀ«n-IÄ, ]{Xw, tdUn-tbm, sSen-hn-j³, kmln-Xyw,
Ie F¶n-§s\ At\Iw `c-W-Iq-S -D-]-I-c-W-§Ä ChnsS ]p\-cp-
Xv]m-Z\w \S-¯p-¶p- v.
IpSp_w AXnsâ amXr-I, AXnsâ B`y-´c {]Xn-k-Ônsb
shfn-s¸-Sp-¯msX Xs¶ \nÀan-¨p-sIm- n-cn-¡p¶ hnem-]-§Ä, LS-\-
sb-̄ s¶ \nÀ½n-¡m³ A\p-tbm-Py-am-hm¯ t_m[-\-km-a-{Kn-IÄ, sh«n-
¸n-Sp-¯s¯ IqSp-XÂ Dd-¸n-¡m-\p-X-Ip¶ ]Ån-IÄ, Akv]Àiy-Xsb
\ymbo-I-cn-¡p¶ ssZh-\n-b-a-§Ä, Ih-e-I-fpsS Bcw`w, ]mÀ«n Hm^o-
kp-I-fpsS XpS-¡w, A¨Snk-Xy-am-sW¶ [mc-W, hmbn-̈ p-tIÄ¡ am{Xw
sN¿p¶ ]pdw temIw, ImXn-se-¯p¶ tdUntbm `mj-Ww, tdj³
IS, ]pd-t¼m-¡ns\ Øm\-s¸-Sp-¯m¯ ¢_v, sse{_-dn, ]pkvX-I-§-
fpsS kwkvIrX ]mWvUnXy B[n-Im-cn-I-X. C§s\ B[p-\n-I-
81. t]. 64, tZio-b-X-Ifpw kmln-Xy-hpw, C.-hn. cma-Ir-jvW³.
hyh-lmcw 178
tI-cfw AXnsâ F¯n-¸n-Sn-¡-en amÀIvkv/bqtdm/sslμ-h-[m-c-W-I-
fpsS tIc-f-s]m-Xp-t_m-[-¯-bpw, aWvU-e-§-sfbpw e£y-an-Sm-\mWv
IqSp-XÂ {ian- -̈Xv.
C§-s\-sbmcp B[p -\nI kaq -l-¯n -\m-hs« kmaq -ly -
\nÀanXnbpsS aqey-cq-]o-I-c-W-¯n\v kmÀh-P-\o-\-X, P\m-[n-]Xyw F¶n-
§-s\-bpÅ LS-I-§-sfm-s¡-¯s¶ kz´w \ne-\n-ev]nsâ G¨p-sI-
«Â am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. ZpÀ_-e-amb tIcf kmaq-ly-]-cn-k-c-am-bn-cp¶p
B[p-\n-I-tem-Is¯ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.
A¿³Im-fn, s]mbvI-bn A¸-¨³ (Ip-am-c-Kp-cp-tZ-h³), tPm¬
tPmk v̂ ]m¼mSn ZmÀi-\n-I-a-WvUew
1896se Cugh sat½m-dn-b {InkvXp-a-X-¯n-te¡v {]th-in-¡p¶
Xmgv¶ PmXn-¡mÀ¡v e`n-¡p¶ hnZym-`ym-k, sXmgn Ah-Im-i-§-
fn {]th-i\w e`n-¡Ww F¶v ]d-bp-¶p- v. sslμ-h-a-X-¯n-\-I-
¯p-\n¡m\pw ]pd-¯p-\n¡m\pw \S-¯p¶ {ia-§Ä C¡m-e¯v
cq£-am-hp-¶p- v. aXw amdm-\pÅ {ias¯ Ipam-c-\m-im³ FXnÀ¡p-
¶Xpw C¡m-e-¯m-Wv.82 F¶m B[p-\nI tÌänsâ \nÀan-Xn-bpsS
L«-¯n {InÌym-\n-än¡v \ne-\n-¶n-cp¶ A[n-Imcw ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn
khÀW-h¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-te¡v F¯n-t -̈cp-I-bpw, AXm-bXv ]Sn-]-Sn-
bmbn A[n-Imcw hnI-kn-¡p-Ibpw Cu hnI-kn-¡p¶ A[n-Imcw AXn-
\p-Ånse khÀW-cn-te¡v {]th-in-¡p-I-bpw t\À]-IpXn hcp¶ ZfnX
ss{IkvX-hÀ A[n-Im-c-¯n\pw, ]Z-hn¡pw ]pd-¯m-hp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-
Xp-Im-Wmw.
\nhÀ¯-\-{]-t£m`w 1933 Cug-h, {InkvXy³, apÉnw hn`m-K-
¯nsâ hnhn-[-Pm-Xn-k-ap-Zm-b-§Ä¡m-h-iy-amb P\-kw-Jym-\p-]m-XnI
82. aX-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-c-k-hm-Zw, Ipam-c-\m-im³ k¼qÀW-Ir-Xn-IÄ.
hyh-lmcw 179
koäv dnkÀth-j-\n-te¡v Bh-iy-¸-Sp-¶-Xm-Wv. kn.-tI-i-h³, F³.-hn.-
tPm-kv, ]n.-sI. Ipªv XpS-§n-b-hÀ t\Xm-¡-fm-bn-cp¶ Cu Ah-Im-i-
k-acw 1935se ]»nIv kÀÆokv I½o-j-W-sd, kwh-cWw kw_-Ôn¨v
Ah-Im-i-§Ä \ÂIp-¶-Xp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v \nb-an-¡p-¶-Xn-te¡v hnI-
kn-¡p-¶p- v. \ntbm-P-I-a-WvU-e-§Ä, Cug-h, {InkvXy³, apÉnw kap-
Zm-b-§Ä¡mbn kwh-cWw sN¿p-I-bp- m-bn.
Cu tIcf ]cn-k-c-§-fn {]Xn-kÔntb¡-s¸« ZfnX kmaq-
ly-[mc AXnsâ e£y-§sf B´-cn-I-ambn hnL-Sn-¡-s¸« {]bm-W-
am-bn-¯o-cp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. hnL-Sn-¡-ensâ \nc-h[n kqN-\-IÄ \ap¡v
ap¶n-eq v.
1. A¿³Im-fn, s]mbvI-bn Ipam-c-Kp-cp, tPm¬ tPmk^v
]m¼mSn F¶o {][m\ t\Xr-Xz-§-fpsS Bi-b-§Ä s]mXp-hm-b-Xpw
sFIy-¸-Sp-¯m-hp-¶Xpw Bbn-cp-¶p. ‘km[p-P\w’ F¶ sshÚm-
\nI kaq-lw, ‘ASn-a-k-´Xn’ F¶ ASn-Øm-\-k-aq-lw, ‘tNc-aÀ P\X’
F¶ Ncn{Xkaqlw Ch aq¶pw, Htc ZÀi-\-¯nsâ aq¶p hymJym-\-
§Ä am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. A¿³Im-fn-bpw, s]mbvI-bn Ipam-c-Kp-cp-hpw,
tPm¬ tPmk^v ]m¼m-Snbpw X½n ]cn-Nn-Xcpw ]c-kv]cw Bi-b-
§Ä ssIam-dn-b-hcpw Bbn-cp-¶p.
2. sslμ-hn-I-X-bnÂ\n¶v AI-¶p-\n¡p-I, ss{IkvX-hn-b-X-bpsS
khÀW-Xsb Xpd-¶p-Im-Wn-¡p-I, Ncn-X-]-chpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb
Hcp kzX-{´-P-\-X-bmWv F¶ Bi-bs¯ Zfn-X-cn {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-I,
P\m-[n-]-Xy-A-[n-Im-c-¯n ]¦m-fn-bm-hp-I, {]Xn-\n-[n-bm-hp-I, Bßo-
b-ambn kzX-{´-amb At\z-jWw sIm p-hcnI F¶n-§s\ ChÀ
ZfnXv kaq-l-¯nsâ s]mXp-hn-Im-k-¯n-\mbn e£yw h¨v {]hÀ¯n-
¡p-I-bp- m-bn.
hyh-lmcw 180
3. AXn-hn-]p-e-amb Hcp t\Xr-\n-csb hmÀs¯-Sp-¡m³ ChÀ¡v Ign-
ªn-cp-¶p. Rmen-bm-¦pgn sska¬ tbml-¶m³, Nm¯³ ]p¯qÀ
tbml-¶m³, sImSp-then hÀ¤o-kv, ]pXp-̧ Ån tbmiz, a®p-̄ Sw tPmk-
^v, ]pfn- -̈am-¡Â tUhn-Uv, Cbmen Hutk-^v, apg§n Zmho-Zv, AXymen
a¯m-bn, Im\w tPm¬ F¶n-§s\ Hcp t\Xr-\ncbpw, sF.-Fw. Ipª-
¸n, tkXp Fw.-än, Bin-ÀhmZw Bim³, ]n.-sP. tPmk-^v, ]n.-H am¯p,
än.-kn. Ip«³, tPzmjzmtakv{Xn, XpSÀ¶v Fw.-än. tKm]m-e³, Ihn-bqÀ
tKm]n, Ihn-bqÀ apc-fn, Nma-bv¡Â cmP-¸³, HmXd Fw.än tIi-h³,
sI.-Fw. P\mÀ±-\³, tImgn-ae sI.-Fw. cmP-¸³, Xrs¡m-Sn-¯m\w
cma³Ip«n XpS-§n-b-hcpw, hnimJw tXh³, tKm]m-e-Zm-k³, Nt¡mf
Ipdp-¼³ ssZh-¯m³, shÅn-¡c tNmXn, Nc-X³ tkmf-a³, ioX-
¦³, I ³ Ipam-c³, Sn.-Sn.-tI-i-h³ imkv{Xn, ip`m-\-μ-Kp-cp-tZ-h³,
IrjvWm-Zn-bm-im³, sI.-]n. Idp-¸³, sI.-]n. htÅm³, IÃS cma³
\mcm-b-W³, hÀ¡e cmL-h³, Im«qÀ A¿-¸³, kzmao B\-μ-XoÀ°À
F¶n-§s\ \ofp¶ Hcp t\Xr-\nc C¡m-e¯v PmXn-hn-cp² P\m-[n-
]Xy {ia-§Ä¡v apXnÀ¶n-«p- v.
4. ]mÀiz-hÂIrX kaq-l-§-fn \n¶pw s]mXp-k-aq-l-¯n-te¡p {]th-
in-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ {ia-§Ä ChÀ kPo-h-am-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. AXp-sIm-
vXs¶ s]mXp-k-aqlw apt¶m-«p-h-¨n-cp¶ \nc-h[n tNmZy-§Ä¡pÅ
At\z-jWw hn]p-eo-I-cn-t¡- n-h-¶p. {][m-\-ambpw tZio-b-{]-Øm\w
DbÀ¯n-s¡m- p-h¶ sImtfm-Wn-b hncp² kzmX{´ {]t£m- -̀§Ä,
I½yq-WnÌv {]Øm\w apt¶m-«p-h¨ sImtfm-Wn-b hncp² P·n-hn-cp-
²-{]-t£m- -̀§Ä. Chbv¡p c n\pw \nc-¯n-h¨ s]mXp-P-\m-`n-emjw
F¶ s]mXp-t_m[w {]hÀ¯-\-£-a-am-bn-cp-¶p. c p-co-Xn-bn Cu
{]Øm-\-§Ä ZfnXv {]hÀ¯-\s¯ kmwio-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw kzm[o-\n-
¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. lcn-P³ Abn-t¯m-Ñm-S-\-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fn-eqsS tZio-
b- {] -Øm-\-amb tIm¬{K-kv{]-Øm-\-hpw, t£{X- {]-th-i -\w,
hyh-lmcw 181
sXmgn¯À¡w ]cn-l-cn-¡Â, Iqen-{]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-¡Â F¶n-§s\
CS-s]-«p-sIm v I½yq-Wn-Ìp-{]-Øm-\hpw kwL-Sn-X-am-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
5. lcn-P³-þ-A-bn-t¯m-¨m-S\ \nco-£-W-§Ä ZfnXv hncp-²-am-bn-cp-¶p.
F¶m CXn\v Zfn-XÀ¡n-S-bn {]th-i-\-ap- m-¡m³ klm-b-I-am-
bn. tZio-b-ambn Awt_ZvIÀ Bi-b-§-sf-¯s¶ XÅn-¸-d-bp¶Xmbn-
cp¶p F¶n-«p-IqSn Zfn-XÀ¡v CXn BIÀj-Wo-b-X-bp- m-bn. X§-
fpsS hmk-Ø-e-t¯bv¡v PmXn-bn DbÀ¶-hÀ hcp-¶-Xpw, s]mXp-{]-
I-S-\-¯n-epw, \nc-¯nepw PmY-bn ]s¦-Sp-¸n-¨-Xpw Zfn-Xsc kw_-
Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw kaq-l-¯n ]cn-hÀ¯-\-ap- m-hp¶p F¶-Xn-tebv¡v
Nn´n-¸n-¨p. sXmgn {]tZ-i-§fmsI-¯s¶ P·n-þ-_-²-am-I-bmÂ
sXmgn {]tZ-i-§sf apdn-¨p-I-f-ªp-sIm- pÅ kmaq-ly-{]-th-i-\-
¯n\v Zfn-XÀ¡v km[y-am-Ip-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.
6. I½yq-WnÌv At\z-j-W-am-hs« PmXn {]iv\s¯ ad-¨p-h-¨p-sIm v
sXmgn-e-fn-hÀ¤ \ne-]mSv GI-]-£o-b-ambn am\-Z-WvU-s -̧Sp-̄ nbXneqsS
Zfn-X-cpsS i_vZw aqSn-t¸m-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Zfn-X-cpsS hn-Zym-`ym-k-{]-
th-i-\s¯ aÀ±n¨v HXp-¡nb Cug-h-cpsS {]hÀ¯-\-¯n \mcm-bW
Kpcp-t]mepw A]-e-]n-¨n-«p- v. Cug-h-cpw, Zfn-Xcpw X½n kmaq-ly-
Po-hn-X-¯n \ne-\n¶ ]Z-hn-bp-sSbpw A[n-Im-c-¯n-sâbpw Gän-d-¡-
§fpw ad-¨p-]n-Sn-¡m³ {ian¨ IayqWnÌv {]Øm\w PmXn-am\-§sf
ASn-bn \nÀ¯n-s¡m v AXns\ {][m\ tNmZy-ambn apt¶m-«p-h-
bv¡msX IpXnÀ¶ \nc-¸n sI«nSw ]Wn-bm³ {ian-¡p-¶-Xn\p Xpey-
ambn, bYmÀ°-{]-iv\s¯ A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sN¿msX kmaq-ly-P-\-
Xsb sI«n-s¸-Sp-¡m³ {ian-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
7. ss{IkvXh ZÀi-\-§-tfmSv hfsc Btcm-Ky-]-c-ambn hnaÀin-¡p¶
Hcp kaqlw F¶ \ne-bn s]mbvI-bn Ipam-c-Kp-cp-hnsâ {]Øm-\-
¯n\v ss{IkvX-ho-b-X-bpsS ssZh-im-kv{Xs¯ adnIS¡m³ Ign-ªn-
hyh-lmcw 182
cp-¶p. Cusbmcp adn-I-S-¡Â tIc-f-¯nsâ Bßob \nco-£-W-am-¡n-
¯oÀ¡p--¶-Xn ]n.-BÀ. Un.-F-Ên\v ]pd¯v Hcp s]mXp-k-aq-l-\nÀanXn
km[y-am-¡m³ tIc-f-¯nsâ Bßo-b-]-cn-kcw A\p-h-Z-\o-b-am-bn-cp-¶n-
Ã. ss{IkvX-h-a-X-¯n-\p-Ån Ie-ln¨ tPm¬ tPmk^v ]m¼mSn
{]Øm-\-am-hs« ss{IkvX-h-ssZ-h-ZÀi-\s¯ tNmZyw sNbvXn-Ã. adn¨v
Ncn-{X-]-c-amb tNc-aÀ P\-X-sb¶ P\-k-aq-l-¯nsâ ]n³apd-¡m-cmWv
Zfn-XÀ F¶v Øm]n-s -̈Sp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Xan-gv\m-«n hnI-kn-¨p-h-
¶n-cp¶ Úm\mt\z-j-W-¯nsâ ]n³-_-e-¯n (Úm-\-tPm-jz-mbpsS
tkh-\w) C¯-c-samcp At\z-jWw DbÀ¯n FSp-¡p-¶-Xn\pw sF¡-
c-b-P-am-\³ F¶ AXnsâ Ah-km\ I®nsb Is -¯m³ {ian¨p
F¦n-epw, ss{IkvXh ssZh-im-kv{X-t¯m-Sp-Xs¶ Ie-ln¨ s]mbvI-
bn Ipam-c-Kp-cp-hnsâ \nco-£-W-§Ä¡v H¸w ]¦p-h-bv¡p-hm³ AXn\v
Ign-bmsX t]mbn. ZmÀi-\n-I-ambpw {]mtbmKn-I-ambpw Htc kao-]-\-
¯n-\p-Ån t_m[y-am-hm-sX-t]mb \nc-h[n kao-]-\-§Ä ]¦p-h-bv¡m-
\m-hmsX InS-¶n-cp-¶p.
8. sslμ-h-a-X-¯n-te-¡pÅ {]th-i\w A¿³Imfn {]Øm-\-¯nsâ
e£y-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. t£{X-¯n {]th-in-¡p-hm³ Hcn-¡epw AXv
e£y-an-«n-cp-¶n-Ã. hnÚm\w Bbn-cp¶p AXnsâ H¶m-as¯ e£yw.
hnÚm-\w, A[n-Im-c-¯n ]¦m-fn-¯w, sFIyw F¶n-§s\ aq¶p-e-
£y-§Ä AXn ZÀin-¡mw. s]mXp-k-aqlw F¶ k¦-ev]-¯nsâ
{]mtbm-Kn-IX A¿-¦m-fn-bn-eq-sS-bmWv hnImkw t\Sp¶Xv. sFIy-
{ia¯nsâ `mK-am-bmWv km_w-hÀ, tNc-aÀ, kn²-\mÀ F¶n-§s\
ZfnXv kaq-l-¯nse Ahm-´c P\-Xsb {]Pm-k-̀ -bn (A-[n-Im-c-̄ nÂ
]¦m-fn-¯w) F¯n-¡m³ At±lw {ian- -̈Xv. \nc-h[n Iem-]-§-fn-eq-
sS-bmWv km[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-\-kwLw hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-\pw, PmXn AS-bmf
_ln-jvI-c-W-¯n-\pw, \ne-bp-d-¸n-¡p-Ibpw hnP-bn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv.
hyh-lmcw 183
9. t£{X-{]-th-i\w ZfnXv {]Øm-\-§-fpsS e£y-¯n hcp¶ ]²-
Xnsb Bbn-cp-¶n-Ã. C§s\ Hcm-ibw Zfn-XÀ¡p-ta Øm]n-X-am-hp-
I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. D]-Pm-Xn-I-fm-hm-Xn-cn-¡m³ Zfn-X-{]-Øm-\-§Ä {i²n-
¨n-cp-¶p. F¶m 1924 sIm¨n-]p-e-b-a-lm-k- -̀bpw, 1928se ‘kXy-hn-
em-kn-\n-kwLw’ Ipdhk-ap-Zm-b-¯n-sâ-Xm-bpw, Adp-ap-J-h-Ån-hn-emkw
F¶ Ipd-h-kw-L-S-bm-bpw, 1936se Ipd-h-a-lm-k- -̀bpw, AJn-e-Xn-cp-hn-
Xmw-IqÀ ]peb alm-k-`bpw Hs¡ cq]w sImÅp-¶Xv {]tXyIw {i²n-
bvt¡ kwK-Xn-bm-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.
A\yXzw XpSÀ -̈bpsS B[p-\nI apJw
hn\n-ab km[y-X-bv¡p-ta kw -̀hn¨ AS-b-ep-IÄ (The closed
door of the communication) Gähpw {][m-\-s¸-«-Xm-bn-¯o-cp-¶Xv C¡m-
e-L-«-t¯m-sS-bm-Wv. B[p-\nI ]{X-{]-hÀ¯\w \nÀ½n¨ s]mXp-t_m-
[-¯n A{]-[m-\-amb hnj-b-am-bn-cp¶p Zfn-X-cp-tS-Xv. CS-h-gn-I-fnÂ
\n¶pw Ipdp-¡p-h-gn-I-fn \n¶pw s]mXp-h-gn-bn-te-¡pw, Ih-e-bn-te¡pw
Bcw-`n-¡p¶ kaq-l-¯nÂ, A\y-h¡-cWw km[y-am-hp¶ AS-bm-f-
§Ä \nc-h-[n-bm-bn-cp-¶p.*20 \nÀ½m-W-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n DS-a-bv¡p-ff
Øm\w {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p¶ bqtdm-]y³ t_m[w Xs¶-bmWv B[p-
\nI tIc-f-k-aq-l-¯nepw kw -̀hn- -̈Xv. B[p-\n-Im-\-´-c-k-aq-l-¯nÂ
Cu DSa apX apS-¡p-Im-cmbn ]cn-hÀ¯\s¸Sp-¶p- v. At¸mgpw
s]mXp Øew F¶ hni-I-e\w kap-Zm-b-¯n-sâ-tXm, aX-¯n-sâ-tXm,
tImÀ]-tdäv t_mUn-bp-tStXm Bbn, kzIm-cy-Øm-]-\-ambn \n¡p-I-
bmWv sN¿p-¶Xv Cu t_m[-¯n-emWv PmXn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xv F¶mWv
CXn-\À°w.
*20. tIm«-b-̄ n-\-Sp-̄ p-ff AXn-c-¼pg N´sb AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶Xv AXnsâ ]e-cq-]-§-fn-ep-
ff hn\n-a-b-co-Xnbpw kz`m-hhpw h¨p-sIm m-Wv. (Hcp DZm-l-cWw am{X-ambn Cu Øes¯
D]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-̄ p-¶p). 90 hb-Ên-\p-ap-I-fn-ep-ff ss{IkvXh kpdn-bm-\nsb kw_-Ôn¨v AXv
ASn-a-̈ -́ bpw Ib-än-d¡v N -́bp-am-Wv. 60 hb-Ên\v apI-fn-ep-ff ss{IkvX-h-kp-dn-bm-\n¡v
Imf-̈ -́ -bpw, Ib-än-d¡v N´-bpw, ]Wn-̄ -c-§Ä¡v Akv]Ài-Pm-Xn-¡msc e`n-¡p¶ Øe-
am-Wv. Cu c v {]mb KW-\bpw Dff Akv]Ài-Pm-Xn-¡m-cs\ kw_-Ôn v̈ CtX Øew
AS-bm-f-am-hp-¶Xv ASn-a-bm-bpw, ]Wn-¡m-c-\mbn icocw hnÂ-¡p¶ Akv]Ài-\m-bpw B-Wv.
hyh-lmcw 184
A\y-h¡-c-Ww (alienation), A[at_m[w (inferiority com-
plex), A[o-i-t_m[w (Superiority complex) F¶n-h-bpsS hnIm-khpw
B[p-\n-I-k-aq-l-¯n {]hÀ¯n-¨p-Xp-S-§p-¶Xv AXn-\p-ap¼v \ne-\n-
¶n-cp¶ PmXn hyh-lm-c-§-fpsS cq]-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. ]c-kv]cw hn\n-
ab¯n\p-ff km[yX apdn-s¸-Sp¶ L«-¯n-emWv A\y-h¡-cWw
AYhm A[-a-t_m[w kw -̀hn-¡p-¶-Xv. Hcp Ih-e-bn-te¡v HcmÄ F¯p-
t¼mÄ Xsâ kplr-¯n-sâ, kap-Zm-b-¯n-sâ, _Ôp-hn-sâ, aX-¯nsâ
F´p-Øm-]\w D v F¶X\p-k-cn-¨mWv hn\n-abw kw -̀hn-¡p-¶-Xv.
AXn-Ãm¯ HcmÄ¡v B Ihe (Junction) Ah-cp-tS-Xmbn tXm¶p-¶n-
Ã. Cu Hcp A\y-Xz-amWv A[-a-t_m-[hpw A[o-it_m[hpw B[p-
\nI kaq-l-¯n \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xv. Hcp hiw iq\y (Vacum) Øe-am-
hp-¶, iq\y-{]-tZ-i-am-hp¶ iq\y-i-_vZ-am-hp¶ Hcp LS-\-bn-emWv B[p-
\nI kmaq-ln-I-c-W-¯nsâ BsI-¯pI \n¡p-¶-Xv. AXp-sIm v
Xs¶ CXns\ BsI-¯pI F¶v hnfn-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. ‘‘Hmtcm-hyhlm-
chpw X\-Xmb XXz-§sf/ am\I-§sf Ah-ew-_n-¨p-sIm v \ne-sIm-
Åp¶ kzbw k¼qÀW-amb hyh-Ø-I-fm-Wv. Hmtcm¶pw icn-sX-äp-
Isf thÀXn-cn-¡p-¶Xv AXn-tâ-Xp-am-{X-amb am\-I-§sf Ah-ew-_n-
¨p-sIm- mWv. `n¶-hy-h-lm-c-§Ä¡v s]mXp-hmb Hcp am\-Ihpw CsÃ-
¶n-cns¡ tIh-e-amb icn-tbm, tIh-e-amb sXtäm H¶p-an-Ã.”83
hyh-lm-c-§sf Bi-b-§-fpsS irJ-e-bm-¡p¶ ̂ qt¡m C¯cw
irJeIfpsS Hmtcm kwLm-X-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v kwkm-cn-¡p-¶p- v. AXm-
bXv {]tXyI PmXn LS-\¡v AXm-Xns\ hn\n-a-b-s¸-Sp-¯m³ Ign-
bp¶ Hcp irwJ-e-tbm, kwLmXtam D m-bn-cn-¡pw. C§-s\bpff
kwLm-X-§Ä¡v kzX-{´y-hy-h-lm-c-§-fp-ap- m-bn-cn-¡pw. tIcfw
t]msemcp kaq-l-¯n AXn-\mbn Ipew/CÃw/ D]-PmXn `mj/]Zm-
h-en-IÄ/`£-W-io-e-§Ä/ A\p-jvTm-\-co-Xn-IÄ Hs¡ kwLm-X-
83. t]. 87-þ88, \h-amÀIvknÌv kmaq-ly-hn-aÀiw þ Snhn. a[p.
hyh-lmcw 185
§Ä¡mbn D]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p- v. F¶m Hmtcm am\-I-¯n\pw asämcp
am\-I-¯n-\p-ta icn-sX-äp-Isf hne-bn-cp-¯m-\m-hnà F¶v ^qt¡m
kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
CtX coXn-bn-ep-ff asämcp kwLm-X-amb asämcp PmXn hyql-
¯n\pw \ne-\n-ev¡p¶ C¯cw kwLm-Xs¯ AXn-sâ-Xmb kXy-
¯n-eqsS AwKo-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wn-hnsS sN¿p-¶-Xv. CXv ̂ e-¯n PmXn/
aqey/t_m[-¯nsâ hyh-lm-c-kw-Lm-X-§-fn ]c-kv]cw XoÀ¡p¶
H¯p-XoÀ¸m-sW¶v hne-bn-cp-t¯- n-h-cpw. F¶m A¯-c-sam-cp, Hcp
XoÀ¸v kwPm-Xamhp-¶nà F¶ kmaq-ly-km-l-N-cy-¯n þ hnizmk
kml-N-cy-¯nÂ, `n¶-hy-h-lm-c-§sf tNmZyw sN¿p-hm-\p-ff km[yX
Xs¶ A]-I-S-s¸-Sp-¶Xv ImWm-\m-hpw. `n¶-hy-h-lm-c-§sf tNmZyw
sN¿p-Ibpw `n¶-hy-h-lm-c-§Ä¡p-ta IeÀ¸v \nÀan -¡p-Ibpw
sN¿msX P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯n\v AXnsâ D¯cw ImWm-\m-hp-¶nÃ
F¶mWv C¸-d-ª-Xn-\À°w.
{]Xn-\n-[m-\-¯nsâ A`m-h-\nÀan-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bmWv kmaq-ly-i-co-
c-¯n \n¶v am\p-jnI þ {]IrX (Humanbeing - nature) Ah-b-h-
§sf Xnc-kvI-cn-¡m-\p-ff {iaw Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv. CXv {][m-\-ambpw
¢mkn-¡Â Ime-L-«-¯n-em-cw-`n¨p F¶v ^qt¡m kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p.
“a\knem-¡Â-þ-a-\-Ên-\p-]p-d-¯pÅ hkvXp-hns\ a\-kn-\-I¯p
Nn{XWw sN¿p¶ {]{In-b-þ-A-dn-hnsâ ASn-Øm-\-am-bn. Cu No{Xn-I-c-
W-amWv {]Xn-\n-[m\w (Representation)’’84 a\-kns\ ]cn-K-Wn-¡m-Xn-cn-
¡pI F¶ coXn-bmWv B[p-\nI L«-¯n \S-¡p-¶-Xv. a\kv hbv¡m-
Xn-cn-¡p-I, a\kv sImSp-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I, a\-kn-em-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I, a\-Ên-
Ãm-sb¶v Øm]n-¨p-sIm-t -bn-cn-¡p-I, C¯-c-samcp PohnX Nw{I-a-
84. t]. 90, \h-amÀIvknÌv kmaqly hnaÀiw, Sn.-hn. a[p.
hyh-lmcw 186
W¯n (Cyclic society)-emWv B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS tIc-f-am-Xr-I-I-sfm-
s¡-¯s¶ cq]w sImÅp-¶-Xv.
a\kn\p-Ån-te¡v \nÀ½n-¡p¶ Nn{X-§-fm-hs« Gsd h{Io-I-cn-
¡-s -̧«-Xpw, hnI-e-am-¡-s¸-«-Xpw, hnZq-c-am-¡-s¸-«-h-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. Cu cq]o-
I-c-W-§Ä Hs¡-¯s¶ Xsâ kzXzs¯ (identity), Pohn-Xm-h-Øsb
(Life situation) ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶Xp IqSn-bm-sW¶v ioen-¸n-¡p-¶-Xew
\nÀ½n-¡m³ B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS D]-I-c-W-§Ä¡pw, Bbp-[-§Ä¡pw
Ign-ªn-cp-¶p. C¯-c-samcp kab \nÀ½n-Xn-bmWv (Time Construc-
tion) ]e-t¸mgpw ]e-k-a-b-§-fnepw ]e Nn{Xo-I-c-W-§-fn-eqsS {]Xn-
\n-[m-\-§sf Zfn-XÀ¡p-ta \nÀ½n-s -̈Sp-¡p-¶-Xn hnP-bn-¸n-̈ -Xv. AXp-
sIm- p-Xs¶ B[p-\n-I-X-bnse Zfn-XÀ hnP-bn¨ P\-X-b-Ã. hnP-bn-¡-
s¸« P\-X-bm-Wv.
kmaq-ly-im-kv{Xw, \h-hw-i-im-kv{Xw, a\ximkv{Xw, bpàn XpS-
§nb B[p-\nI cq]-§-sfm-s¡-¯s¶ kv{Xoþ-]p-d-t¼m¡v Poh-i-co-c-
§sf ImWm-Xn-cn-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. CtX L«-¯n¯s¶ \·/
Xn·-I-fpsS am\-ZÞw IqSp-X Bth-i-I-c-am-hp-Ibpw Øm]-\-§Ä
Hmtcm¶pw IqSp-XÂ \·-bpsS ap{Z-hm-Iy-§-fmbn¯ocp-I-bpw, ]pd-t¼m¡v
cq]-§-fm-hs« kmaq-ly-i-co-c-¯nse Xn·-I-fmbn hnhÀ¯-\-s¸-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. tIc-f-¯nsâ IpSn-tb-ä-§-fpw, IpSn-tb-ä-§Ä¡v e`n-¡p¶ \nb-
a-]-cn-c-£bpw \nb-a-]-cn-c-£-bn-Ãm-¯-bn-S-§-fn aX/[mÀanI-XbpsS
]n³_-ehpw t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡m³ XpSsc Ign-ªn-cp-¶Xpw, Ign-bp-¶-Xpw,
Xn·-bpsS Ne-\-`m-K-§-fmbn s]®v-þ-]p-d-t¼m¡v tNmZy-§Ä AXnsâ
kzXzw, kzmX-{´yw, `mhp-IXzw Chsb {]ZÀin-¸n-¡mt\m NÀ¨
sN¿mt\m Bhm-̄ -hn[w Iogvs -̧«p-Xp-S-§p-¶-Xnsâ BhÀ¯-\hpw Htc
ka-b-¯p-f-f-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.
hyh-lmcw 187
‘‘]s£ aX-̄ n-sâbpw PmXn-bp-sSbpw ASn-Øm-\-¯n-ep-ff kwh-
cWw GÀs¸-Sp-¯p-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ, Ignhpw _p²n-bp-ap-f-f-hsc c mw
InS-¡mtcm aq¶mw InS-¡mtcm Bbn \mw Xcw-Xm-gv¯pw. kmap-Zm-
bnI ]cn-K-W\ ASn-Øm-\-am-¡nb Cu kwh-c-W-¯nsâ Ct¸m-gs¯
AhØ Fs¶ ZpxJn-¸n-¡p-¶p. DtZym-K-¡-b-ä-§Ä t]mepw Nne-t¸mÄ
PmXn-aX ]cn-K-W-\-I-fpsS ASn-Øm-\-¯n-em-sW¶v tI«v Rm³ AÛp-
X-s¸-Sp-¶p. Cu ]mX-bn hnUvVn¯w am{X-aà hn\m-ihpw ]Xn-bn-cn-
¸p- v. ]nt¶m-¡-hn-`m-K-¡msc FÃm-hn-[-¯nepw \ap¡v klm-bn-¡mw.
AXp-]-s£, Imcy-£-a-Xsb _en-I-gn-¨p-sIm- m-I-cp-Xv. c mw InS-
¡m-sc-s¡m- v, s]mXp-ta-J-e-sb-¶-Ã, GsXmcp taJ-e-sbbpw sI«n-
s¸-Sp-¡m³ \ap-s¡-§s\ km[n-¡pw.?85
C´y-sb-I-s -¯nb alm³ Ph-lÀem s\lvdp 1961  ]nt¶m-
¡-k-aq-l-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v Fgp-Xp-¶Xv C§-s\-bm-Wv. AhÀ c mw-X-c-
¡m-cm-hp-¶p. asäm¶v ]nt¶m-¡-hn-`m-K-¯n-\pw, Zfn-XÀ¡pw Dff kwh-
c-W-Im-cy-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v At±lw {i²n-¨n-t«-bn-Ã. F{X-h-enb Hcp P\-
k-aq-l-am-Wv ]nt¶m-¡mÀ F¶p-t]mepw At±lw a\-kn-em-¡n-«n-Ã. B[p-
\n-I-X-bpsS Hcp kmaqly kz`m-h-amWv. CXneqsS hyà-am-hp-¶Xv.
CXns\ Nph-Sp-]n-Sn-¨mWv C.-Fw.-F-kv. kap-Zmb kwh-cWw Bh-iy-
anà F¶v \nco-£n- -̈Xv. B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS cmjv{So-b-tI-{μ-§Ä Xmev]-
cy-s¸-«n-cp¶ Hmc-§Ä \nÀan-X-am-hp-¶Xv C§-s\-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
ChnsS DZm-c-am-\-hn-IX am{X-am-bn-cp¶p Zfn-XÀ¡mbn Ch-cnÂ
\n¶p e`n¨ klmbw. C§-s\-sbmcp DZm-c-am-\-hn-IX-bn-te¡v ]cn-
hÀ¯-\-s¸« P\X skIyp-e-dnkw (Secularism), am\-hn-I-X (Human-
ity), hr¯n (Purity), IpSpw_w (Family), hnizmkw (belief), Bcm-[\
(Worship) F¶n-§-s\-bp-ff am\-I-§Ä Hcp hi¯v \nc-¯n-h-bv¡p-
85. t]. 12, ASn-sX-äp¶ ]nt¶m¡ {]oW\w, Acp¬ jqdn.
hyh-lmcw 188
Ibpw adp-h-i¯v Nmcnän (Charity), kzPmXn (Own sub caste), kzPmXn
]mÀ«n (Own sub caste political party) F¶n-§s\ cl-ky-hn-\n-abw
\nÀ½n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp h¶n-cp-¶p.
`c-WIq-S-hy-h-lm-c-¯nse Cu kwLm-X-§Ä IqSp-X IqSp-
X {]tZ-i-§Ä Iog-S-¡p-hm-\mbn t]meo-kv, tk\, hnZym-`ym-k-tI-
{μ-§Ä XpS-§n Hmscm-¶n-eq-sSbpw Ipä-hm-fn-IÄ, \nc-£-cÀ, ]m¸-cm-
kn-IÄ, A[x-Ir-XÀ, lcn-P³ F¶n-§s\ \nÀan-¡p¶ \nKq-V-cq-]-
§Ä Øm\-s¸-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. \m«p-\-S-¸nsâ ]gb PmXn-hym-Jym-\-
§Ä¡p-ta C¯cw Øm]-\-§Ä \nÀ½n¨ \m«p-\-S-¸p-IÄ Bcw-`n-
¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
Cu \m«p-\-S-¸p-I-fm-h-s« BZn-hm-knsb IqSp-XÂ h\-¯n-te¡v
Ib-dm³ t{]cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw HSp-hn h\w Xs¶ CÃm-Xm-hp-Ibpw Ah-
ti-jn-¨n-S-¯p-\n¶v BZn-hmkn ]pd-´-Å-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿n-¨p. tImf-
\n, ]pd-t¼m¡v F¶n-h-bn tI{μo-I-cn-̧ n-¨p. ̀ qan-bn-te-¡p-ff Xmev]cyw
D m-Im-Xn-c-¡m³ {ian-¡pI, hnZym-t\-Sp-¶-Xp-sIm v {]tbm-P-\-an-söv
Øm]n-¡m³ {ian-¡pI, tImS-Xn-bn t]mhp-¶-Xp-sIm v {]tbm-P-\-
an-söv Øm]n-¡Â, kz´w ssZh-§-sf-s¡m v {]tbm-P-\-an-söv
Øm]n-¡Â F¶n-§s\ B[p-\nI ]uc-k-aq-l-¯nsâ Dev]-¶-§-sf-
s¡m v {]tbm-P-\-sam-¶p-anà Cu kaq-l-§Ä¡v F¶v \nc-́ cw HmÀ½n-
¸n-¡p-hm\pw IqSn AXn\v Ign-ªp.
sXmgn-ensâ Ipdª Iqen, sXmgn-ensâ AØn-cX F¶nh thcp-
d-¸n-¡m³ A\p-h-Zn-¡m-¯Xpw hnSp-XÂ t\Sm-\m-hm-¯-Xp-amb P\-X-
bm¡n \ne-\nÀ¯p-hm³ t{]cn-¸n-¡p-¶p. tXm«w sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ, sXmgn-
em-fn-hÀ¤-¯nsâ Pohn-Xm-h-Ø XpS-§n-bh CXv icn hbv¡p¶p. ]e
`c-W-Ip-S§fpw, hyh-Øm-]n-X kao-]-\-§-fn-eqsS {]m]vXn-bn-Ãm¯ Hcp
P\-X-bmWv F¶v hymJym-\n-¡p--bpw, {Ia-hÂIr-X-amb kaq-l-¯nse
hyh-lmcw 189
A\y-sc-t¶m, ]mh-§Ä Ft¶m, ]cn-jvI-cn-t¡- -hÀ Ft¶m hnfn-¡-
s¸-SpIbpw sN¿p¶p. \nc-´cw {]mtbm-KnI ]co-£-W-k-¶-²-cmbn
ChÀ AØnc-am-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bmWv sNbvXn-«p-f-f-Xv.
¢n\n¡p-I-fpsS DZbw asäm-c-°-¯n P\-kw-Jym-\n-b-{´-W-¯n-
\mbn hym]-I-ambn {]Nm-cWw \nÀh-ln-¡p-¶p- v. Kh¬saâ v Nne
k½m-\-§fpw {]khw \nÀ¯p-¶-hÀ¡v \ÂIp-¶p- v. KÀ -̀ip-{iqj
kw_-Ôn¨v hfsc Ipdª Znh-k-§fpw, t]mj-I-§-fp -amWv
kv{XoIÄ¡v e`n-¨n-«p-f-f-Xv. kaq-l-¯n-sâbpw, IpSpw-_-¯nsâbpw
km¼-¯nI bmX-\-IÄ¡v Imc-W-¡mÀ Ah-c-h-cm-sW-¶p-ff ]mTw
kzImcy temI-¯n-\p-th n Kh¬saâ v XpS§n hbv¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
kmaq-ly-{]iv\amb AXns\ ]cn-tim-[n-¡m-\pw, \nco-£n-¡m\pw tNmZyw
sN¿m-\p-ap-ff kml-Ncyw Hcp-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Nhdv Nps«-cn¨v
\Kcw ipNn-bm-¡p-¶-Xn\v Xpey-amb kao-]-\-am-bn-cp-¶p C-Xv. Nhdv
IqSp-XÂ Zqtc¡v amän kwkv¡-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ (buried) kwkv¡-cn-¡m³
\ho-\-amÀK-§Ä kzoI-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ \K-c-ho-Yn-IÄ IqSp-X tamSn-bm-
hp-Ibpw hr¯n-bm-hp-Ibpw sN¿pw F¶ kao-]-\-amWv ChnsS `c-W-
Iq-S-§-fn \n¶p- m-bn-«p-f-f-Xv.
adn v̈ Nh-dp-IÄ DÂ]m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶ hn]-Wn-bp-sSbpw AXnsâ kz`m-
h-¯n-sâbpw, aqe-[-\-hn-\ym-k-¯nsâ X«p-I-sfbpw tNmZyw sN¿m-t\m-
]-cn-hÀ¯\ hnt[-b-am-¡mt\m {iaw \S-¯n-Im-Wp-¶n-Ã. It¼m-f-¯n-
te¡v IqSp-X Ah-k-c-§Ä aäp-f-f-hÀ¡v \ÂIp-hm³ Xpd-¶n-SpI
am{X-amWv sN¿vXn-«p-f-f-Xv. ]pd-t¼m¡v P\-X-bp-ambn CXns\ XmcXayw
sN¿p-t¼mÄ D]-Po-h-\-km-[y-X, Btfm-l-cn-h-cp-am-\-̄ nsâ ]¦v (Share)
B[p-\nI DXv]m-Z-\-L-S-I-§-fnse {]thiw F¶n-hsb AÃ {]m[m-
\y-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xv. adn¨v P\-kw-Jy-bn \n¶v Ipd-hp- h-cp-¯n-s¡m v
tÌäv hnX-cWw sNt¿- p¶ hnln-Xs¯ Npcp-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.
hyh-lmcw 190
BZn-hm-kn-þ-Z-fnXv kaq-l-§-fn kv{XoIÄ¡v kw -̀hn¨ {]k-h-
\n-tcm-[-\-amÀK-§Ä km¼-¯n-I-ambn CÃm-¯-Xpw, imco-cn-I-hr-¯n¡v
Imbn-I-ambn sXmgn am{Xw t]mwh-gn-bp-ap-ff kaq-l-¯nse ]IpXn
AwK-§sf AYhm kv{XoIsf KÀ -̀kw-_-Ô-hpw, \s«Ãv kw_-Ôhpw
Bb tcmKn-I-fm¡n AYhm s]¬tcm-Kn-Isf \nÀan-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
CXv \ni-_vZ-am-bXpw \s«-Ãvþ KÀ -̀]m-{X-tcm-Kn-I-fmb Hcp s]¬k-aq-
ls¯ ]pd-t¼m-¡n-s\m¸w sI«n-tb¸n-¡pI IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. IpSpw_w
Hcp LS-\bpw A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ N«-¡qSpw \nÀ½n-¡p-¶p- v. tIc-f-k-aq-
l-¯n-epw. F¶m ^qt¡m kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ Ip¼-km-chpw AXnsâ
A[n-Im-c-cq-]hpw Zfn-X-k-aq-l-¯n \nÀ½n-X-am-hp-¶Xv kwLm-X-cq-]-
¯n-em-Wv. Cu kwLm-X-cq-]-am-hs« `n¶n-¡-ensâ (Split) ASn-¯-d-
bmWv \nÀ½n-¨n-«p-f-f-Xpw. ]mÀ«n Hm^o-kv, ]mÀ«n-I-½-än, t\Xm-hp-am-bp-
ff hn\n-a-bw, ]Ån \nÀ½n¨ ]utcm-ln-Xyw, sNdpXpw At\-I-hp-amb
s{]m«-Ìâ v ]Ån-IÄ, F¶n-§s\ AXn-hn-]p-e-amb `n¶n-¡Â, tI{μ-
§Ä, Ip¼-kmcw tIÄ¡p-¶, ]cmXn tIÄ¡p¶, Ic-¨n tIÄ¡p-
¶, Bh-em-Xn-tIÄ¡p¶ A[n-Imc tI{μ-§-fmbn¯ocp-I-bpw, HcÀ-
°-¯n cl-ky-am-bn-cn-t¡ Ip¼-kmcw ]c-ky-am-bn-¯o-cp-Ibpw CXv
\nÀ½n-¡p¶ hn\n-abw Bßm-`n-am-\-s¯bpw \ne-\n-ev]n-s\bpw tNmZyw
sN¿p-¶-Xp-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p.
]utcm-ln-Xy-kz-`mhw ]Ån-bn-epw, ]mÀ«n-Hm-^o-knepw {]hÀ¯n-
¨Xv Htc LS-\m-cq-]-¯n-em-Wv. ]utcm-ln-Xy-t¯mSv Ip¼-km-cn-¡p-I-
bpw, ]Ån-¡-½-än-IÄ {]iv\w ]cn-l-cn-¡p-Ibpw (B-ßo-b-hpw, `uXn-
I-hp-am-bn) sN¿p¶ AtX cq]-¯n Xs¶-bmWv ]mÀ«n t\Xr-Xz-§Ä
{]iv\-§Ä tIÄ¡p-Ibpw ]cn-l-cn-¡m³ {ian-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xv. CXn-
eqsS `c-W-L-S\ þ \nbaw F¶n-§s\ B[p-\nI P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯nsâ
]e A[n-Im-c-cq-]-§fpw ASn-¯-«n ]mÀ«n-t\-Xr-Xz-§-fpw, ]ptcm-ln-X-
tI-{μo-Ir-Xhpw Bbn hÀ¯n¨p F¶p ImWn-¨p-X-cp-¶p- v. ]ptcm-ln-
hyh-lmcw 191
X-tcmSv Ip¼-km-cn-¡p-I-bpw, Bh-em-Xn-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Bßob
tI{μ-ambn Zfn-Xsc kw_-Ôn¨v ]mÀ«n Hm^o-kp-IÄ amdp-I-bm-bn-cp-
¶p. Zfn-XÀ¡v Bßo-b-amb tI{μ-§Ä kzbw _ln-jvI-cn-¡m³ Bh-
iy-s¸« cmjv{So-b-{]-Øm-\-§Ä kzbw Bßob tI{μ-§-fm-hp-Ibpw
a[y-hÀ¤, D]-cn-hÀ¤-P-\-k-aq-l-§Ä¡v ]c-¼-cm-KX t£{X Bßo-bX
\ne-\nÀ¯n-s¡m-Sp-¡pI IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
D]-Pm-Xn-IÄ, {]tZ-i-cm-jv{S-k-aqlw
Xncp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ `c-W-IqSw Hcp ‘lnμp-cmPyw’ F¶ \nÀh-N\w
kzbw {]Jym-]n-¡p¶ kz`m-h-co-Xn-I-fp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. PmXn ASn-Øm-
\-¯n kl-I-c-W-kw-L-§Ä cPn-kväÀ sN¿-s¸«p XpS-§n-bXpw Cu
L«-¯n-em-Wv. \mbÀ skmssk-än -IÄ, Cug-h-skm-ssk-d-dn -IÄ,
{InkvXy³ skmssk-än-IÄ F¶n-§s\ Adn-b-s¸-«p. Aln-μp-¡fpw,
lcn-P-\-§-fpw C¯cw {ia§Ä \S-¯n-b-t¸mÄ kÀ¡mÀ CXns\
hÀ¤ob kwL-§-sf¶v hnfn¨v \ncp-Õm-l-s¸-Sp-¯n.... Cu hÀ¤ob
kwLw F¶ sslμ-h-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ `c-W-Iq-S-¯nsâ Blzm\w
]n¶oSv I½yq-Wn-Ìp-Ifpw Gsä-Sp-¡p-I-bpw, ZfnXv kwL-§sf hÀ¤o-
b-ambn A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sN¿p-hm\pw XpS-§n. {_mÒ-W- \m-bÀ hn`m-
K-§-sfmcp hi¯pw {InkvXy³, apÉnw, Cugh þ ZfnXv hn`m-K-§Ä
adp-h-i¯pw \n¡p¶ c p-k-aq-ls¯ B[p-\nI tIc-f-̄ n ImWm-
hp-¶-Xm-Wv. kn.-tI-i-hsâ tImg-t©cn {]kwKw C§-s\-bm-Wv. ‘Rm³
]d-bp-¶Xv kÀ.-kn.-]n.-sb-¡p-dn-¨m-Wv. B ‘P´p’ \ap-¡m-h-iy-anÃ. Rm³
P´p F¶Ã ]d-ªXv ‘lnμp’ F¶m-Wv. At±lw Cug-h-\pw,
{InkvXym-\n-¡pw, apÉo-an\pw Hcp KpWhpw sN¿n-Ã.’86
PmXnsb \ne-\nÀ¯n-s¡m v PmXn-bpsS Ak-a-Xz-§Ä Ah-
km-\n--¸n¡mw F¶p-ff {ia-amWv \S-¯n-bXv. CXv PmXnsb AXnsâ
86. t]. 30-þ31, Ncn-{Xhpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw þ Sn.-Sn. {ioIp-amÀ.
hyh-lmcw 192
apgp-h³ \nb-a-§-fn-eq-sSbpw \ne-\nÀ¯p-s¡m-Sp-¡pI am{X-am-Wv sNbvXv.
I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-IÄ PmXn-s¡-Xnsc \S-¯nb {ia-§Ä¡v XpSÀ -̈
bn-Ãm-Xm-hp-Ibpw PmXn-k-ap-Zm-b-§Ä¡p-Ån Iayq-WnÌv {ia-§Ä s]«p-
t]m-hp-I-tbm, Iayq-WnÌv {ia-§Ä ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-I-tbm, D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-
Itbm Bbn-cp-¶p.
CXnsâ {]Xn-^-e-\-§Ä, ZfnX kaq-l-¯n-\mWv cq£hpw FXn-
cmbpw Gähpw IqSp-XÂ kzoI-cn-t¡- n-h-¶-Xv. kzbw kap-Zm-bmÀÖn-
X-hpw, PmXn-hn-cp²hpamb c p kao-]-\-§Ä¡pw Gsd apt¶m«p
t]mhm-\m-bn-Ã. kwh-cWw t]mep-ff P\m-[n-]-Xym-h-Imiw \ne-
\nÀ¯m³ PmXnsb adn-I-S-t¡- -Xnà F¶ Xncn- -̈dn-hmWv Zfn-X-cn-ep-
m-b-Xv. Cu [mcW Aim-kv{Xo-b-am-b-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. hn]p-e-P-\-X-Xn-bpsS
Hcp kaqlw F¶ coXn-bn AXnsâ cmjv{Sobw ]cm-Pbs¸Sp-Ibpw
Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnsâ lnμpXzw ZfnX D]-Pm-Xn-I-fn sNep-¯nb
kzm[o\w IqSp-XÂ hnÅ-ep-IÄ¡v Imc-W-am-Ip-IbmWv sNb-X-Xv.
“kz´w kmaq-ln-I-]-Z-hn¡p \nZm\w Xm³ DÄs¸-Sp¶ PmXn-
bpsS kmaq-lnI ]Z-hn-bm-sW¶ hnizmkw Du«n-bp-d-¸n-¡p-I-bmWv PmXn-
\-ho-I-c-W-{]-Øm-\-§Ä sN¿p-¶-Xv.”87
PmXn-hn-cp² {]Øm-\-§Ä F¶ e£yw A¿³Im-fn¡pw
s]mbvI-bn A¸-¨\pw tijw Is¿m-gn-b-s¸-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. PmXn-\-
ho-I-c-W-{]-Øm-\-§Ä F¶ \ne-bn {]hÀ¯\w CSw t\Sm³ {ian-
¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. XpSÀ¶v Hmtcm hyànbpw DÄs¸Sp¶ PmXn-bpsS
al-Xzs¯ DbÀ¯m³ {ian-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. CXv P\X F¶ \ne-bn-
ep-ff AkvXnXzw CÃm-Xm-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. B[p-\nI tÌän-t·Â
\nÀ½n-X-am-th- p¶ \h-P-\X F¶ e£ys¯ \nÀÖo-h-h-evI-cn-¡p-
87. t]. 33, Ncn-{Xhpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpw. Sn.-Sn. {ioIp-amÀ.
hyh-lmcw 193
I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. PmXnt_m[w AXnsâ kq£va-tI-{μ-§-fn \nÀ½n-¨n-«p-
ff Gän-d-¡-§Ä, ip²-X, Ipeo-\-X, am\y-X, B[n-Im-cn-X, GI-X,
asäm-cp-Pm-Xn-tb-¡mÄ Db-sc-bm-sW¶v Iev]n-¡p¶ t_m[w Ch-bn-ep-
sS-sbm-s¡, B[p-\nI tÌänsâ D]-I-c-W-§Ä e`y-am-¡p-Ibpw D]-
tbm-Kn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm pXs¶ PmXn-t_m-[-¯nsâ cq]§sf
adn-I-S-¡msX P\-X-Xn \ne\n¶p.
P\X-bv¡p-Ån¯s¶ X§Ä DbÀ¶ kzXz-§-fm-bn-cp¶p F¶
hn\n-a-b-¯n-\p-ff {ia-§Ä hmbvsam-gn-bmbn ]cn-hÀ¯-\-s¸-«Xv C¡m-
e-¯m-bn-cp-¶p. CX-c-PmXn kaq-l-§Ä kz´w PmXn t_m[-¯nsâ
al-Xzs¯ \ne-\nÀ¯p-t¼mÄ Iogv¯-«p-P-\-hn-`m-K-§Ä¡pw C¯cw
]qÀÆ-Im-e-N-cn-{X-¯nsâ hymJym\w IqSp-XÂ Bh-iy-am-bn-h-cn-Ibpw
sNbvXn-cp-¶p. imkv{Xo-bhpw bpàn-]-c-hp-amb ]T-\-§-fpsS ]n³_ew
D m-bn-cn-s¡-¯-s¶, P\-X-bpsS \nÀan-Xn-bn-tebv¡v Ch hyh-Øm-
]nX Ncn-{X-t¯mSpw hoj-W-§-tfmSpw Ie-l-s -̧«p-sIm- n-cp¶p. knÔp
\mK-cn-IX (Indusvalley civilization), {Zmhn-U-P-\-hn-`mKw (Dravidas)
Bcy\m-{I-a-§Ä¡p-tijw XIÀ¶p-t]m-b-hÀ F¶n-§s\ B[p-\nI
Ncn-{X-¯nsâ \nco-£-W-§Ä Zfn-X-cpsS ]m«p-I-fnbpw hmbvsam-gn-I-fn-
epw, ssIamäw sN¿-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. P\X F¶ \ne-bn-ep-ff kzm[o-\-
ambn CXns\ DbÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¡m-\m-bn-Ã. ImcWw C§-s\-sbmcp P\-
k-©bw F¶ [mc-bp-sSbpw ASn-bn D]-PmXn aln-a-bpsS \oscm-
gp¡v Gsd kPoh hn\n-a -b-am-bn -cp -¶p.*21 PmXnt_m[-¯nsâ
*21. “hwi-ip-²n-bpw, ]mc-¼-cyhpw Ncn-{X-hp-a-ff P\-X-bmWv tNc-aÀ, tNmfcpw (cholas)]mWvUycpw (Pandhians) ktlm-Z-c-hw-i-§-fm-Wv. tNc-a-cpsS Ahm-́ -c-hn-̀ m-K-̄ n _Ôp-
Xz-sIm pw IeÀ¸p-sIm p DÄs -̧Sp-¶-h-cmWv kn²-\mcpw kmw_-h-cpw. tNc-aÀ¡v am{XamWv
CÃ-§Ä Df-f-Xv. Ahm-́ -c-hn-̀ m-K-§-f-tebv¡v Cà hyh-ØnXn hy]n¨p. tNc-·m-cpsS CÃw
Xmbvhgn¡v t]mIp-¶p. {_mÒ-WÀ¡v CÃ-§Ä D m-Ip-hm³ ImcWw AhÀ A¡m-e¯v
{]i-kvX-cm-bn-cp¶ tNc-aÀ CÃ-§-fnse tNc-aÀ kv{XoIsf thfn-I-gn¨p F¶-Xn-\m-em-Wv.
tNc-a-cp-sSbpw {_mÒ-W-cp-sSbpw CÃ-§-fpsS kwÚ-IÄ kq£va-]-T-\-̄ n\v hnt[-b-am¡n-
bmÂAh-bvs¡Ãmw [mXp H¶v Xs¶-sb¶v hyà-am-Ipw.tNc-aÀ 32 ]cn-j-I-fmbn hn -̀Pn-¡-
s -̧«n-cp-¶p. sXmgnens\ Bkv]-Z-am-¡n-bp-ff hn`P-\-am-bn-cp¶p CXv. BZn CÃw AsænÂ
hmb-\mÄ CÃw, ]pen-bmÄ CÃw, X¨-\n-Ãw, I® CÃw, tNmXn CÃw, Dgh´n CÃw,
hyh-lmcw 194
{]hÀ¯\w Bcw-`n- -̈Xn-\p-tijw cq]w sIm \nco-£-W-§-fm-bn-cp¶p
Ch F¶-Xn\v \nK-a-\-§-fpsS LS-\-]-cn-tim-[n-¨m am{Xw aXn. ]Xn,
IpSpw-_-]-Xn, a{´-io-e-§Ä, a{´-io-e-§Ä¡v ]-Icw t£{X-¯nÂ
{]th-in-¡Â, t\m¼v, ]Ån-hn-izm-k-io-e-§Ä, Igp-¶v, s]cp-¶m-fv,
t\À¨, t\m¼v, aebv¡v t]m¡v F¶n-§s\ asämcp B´-cnI hn\n-
abw cq]-s¸-Sp-¶p- v.
C¯cw B´-cnI hn\n-a-b-¯n\pw DÅn PmXn-bpsS al-Xz-
¯nsâ am\-§Ä AXo-h-Kq-V-ambn hn\n-abw sN¿-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. ]pe-
t¸-Sn-bn-eqsS h¶ \¼q-Xncn kv{XobpsS ]n³X-e-ap-d-bm-Wv, hmWn-Py-
¯n-\p-h¶ hntZ-in-bpsS _Ôw \nÀ½n¨ ]n³X-e-ap-d-bm-Wv. ]pe-bsâ
Iew \¶v, ]d-bsâ Ipew \¶v, Bßm-hn c£n-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-
\m {InkvXp-aXw kzoI-cn-¡m¯ kzmPm-Xn-¡mÀ arK-§tfm km¯m³
amtcm Bhp-¶p, ]m¡-\m-cpsS ]n³X-e-ap-dbm-b-Xn-\m tZth-{μ-\p-ambn
_Ô-ap-f-f-h-cmWv. the³-þ-sh-fp-t¯-S³-þ-]-c-hÀ C§-s\-sbmcp ]c-kv]-
c-ssh-hm-ln-I-_Ôw cl-ky-ambn hn\n-a-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. ChÀ ]pe-b-scbpw
]d-b-sc-bpw, Ipd-h-scbpw Xmsg PmXn-bmbn hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p. BZn-hm-
sIm©nCÃw XpS-§n-bh GXm\pw CÃ-§-fpsS kwPvR-IÄ am{Xw. hmb\ CÃw (Houseof Teacher)¡mÀ D]-tZ-jvTm-¡-·mcpw ̀ c-W-¡mcpw Bbn-cp-¶p. ]pen-bmÄ (House of Tigers)CÃ-¡mÀ t]mcm-fn-IÄ Bbn-cp-¶p. X¨-\nà (House of builders) ¡mÀ F³Pn-\n-bÀamÀ
Bbn-cp-¶p. I® CÃw (House of Krishna) t£{X ]qPm-cn-I-fp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. shÅ-CÃw
(House of commerce) hmWnPyw \S-̄ nbhcp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. “shÅ” F¶Xv \mW-b-̄ nsâ
\m\mÀ°-§-fn s]Sp-¶-Xm-W-tÃm. tNmXn AYhm tPymXn CÃw (House of Lights) tPymXn-
im-kv{X-Ú·mcp-tS-Xm-bn-cp-¶p, Dg-h´n CÃw (House of planters) Dghcp-tSXv F¶ AÀ°-
¯n Irjn he-cp-tSXv- F¶mbn-cp-¶p. sIm©n-Im-c-·m-cpsS CÃw (House of Artists) \À¯-
I-cpsS AYhm Iem-Im-c-·m-cpsS CÃw Bbn-cp¶p. C{]-Imcw Hmtcm CÃ-̄ n\pw AXn-tâ-
Xmb {]tXy-I-X-Ifpw Ncn-{X-§fpw D m-bn-cp-¶p. \menÃw \ÃnÃw Fs¶mcp sNmÃp- v.
\mev CÃ-§Ä t{ijvT-§-fmbn ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. Ch hmb\mÄ, ]pen-bmÄ, X¨-\mÄ,
It®-cmÄ F¶nhbmsW¶v AhÀ Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp¶psh¦nepw aäp-Nne CÃ-¡mÀ GsX-
¦nepw H¶v hn«v Ifªv X§-fp-tSXp IqSn tNÀ¯v AhbmWv \mev \ÃnÃw F¶pw ]d-bm-dp-
v. (t]Pv” 80-þ81, kn.-Fw. Fkv, k`m-N-cn-{Xw, Ìo^³ h«-̧ m-d)
“t]män-amÀ¡v CÃw DÅ-Xp-t]mse R§Ä¡pw CÃ-sam v \men-Ã-§fm. shÅn-b³, tXbn-
b³, Ih-c³, sNdp-\m-S³ Hmtcm Øe-̄ p-sN¶v Hmtcm P·w ]nSn-̈ -hcm Ch-cv. sNdp-\m-S\m
Rm\pw ho«p-Imcpw sN§-f¯v Imhv P·-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXn¯s¶ Xncn-̈ p-hy-Xym-k-sams¡
D m-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-semcp Iq«cv \Ã kpμ-c-·mcpw kpμ-cn-IfpamWv. R§sS apSn-sh-«p-
¶Xv Ah-cm. kmw_-hcv Xs¶ CÃw sImd-ª-h-cm-sW-t¶-sbm-Å-Xv. D¨-I-gnªm R§-sS-
sbm¶pw ho«nt¡än-tbe.” (t]Pv. 16, amWn-¡w-s]-®v, adn-bm-½-t¨-S-̄ n, `mjm-t]m-jnWn,
P\p-h-cn, 2003).
hyh-lmcw 195
kn-IÄ ho«n Ib-dm³ Xmgv¶ PmXn-bmb ]pe-b-scbpw aäpw A\p-h-
Zn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p¶p F¶n-§s\ \nc-h[n DÅd ASb-ep-IÄ (indoor closed
system) {]hÀ¯n¡p¶-Xns\ ]cn-tim-[n-¡m-sXbpw {]iv\-h-evI-cn-¡m-
sX-bpw, Alw þ Bßwþ hyànXzw þ kzXzw F¶n-hsb `uXnI
bpàn¡v A¸p-d¯v hnth-N-\-¯nsâ Alw sIm v \nÀ½n-¡m³ Ign-
ªn-«p-ff Bbn-c-¡-W-¡n\v Als¯ tNmZyw sN¿m-\p-ff tijn PmXn
\ho-I-cW{]Øm-\-§Ät¡m, Iayq-WnÌv {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-§Ät¡m
D m-bn-cp-¶nÃ.
“ -PmXn th , aXw th , ssZhw th F¶v {]kw-Kn-¡p-
Ibpw Fgp-Xp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-Xn-\m At±lw Cug-h-\-söv {]Jym-
]n-¨p-In-«m³ sIm¨n tImS-Xn-bn tIkv sImSp-¡p-I-bmWv Nne Cugh
{]am-Wn-amÀ sNbvX-sX¶Xv {i²n-¡-s¸-tS Hcp Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-
bmWv.”88 \mcm-b-W-Kp-cp-hns\ {]Xn-tNÀ¯v Cug-h-k-aqlw sImSp¯
tIkpIfpw ]mc-¼-cys¯ \mcm-b-W-Kpcp [n¡-cn¨p F¶Xpambn _Ô-
s¸-«-Xm-Wv.*22
PmXn-s¡-Xnsc an{i-t`m-P-\-hpw, PmXn¡pw aX-¯n\pw ssZh-
¯n\pw FXnsc \ne-\n-ev¡p-Ibpw sNbvX ktlm-Z-c³ A¿-¸³
88. t]. 33, Ncn-{Xhpw B[p-\n-I-X-bpw. Sn.-Sn. {ioIp-amÀ.
*22 ]d-hqÀ ap³kn^v tImSXn ap¼msI 1099Â AÊÂ \{¼v þ427, 17-þmw {]Xn \mcm-b-W-
Kpcpkzman F¶p-IqSn ]d-ªp-h-cp¶ 70 hb-Êp-ff \mWp-hm-im³ (a-cn-̈ p) IqSp-XÂ 18-þmw
{]Xn {io. tKmhn-μm-\-μ-kzman AhÀIÄ inh-Kncn hÀ¡e Nnd-bn³Io-gv. hmZn-IÄ knhnÄ
\nbaw 56-þmw hIp-̧ p-{]-Imcw t_m[n-̧ n-¡p¶ A\ym-bw. (A-\ym-b-̄ n Nne-Xv).
11. 17-þmw {]Xn Cugh PmXn-¡m-cpsS CSbn an{i-t`m-P\w \S-̄ n-¡phm-\p-ff {ia-̄ nÂ
{][m-\-ambpw {]Xn-I-fn NneÀ an{i-t`m-P-\-̄ n DÄs¸« I£n-¡m-cpsS ]mÀiz-̄ nÂs¸-
«n-cn-¡p-¶Xpw IqSmsX 9þmw {]Xn an{i-t`m-P-\-̄ n DÄs¸« Bfp-am-bn-cn-¡-bm 17-þmw {]Xn¡p
Imfn-Ip-f-§c t£{Xm-h-Im-is¯ Hgnªp- sIm-Sp-̧ n-¡p-¶-Xn XmÂ]-cy-s¸«v Ir{Xn-a-ambn
`mK-]-{X-̄ nsâ HSp-hn FgpXnt¨À¯-Xmbpw Adn-bp-¶p.
13. AXn-s\-K-Wn-¡msX 17þmw {]Xn Ah-Imi A[n-Im-c-§sf _e-s -̧Sp-̄ m-\mbn 99 hrÝn-
I-̄ n Imfn Ipf-§sc t£{X-̄ n \ymb-c-ln-X-ambpw _em¡m-c-ambpw Hcp kwLw
IqSn-¡bpw AXn an{i-t`m-P-\-¡mcpw ]pe-bÀ apX-em-b-hcpw IqSn t£{X-A-Xr-¡-I¯p
{]th-in¨v t£{X--̄ n\p Aip²n ̀ hn-̧ n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p,
14. A¼-e-̄ ns\ Aip-²-am-¡n-b-Xns\ ]cn-l-cn-¡m³ ip²n ]pWym-l-̄ n\p h«w Iq«n-b-
Xns\ 17-þmw {]Xn-bpsS BÄ¡mÀ XS-ªXpsIm p AXn-s\-̧ än s]cp-¼m-hqÀ 1þmw ¢mkv
aPn-kvt-{Säp tImÀ«n Hcp {Inan-\ tIkv 2þmw {]Xn^b-en-em-¡n-b--Xmbn Adn-bp-¶p. (t]Pv.
2þ5 F.-hn. kp{_-Ò-Wy³ Kpcp-tZh bqWn-äv, Ipªn-ss¯)
hyh-lmcw 196
{]Øm\w ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv C¯-c-samcp k¦oÀWm-h-Ø-bn-em-bn-cp-
¶p. ]pe-b-cnse alXzw ]pe-bÀ t\Sn-s¡m v PmXn-s¡-Xnsc \ne-
\n¡-W-sa¶v Cug-hÀ \nco-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-eqsS Cug-hcpw kz´w
alXzw {]Jym-]n-¡p¶ Hcp PmXn kaq-l-ambn kzbw Npcp-§p-I-bm-bn-
cp-¶p. kz´w PmXn-bpsS al-Xzs¯ \ne-\nÀ¯n-s¡m v kz´w PmXn-
¡p-Ånse HcmÄ¡v PmXnbv¡v FXnsc \ne-\n-ev¡m-\m-hn-Ã. ]I-c-am-
hs« hnI-kn-t¡ p¶ aq¶mw-CSw cq]o-Ir-X-am-b-Xp-an-Ã. C¯-c-samcp
P\m-[n-]Xy (Democratic), kmaq-ly-P-\m-[n]Xy (Social democratic)
CS-̄ n-\m-bp-ff At\z-j-W-§sf GIo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw hymJym-\n-¡p-Ibpw
sN¿-s¸-«-Xp-an-Ã. F¶m tIcfw t]mep-ff kaq-l-¯n P\m-[n-]Xy
CS-¯n-\p-ff km[y-Xsb Kh¬saâ v/ A[n-Imcw/ sslμ-h-Xn-cp-hn-
Xmw-IqÀ/ sslμh A]c-§-fm-¡-s¸« kap-Zm-b-§Ä XpS-§n-b-hÀ
kwL-SnXambn Hgnhm-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. kwh-c-W(Reservation) ¯nsâ
Ime-L-«-¯n-emWv C¯-c-samcp Hgn-hm-¡Â IqSp-X-Â hyà-am-b-Xv.
kwh-c-W-{]-Jym-]-\-§Ä¡pap¼v (1950\p ap¼v) P\m-[n]Xy Ah-Im-i-
¯n-\mbn \ne-sIm v Iogv¯«v kaq-l-§-fn \n¶v t\XrXz-]-chpw
Bi-b-]-c-hp-ambn h¶ \nc-h[n [mc-IÄ kwhc-W-¯nsâ LS-\-
bnte¡v amän {]XnjvT¡pIbmWv P\m-[n-]-Xy-¯n-\m-bp-ff apJy-[mc
{]Øm-\-§Ä sNbvX-Xv. CtXmsS tZio-b-{]-Øm-\-§fpsSbpw/ I½yq-
WnÌv {]Øm-\-§-fp-sSbpw Iogv¯«v P\-X-bp-am-bpff ]e \ne]mSp-
Ifpw Is¿m-gn-b-s¸-SpI IqSn-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
CXn \n¶v hyà-am-hp¶ asämcp {]iv\-sa-s´-¶m Xncp-hn-
Xmw-Iq-dnsâ kmaq-ly-cm-jv{Sob ico-c-¯nsâ hfÀ¨ apX PmXn-kz-
Xz-¯nsâ Øm]\w XpS-cp-Ibpw PmXn kzXz-¯n\v ]pd-¯p-ff Øm]-
\§sf AI-äp-Ibpw sNt¿- p-¶ t_m[w \ne-\n¡p-Ibpw {]hÀ¯n-
¨p-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. AtX kabw P\-X-bmbn \ne-\n-ev¡m³
Bbn-sÃ-¦n¯s¶bpw PmXn kzXz-§-fn-eq-sSbpw, D]-PmXn amlm-
hyh-lmcw 197
ßy-¯n-eq-sSbpw Iogv¯«v PmXn P\-hn-`m-K-§Ä \nÀ½n¨ P\m-[n-]-Xy-
þ-s]m-Xp-k-aql \nÀan-Xn-¡m-bp-ff At\z-j-W-§-sfm-s¡bpw kwh-c-W-
¯n Ah-km-\n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
kwh-c-W-¯nsâ cmjv{Sobw NÀ -̈sN-¿m-s¸-Sm-Xn-cn-¡m-\pw, AXv
sslμh P\-X-bpsS {]tXyI Ah-Im-i-am-sW¶ Xc-¯n Npcp-¡-
s¸-Sp-Ibpw CXv FÃm AÀ°-¯nepw ZfnX P\kaq-l-¯nsâ hn]p-e-
amb At\z-j-W-§sf ac-hn-¸n-¡p-I-bp-am-Wp- m-b-Xv. C¯-c-samcp ac-
hn-¸n-¡-ensâ a§nb Ime-L«w ho pw Xpd¶p sImSp-¡p-¶Xv F¬]-
Xp-IÄ¡v tij-am-Wv.
kvtImfÀjn-¸v, ]mÀ¸nS\nÀ½mW ]²-Xn-IÄ, kuP\y sshZy-
k-lm-bw, hnhm-l-\n-[n, hnZym-`ym-k-Øm-]-\-§Ä, tlmÌ-ep-IÄ, A\m-
Ym-e-b-§Ä, Bip-]-{Xn-IÄ, kmaq-lnI tkh-\-Øm-]-\-§Ä, ]Ån-
s¸-cp-\m-fp-IÄ, t\À -̈s¸-cp-\m-fp-IÄ, DÕ-h-§Ä, kn\n-a-IÄ, \mS-I-
§Ä, skan-\m-dp-IÄ, ¢_p-IÄ, hmb-\-im-e-IÄ F¶nh \nÀ½n¨v
s]mXp CS§Ä, s]mXp CS-§sf {]Xn-\n-[m-\-s¸-Sp--¯p-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶n-
Ã. s]mXp-P-\-X-bpsS B{K-l-¯n-te¡v CXv hnI-kn-¨n-Ã. adn¨v a[y-
hÀ¤-P-\-X-bpsS B{K-l-¯n-te¡v s]mXp kaq-ls¯ ]cphs¸-Sp-¯p-
I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
“C´y¡p kzmX{´yw e`n¨ Ah-k-c-¯n Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnÂ
`qan-bpsS \sÃmcp iX-am\w {InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS ssII-fn-em-bn-cp-¶p.
AXn-\m 1948 ]«w XmWp-]n-ff sNdn-b-tXm-Xn-ep-ff `q]-cn-jvI-
cWw sIm p-h-¶-t¸mÄ {InkvXym-\n-Ifpw {InkvXy³k- -̀Ifpw H¶-
S¦w FXnÀ¯p. ho pw 1954 ]«wXmWp-]n-f-f-bpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ
]n.-F-kv.-]n. a{´n-k` C´y-bn-em-Zy-ambn Ggn\ `q]-cn-jvI-c-W-\n-baw
sIm p-h-¶p. Cug-hÀ¡pw lcn-P-\-§Ä¡pw CXp-aqew t\«-ap- m-
¡m³ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶m Iayq-Wn-Ìp-Imcpw tIm¬{K-Êp-
hyh-lmcw 198
Imcpw CXns\ Hcp t]mse FXnÀ¯p. ChÀ X§sf hn«v ]n.-F-kv.-]n-
bn tNÀ¶mtem F¶ `b-amWv _nÃns\ FXnÀ¡m³ Iayq-Wn-Ìp-
Isf \nÀ_-Ôn- -̈Xv.”89
s]mXp CS-§Ä ]n¶n hnXm-\n-¡p¶ bYmÀ° Ah-Ø-Ifpw
AXnsâ kmap-Zm-bnI am\-§fpw C.-sP.-tXm-akv \nc-h[n DZm-l-c-W-
§-fn-eqsS hyà-am-¡p-¶p- v. `qan-bv¡p-ta Zfn-XÀ Ah-Im-i-ap-d-¸n-
bv¡m³ {ian¨ Hmtcm L«-¯nepw ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu
]cm-P-b-s¸-S-ensâ ]n¶n Hmtcm ka-b-§-fnepw Hmtcm kap-Zm-b-§-
fpw, aX-§fpw cmjv{Sob {]Øm-\-§Ä¡p ]n¶n \ne-bp-d-¸n-¨n-«p- v.
{]Xo-Im-ßI (Symbolic) ambn B[p-\n-IX \nÀ½n-¡p¶ a\p-
jy-hn-cp-²-X-bmWv AXnsâ cq]w. C´y-\-h-Ø-bn Pohn-X-¯n\v sa -̈
ap- m-hpI F¶Xv ssZhnIX-bn \ne-bp-d-¸n-¡pI F¶ {]mY-an-I-
t_m-[-amWv I¸n-¡-s¸-«n-«p-Å-Xv. Cu Pohn-X-an¨w Iogv¯«v (Under-
ground) Pohn-X-§-sfbpw, ta¯«v (High class and caste) Pohn-X-§-
fpsS amXrI kzoI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\v t{]cn-¸n-¡p-¶p- v. D]-Po-h-\-¯nse
an -̈kz-̀ m-hw, IjvSX Ifª Pohn-Xw, XpS-§n-bh ssZhm-\p-{K-l-̄ nsâ
^e-am-sW¶v IW-¡m-¡p-¶p. Cu ssZhn-Im-\p-{Klw Nn«-\ndª Pohn-
X-¯nsâ amXr-I-bpsS A\pI-cWw (A-]-c-Xzw) \nÀ½n-¡p-¶p. AXp-
hsc X\n¡v e`n-¡m-Xn-cp-¶ XpSÀ¨sb t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡m³ ZfnXv PohnXw
sXc-sª-Sp-¡p-¶Xv sslμh PohnX Nn«-sb-bm-Wv.
CXv sNs¶-¯p¶XmIs« apt¶m-«m-IÀjn¨ hgn-bpsS ]X-\-
¯nepw. ImcWw CSÀ¨-bpsS Imc-W-§-sf-bpw, ^e-s¯-bpw, `mhn-
sbbpw hgn-bn-ep-t]-£n-bv¡p-I-bpw, hnizm-ks¯ {][m-\-am-¡p-Ibpw
sN¿p-¶p. C¯cw Pohn-X-§sf \h-ssl-μ-hn-b-X-bp-ambn tNÀ¯v
Im©m sFe¿-sb-t¸m-epÅ ZfnXv _lp-P³ Nn´-IÄ hymJym-\n¨n«p-
89. t]Pv 93. tIc-f-̄ nsâ kaq-l-L-S-\bpw cq]m-́ -chpw tUm.-C.-sP.-tXm-akv
hyh-lmcw 199
v. C§-s\-bpÅ \h-ssl-μ-hm-h-Ø-bnÂ\n¶v adn-I-S-¡m-\m-hmsX
Ch-cpsS ap¶n ZfnXv tNmZyw D¯-cw-ap-«p-Ibpw Acm-jv{So-b-Xbv¡v
XpS-¡-an-Sp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
kmaq-lnI cq]o-I-c-W-¯n {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw hln-¡p¶ Bt]-
£n-I-amb kzbw ]cym-]vX-Xm-_Ôw A¯q-kÀ Xncn- -̈dn-bp-¶p. apX-
em-fn-¯-¯n\v sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS A²zm\w am{X-a-Ã, apX-em-fn¯ hyh-
Øsb AwKo-I-cn¨v Iogvs]-Sp¶ sXmgn-em-fn-sb-¡qSn Bh-iy-ap- v.
Ahn-sS-bmWv apX-em-fn¯ {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. {Ia-
§fn-eq-sSbpw LS-\-I-fn-eq-sS-bp-amWv {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw kmaq-ln-I-bm-
YmÀ°y-§sf `mh-\m-ß-I-ambn Ah-X-cn-¸n¨v Iogvs¸-Sp-¯Â [Àaw
\nÀÆ-ln-¡p-¶-Xv. hyàn-I-fpsS IÀ¯r-Xz-\nÀ½mWw t]mepw {]Xy-
im-kv{X-]-c-am-sW-¶mWv A¯yq-k-dnsâ ImgvN-¸m-Sv. AtX-k-a-bw,
X§Ä kzX-{´cpw kzbw {]hÀ¯n-¡m³ kaÀ°-cp-am-sW¶ anYym-
[m-cW hyàn-IÄ h¨p-]p-eÀ¯p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. hnZym-`ym-k-Øm-]-
\-§Ä, ]Ån, IpSpw-_w, am[y-a-§Ä, Ie-IÄ, Imbn-I-hn-t\m-Z-§Ä,
kwkvIm-c-Øm-]-\-§Ä F¶n-h-bmWv {]Xy-b-im-{X-]-c-ambn ]uc-·msc
hmÀs¯-Sp-¡m-\pÅ tÌänsâ D]--I-c-W-§Ä.
tÌänsâ C¯cw D]-I-c-W-§-fn ]eXpw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶Xv
\h-ssl-μ-ho-b-X-bp-sS, hnizmk k¦-ev]-¯n-tebv¡v B\-bn-¡p-hm-\m-
bn-«m-Wv. AXp-sIm- p-Xs¶ B[p-\n-I-\mb ]ucÀ F¶-Xv, \h-ssl-
μ-ho-b-X-bpsS ioe-t_m-[-¯nsâ hg¡w e`n- -̈hÀ F¶ AÀ°-¯n-
tebv¡p amdp-¶p.
LS-\m-hmZ amÀIvkn-khpw Awt_-ZvIÀ \nco-£-Whpw
]pXnb Ime-s¯-¡p-dn¨v LS-\mhmZ-amÀIvkn-Ìp-IÄ apt¶m-«p-
h-bv¡p¶ ]e \nK-a-\-§fpw, Awt_-ZvIÀ kmaq-lym-h-Øsb ]cn-
hyh-lmcw 200
tim-[n-¡m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ ImgvN-¸m-Sp-ambn amÀIvkn-s\-¡mÄ IqSp-
X ASp-¯p-\n¡p-¶p- v. apX-em-fn-¯-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ LS-\m-hm-Z-
amÀIvkn-Ìp-I-fpsS ]e \nco-£-W-§fpw Awt_-ZvIÀ hne-bn-cp-¯nb
]e-Xn-t\mSpw kam-\-am-hp-¶p- v. PmXn-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ AXnsâ kz`m-
h-s¯-bpw, apX-em-fn¯w {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ AXnsâ kz`m-h-s¯bpw LS-
\m-hm-Z-amÀIvkn-Ìp-I-fpw, Awt_-ZvIdpw kam\ \nco-£-W-¯n\v hnt[-
b-am-¡n-bn-«p- v. PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS Bt]-£n-I-kz-`mhw AXnsâ Ab-
hmÀ¶Xpw/ISp-¸-amÀ¶-Xp-amb cq]-s¯-bmWv ImWn¨p Xcp-¶-Xv.
sXmgnemfnsb am{X-aà sXmgn-em-fn-IÄ¡nSbn PmXn-\-S-¯p¶ c mw
hn -̀P-\s¯ C´y³ Ah-Ø-bpsS {]tXy-I-X-bmbn Awt_-ZvIÀ I n-
cp-¶p. CXn\v kam-\-ambn apX-em-fn¯w sXmgn-em-fn-bpsS A[zm-\s¯
amXaà apX-em-fn-¯s¯ AwKo-I-cn¨v Iogvs¸-Sp-¯p¶ sXmgn-em-fn-sb-
¡qSn ]cn-hÀ¯-\-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\v {]Xy-imkv{Xw \nÀan-¡p-¶p v F¶v
A¯yq-kÀ Is -¯p-¶p. sXmgn-em-fnsb D]-Pm-Xn-bn-tebv¡v hn -̀
Pn-¡p-¶Xv A¯yq-kÀ90 kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xp-t]m-se, apX-em-fn-¯-þ-h-
tcWy {]Xyim-kv{X-¯nsâ A\p-Iq-en-I-fmb P\-X-Xnsb \nÀan-¡p-¶-
Xp-t]m-se, PmXn-bnse Aip-²n-IÀaw \nÀh-ln-¡p¶ ip²-sc-t¸mse
apX-em-fn-¯hpw htc-Wy-Xbpw, sXmgn-em-fnsb þ PmXn-Isf Iogvs¸-Sp-
¯p-¶p- v.
“hyh-kmbhÂIrX kaq-l-¯nÂ, hnZym-k-¼-¶À¡v A[n-Im-c-
¯n-te¡p c p amÀK-§-fp- v. kzIm-cy-ta-J-e-bp-sSbpw `c-W-Iq-S-¯n-
sâbpw Cu c -[n-Im-c-tI-{μ-§fpw apX-em-fn¯ hyh-Ø-bp-ambn At -̀
Zy-ambn _Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p. kzImcy k¼-Zvta-J-e-bn {]Nm-c-W-
¯nsâ Npa-X-e-tb¡p¶ t\Xm-hns\ _p²n-Pnhn F¶-Ã, amt\-P-
sc-t¶m, ]n. BÀ kvs]j-en-sÌt¶m BWv \mw hnfn-¡p-I. kzIm-cy-
90. t]. 56, \h-amÀIvkn-Ìv, kmaqly hnaÀi-\w, Sn.-hn. a[p.
hyh-lmcw 201
ta-J-ebv¡v shfn-bn-ep-Å-h-cm-Is« tÌäp-am-bn-_-Ô-s¸-«-amÀK-§-fn-eq-
sS-bmWv A[n-Im-chpw A´kpw t\Sp-¶-Xv. A[n-Imcw ]¦p-sh-bv¡p-
Itbm A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ `mK-am-bn-cn-¡p-Itbm sNbvXp-sIm v _p²n-
Po-hn¡v Abm-fpsS D -̄c-hm-ZnXzw \nd-th-äm-\m-hn-Ã. B[p-\nI ]mÝmXy
en_-d-enkw t_mÄtj-hn-k-¯nÂ\n¶pw hf-sc-sbm¶pw `n¶-a-Ã.”91
C§-s\-bpÅ P\-X-Xn¡v AXn-tâ-Xmb BNm-c-co-Xn-IÄ {_mÒ-
WXzw Iev]n-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p- v. BNm-c-¯n-\p-ta ]gpXpw \nÀ½n-
¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p- v. apX-em-fn-¯-{I-ahpw (order) CtX LS-\-bn-emWv
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-Xv. PmXn AXnsâ {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-\nÀan-Xn-bn-eq-sS-bmWv
hyàn-Xzs¯ \nÀan-bv¡p-¶-Xv. AÂXyq-k-dnsâ ho£-W-¯n apX-
em-fn¯w AXnsâ {]Xy-b-im-kv{X-amWv IÀ¯rXzw \nÀan-bv¡p-¶-Xv.
PmXn AXnsâ DÅn hcp-¶-hÀ¡pw ]pd-¯p-\n¡p-¶-hÀ¡pw
t{ijTXzw \evIp-¶p- v. Hmtcm-cp-¯À¡v Ah-c-h-cp-tS-Xm-bn. Hmtcm
PmXn¡pw AXnsâ B´-cnI hn\n-a-b-¯n t{ijvTXzw tNÀ¡m-hp-
¶-Xm-Wv. CtX t{ijvTX Xs¶-bmWv apX-em-fn-¯hpw hnX-cWw
sN¿p-¶-Xv. kzX-{´-cpw, kaÀ°-cpw, kzbw {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-hcpw F¶
anYym-[m-c-W-tbmsS hyàn-Isf apX-em-fn-¯-¯n-tebv¡v tNÀ¡p-¶-Xv.
]Ån, IpSpw-_w, am[y-aw, kmln-Xyw,-I-e-IÄ, Imbn-I-hn-t\m-Z-§Ä
kwkvImc Øm]-\-§Ä F¶n-h-bn-eq-sS-sbms¡ apX-em-fn¯w AXnsâ
{]Xy-b-im-kv{Xs¯ Agn-¨p-hn-Sp-¶p. PmXn-bm-hs« CXp-t]m-se-Xs¶
AXnsâ AXn-hn-]p-e-amb icocwsIm mWv ]pdt¼m¡v/AI-¡m¼v
P\-X-sbbpw \nb-{´n-¡p-¶-Xv.
CubÀ°-¯n amÀIvkn-k-¯nsâ ho£-W-]-cn-anXn A¯yq-
k-dn-eqsS Fgp-]-Xp-I-fn NÀ -̈sN-¿-s¸-Sp-Ibpw adn-I-S-¡m-\pÅ {iaw
Bcw-`n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F¶m C´y³ amÀIvkn-Ì-I-fm-hs« ap¸-
91. t]. 73, t\mwtNmkvIn ss[j-WnI Poh-N-cn-{Xw, APbv ]n. a§m-«v.
hyh-lmcw 202
¯n-A-©pIfn hnI-kn¨ Awt_-ZvIÀ Nn´m-[m-csb I n-söv \Sn-
¡pI am{X-aà bqtdm-]y³ ZÀi-\-§Ä¡mbn Im¯n-cp¶p apjn-bp-I-
Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. amÀIvknkw \nÀ½n-¡p¶ bqtdm-]y³ A[n-\n-th-i-
¯nsâ A]-c-þ-]-tcm-£-I-S-¶p-I-b-ä-ambn CXns\ ImWm³ Ign-bpw.
“dqtÊmbpsS Bi-b-§-tfmSpw _Ip-\n³ap-t¶m-«p-h¨ kzmX-{´y-
k-¦-ev]-t¯mSpw tNmwkn¡v s]mcp-¯-ap- v. Ak-a-Xz-s¯-¸än dqtkm
Fgp-Xn-bXv tNmwkvIn D²-cn-¡p-¶p- v. dqtÊm, {^m³knse kmap-Zm-
bnI Øm]-\-§-fpsS AkvXn-Xzs¯ shÃp-hn-fn-¡pI am{X-aà kzIm-
cy -kz¯pw k¼¯pw kw_-Ôn¨v A¶p- m-bn -cp¶ Bi-b-§-
sfbsbÃmw At±lw \ntj-[n-¨p. Nqj-W-¯n-\mbn [\n-IÀ cq]w-sIm-
Sp¯ Hcp KqVmtemN-\-bpsS ^e-amWv s]mXp-k-aqlw (kn-hnÂskm-
ssk-än) F¶p dqtÊm hmZn-¨p. kaq-l-§fpw \nb-a-§fpw ZpÀ_-eÀ¡p
]pXnb N§-e-IÄ \ÂIn-b-t¸mÄ [\n-IÀ¡p ]pXnb iànt\Sns¡m-
Sp-¯p. A§s\ a\p-jy-t\mfw ]g-¡-ta-dnb ss\kÀKnIX \in-¸n-¡-
s¸-«p. a\p-jy-{]-Ir-Xn-bpsS k¯ a\pjykzmX-{´yhpw AXn-s\-¡p-dn-
¨pÅ t_m[-hp-am-Wv. AXn-s\-Xn-cm-bXv A[n-Imc tI{μ-§fpw. Cu
Bi-bs¯ ZrV-am-bn-B-hÀ¯n-¡p¶ tNmwkvIn dqtkm-bpsS asämcp
hmIyw-IqSn HmÀ¡p¶p: ASn-a-bpsS k´Xn ASn-a-bm-bn-cn¡pw F¶
hn[n \ÂInb \nb-a-]-WvUn-X³, asämcp hn[-¯n C§-s\-bmWp
]d-ªXv, a\p-jy³ a\p-jy-\m-bà P\n-¡p-¶-Xv.....”.92
Gjy³, B{^n-¡³ kzmX-´y-\n-co-£-W-§-f-¡p-ta kmÀÆ-
tZ-io-b-ambn amÀIvknkw \nÀan¨ IS¶p Ib-äs¯ asäm-cÀ°-¯nÂ
kmÀ{Xns\ hnaÀin-¨p-sIm v ^m\³ (France Fannan) Fgp-Xnb Ipdn-
¸n\v kam-\-ambn \nco-£n-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. “AhÀ AS-¨p-sI-«nb I®p-
IÄ Rm³ Xpd-¡m³ `mhn-¡p-t¼m-tgbv¡pw Ah-scs¶ kmÀh-eu-In-
92. t]. 74, t\mw tNmwkvIn ss[j-WnI Poh-N-cn-{Xw. APbv ]n. a§m-«v.
hyh-lmcw 203
I-am-b-Xn ap¡n-s¡m-Ãm³ XpS-§p-¶p” F¶mWv ^m\³ ]d-ª-Xv.
kmÀ{Xnsâ CS-s]-S-ens\ km{am-Py-Xz-¯nsâ asäm-cp-ap-J-ambn þ A]-
c-am-b-Xns\ X¶n-te¡v Aen-bn¨p tNÀ¡m-\pÅ {ia-ambn þ hymJym-
\n-¡p-¶p.”93
temI-ap-X-em-fn-¯-L-S-\bpw AXnsâ a\-im-kv{X-s¯bpw (a-\-
im-kv{X-§Ä) ico-chpw/a\kpw/ico-c-an-Ãm-bvabpw/ a\kn-Ãm-bvabpw
kw_-Ôn-¨v, \ho\ ]T-\-§Ä Awt_-ZvIÀ \nco-£n-¨n-«p- v.
Ata-cn¡ Idp-¯-h-tcmSv kzoI-cn-¡p¶ \ne]mSnepw, CX-c-hw-i-
§-tfmSv kzoI-cn-¡p¶ \ne-]m-Snepw C§s\ Hcp Awiw \ne\n¡p-
¶p v. amÀIvknsâ apX-em-fn¯ \nco-£-W-¯n\p ]pd¯m-WXv kw -̀
hn-¡p-¶-Xv. AYhm Ata-cn-¡-bpsS apX-em-fn¯ CS-s]-S-en Awt_-
ZvIÀ \nco-£n-¡p¶ PmXn-bpsS kq£va-Xew Fhn-sS-sbs¡tbm
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p- v F¶À°w. CXn-\À°w hwio-b-ambn C´y³
{_mÒ-Wo-b-X-tbmSv AXv kwth-Zn-¡p-I-bpw AXn-eqsS, kw{I-an-¡p-
Ibpw sN¿pw F¶p Xs¶-bm-Wv.
]cp-h-s¸-Sp¶ P\X
{]tbm-Kw, kw -̀hw, hkvXp-X, `uXn-IX F¶n-h-bn-eq-sS-bmWv
hyh-lm-cw {]hÀ¯n-bv¡p-¶-Xv. tImf-\n, e£w-ho-Sv, ]pdt¼m¡v, Nmbv]v,
]mÀ«n-kw-c-£-Ww, aX-Øm-]-\-kw-c-£-Ww, IpSnIn-S-¸v, tNcn, \K-c-
]pd-t¼m-¡v, A\m-Ym-e-bw, `n£-k-t¦-Xw, AK-Xn-a-μncw XpS-§n-b-h-bn-
eqsS thsdmcp Xc-¯n ]cp-h-s¸-Sp-¯-en\v B[p-\n-II-Xbv¡v tijw
tIc-f-¯n kw`-hn¨ cmjv{Sob CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ¡v Ign-ªp. CXv
“^qt¡m ]d-bp¶ ‘tlmkv]n-ä P\-dÂ’ F¶ \nc-£-W-t¯mSv kmay-
ap-Å-Xm-Wv. A[:ØnXÀ, {`m´³, Zcn-{ZÀ, AK-Xn-IÄ Chsc ]mÀ¸n-
93. t]. 77, tZio-b-X-Ifpw kmln-Xyhpw þ C.-hn. cma-Ir-jvW³.
hyh-lmcw 204
¡m³ DZm-c-a-Xn-I-fmb [\m-Vy-cpsS klm-b-¯m-tem, kÀ¡mÀ klm-
b-¯mtem ap³ssI-s¿-Sp-¡p¶ Øm]-\-§Ä, XS-h-d-IÄ, XpS-§n-b-
hbv¡v kam-\-am-hp¶p.”94
B[p-\nI temI-kw-hn-[m-\-s¯bpw `c-W-Iq-S-s¯bpw tNmZyw
sN¿m-\m-hm¯ hn[-¯n-epÅ {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw ChnsS hn\n-abw sN¿-
s¸-Sp-¶p- v. P\-Iob P\m-[n]Xy hn¹-h-¯nsâ {iaw F¶ \ne-bn-
epÅ Xmev¡m-en-I-{]-Xn-k-Ôn-am-{X-am-Wn-Xv. AXn\v tijw C¯-c-an-S-
§-fn \n¶v tamN\w F¶-XmWv I½yq-WnÌv hymJym-\-§Ä. KmÔnPn
AS-¡-apÅ a\p-jy-cpsS aqÀ¯-cq-]-§Ä Ds ¶pw kzbw ]cn-jvI-cn-
¡m-¯-Xn-sâbpw aäpw Ipg-¸-§-fmWv {]Xn-k-Ôn¡v Imc-W-sa¶v \nc-
´ctamÀan-¸n-¡p¶ he-Xp-]-£-hym-Jym-\-§fpw \nÀan-bv¡p¶ {]Xy-b-
im-kv{Xm-Sn-¯-d-bmWv hyh-lm-c-s¸« asämcp Bi-bw.
B[p-\nI Pohn-X-¯nsâ asämcp LS-\-{]-hÀ¯n-¨Xv Zfn-Xsc
kw_-Ôn¨v IpSn-tb-dm-sX-bpw, Øew amdm-sXbpw sI«n-bn-S-s¸-«-Xp-ambn
_Ô-s¸-«-Xm-Wv. Ønc-hm-kn-I-fmbn Ccn-¡-¯s¶ AhnsS ]«-W-tam,
\K-c-tam, ]cn-jvIrX {]tZ-i-tam, tImf-\ntbm Bbn-¯o-cp-¶-Xnsâ amä-
am-Wv. IpSn-tb-ä-¯n\v {ian-¡msX hnI-k-\-¯n\v D]-I-c-W-§-fm-hp¶
Cu ico-c-§Ä ]c-¼-cm-K-X-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ-bpw, AtX-k-abw {]XnIm-
ß-I-ambn (Symbolic) Bcw-`n -¡p¶ \nc-h[n A[n -Im-c -§Ä
AhÀ¡pta {]tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw Ah-k-cw, Xmev]-cyw, B{Klw
F¶n-§s\ \nc-h[n shÃp-hn-fn-Ifpw A[n-Im-c-cq-]-§fpw {]hÀ¯n¨p
XpS-§p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. ]pd-¯m-hmsX Xs¶ ]pd-¯m-hp¶ Hcp LS-
\-bn-emWv C¯cw hnI-k-\hpw ZfnXv P\-Xbpw \ne-\n-ev¡p-¶-Xv.
94. t]. 34 antj ̂ qt¡m, hÀ -̄am-\-̄ nsâ Ncn-{Xw, tUm. ]n.-]n. cho-{μ³.
hyh-lmcw 205
BZn-hm-kn-k-aq-ls¯ ]cp-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.
kaq-l-¯nse Ign-hp-Ip-dª hn`mK (Weaker section) s¯ kwc-
£n-¡p-¶-Xnsâ ̀ mK-ambn AXnsâ ]cn-k-c-§sf hyà-am-¡p-¶-Xp-sIm-
p-X-s¶, 1960þÂ BÀ«n¡nÄ 340se ]«n-I-PmXn Gcnb tZiob I½o-
j³ \nP-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bp- m-bn. {io.-bp.-F³ tZ_À (U.N. Dhebar) thcn-
bÀ FÂhn³ (Varrier Elvin) sNbÀam\pw sk{I-«-dn-bp-ambn Xnc-sª-
Sp-¡-s¸« tZio-b-I-½n-än A©mw-]-«n-I-bn DÄs¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m v BZn-
hm-kn-I-fpsS `qcn-]-£-hm-k-Ø-e-§fpw kwc-£n-t¡ Xnsâ Ah-iy-
IX hyà-am-¡n. CXv B {]tZ-is¯ BZn-hmkn hmk-Ø-e-s -̄
bpw, BZn-hm-kn-I-sfbpw kwc-£n-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw.”95
B[p-\nI `c-W-IqS-¯nsâ {]hÀ¯\]²Xn C¯-c-¯n-emWv
{]hÀ¯\ kÖ-am-hp-¶-Xv. BZn-hm-kn-t£-a-̄ n-\mbn AXn-hn]p-e-amb
\nba \nÀ½mW§Ä Øm]n-X-am-bn. tIc-f-¯nsâ B[p-\nI kmaq-
lo-I-c-W-¯n c m-bncw hscbpw C¯-c-samcp NÀ¨ Dcp-¯n-cnbs¸-
Sm-Xn-cp-¶Xv BZn-hmknkaq-l-¯nsâ ta tÌäv F§s\ {]hÀ¯n-
¡p-¶p, F§s\ FXn-cmbn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶p F¶-Xnsâ DZm-l-c-W-
t¯m-sS-bm-Wv.
“1850-I-fn¯s¶ {InkvXp-aXw (Christianity) ap m(Mundas)
kaq-l-§Ä¡n-S-bn {]hÀ¯n-¨p-Xp-S-§n. Ch-bm-Is« PÀa³ anj-W-
dn-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nsâ klm-b-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv \ne-\n-¶n-cp-¶-Xpw. P·n-
amÀs¡-Xnsc {_n«ojv `c-W-IqSw \S-¯nb Nne A[n-Im-c-{]-hÀ¯-\-
§Ä ap BZn-hmkn kaq-l-¯n\pw klm-b-I-c-am-bn-cp-¶p-. P·n-amÀ
{InkvXy³ anj-W-dn-amÀs¡-Xn-sc-bp-ff Iem-]-¯n\v CXv Imc-W-am-
¡n. _nÀk {]Øm\w (Birsa movement) Bcw-`n-¡p-¶Xv Cu Ime-
95. P.12 whither Tribal Areas?, B.D. Sharma.
hyh-lmcw 206
L-«-¯n-emWv AXn\v Htc-k-abw {_n«ojv kaq-l-t¯mSpw AtX-k-
abw P·n kaq-l-t¯mSpw Ie-ln-t¡- n-h-¶p.96
BZn-hmkn {]Øm-\-§Ä AXnsâ ZmÀi-\n-I-amb kao-]\w hnI-
kn¸n¡p-¶Xv Htc kabw P·n-hn-cp-²hpw AtX-k-abw {_n«ojv hncp-
²-hp-amb \ne-]mSp kzoI-cn-¨p-sIm- m-Wv. Xe-bv¡Â N´p-hnsâ
{]Øm-\-¯n\pw CXn\v kam-\-amb \ne-]mSv apt¶m-«p-h-bvt¡ n h¶p.
F¶m B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS IS-¶p-h-chv Zfn-XÀ¡p-ta {]hÀ¯n-¡-p-
¶-Xn\p kam-\-ambn BZn-hmkn kaq-l-s¯bpw ASn-¯-d-bn-f-¡p-Ibpw
`qanbpw kmaq-ln-I-Xbpw A\ym-[o-s -̧Sp-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp. tIc-f-̄ nse
ae-A-c-bÀ sslμ-hn-b-Xbv¡v ]pd-¯m-bn-cp-¶p. AXp-sIm p IqsS-bm-
hWw AXn ]IpXn kaqlw ss{IkvX-h --aX kzoI-c-W-¯n\v X¿m-
dm-b-Xv. 1848 emWv ae-A-c-b-·m-cpsS CS-bnse anjy-\-dn-{]-hÀ¯\w
Bcw-`n- -̈Xv. X§-fpsS CS-bn kvIqfp-IÄ Bcw-`n-¡Ww F¶v A©v
ae-A-c-b³amÀ sXmgp-ssI-I-fp-ambn h¶v anjy-\-dn-bm-bn-cp-¶ dh:
slâdn-t_-¡-dn-t\mSv At]-£n- -̈Xns\ XpSÀ¶m-bn-cp¶p {]hÀ¯\w
Bcw-`n- -̈Xv. slâ-dn-t_-¡À Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p {]hÀ¯-\-¯n\v \mb-
IXzw \evIn-b-Xv. 1400 Hmfw t]À Hcp-an¨v Xs¶ ]cn-hÀ¯\w sNbvXv
Bw¥n-¡³ k`mwKXzw kzoI-cn-¨p. ae-b-c-bÀ hmÕ-ey-]qÀÆw slâdn
t_¡-dns\ hnfn-¨n-cp-¶Xv “]Ås¯kmln_v” (Pallatu Sahib) F¶m-
bn-cp-¶p”97
1882-þ83 I¡-«-bn tNÀ¶ anjy-\dn tIm¬^-d³knÂ
dh.sP. tIen. (Rev.J. Caley) kaÀ¸n¨ anjy-\dn dnt¸mÀ«n \n¶pw
kw{K-ln¨ Hcp hnh-c-W-amWv CXv. F¶m ae-A-c-b-kq-ls¯ Cu
\o¡w c mbn apdn-¡p-¶p- v F¶pw hyàamhp¶ hkvXp-X-bmWv.
96. P. 7-8, Birsa Munda, K.S. Singh.97. t]Pv. 77 kn.-Fw.-F-kv. k`m-N-cn-{Xw. tUm.-Ìo-̂ ³ h«-̧ m-d.
hyh-lmcw 207
F¶m 1950 Ifn kÀ.-kn.]n..-cm-a-kzman A¿-cpsS CS-s]-S-ensâ ^e-
am-bmWv cma³ta-«q-cnsâ ap³I-¿n AJn-e-Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ ae-b-c-a-
lm-k` {]hÀ¯n-¨p-Xp-S-§p-¶-Xv. aX-]-chpw BNm-c-]-c-hp-amb kzX{´
AkvXn-Xzs¯ \ne-\nÀ¯p-hm³ hfsctbsd {iaw th n h¶p Cu
kaq-l-¯n\v {]tXy-In¨v sslμh {_mÒ-Wo-bXtbmSv aÕ-cn¨p
sIm p-Xs-¶.98
“GXv kml-N-cy-¯nepw Pohn-X-c-l-ky-§Ä Is ¯n Im«nÂ
\nh-kn-¡p-¶-h-cmWv BZn-hm-kn-IÄ F¶v shcn-bÀ FÂhn³ Nq n-
¡m-«p-¶p. CXn {]Xn-Iqe kml-N-cy-§tfmSv ]S-s]m-cpXn PohnXw
]nSn-¨p-\nÀ¯p-¶-h-cmWv tX³ Ipdp-aÀ P\-X.”99 IpSn-tbäw Bhm-k-
tI-{μs¯ asäm-¶m-¡p-I-bpw, Bhm-k-hyq-l-s¯-¯s¶ sX¶n-am-äp-
Ibpw sN¿p-t¼mÄ shcn-bÀ FÂhnsâ \nK-a-\-¯n\v B[p-\nI `c-W-
IqSw A«n-adn krjvSn-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. Pohn-X-¯n \n¶v ImSv
\jvS-s¸« P\-X-bmbn A\y-h¡-cn-¡-s¸« \nc-h[n tKm{X-k-aq-l-
§Ä C´y-bn-ep- v. am{X-hp-aà Bhm-k-tI-{μ-§Ä tImf-\n-I-fmbn
Npcp-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp-h-¶p.
1956 BZn-hm-kn-IÄ¡pw Zfn-XÀ¡pw t£a-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä
Bcw-`n-¡m³ hIp-¸p-I-fpw, Xmeq¡v Hm^o-kp-IÄ tI{μo-I-cn¨v
{]hÀ¯\w Bcw-`n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXn-\À°w HutZym-KnI `c-W-
kw-hn-[m-\-¯n ZfnXv BZn-hm-kn-IÄ Øm\w ]nSn¨p XpS-§p-¶Xv
CXc kmap-Zm-bnI iàn-IÄ Ah-bpsS A[n-Im-c-ta-J-e-IÄ Øm]n¨
tij-amWv F¶m-Wv. “1969 G{]n 16\v ]peÀs¨ hb-\m-«nse Xncp-
s\Ãn FÂ.-]n.-kvIq-fn-\-Sp v̄ P\-§Ä Iq«w IqSn \n¶v Hcp t]mÌÀ
hmbn-¨p: 1969 sabv H¶p apXÂ IÀj-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS Iqen Bdv
98. ]n.-sI. kPo-h³, \mj-WÂ BZn-hmkn s^U-td-j³ sNbÀam-\p-am-bpÅ kw`m-j-Ww.
99. t].11, Im«p Pohn-X-̄ nsâ kv]μ-Xm-f-§Ä. tUm.-]n.-Pn. ]Zvan-\n.
hyh-lmcw 208
tkÀ s\Ãsh¨p IW-¡m-¡p-I. sImSp-¯Xp Ign¨p _m¡n DSs\
sImSp-¡p-I. CS¯cw sNdp-InS Irjn-¡mÀ hn¹-h-amÀK-§-fp-ambn H¶n-
¡p-I.”100
kÀ¡mÀ klm-b-tI-{μ-§fpw BZn-hm-kn-Ifpw X½n-ep-ff Zqcw,
CS-¯cw sNdp-In-S-IÀj-Icpw kÀ¡mcpw X½n-ep-ff Zqc-¯n-tâ-Xm-Wv.
t]mÌÀ ]Xn-¸n¨ \Ivk hÀ¤okn-sâbpw BZn-hm-kn-I-fp-sSXpw X½n-
ep-ff Zqcw NÀ¨bv¡v FSp-¡msX Hcp Imcyw hyà-am-¡mw. kÀ¡mcpw,
sNdp-In-S-IÀj-Icpw H¶n¨v \n¶v BZn-hm-kn-bn-tebv¡v Zqcw Iq«p-I-bm-
bn-cp¶p F¶v. amÀIvknÌv se\n-\n-Ìp-IÄ BZn-hm-kn-I-sfbpw sNdp-
In-S-IÀjI-scbpw H¶n-¸n-¡m\pw kzmX{´yw {]Jym-]n-¡m\pw {ian¨p.
F¶m sNdp-In-S-IÀj-IÀ kÀ¡m-dn-s\m¸w \n¶v kzbw Akzm-X{´yw
{]Jym-]n-¡p-Ibpw BZn-hm-kn-IÄ¡p-ap-¶n kzmX{´yw \Sn-¡p-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
C§-s\-sbmcp kzmX{´y {]Jym-]-\-¯nsâ/ \Sn-¡-ensâ tIc-
f-a-WvU-e-¯n BZn-hmkn ZfnXv tNmZy-§sf A{]-kvI-X-am-¡p-hm-\p-
ff \nc-h[n {ia-§-fmWv Hmtcm s]mXp-a-Þ-e-§fpw DbÀ¯n-s¡m-
p-h-¶-Xv. bqtdm-]y³ s]mXp aWvU-e-¯n DbÀ¯nb Nne At\z-
j-W-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v lÄ (Hall), t]mÄKnÂtdmbv (Poul Gilroy) XpS-§n-
b-hÀ hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p- v. ]mc-¼-cy-§Ä (ethnicity), enwK-]-Zhn (gen-
der), ssewKn-IX (Sexuality) XpS-§n-bh ]T-\-¯n {][m-\-s¸-«-Xm-
th- -Xnsâ tNmZy-amWv apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡-s -̧«-Xv. hÀ¤-_-Ô-̄ n kw_-
Ôn-bv¡p¶ hnhn[ cq]-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v lÄ (Hall) hne-bn-cp-¯n-bn-«p- v.
shfp¯ sXmgn-emfn t\cn-Sp-¶-Xn-s\-¡mÄ A]-I-S-hpw, IjvS¸mSpw
thdn-«-Xp-amb Ah-Ø-bmWv Idp¯ sXmgn-em-fn¡v t\cn-tS- n-h-cp-¶Xv
F¶v At±lw Fgp-Xp-¶p. H¶m-aXv Idp-¯-hÀ Ah-cpsS s]mXp-hmb
100. t]. 9, kJmhv hÀ¤o-kv, ASn-tbm-cp-sS s]cp-a³.
hyh-lmcw 209
A\p-` -hw, hwi-] -c -am -b -X v , ]pd -t¼m-¡p -I -fm -¡-s¸ -Sp -¶Xv
(marginalization) ]pd¯v sIm p-h¶p XpS-§n. c m-aXv cmjv{So-bhpw
kmwkvIm-cn-I--hp-amb Øm\w \nÀan-¨p-Xp-S§n. Ncn-{X-]-chpw kmwkvIm-
cn-I-hp-ambn \nÀh-Nn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. AXn-sâ-Xmb Ub-kvt]md
(diaspora) t]mÄKn tdmbn AS-¡-ap-ffhÀ DbÀ¯n-s¡m- p-h-¶p.101
Zfn-X-cp-tSXv AÃmsX Xs¶ C´ym-k-aqlw t\cn-Sp-¶ {]Xn-k-
Ôn-sb-¡p-dn¨v hni-Z-amb Hcp kao]\w DbÀ¶p h¶n-cp-¶n-Ã. C´y-
bpsS kmam-\y-cq-]-s¯, km¼-¯nI kao]-\s¯ hne-bn-cp-¯m³
t]mepw C´y-bpsS `c-W-k-aqlw AwKo-I-cn-¨nà “1947 apX-ep-ff C´y-
bnse km¼-¯nI \b-sa-Sp¯p ]cn-tim-[n-¨m km{am-PyXz XmÂ]-
cy-§-fm-bn-cp¶p Ah-bpsS apJy-L-S-I-sa¶v a\-kn-em-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv.
ImÀjn-I-cw-K¯v h³tXm-Xn -ep-ff B[p-\n-I-h¡-cWw \S-¶-
t¸mįs¶ ̀ q-hp-S-am-_-Ô-§-fn cmPy-hym-]-I-ambn kaq-e-]-cn-hÀ¯-
\-ap- m-bn-Ã. km{am--Py-Xz-km-¼-¯nI Xmev]-cy-§Ä¡p-th n Bhn-
jvI-cn-¡-s¸« lcn-X-þ-[-h-f-hn-¹-h-§Ä {Kma-§-fnse _lp-`q-cn-]£w
km[m-c-W-P-\-§-fp-sSbpw PohnXw IqSp-X ZpjvI-c-am-¡n-¯oÀ¡p-I-
bm-Wp- m-b-Xv.”102
apIį-«nsâ \nco-£-W-§-fpsS s]mXp-hym-Jym-\-§Ä am{X-
am-bn-cp¶p ]e-t¸m-gpw {Kma-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-ff hÀW-i-_-f-amb A\p-
kva-c-W-IÄ, CXv ta¯«nsâ hÀW-i-_-f-X-am-{X-am-Wv. Cu \qäm-
nsâ Bcw- -̀¯n \S-¯nb hn¹-h-þ-P-\m-[n-]-Xyþ PmXn-hn-cp² {ia-
§fneq-sS-bmWv s]mXp kaqlw \nÀ½n-bv¡m³ Fs´-¦nepw {ia-§-
fp- m-bXv. F¶m Abn-¯-{K-a-§Ä¡p-ta ta¯-«n-\p- m-bn-cp¶
101 . P. 152-153, Contemporary Cultural Theory, Andrew Milner and Jeff Browitt.102. t]. 56, \nXy-ssN-X-\y-b-Xn¡v tJZ-]qÀÆw, FUn-äÀ ̀ mkp-tc-{μ-_m_p.
hyh-lmcw 210
A[n-Im-c-hÀW-i-_-f-Xsb tZio-b-ambn {Kma-X-e-¯n {]Xn-jvTn-¡p-
I-bm-bn-cp¶p B[n-Im-c-hyq-lw.
^yqUÂ HmÀa (fudal nostalgia)-I-fpsS Hcp {Kma-Po-hnXw Hcp
sNdnb hi-̄ n\v am{X-amWv hÀW-i-_-f-am-bn-cp-¶-Xv. F¶m {]nânwKv
anUn-b-bn-epw, cmjv{Sm-[n-Im-c-¯n-epw, sshÚm-\nI taJ-e-bnepw
ChÀ¡p km[n¨ A[n-Im-c-ap-d-¸n-¡Ä hgn, ^yqU HmÀa-bpsS {Kma-
Po-hn-Xs¯ s]mXp-P-\-¯n\v ta Øm]n-s -̈Sp-¡p-Im-bn-cp-¶p.
hmevao-Insb {_mÒ-W-\m-sW¶p Øm]n-¡m-\p-ff AXn-hn-]p-e-
amb {ia-¯n `c-W-IqSw Xmev]cyw ImWn-¡p-¶-Xns\¡p-dn¨v sF.-
im-´-Ip-amÀ Fgp-Xn-bn-«p- v. “hmevaoIn cmam-bWw ae-bmfhym-Jym\w
þ _me-Im-WvUw, HmIvkvt^mUv bqWn-th-gvknän {]kv, lnμn þ ae-
bmfw \nL p (F³.-_n.-F-kv), i_vZ-þ-Xm-cm-h-en, ]pcm-WnIv F³ssk-
t¢m-]o-Un-b, ]©-a-lm-\n-L- p F¶n-§s\ IrXn-I-fn-seÃmw P·w
sIm v hmevaoIn {_mÒ-W-\m-bn-cp-¶p. Im«m-f-·m-cpsS IqsS tNÀ¶v
IÅ\pw IhÀ -̈¡m-c-\p-ambn¯oÀ¶p.”103 Fs¶-gp-Xn-bn-«p- v. s]mXp-
k-aq-l-¯n\v BZn-hm-kn-Isf IÅ-·m-cpw, IÅp-Ip-Snb-·mcpw B¡n
\n-e-\nÀt¯- Xv _m[y-X-bm-hp-¶-Xp-h-®-amWv C¯cw Aim-kv{Xob
hne-bn-cp-¯-ep-I-fpsS B[n-Im-cnI hymJym-\-§Ä.
kv{Xok-aq-ls¯ ]cp-h-s¸Sp-¯p¶p
B[p-\nI kaqlw kv{Xok-ao-]-\-¯n F´p-\n-e-]m-sS-Sp-¯n-
cp-¶p F¶-Xp-ambn _Ôn-¸n¨v Gen-bm½ C§s\ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p.
“Hcp C´y³ kv{XobpsS ]Zhn \nÝ-bn-¡p-¶-Xn Gsd ]¦p-h-ln-
¡p¶ Nne LS-I-§-fmWv Ah-fpsS km¼-¯nI ]Ým-¯-ew, PmXn,
hnZym-`ymk tbmKy-X, tPmen XpS§nbh. C´y³ P\-X-bpsS `qcn-`m-
103. t]. 8-, 9. At\z-jWw AIe§fnÂ, sF.-im-́ -Ip-amÀ
hyh-lmcw 211
Khpw {Kma-¯n hkn-¡p-¶-h-cm-Wv. hen-sbmcp iX-am\w BÄ¡mÀ
C¶pw Zmcn-{Zy-tc-J-bpsS Xmsg Ign-bp-¶-h-cm-Wv. Hcp icm-icn C´y³
kv{Xo C¯-c-samcp kml-N-cys¯ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶-h-fm-Wv. {]mb-
]qÀ¯n-bm-bm ]ns¶, X\nsb ]pd-¯n-d-§m-t\m, kzX-{´-ambn k©-
cn-¡m-t\m, kaq-l-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸-Sm-t\m, kv{XoIÄ¡v s]mXpth
kzmX{´yw e`n-¡m-dn-Ã.
Npa-X-em-t_m[w, hnt[-b-Xzw, A\p-k-cW XpS-§nb KpW-§Ä
Dff D¯-a-ho-«-½bpw `mcy-bp-sa-¶mWv Hcp \Ã kv{Xosb-¡p-dn-¨p-ff
k¦ev]w. IpSpw-_hpw AXnsâ Npäp-]m-Sp-I-fp-am-Wv Ah-fpsS {]hr-
¯n-a-WvU-ew. IpSpw_w ]peÀ¯m-\mbn kv{XobpsS hcp-am\w AXym-
h-iy-ambn hcp¶ L«-§-fn-epw, AX-hÄ \nÀh-ln-t¡- Xv IpSpw-_-
tPm-en-IÄ¡pw D¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-§Ä¡pw ]pd-ta-bm-Wv. Cc« tPmen-`mcw
kv{Xo t]td n hcp¶p F¶-Xn A\o-Xn-]-c-ambn H¶pw Xs¶
kaqlw ZÀin-¡p-¶n -Ã. PmXn-a-Xm-Nm-c -§fpw {]t_m-[-\-§fpw
kv{XobpsS IS-a-I-sf-¸-änbpw Øm\-s¯-¸-änbpw Dff ]Xnhv k¦-ev]-
§Ä \ymbo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw Ac-¡n-«p-d-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.”104
B[p-\n-IX ZfnXv At\z-j-W-§Äs¡m¸w Hgn-hm-¡nb At\z-j-
W-ambncp¶p kv{Xo kaq-ln-I-{]-iv\-§-fpw. tZim-cmjv{Sw F¶ \ne-bnÂ
AXnsâ t\À]-IpXn hcp¶ kv{Xok-aq-l-̄ nsâ ]Z-hn-bpw, A[n-Im-chpw
kw_-Ôn¨v At\z-jWw DbÀ¶p-h-cm-Xn-cp-¶XpXs¶ FÃm AÀ°-
¯nepw kmaq-ly-amb Nn´m cq]-§fpw DbÀ¶p-h-¶Xv ]pcp-j-tI-{μo-Ir-
Xm-hØbn Bbn-cp-¶p. iq{Z-scbpw kv{XoI-sfbpw ]pd´Ånb-Xnsâ
tNmZy-§Ä B[p-\n-I-X-bn {]iv\-h-evI-cn-¡-s -̧«n-Ã.
104. t]. 71, kv{Xobpw kaq-lhpw Hcp enwK-]-Zhn ImgvN-̧ m-Sv. Gen-bm-½.
hyh-lmcw 212
B[p-\n-I-X-bnse ssewKn-I-k-Zm-Nmcw ]nXr-A-[n-Im-c-¯n-te¡v
{]th-in-¡p-I-bpw, tIc-f-¯nse Iogmf kv{XoI-fpsS CS-bn sshhm-
lnIþA-¨-S¡w \S-¸m-¡n-b-Xpw, \h-h-tc-Wy-hÀK-¯nsâ hym]vXnbpw
kzm[o-\hpw hÀ²n-¨p-h-cp¶ Ime¯p cq]-s¸« Øm]-\-§-fn-eq-sS-bm-
sW¶v sP.-tZ-hn-I. A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. “Ccp-]Xmw \qäm- n ChnsS
hfÀ¶p hnI-kn¨ \h-h-tcWy hÀK-ssew-KnI kmZm-Nm-c-hp-ambn AXn-
\p- m-bn-cp¶ tNÀ -̈bp-ambn IpSpw-_m-kq-{XW]cn-]m-Sn¡v _Ô-ap- v.
ssewKn-I-hmRvN \nb-{´n-¡m-\p-ff apJy-amÀKw Bß-\n-b-{´-Whpw
A -̈S-¡-hp-am-sW¶v AXp hn[n-¨p. arZp B¬tIm-bva-bn-eqsS kv{Xo
]pcp-j-_-Ôs¯ {Iao-I-cn¡mw F¶ \ne-]mSv AXv sIm p-h-¶p.
CXn-eqsS B[p-\nI ]nXr-tI-{μnX AWp-Ip-Spw_kao-]\w Øm]n-¡-
s¸-«p.”105
\h-h-tc-Wy-hÀKw ssewKnI kZm-Nm-c-¯n-tebv¡v {]th-in-¡p-
¶Xv cmjv{So-b-ambn kw -̀hn¨ DWÀ -̈bpsS `mKw IqSn-bm-bn-«m-bn-cp-
¶p. ssewKnI Acm-P -I-Xz -¯n -s\-Xnsc \mbÀ iq{Z -k-aq -l-
§Ä¡pÅn \n¶v {_mÒ-WnI LS-\-tbm-Spw, {_mÒ-WnI LS-\-
bv¡p-Ån \n¶p-X-s¶bpw Bcw-`n¨ cmjv{Sob DWÀ¨-bmWv
{_mÒWnI ]pcp-j-ssew-Kn-Im-[n-Im-cs¯ tNmZyw sNb-X-Xv. C¯cw
tNmZy-§Ä¡p-ta ]pcp-jm-[n-Imcw Øm]n-s -̈Sp¯ Ipdp-¡p-h-gn-bm-
bn-cp¶p arZp B¬tIm-bva-bn A[n-jvTn-X-amb ]nXr-tI-{μo-IrX
ssewKn-I-X.
“P\\-§-fpsS `mcw Ipd-¨m kv{XoIÄ amXr þ `mcym-]-Z-hn-
IÄ ssIhn«v s]mXp-cw-K¯v Xn§n-¡q-Sp-sa¶v Hcp Iq«À ̀ b-¶p. A¶m
Nm n, sIm¨m-«n IÃym-Wn-¡p«n XpS-§n-b-h-cmWv kv{XoIÄ¡v kz´w
ico-c-¯nsâ taep-ff \nb-{´-W-¯n-t·Â X§-fpsS hmZ-§sf Dd-¸n-
105. t]. 24-þ25-, tIcfw ssewKn-I-Xm- enw-K-\o-Xn, FUn-äÀ, sI. Fw. thWp-tKm]mÂ.
hyh-lmcw 213
¨-hÀ. AhÀ¡v AXn\v henb hne \ÂtI- n-h¶p. IpSpw-_-¯nsâ
A -̈S¡w \jvS-s¸Spw F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p asämcp Iq«-cpsS `bw”106
amÀIvkn-Ìp-IÄ apt¶m-«p-h¨ amXr-Ibpw ssewKnI A -̈S-¡-hp-
ambn _Ôs]-«-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. {]P-\-\-hp-ambn _Ôs¸«v kv{XobpsS Ah-
Imiw C\nbpw NÀ¨ sNbvXn-«n-Ã-. ]s£ ZfnXv þ Iogm-fsc kw_-
Ôn¨nSt¯mfw KÀ -̀\n-tcm-[\ NnIn-Õbv¡v hnt[-b-amb `pcn-]-£hpw
Imbn-tIm-]-Po-h-\-¯n\v £bn¨hcm-bn-¯oÀ¶n«p- v.
“ZenXv kv{XoIÄ A[n-Ihpw hnZym-`ymkw Ipd-ª-hcpw Ipd-
ª-th-X\w e`n-¡p-¶-hcpw A¯cw sXmgn-ep-I-fn GÀs¸-Sp-¶-h-cp-
am-Wv. a[y-PmXnIfnÂs¸« ]pcp-j-·mÀ¡v Hcp DtZymKw e`n-¡p-t¼mÄ
Ah-cpsS kv{XoIsf AhÀ PmXn sXmgn-ep-I-fn \n¶v ]n³h-en-¡pw.
F¶m ZfnXv kv{XoI-fpsS Imcyw CX-Ã. Ah-cpsS `À¯m-¡-·mÀ
tPmen-bp-f-f-h-cm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mgpw ZfnXv kv{XoIÄ Ah-cpsS PmXn-sXm-
gn-ep-I-fn XpS-cm³ \nÀ_-Ôn-X-cm-hp-¶p. UÂln-bnse hmßoIn PmXn-
bnÂs¸« ]pcp-j-·mÀ ]ecpw tXm«n-¸-Wn Dt]-£n-¨v am\y-amb sXmgn-
ep-I-fn GÀs¸-«-s¸mgpw Ah-cpsS kv{XoIÄ ]g-b-sXm-gn-ep-I-fn XpS-
cp-¶-Xmbn amf-hnI IÀte-¡À \S-¯nb ]T-\-¯n Nq n-¡m-«p-¶p.
tXm«-¡mÀ, ho«ptPm-en-¡mÀ XpS-§nb sXmgn It¼m-f-¯nse Xmgv¶
Øm\-§Ä \nd-bv¡p-¶Xv C¶pw PmXn-bn Xmgv¶-hÀ BWv. Xq¯p-
hm-cp-¶Xpw shÅw tImcp-¶Xpw C¶pw ZenXv kv{XoI-fm-Wv. ImÀjnI
cwK-¯p-ff B[p-\n-I-h-XvI-c-W-¯nsâ `mK-ambn ]pXnb kmt¦-XnI
hnZy GÀs¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xp-hgn ZenXv kv{XoI-fpsS Ht«sd sXmgn-e-h-k-c-
§Ä A]-l-cn-¡-¸-SpI am{X-aà sXmgn cwK¯v Ah-ti-jn¨ kv{XoI-
fpsS tPmen `mcw hÀ²n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.”107
106. t]. 27-, tIcfw ssewKn-I-Xm- enw-K-\o-Xn, FUn-äÀ, sI. Fw. thWp-tKm]mÂ.
107. t]. 122-, tIcfw ssewKn-I-Xm- enw-K-\o-Xn, FUn-äÀ, sI. Fw. thWp-tKm]mÂ.
hyh-lmcw 214
B[p-\nI sXmgn D]-I-c-W-§-fpsS hnIm-khpw {]hÀ¯-\-
§fpw Zfn-Xsc Pohn-X-km-l-N-cy-¯n \n¶pw DbÀ¯n-bn-«n-Ã. CtX
LS-\-bn¯-s¶-bmWv {Kma-§-fpsS hÀW-i-_-f-Xsb sIm«n-¸m-Sp¶
htc-WyX {Kmas¯ F{X-am{Xw kv{Xo ZfnXv kv{Xo hncp-²-am-bn-«mWv
I n-cp-¶Xv F¶v cW-PoXv Kpl (Ranajith Guha) Fgp-Xnb N{μ-bpsS
acWw F¶ _wKm-fnse PmXn-]-T-\s¯ kw_-Ôn¨ Iogmf ]T\
(Subaltern study) ̄ n hnh-cn-¡p-¶p. “Ignª ̂ mÂKp\ amk-¯nsâ
Ah-km\w aKm-dmw-Nmj Fsâ {Kma-¯n h¶p-]-dªp Ignª \me-
©p-am-k-ambn \n§-fpsS aIÄ N{μ-Nm-j-\n-bp-ambn Rms\mcp Ahn-
ln-X-{]-W-b-_-Ô-¯n-teÀs¸-«-Xnsâ ^e-ambn AhÄ KÀ`n-Wn-bm-bn-
cn-¡p-¶p. Ahsf \n§-fpsS ho«n sIm p-h¶v Fs´-¦nepw acp-¶p-
sImSp¡m³ GÀ¸m-Sp-sN-¿p. AsÃ-¦n Rm\-hsf t`In-em-¡pw.”108
t`In-em-¡pI F¶m PmXn-I-fp-sS-sbÃmw PmXn¡v ]pd¯m¡pI
F¶m-Wv. Cu \S-]-Sn-sb-¡p-dn¨pw CXn-\p-ti-j-ap-ff tIkn-s\-¡p-dn¨pw
c¬PnXv Kpl ]d-bp-¶Xv ̀ c-W-¯nsâ AaqÀ¯-amb GI-kz-c-X F¶m-
Wv. B¬tIm-bva-bpsS ]pcm-hr- -̄¯n-emWv \½psS {Kma-§Ä. “]Xn-
s\«mw \qäm- p apXÂ sseKn-I-X-bpsS hn\ymkw kmaq-ly-\n-b-{´-
W-¯n-\p-ff Hcp kzX{´ D]-I-c-W-ambn BhnÀ -̀hn-¡p-Ibpw _mÔ-
h-¯nsâ hn\ym-k-¯n-\p-ta AXp kzbw NmÀ¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp-h-
¶p.” ^qt¡m ]d -bp¶ bqtdm -¸ n \n¶p hyXy -kvX -ambn
]s¯m³]Xmw \qäm- nsâ C´y-bn ssewKn-I-_m-Ôh-¯n\p-
Ån¯s¶-bm-bn-cp¶p B¬tImbva {]hÀ¯n- -̈Xv. Ieym-W-¯n\pw
_Ôp-Xz-¯n\pw t]cpw kz¯p-¡fpw ssIamäw sN¿p-¶-Xn\pw Chsb
\nb-{´n-̈ n-cp¶ Bi-b-§Ä¡p-sa-Ãmw A§s\ ssewKnI _Ô-¯nsâ
\nb-{´Ww hnhm-l-_-Ôs¯ \nb-{´n-¨n-cp¶ A[n-Im-c-Øm-]-\-§-
108. t].146, Iogmf ]T-\-§Ä, FUn-äÀ, kqkn-Xm-cp, Fkv. kRvPo-hv.
hyh-lmcw 215
fp-sSbpw kwhn-[m-\-§fpsSbpw (]-©m-b-¯p-IÄ, BÚ-IÄ, hne-
¡p-IÄ XpS-§n-b-h-bp-sS) I¿n-em-bn.”109
{Kmaw Zfn-X-]-Z-hnsb ]cp-h-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.
Xt±inb -B-Nm-c-hy-h-Ø-I-fp-sSbpw, ]pcm-W-§-fp-sS-bpw, PmXn-
k-{¼-Zm-b-§-fp-sS-bpw, HmÀ½-s¸-Sp-¯Â, Ch-bn-e-[n-jvTn-X-amb A\p-
jvTm-\-§Ä s_ys_mØ F¶-dn-b-s¸-«p. kwkvIr-X-¯n CXns\
hyhØsb¶p-hn-fn-¡p¶ PmXn s_y_-Ø-bm-bn-cp¶p _wKm-fnse
{KmaoW Npäp-]m-Sv. C¯cw {Kma-§-sf-bmWv B[p-\n-I-X-bpw, tijhpw
hÀWm-`-amb {Kma-ambn hymJym-\n-¡p-¶-Xv. KmÔnPn C¯-c-samcp
s_ym_-Ø-bpsS hmàm-hp-am-¡-s¸-«p.
“\½psS cmPy¯v Zmcn-{Zy-¯n\v Hcp _lpaXn D m-bn-cp-¶p.
Zcn-{Z³ Xsâ \nÀ[-\-X-sb-¡p-dn¨v eÖn-¨n-«n-Ã. [\n-Isâ sIm«m-c-
s¯-¡mÄ Xsâ IpSnens\ AbmÄ IqSp-X CjvS-s¸-«p. F¶Ã
AXn AbmÄ A`n-am\w sImÅp-Ibpw sNb-Xp. `uXnI hkvXp-¡-
fn Ah\v Zmcn-{Z-ap- m-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw Bßo-b-Zm-cn{Zyw CÃm-bn-cp-¶p.110
KmÔnPn Zcn-{Zs\ hne-bn-cp-¯p¶Xn§-s\-bm-Wv. [\n-Isc kwc-
£n-¡p-Ibpw Zcn-{Zs\ \nebv¡p \nÀ¯p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ Cc-«-t_m-[-
¯n-tâ-Xm-Wn-Xv. Zcn-{Z\v Xsâ Pohn-Xm-h-Ø-bn Hcp aXn¸pw CÃ
F¶ kXys¯ Bßo-b-[m-cm-fn¯w sIm v adn-I-S-¡m³ {ian-¡p-I-
bm-Wn-hn-sS. Bßo-b-ambn AXn-`o-XnXambn On¶n-¡-s¸-«-h-cmWv Cu
]nt¶m-¡-km-aqly P\-hn-`m-K-§Ä F¶-dn-ªp-sIm p Xs¶-bmWv
At±lw Xsâ Bßob hkv{Xw AhÀ¡p-ta ]pX-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv.
109. t]. 160, Iogm-f-]-T-\-§Ä F-UnäÀ, .-kq-kn-Xm-cp, Fkv. kRvPo-hv.
110. t]. 60, ss\Xn-I-kw-hm-Zw, sabv, 2006.
hyh-lmcw 216
“hÀWm-{i-a-[Àaw a\p-jy\v Cu `qan-bn-ep-ff {]hÀ¯-\-[Àa-
s¯-¸än {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p-¶p. Znh-kw-tXmdpw a\p-jy³ P\n-¡p-¶Xv [\w
Ip¶p-Iq-«p-¶-Xn-\p-ff amÀ¤w Bcm-bp-¶-Xnt\m hnhn-[-co-Xn-bn-ep-ff Pohn-
X-hr-¯n-IÄI p ]nSn-¡p-¶-Xnt\m AÃ; {]Xyp-X, Ahsâ iàn-bpsS
Hmtcm AWphpw Ahsâ krjvSm-hns\ Adn-bp-¶-Xn-\mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn-
¡m-\m-Wv. AXp-sIm v, ico-c-s¯bpw Bßm-hn-s\bpw H¶n¨v kwc-
£n-¡p-¶-Xn-te-¡mbn AXv Ahsâ ]nXm-a-l-·m-cpsS sXmgn-enÂ
Ahs\ HXp¡n \nÀ¯p-¶p. AXmWv AXn IqSp-X-tem, Ipdthm
Bb asäm-¶p-aà þ hÀ®m-{i-a-[À½w.”111
]nXm-a-l-·mÀ, Ah-cpsS sXmgnÂ, krjvSm-hv F¶n-§s\ {]IrXn
Xs¶ krjvSn-¨Xpw Xnc-sª-Sp-¯Xpw kwc-£n-t¡- -Xp-sa¶ \ne-
bn-emWv KmÔnPn hÀ®m-{i-a-[À½s¯ ImWp-¶-Xv. hyh-Øm-]nX
kaq-l-¯n-t·Â Cf¡w X«m¯ H¶mbn Xsâ B{K-ls¯, \ne-
\n¡p¶ PmXn ZÀi-\-hp-ambn tNÀ¯p-h-bv¡p-I-bmWv Chn-sS.
C§-s\-sbmcp hn-I-e-k-aq-ls¯ hÀW-i-_-f-am-¡p-t¼mÄ `qcn-
]-£-k-aq-lhpw Pohn-X-¯n \n¶v ]pd-¯m-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bmWv sN¿p-¶-
Xv. {Kmwjn C§s\ kqNn-¸n-¡p-¶p. “HcmÄ¡v Abm-fpsS am\-kn-I-
amb ]e {]hÀ -̄\-§fpw hnI-kn-¡p-¶Xv kvs]jy hnZym-`ym-k-
¯n-eq-sSbpw AXnsâ {]hÀ¯-\-§-fn-eq-sS-bp-am-Wv. Hmtcm Nn´m]-c-
amb {]hÀ¯-\-§fpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fp-ambn _Ô-s¸-«p-
\n¡p-¶p. AXv F{X-am{Xw imkv{Xo-b-amWv F¶-Xns\ B{i-bn-¨p-
IqSn \n¡p-¶p.”112 hnZym-̀ ym-k-ta-J-e-bp-am-bp-ff Cu NÀ -̈bn imkv{Xo-
b-X-sbbpw AXnsâ Npäp-]m-Snsâ Bh-iy-I-X-sbbpw {Kmwjn-hn-e-bn-
cp-¯p-¶p- v. AÔ-hn-izm-k-P-Vn-e-amb kmaq-ly-t{i-Wn-Isf AYhm
111. t]. 61, ss\Xn-I-kw-hm-Zw, sabv, 2006.
112. P.27. Selection from the prison Notebooks, Antonio Gramsci.
hyh-lmcw 217
bqtdm-]y³ P·n A´-co-£-s¯-t¸mepw \ntj-[n-¡p-Ibpw imkv{Xo-
b-hpw, kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb bqWn-än-bpsS km[y-X hne-bn-cp-¯p-Ibpw
sN¿p-¶p.
X©m-hqÀ {Km-a-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-ff B³t{U s_sä-bven (Andre
Beteille) bpsS ]T\w C´y³ {Kma-kz-`m-h-¯nsâ hÀ¯-am-\- A-h-
Øsb hyà-am-¡p-¶p. ]s¯m³]-Xmw. \qäm- p-ap-XÂ {Kma-¯nsâ
Ah-Imiw Nne kap-Zm-b-§-fn tI{μo-I-cn-¨n-cp-¶p. {_mÒn-WÀ,
adm¯ IpSpw-_-§-fnembn-cp¶p CXv. \nc-h[n hmk-cq-]-§Ä ChnsS
ImWmw. BZn-{Zm-hn-U-Øn-c-hm-k-hpw, AXnsâ B{in-X-Po-hn-Xm-h-Ø-
bp-sS-Xpw. {io]p-c-s¯-bpw, taeq-cn-s\bpw am{Xw ]cn-tim-[n-¨m ChnsS
A¿-¦mÀ kaq-l-¯n\v kz´-amb ImÀjnI ]²-Xn-Ifpw AXn-\m-h-iy-
ap-ff sXmgn kaq-l-hpw, hmÀjn-I-B-tLm-j-cq-]-§fpw DÅ-
Xmbn¡mWmw. `uXn-I-ambn hyà-am-hp¶ Xcw-Xn-cn-hp-IÄ (Divisions)
A{K-lm-c-¯n\v ]pd¯v ImWm-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. aqt¶m AXn IqSp-Xtem
Ipd-thm-h-cp¶ Xncn- hp-I-fp- v. B{K-lmcw/ IpSn-bm-\-sX-
cphpw (Kudiana - Non Brahmin Streets) tNcn (Cheri Adi-Dravida
residential area) kmaq-ly-ambn hf-sc-tbsd hyXym-k-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p Cu
CS-§Ä. A{K-lm-c-§Ä saä tdmUpambn Ing¡v ]Sn-ªmdv ZÀi-\-
t¯msS ImW-s¸-Sp¶p. CXv saä tdmUn \n¶pw AIew ]men-¡p-
¶Xpw sX§p-\n-d-ª-Xp-amb sXmSn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-Xp-am-Wv. saä tdmUp-
IÄ¡v hfsc Zqc-bmWv tNcn ImW-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. A{K-lm-c-§Ä
AXntâXmb sXcp-hn Hä¡v \n¡p-¶p. {_mÒ-W-c-Ãm-¯-h-cpsS
sXcp-hp-IÄ \nc-h[n ImW-s¸-Sp-¶p. C§s\ \nc-h-[n-bp- m-bn-cp-¶n«pw
AhÀ¡v ih-t¡m-«-IÄ CÃm-Xn-cn-bv¡p-¶p. inh-t£-{X-¯n-\-Sp¯v
{_mÒWcÃm-¯-h-cpsS hk-Xn-I-fp- v. F¶m AXn-\-Sp¯v AIew
hyh-lmcw 218
]men-¨p-sIm v tXm«n-I-fmb sXm«p-¡q-Sm- -̄h-cpsS hk-Xn-IÄ ImWmw.
ChÀ {]tXy-I-ambn amän ]mÀ¸n-¡-s¸-«-h-cm-Wv.113
C§s\ hfsc hyà-ambn \nÀan-¡-s¸-«n-«p-ff PmXn hyh-Ø-
bpsS kmaq-ly-i-co-c-s¯-bmWv {Kma-§-sf¶ hÀW-i-_-fn-X-tbmsS
sIm m-Sp-¶-Xv. Xncn-hn-sâ-bpw, AS-cn-sâbpw C¯cw ]pdw kaq-lnI
Pohn-Xm-h-Øsb Xmc-X-tay\ \ne-\nÀ¯p-hm-\p-ff {iaw Bbn-cp-¶p
B[p-\nI C´y³ CS-s]-S-ep-IÄ. Pohn-Xm-h-Ø-bnepw, hnizm-k-cq-]-
§-fnepw ssZ\w-Zn-\-¯nepw \ne-\n¡p¶ A[oi/AS¡ kao-]-\s¯
tNmZyw sNbvXp-sIm pw {]iv\h¡-cn¨p sIm pw \nÀÖo-h-s¸-Sp-
¯n-s¡m- p-amWv B[p-\nI kaqlw apt¶m«p t]mtI- n-bn-cp-¶-Xv.
kap-Zm-bhpw hÀ¤hpw
kwkvImcw F¶Xv A\p-`-h-¯n \n¶v hnI-kn-¡p¶ Nn´m-]-
²-Xn-bm-Wv. Bi-b-§Ä hnI-kn-¡p-¶Xv hnizm-khpw kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-
¯nsâ aqeyhpw ]cn-K-Wn-¨mWv. a\p-jysâ kmam-\y-Nn-´m-[m-cbpw
A\p- -̀h-§-fpsS {]Xn-^-e-\-§fpw Ahsâ IÀXr-¯s¯ (Subjectiv-
ity) kzm[o-\n-¡p-¶p- v. Xmgv¶Xpw DbÀ¶-Xp-amb Øm\-§Ä \nc-
h[n Bi-b-§sf apt¶m-«p-h-bv¡p-¶p. hnizm-khpw t_m[hpw kmaq-
ly-\nÀan-Xn-bn {][m\ ]¦p-h-ln-¡p-¶p. kmaq-lyhpw imkv{Xo-b-
hp-amb Hcp ]T\w DbÀ¯n-sb-Sp-t¡- Xv C¯-c-¯n-em-Wv.114
hnizmk-¯nsâbpw aqey-¯n-sâbpw ASn-¯-d-bn-ep-ff ]T\w
NneÀ¡v KpW-I-c-am-sW-¦n NneÀ¡v {]Xn-¡qeamhp-¶p. CXv ]e-
Xcw {]iv-\-§-sfbpw D m-¡p-¶p- v. ChnsS kqNn-¸n-¡p¶ \nco-£-
W-§-sfms¡¯s¶ Hcp hnizm-k-¯n-sâbpw aqey-¯n-sâbpw BsI-
113. P.25-26 Caste, class and power. Andre Beteille.114. P. 30, Exploring self and society, Ro samund Billington, Jenny Ho ckey, Sheelagh
Strawbridge.
hyh-lmcw 219
¯p-I-bmbn apgp-h³ kaq-l-s¯bpw \nco-£-¡-s¸-S-cpXv F¶m-Wv.
AYhm C´y-\-h-Ø-bnse Hcp sNdp-k-aq-l-¯nsâ Xmev]-cy-tem-I-
¯n-eq-sS-bà AXnsâ AXn-{_-l-¯mb P\-X-Isf hymJym-\n-¡-s¸-
tS- -Xv.
A[n-Im-c-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v sk_m-Ìy³ h«-aäw CXns\ hne-
bn-cp-¯p-¶p. Ime-tZ-i-§-tfm-Sp-ff Hcp kaq-l-¯nsâ kwhm-Z-km-[y-X-
I-fn-Ãm-Xm-¡p-¶-Xn apJy-]-¦p- v A[n-Imcw ssIbm-fp-¶-hÀ¡v. AXp-
sIm- mWv A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ Ac-a-\-I-fn \n¶pw ]e-t¸mgpw PoÀW-
X-bpsS ZpÀKÔw han-¡p-¶-Xv. A[n-Imcw ssIbm-fp-¶-h-cmWv amäs¯,
hfÀ¨sb Gähpw ̀ b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. knwlm-k\§-fpsS Dd-¸mWv AhÀ¡p
{][m\w. Ah-cpsS hn[n-\n-tj-[-§sf {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw `mj-bn-eqsS
a\-Ênsâ AKm-[-X-e-§-fn IqSn-]mÀ¸n-¡p-¶p. Nne kμÀ`-§-fnÂ
Nne-hm-¡p-Ifpw tNjvT-Ifpw hne-¡-s¸-«-Xm-sW¶v Adn-bmsX Xs¶
\ma-dn-bp-¶p. Cu At_m-[-Úm\amWv \s½ kaq-l-¯n sImÅm-
hp-¶-hÀ B¡p-¶-Xv. \ne-hn-ep-ff kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bn kzbw {]Xn-
jvTn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw s]mcp-¯-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\pw DXIpw hn[w Hcm-fpsS Rm³-
þ-t_m-[s¯ {]Xy-b-imkv{Xw `mj-bn-eqsS cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.115
A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ \nc-h-[n-I-fnse kwh-Z-\-tO-Z-\-ambn B[p-\n-
I-k-aqlw AXnsâ `mjm-hy-h-lmc \nÀan-Xnsb DSÂ]-Wn-bp-¶p- v.
kmaq-ly-C-S-s]-S-ensâ LS\I-fn Cf¡w km[y-am-¡p¶ `mjm hyh-
lm-c-§Ä sImtfm-Wn-bm-\-´-c-Im-e-¯nepw kwkvIr-X-_-²-am-hp-I-bpw,
^yqUÂ-A-[n-Im-c-]-²-Xn-bpsS ]mcUn (Parody) bmbn-¯p-S-cp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. CtX L«-¯n kwkv-Ir-X-_-²-X-bm-hs« bqtdm-]y³ kmaq-
ly-[m-c-tbmSv IqSp-XÂ ASp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. Cμn-c-tKm-kzman (Indhira
115. t]. 36, ̀ mj-bpw B[n-]-Xyhpw, sk_m-Ìy³ h«-a-äw.
hyh-lmcw 220
Goswami)116 AS-¡-ap-f-f-hÀ kz´w kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ bqtdm-]y³ KXn-
am-ä-s¯-¡p-dn¨v hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p- v. tIc-f-L-S-\-bn bqtdm-]y-\m-
hm³ Blzm\w sNbXXv \mbÀ kaq-l-am-bn-cp-¶p. F¶m Htc-k-
a-b¯v Krlm-Xp-cXbpw AtX-k-abw bqtdm-]y\pw Bhp¶p. Cc-«-ap-
J-t¯m-sS-bmWv C´y³ tImfWn-bm-\-´c A[n-Im-c-k-ap-Zm-b-§Ä
{]hÀ¯n-¨-Xv.
AXp -sIm p Xs¶ Cw¥ojv Hcp {][m\ `mj-bm -Ip -
t¼mįs¶ kwkvIrXw AXn-{]-[m-\-amb `mj-bmbn Øm]n-¡p-
Ibpw Poh³ sImSp-¡m³ `c-W-IqSw bXv\n-¡p-Ibpambn-cp-¶p. B[p-
\nIL«-¯nse B{Ôm-{]-tZ-inse hn¹-h-{]-Øm-\-§-fn DÅnÂ
{]hÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw ]pdw-X-Å-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbX \nc-h[n ZfnXv {]hÀ -̄
Isc (Activists) ¡pdn¨v Im¯n-]-Zva-dmhp (Katti Padma Rao)-hn-h-cn-¡p-
¶p- v. Ccp-]Xmw \qäm- nse ]cn-jvI-c-W-{]-Øm-\-§Ä¡v FÃmw
{_mÒ-Wy-h-tc-Wy-X-bpsS kz`m-hs¯ ]mc-Un-bm-¡p-¶-Xnsâ kz`m-h-
ap- m-bn-cp-¶p. CXns\ cmP³Kp-cp-¡Ä C§s\ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p. “Ccp-
]Xmw \qäm- n cq]o-Ir-X-amb FÃm-kw-L-S-\-Ifpw ]cn-tim-[n¨p
t\m¡n-bm kmap-Zm-bn-I-]-cn-jvI-c-W-kz-`m-h-ap-ff ]cn-jvI-c-W-k- -̀I-
fmWv cq]o-Ir-X-am-bXv F¶p-Im-Wmw. Cu k`-IÄ apgp-h³ tbmK-
t£-a-k- -̀bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§sf amXr-I-bm-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p F¶À°w.
PmXn-bpsS B`n-Pm-Xy-[m-c-W-IÄ ]g-b-Xp-t]mse XpSÀ¶p F¶À°w.
Hmtcm PmXnbpw PmXn-am-lmßyw km[n-s -̈Sp-¡m\pw kzbm`n-am\w D m-
¡n-sb-Sp-¡m\pw PmXn-bv¡-¯p-Xs¶ \ho-I-cWw krjvSn-¨p.... AtX-
k-abw ]c-¼-cm-K-X-amb Hcp PmXn A´Êv krjvSn-¡p-hm-\p-ff {iaw
XpS-cp-Ibpw sNb-Xvp.117
116. apgp-an-̧ n-¡m¯ Bß-I-Y. Cμn-c-tKm-kzm-an.
117. t].11, ZfnXv kzXzhpw A[n-Im-c-̄ nsâ {]iv\-hpw. FUn-äÀ, Sn.Fw, tbip-Zm-k³.
hyh-lmcw 221
{]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p¶ hkvXp-X-bn-Xm-Wv. 1925\pw 1950\pw CS-
bnÂ, ]cn-jvIr-X-amb apgp-h³ {ia-§fpw PmXn ip²-X-bn-tebv¡v aS-
§n-t¸m-hp-I-bmWv sNbv-X-Xv. A[n-Im-c-hp-ambn _Ô-s¸«v CXp-{]-
hÀ¯n¨p F¶Xv hkvXp-Xm-]camWv. P\m-[n-]Xy þ PmXn-hn-cp-²-[m-c-
bpsS {ia-§sf hymJym-\n-¡-s¸-«Xv IogvPm-Xn-I-fpsS {]iv\-§Ä F¶
\ne-bn am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. IogvPm-Xn-bpsS {]iv\w F¶ Cu \nco-£-
W-am-hs« taÂPmXnsb¶ Øncw {]Xn-jvTn-Xm-h-Ø-bv¡mbn hymJym-
\n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xpw Øm]n-X-am-hp-¶-Xp-am-bn-cp-¶p. am{X-hp-aà IogvPmXn
ZÀi-\-§Ä¡v apgp-h³ a\p-jy-scbpw A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sN¿m-\p-ff
tijn-bnà F¶ Øm]n-¡Â IqSn-bm-Wn-Xv. AtXm-sSm¸w PmXn-hn-cp-
²-a-Ãm¯ P\m-[n-]Xy hncp-²-amb A[n-Im-c-L-S\ FÃm kaq-l-
¯nsâbpw {]Xn \n[nIfm-hp-¶Xv XpS-cp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.
Awt_-ZvIÀ ZÀi-\-§sf B[p-\nI C´y \nco-£n-¨Xpw CtX
PmXn-hy-h-Ø-bpsS am\-Z-Þ-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p. P\-X-Xn-bp-tSXv F¶
AXnsâ ZmÀi-\n-IX Hgn-hm-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw Akv]ÀiyÀ¡pff tkh-
I³ F¶ \ne-bn hymJym-\n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. P\X F¶
\ne-bn C´y³ kaql-t¯mSv kwkm-cn-¡p-¶-bm-fmbn Awt_-ZvIÀ
]cnKWn-¡-s¸-«n-Ã. B[p-\nI \thm-°m\ {ia-§fn-seÃmw C¯cw
hmb-\-IÄ \ne \n¶n-cp-¶p. AXXv kmap-Zm-b-§-fpsS ]cn-jvIÀ¯m-
¡Ä F¶ \nco-£-W-¯n-em-bn-cp¶p AXv \ne-bp-d-¸n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. AtX-
k-abw CXn-sâ-sbms¡ ]n¶nÂ, ASn-̄ -d-bmbn a\p-kvar-Xnbpw, sslμ-
h-{K-Ù-§fpw hymJym-\-þ-B-{i-b-{K-Ù-§-fmbn XpS-cp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
AYhm cmjv{Sob kmaq-ly-kz-`m-h-¯nsâ B[p-\nI LS-\-bv¡vap¼v
A[n-Imchtc-Wy-[m-csb amÀKw \ÂInb sslμh ZmÀi-\n-IX B[p-
\nI kmaq-ly-cm-jv{So-b-L-S-\-bn {]Xo-Im-ß-I-amb (Symbolic)AXnsâ A[n-Imcw {]hÀ¯n-¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.
\thm-°m-\-{]-Øm-\-§Ä¡v PmXn {]Øm-\-§-fmbn Npcp-
t§ n h¶Xv Cu AÀ°-¯n-em-Wv. B[p-\n-I-X-bn {]hÀ¯n¨
\nc-h[n Øm]-\-§-fn-eq-sS-bmWv PmXn-[mc AXnsâ {]Xo-Im-ßI
hyh-lmcw 222
A[n-Imcw {]hÀ¯n-̧ n-̈ -Xv. ]mT-]p-kvXI I½-än-IÄ, I -̈h-S-tI-{μ-§Ä,
]Ån-I-fpsS DZ-bw, t£{X-¡-½-än-IÄ, {]nânwKv aoUnb C§s\
kmwkvIm-cn-I-aq-e-[\w A[n-Im-c-ta-J-e-bn IqSp-X Øm\w Dd-¸n¨p
XpS-§p-¶p- v. kmap-Zm-bnI {]hÀ -̄\-§-fpw, cmjv{Sob CS-s]-Sepw
X½n hyà-amb hnÅ Øm]n-Xambn-cp-¶n-Ã. am{X-hp-aà kap-Zm-
bhpw/hÀ¤hpw F¶ {[pho-I-cWw Akm-[y-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p.
kap-Zm-b-s¯-hÀ¤-am¡nbpw, kmaq-ly-hn-`m-K-§-sf, kap-Zm-b-am-
¡nbpw hymJym-\n-¡p-I-bmWv Iayq-WnÌv {ia-§Ä sNb-X-Xv. kmaq-
ly-hn-`m-K-§Ä¡p-Ån-se/ kap-Zm-b-§Ä¡p-Ånse Zcn-{Zsc tI{μo-I-cn-
¨p-sIm- m-Wv hÀ¤-hym-Jym-\-¯n\v apXnÀ¶-Xv. F¶m Zcn-{ZÀ tI{μo-
I-cn-¡-s -̧Sp¶ hÀ¤-k-ao-]\w hn]p-e-s -̧«-Xp-an-Ã. PmXn-L-S-\-bn \n¶pw
hÀK-L-S-\-bn-te¡v {]th-in-¸n-¡p¶ AtX Af-hn¯s¶ hÀK-
LS\bn \n¶pw PmXn-L-S-\-bn-te¡pw P\-Xsb {]th-in-¡p-hm³
Iayq-WnÌv {ia-§Ä XmÂ]cys¸«p.
km[p-P-\-]-cn-]m-e-kw-L-¯nsâ {]Xn-kÔn AJneXn-cp-hn-Xmw-
IqÀ ]pe-b-a-lm-k- -̀bn cq£-am-hp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p tIi-h-im-kv{Xn-bpsS
Ime-L-«-¯nÂ. ss{IkvX-h-]p-e-bcpw (tN-c-aÀ) sslμ-h-]p-e-bcpw (tN-
c-aÀ) F¶ `n¶n-¡-en\v Imc-W-am-hp-¶-Xp-Xs¶ B`y-´-c-ambn PmXn-
ip-²-X, aX-ip-²X F¶n-§s\ {_mÒ-Wy-t_m-[s¯ ss{IkvX-h,
sslμh ]pe-b-cpw, tNc-acpw ]mc-Un-bm-¡p-I-tbm, A\p-I-cn-¡p-Itbm
sNbvXp F¶-Xn-\m-em-Wv. CXn-eqsS A¿³Im-fn-bpw, tPm¬ tPmk^v
]m¼m-Snbpw {]hÀÖ-I-am-hp-Ibpw {_mÒ-WnI sslμ-h, ss{IkvX-
ho-bX amÀ¤hpw e£yhpw Bhp-I-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ahn`à Iayq-WnÌv
{]Øm-\-¯nsâ hn -̀P-\-Im-e-L-«-¯n ]pe-bÀ¡v tIc-f-]p-e-bÀ alm-
k` F¶ PmXn {]Øm\w \nÀan¨p sImSp-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p C´y³
Iayq-WnÌv {]Øm\w sNbv-X-Xv. CXmhs« Zfn-XÀ¡n-S-bnse Ass\-
Iys¯ cq£-am-¡pI am{X-am-bn-cp¶p.