Hybrid Treatment Systems for Dye Wastewater
64
This article was downloaded by: [Moskow State Univ Bibliote] On: 02 December 2013, At: 01:40 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/best20 Hybrid Treatment Systems for Dye Wastewater Faisal Ibney Hai a , Kazuo Yamamoto b & Kensuke Fukushi b a Department of Urban Engineering , University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan b Environmental Science Center , University of Tokyo , Tokyo, Japan Published online: 14 May 2007. To cite this article: Faisal Ibney Hai , Kazuo Yamamoto & Kensuke Fukushi (2007) Hybrid Treatment Systems for Dye Wastewater, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 37:4, 315-377, DOI: 10.1080/10643380601174723 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643380601174723 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms- and-conditions
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This article was downloaded by: [Moskow State Univ Bibliote]On: 02 December 2013, At: 01:40Publisher: Taylor & FrancisInforma Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registeredoffice: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Critical Reviews in EnvironmentalScience and TechnologyPublication details, including instructions for authors andsubscription information:http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/best20
Hybrid Treatment Systems for DyeWastewaterFaisal Ibney Hai a , Kazuo Yamamoto b & Kensuke Fukushi ba Department of Urban Engineering , University of Tokyo , Tokyo,Japanb Environmental Science Center , University of Tokyo , Tokyo, JapanPublished online: 14 May 2007.
To cite this article: Faisal Ibney Hai , Kazuo Yamamoto & Kensuke Fukushi (2007) Hybrid TreatmentSystems for Dye Wastewater, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 37:4,315-377, DOI: 10.1080/10643380601174723
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643380601174723
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (theContent) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis,our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as tothe accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinionsand views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors,and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Contentshould not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sourcesof information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims,proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever orhowsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arisingout of the use of the Content.
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Anysubstantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing,systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms &Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/page/terms-and-conditions
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Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 37:315377, 2007Copyright Taylor & Francis Group, LLCISSN: 1064-3389 print / 1547-6537 onlineDOI: 10.1080/10643380601174723
Hybrid Treatment Systems for Dye Wastewater
FAISAL IBNEY HAIDepartment of Urban Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
KAZUO YAMAMOTO and KENSUKE FUKUSHIEnvironmental Science Center, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Virtually all the known physicochemical and biological techniqueshave been explored for treatment of extremely recalcitrant dyewastewater; none, however, has emerged as a panacea. A singleuniversally applicable end-of-pipe solution appears to be unrealis-tic, and combination of appropriate techniques is deemed imper-ative to devise technically and economically feasible options. Anin-depth evaluation of wide range of potential hybrid technologiesdelineated in literature along with plausible analyses of availablecost information has been furnished. In addition to underscoringthe indispensability of hybrid technologies, this article also endorsesthe inclusion of energy and water reuse plan within the treatmentscheme, and accordingly proposes a conceptual hybrid dye wastew-ater treatment system.
KEY WORDS: dye wastewater, decolorization, energy and waterreuse, hybrid treatment systems
1. INTRODUCTION
Large amounts of dyes are annually produced and applied in many differentindustries, including the textile, cosmetic, paper, leather, pharmaceutical, andfood industries.136 There are more than 100,000 commercially available dyeswith an estimated annual production of over 7 105 tons,179 15% of which islost during the dyeing process.70 The textile industry accounts for two-thirdsof the total dyestuff market136 and consumes large volumes of water and other
Address correspondence to Faisal Ibney Hai, Department of Urban Engineering, Univer-sity of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan. E-mail: faisal [email protected]
315
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316 F. I. Hai et al.
refractory chemicals for wet processing of textiles.210 The chemical reagentsused are very diverse in chemical composition, ranging from inorganic andlow-molecular-weight organic compounds to polymers.
The presence of even trace concentrations of dyes in effluent is highlyvisible and undesirable.79 The release of colored wastewater in the ecosystemis a remarkable source of esthetic pollution, eutrophication, and perturbationsin aquatic life.70 Dye effluent usually contains chemicals, including dye itself,that are toxic, carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic to various microbiolog-ical and fish species.50 Concern arises, as many dyes are made from knowncarcinogens such as benzidine and other aromatic compounds.179Also azoand nitro compounds have been reported to be reduced in sediments ofaquatic bodies, consequently yielding potentially carcinogenic amines thatspread in the ecosystem.211 The presence of dyes or their degradation prod-ucts in water can also cause human health disorders such as nausea, hem-orrhage, and ulceration of skin and mucous membranes,195 and can causesevere damage to the kidney, reproductive system, liver, brain, and centralnervous system.94 These concerns have led to new and/or stricter regulationsconcerning colored wastewater discharges, compelling the dye manufactur-ers and users to adopt cleaner technology approaches, for instance, devel-opment of new lines of ecologically safe dyeing auxiliaries and improvementof exhaustion of dyes on to fiber.79,180,210
Concomitant with the in-house multidimensional pollution minimizationefforts, a number of emerging material recovery/reuse and end-of-pipe de-colorization technologies are being proposed and tested at different stagesof commercialization. However, due to their synthetic origin and complexstructure deriving from the use of different chromophoric groups, dyes areextremely recalcitrant.179 Along with the recalcitrant nature of dye wastewa-ter, the frequent daily variability of characteristics of such wastewater adds tothe difficulty of treatment.77 Accordingly, despite the fact that virtually all theknown physicochemical and biological techniques have been explored fordecolorization,79 none has emerged as a panacea. Cost-competitive biologicaloptions are rather ineffective, while physicochemical processes are restrictedin scale of operation and pollution profile of the effluent. Table 1 lists theadvantages and disadvantages of different individual techniques. It appearsthat a single, universally applicable end-of-pipe solution is unrealistic, andcombination of different techniques is required to devise a technically andeconomically feasible option. In light of this researchers have put forward awide range of hybrid decolorization techniques. Figure 1 depicts a simplifiedrepresentation of the proposed combinations.
Although still mostly in laboratory stage of development, of late, a wealthof studies have been reported on implementation of advanced oxidation pro-cesses (AOPs) and their combinations for dye wastewater treatment. Manystudies have focused on different combinations of physicochemical treat-ments, which often have been employed by industries in simple, standalone
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TAB
LE1
.A
dva
nta
ges
and
Shortco
min
gsofIn
div
idual
Dye
Was
tew
ater
Tre
atm
entTe
chniq
ues
Pro
cess
Adva
nta
ges
Dis
adva
nta
ges
Sele
cted
refe
rence
s
Bio
logi
cal
Cost
-com
pet
itive
optio
n.D
irec
t,dis
per
se,an
dbas
icdye
shav
ehig
hle
velofad
sorp
tion
on
toac
tivat
edsl
udge
.
Dye
sar
ege
ner
ally
toxi
can
dve
ryre
sist
antto
bio
deg
radat
ion.A
cid
and
reac
tive
dye
sar
ehig
hly
wat
er-s
olu
ble
and
hav
epoor
adso
rptio
non
tosl
udge
.
160
Coag
ula
tion
Eco
nom
ical
lyfe
asib
le;sa
tisfa
ctory
rem
ova
lof
dis
per
se,su
lfur,
and
vatdye
s.Rem
ova
lis
pH
dep
enden
t;pro
duce
sla
rge
quan
tity
of
sludge
.M
aynotre
move
hig
hly
solu
ble
dye
s;unsa
tisfa
ctory
resu
ltw
ithaz
o,re
activ
e,ac
idan
dbas
icdye
s.
61,7
9,17
9
Act
ivat
edC
adso
rptio
nG
ood
rem
ova
lofw
ide
variet
yofdye
s,nam
ely,
azo,
reac
tive
and
acid
dye
s;es
pec
ially
suita
ble
for
bas
icdye
.
Rem
ova
lis
pH
dep
enden
t;unsa
tisfa
ctory
resu
ltfo
rdis
per
se,su
lfur,
and
vatdye
s.Reg
ener
atio
nis
expen
sive
and
invo
lves
adso
rben
tlo
ss;nec
essi
tate
sco
stly
dis
posa
l.
61,7
9,17
9
Ion
exch
ange
Adso
rben
tca
nbe
rege
ner
ated
with
outlo
ss,dye
reco
very
conce
ptu
ally
poss
ible
.Io
nex
chan
gere
sins
are
dye
-spec
ific;
rege
ner
atio
nis
expen
sive
;la
rge-
scal
edye
reco
very
cost
-pro
hib
itive
.17
9,19
6
Mem
bra
ne
filtr
atio
nA
ppro
priat
em
embra
ne
may
rem
ove
allty
pes
ofdye
san
dth
us
real
ize
reusa
ble
wat
erfr
om
dye
-bat
hef
fluen
t.
Conce
ntrat
edsl
udge
pro
duct
ion
and
cost
lym
embra
ne
repla
cem
entim
ped
ew
ides
pre
aduse
.36
Chem
ical
oxi
dat
ion
Initi
ates
and
acce
lera
tes
azo-b
ond
clea
vage
.Ther
modyn
amic
and
kinet
iclim
itatio
ns
along
with
seco
ndar
ypollu
tion
are
asso
ciat
edw
ithdiffe
rent
oxi
dan
ts.N
otap
plic
able
for
dis
per
sedye
s.N
eglig
ible
min
eral
izat
ion
poss
ible
,re
leas
eofar
om
atic
amin
esan
dad
diti
onal
conta
min
atio
nw
ithch
lorine
(in
case
of
NaO
Cl)
issu
spec
ted.
179,
196
Adva
nce
doxi
dat
ion
pro
cess
es,A
OPs
Gen
erat
ea
larg
enum
ber
ofhig
hly
reac
tive
free
radic
als
and
by
far
surp
ass
the
conve
ntio
nal
oxi
dan
tsin
dec
olo
riza
tion.
AO
Ps
inge
ner
alm
aypro
duce
further
undes
irab
leto
xic
by
pro
duct
san
dco
mple
tem
iner
aliz
atio
nm
aynotbe
poss
ible
.Pre
sence
sofra
dic
alsc
aven
gers
reduce
effici
ency
ofth
epro
cess
esso
me
ofw
hic
har
epH
dep
enden
t.Cost
-pro
hib
itive
atth
eir
pre
sentst
age
of
dev
elopm
ent.
(Con
tin
ued
onn
ext
page
)
317
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-
TAB
LE1
.A
dva
nta
ges
and
Shortco
min
gsO
fIn
div
idual
Dye
Was
tew
ater
Tre
atm
entTe
chniq
ues
(Con
tin
ued
)
Pro
cess
Adva
nta
ges
Dis
adva
nta
ges
Sele
cted
refe
rence
s
UV
/O3
Applie
din
gase
ous
stat
e,no
alte
ratio
nofvo
lum
e.G
ood
rem
ova
lofal
most
allty
pes
ofdye
s;es
pec
ially
suita
ble
for
reac
tive
dye
s.In
volv
esno
sludge
form
atio
n,nec
essi
tate
ssh
ort
reac
tion
times
.
Rem
ova
lis
pH
dep
enden
t(n
eutral
tosl
ightly
alka
line)
;poor
rem
ova
lofdis
per
sedye
s.Pro
ble
mat
ichan
dlin
g,im
pose
additi
onal
load
ing
ofw
ater
with
ozo
ne.
Neg
ligib
leor
no
CO
Dre
mova
l.H
igh
cost
of
gener
atio
nco
uple
dw
ithve
rysh
ort
hal
f-lif
ean
dga
s-liq
uid
mas
stran
sfer
limita
tion;su
ffer
sfr
om
UV
lightpen
etra
tion
limita
tion.In
crea
sed
leve
loftu
rbid
ityin
effluen
ts.
61,7
3,79
,90
,140
,17
9
UV
/H2O
2In
volv
esno
sludge
form
atio
n,nec
essi
tate
ssh
ort
reac
tion
times
and
reduct
ion
ofCO
Dto
som
eex
tentm
aybe
poss
ible
.
Notap
plic
able
for
alldye
types
,re
quires
separ
atio
nof
susp
ended
solid
and
suffer
sfr
om
UV
lightpen
etra
tion
limita
tion.Lo
wer
pH
required
tonulli
fyef
fect
of
radic
alsc
aven
gers
.
73,1
40
Fento
nre
agen
tEffec
tive
dec
olo
riza
tion
ofboth
solu
ble
and
inso
luble
dye
s;ap
plic
able
even
with
hig
hsu
spen
ded
solid
conce
ntrat
ion.Si
mple
equip
men
tan
dea
syim
ple
men
tatio
n.Red
uct
ion
ofCO
D(e
xcep
tw
ithre
activ
edye
s)poss
ible
.
Effec
tive
with
innar
row
pH
range
of65
%,CO
Dre
mova
l=
407
0%],
60m
in:[D
ecolo
riza
tion
>99
%];
Deg
radat
ion
by
pro
duct
sunobje
ctio
nab
le.
152
(200
2)
UV
/H2O
2an
dso
lar/
H2O
2
Chlo
rotria
zine
Rea
ctiv
eN=N
Ora
nge
4D
yere
mova
l(0
.5m
mol/
L),15
0m
in,pH
3:U
V(6
4W,36
5nm
)-H
2O
2(1
0m
mol)
=88
.68%
dec
olo
riza
tion
,59
.85%
deg
radat
ion.
Sunlig
ht
H2O
2=
80.1
5%dec
olo
riza
tion,50
.91%
deg
radat
ion.D
yeau
xilia
ries
like
Na 2
CO
3,N
aOH
seriousl
yre
tard
dec
olo
ratio
nra
tew
hile
NaC
ldoes
not.
149
(200
4)
O3
follo
wed
by
UV
/H2O
2
Was
tew
ater
from
cotton
&poly
este
rfiber
dye
ing
text
ilem
illU
nder
nat
ura
lpH
(10.
66)
5m
inpre
ozo
nat
ion
(293
mg/
L),re
movi
ng
hig
hU
V-a
bso
rbin
gco
mponen
ts(6
0%re
duct
ion
inU
V25
4),
acce
lera
ted
subse
quen
t55
min
H2O
2(5
0m
mol/
L)-U
V(2
5W
)trea
tmen
t,en
han
cing
itsCO
D&
TO
Cre
mova
lef
fici
ency
by
afa
ctor
of13
&4,
resp
ectiv
ely;
the
com
bin
edtrea
tmen
tyi
eldin
g25
%CO
D,50
%TO
C&
com
ple
teco
lor
rem
ova
l(I
niti
alCO
D=
1476
mg/
L;TO
C=
336
mg/
L).
8(2
001)
UV
/H2O
2/O
3W
aste
wat
erco
nta
inin
gdis
per
sedye
stuff
&pig
men
ts99
%CO
D(I
niti
ally
930
mg/
L)an
d96
%co
lor
rem
ova
lin
90m
in[p
H=
3;H
2O
2=
200
mg/
L;O
3=
2g/
h;15
Wla
mp,25
4nm
].O
ver
90%
rem
ova
lby
UV
/O3
with
less
cost
due
tono
requirem
entofpH
adju
stm
entan
dH
2O
2.
12(2
004)
(Con
tin
ued
onn
ext
page
)
321
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013
-
TAB
LE2
.Typ
ical
Exa
mple
sofCom
bin
atio
ns
Am
ong
AO
Ps
for
Dye
Was
tew
ater
Tre
atm
ent
(Con
tin
ued
)
Tech
nolo
gyD
ye/w
aste
wat
erD
etai
lsRef
eren
ce(y
ear)
Fe+2
/O3
Sim
ula
ted
dis
per
sedye
bat
h(
CI
dis
per
se-vi
ole
t93
1,blu
e29
1;tw
om
ore
azo
dye
san
dco
mpounds)
95%
colo
r(D
yes
=0.
5g/
L),48
%CO
D(initi
ally
=37
84m
g/L)
rem
ova
lan
d10
times
impro
vem
entin
BO
D5/C
OD
ratio
atnat
ura
lac
idic
pH
of
dye
bat
h(
3.6
mM
Fe+2
;[F
e+2]:
[O3]=
1:14
;Fe
SO4.7
H2O
=10
00m
g/L)
.N
eglig
ible
TO
Cre
mova
lis
due
tolo
wO
3dose
of14
g/L.
9(2
001)
UV
/Fen
ton
Dis
per
seN
=Nre
d35
485
%co
lor
rem
ova
l(D
ye=
100
mg/
L)&
90%
CO
Dre
mova
lw
ithin
10m
inw
ith24
.5m
molH
2O
2/L
and
1.22
5m
molFe
SO4/L
atpH
=3,
resu
lting
effluen
thav
ing
only
7.29
%in
hib
ition
inbio
lum
ines
cence
test
.Pre
sence
ofdis
per
sing
agen
tre
duce
sre
mova
lef
fici
ency
.
153
(200
3)
UV
/Fen
ton
Rea
ctiv
eN
=Nbrilli
antre
dX
-3B
Stab
ledec
olo
ratio
n(D
ye=
7.7
10
5M
)w
ithin
20m
inw
ith[H
2O
2]=
18x
104
M,[F
e+2]or
[Fe+
3]=
1.1
10
4M
,75
WU
V(
60%
,To
xici
ty=
50%
146
(200
0)
UV
/H2O
2/T
iO2
Eosi
nY
XN
Enhan
ced
dec
olo
ratio
n(1
00%
for
50m
g/L
dye
)&
min
eral
izat
ion
(95%
)in
1h
(19
Wla
mp,1g
/LTiO
2,10
0m
g/L
H2O
2,pH
=5.
4)al
ong
with
85%
reduct
ion
into
xici
ty.
173
(200
3)
322
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ded
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013
-
Sola
r/H
2O
2/p
oly
mer
icm
etal
loporp
hyr
ins
Acr
idin
(Bas
ic)A
Qora
nge
%[D
ecolo
ratio
n,D
egra
dat
ion]:
Hg
lam
p(4
50W
,8
h)
Cat
alys
is(3
mg/
35m
l)w
ithH
2O
2(0
.4g/
L)=
[87,
92];
with
outH
2O
2=
[77,
86].
Sola
rlig
ht(
3h)
Cat
alys
isw
ithoutH
2O
2=
[77,
90].
Dye
=13
.3m
g/L,
hig
hpH
favo
rable
.
38(2
002)
Puls
edst
ream
erco
rona
dis
char
ge(e
lect
rica
l)/H
2O
2
Rhodam
ine
BXN
(Bas
ic),
Aci
dN
=NM
ethyl
ora
nge
,D
irec
tN=N
Chic
ago
sky
blu
e
Puls
edhig
hvo
ltage
(20
kV,25
Hz)
elec
tric
aldis
char
gein
wat
er,
yiel
din
gphoto
dis
soci
atio
nofad
ded
H2O
2(8
.8
104
mol/
L),sh
ow
eden
han
ced
dec
olo
ratio
nra
te(1
00%
for
10m
g/L
dye
in60
min
)as
com
par
edto
indiv
idual
pro
cess
-per
orm
ance
s.
200
(200
2)
Photo
elec
troch
emic
alM
ethyl
ene
blu
eTH
Chem
ical
syner
gism
ofphoto
chem
ical
&el
ectroch
emic
alpro
cess
esyi
elded
enhan
ced
dec
olo
ratio
n(9
5%),
CO
Dre
mova
l(8
7%)
&TO
Cre
mova
l(8
1%)
in30
min
[Dye
=1
mm
ol/
L;50
0W
lam
p,6.
64m
Wcm
2;1
gTiO
2/2
00m
l;30
VD
C;N
atura
lpH
(6.6
)].
6(2
002)
Mic
row
ave
(MW
)/Photo
cata
lysi
sRhodam
ine
BXN
(Bas
ic)
Inco
ntras
tto
neg
ligib
lere
mova
lby
MW
(300
W),
or
less
rem
ova
lby
photo
cata
lysi
s(7
5W,0.
3mW
cm2
;30
mg
TiO
2/3
0m
l)al
one,
com
bin
edpro
cess
achie
ved
97%
dec
olo
ratio
n(D
ye=
0.05
mM
)an
d73
%TO
Cre
mova
lw
ithin
3h
atpH
=5.
5.
84(2
002)
Photo
elec
troca
taly
sis
Rea
ctiv
eN=N
brilli
antora
nge
K-R
Dec
olo
ratio
nan
dTO
Cre
mova
lofdye
(0.5
mM
)in
0.5
mm
oll
1N
aCl
solu
tion
with
in60
min
(Nat
ura
lpH
):i)
Adso
rptio
non
pac
ked
mat
eria
l:9%
,
;ii)
Photo
cata
lysi
s[T
iO2
(anta
se=
70%
)-co
ated
quar
tzsa
nd,50
0W
hig
h-p
ress
ure
mer
cury
lam
p]:
70%
,20
%;iii
)Ele
ctro
-oxi
dat
ion
[30.
0V
DC
cell
volta
ge,re
actio
nflow
rate
=19
0m
lm
in1
,0.
05M
Pa
airfl
ow
]:77
%,7%
;iv
)Photo
elec
troca
taly
sis:
96%
,38
%.O
bvi
ous
enhan
cem
entef
fect
(unlik
ephoto
cata
lysi
s)ofsa
ltin
solu
tion.
238
(200
3)
UV
/ele
ctro
-Fen
ton
Rea
ctiv
eN=N
Red
120
TO
Cre
mova
l[1
80m
in]:
30%
;D
ecolo
ratio
n[3
0m
in]:
758
5%fo
r60
-100
mg/
Lco
nce
ntrat
ion;Lo
wef
fici
ency
due
tora
dic
alsc
aven
ging
by
the
grap
hite
cath
ode.
Det
oxi
fica
tion
[90
min
]:Sa
fely
dis
posa
ble
.
116
(200
4)
Gam
ma
irra
dia
tion/H
2O
2
Rea
ctiv
eTC
blu
e15
(Chro
zoltu
rquose
blu
eG
),Rea
ctiv
eN=N
bla
ck5
(Chro
zolbla
ck5)
H2O
2,yi
eldin
g.O
Hby
reac
ting
with
hyd
rate
del
ectron
form
edin
radio
lysi
sofw
ater
,ac
hie
ved
enhan
ced
dec
olo
ratio
n(1
00%
,50
ppm
dye
)an
dCO
Dre
mova
l(7
680
%)
with
1an
d15
kGy
dose
sfo
rRB
5an
dRB
15,re
spec
tivel
y,dec
olo
ratio
n(%
)bei
ng
the
hig
hes
tat
the
low
estdose
rate
(0.1
4kG
y/h).
194
(200
2)
(Con
tin
ued
onn
ext
page
)
323
Dow
nloa
ded
by [M
osko
w St
ate U
niv B
ibliot
e] at
01:40
02 D
ecem
ber 2
013
-
TAB
LE2
.Typ
ical
Exa
mple
sofCom
bin
atio
ns
Am
ong
AO
Ps
for
Dye
Was
tew
ater
Tre
atm
ent
(Con
tin
ued
)
Tech
nolo
gyD
ye/w
aste
wat
erD
etai
lsRef
eren
ce(y
ear)
Sonoly
sis/
MnO
2A
cid
N=N
red
BSo
nic
atio
n(5
0kH
z,15
0W
)en
han
ced
oxi
dat
ion
pro
per
tyofM
nO
2
(1g/
L)by
impro
ving
mas
stran
sfer
,re
mova
lofpas
siva
ting
oute
roxi
de
laye
r&
pro
duct
ion
ofH
2O
2,ev
entu
ally
real
izin
g94
.93%
dec
olo
riza
tion
(arg
on
atm
osp
her
e)an
d48
.12
%TO
Cre
mova
l(o
xyge
nat
mosp
her
e)[in
itial
pH
=3,
240
min
].
68(2
003)
Sonoly
sis
/Fen
ton
reac
tion
Aci
dN
=NM
ethyl
ora
nge
Additi
on
ofFe
SO4
([Fe
+2]=
0.1
0.5
mM
)re
sulte
din
Fento
ns
reac
tion
with
H2O
2ev
olv
ing
from
sim
ulta
neo
us
sonifi
catio
n(5
00kH
z,50
W)
and
achie
ved
3-fo
ldin
crea
sein
dec
olo
ratio
n(1
5m
in,10
M
dye
)an
dTO
Cre
mova
l(5
0%,20
min
)as
com
par
edto
sonifi
catio
nonly
.
93(2
000)
Sonoly
sis/
O3
C.I
Rea
ctiv
eN=N
bla
ck5
(RB
B)
Com
bin
edso
noly
sis
(520
kHz)
and
ozo
nat
ion
(irr
adia
tion
inte
nsi
ty,O
3
inputan
dvo
lum
ew
ere
1.63
Wcm
2;50
Lh/1
;an
d60
0m
l)sh
ow
edsy
ner
gist
icef
fect
,doublin
gth
edec
olo
riza
tion
(100
%,15
min
)an
dm
iner
aliz
atio
n(7
6%,1
h)
rate
.
90(2
001)
Sonoly
sis/
O3
Aci
dN
=NM
ethyl
ora
nge
Com
bin
edso
noly
sis
(500
kHz,
50W
)an
dozo
nat
ion
(50V
)sh
ow
edsy
ner
gist
icef
fect
(dea
den
dbyp
roduct
sofone
pro
cess
bei
ng
deg
raded
by
the
oth
er)
yiel
din
gin
stan
tdec
olo
ratio
n(1
0
Mdye
)an
d80
%m
iner
aliz
atio
n(3
h)
asco
mpar
edto
20-3
0%by
stan
d-a
lone
applic
atio
n.
53(2
000)
Sonoly
sis/
UV
/O3
C.I
Aci
dN
=Nora
nge
7Enhan
ced
O3
(40
g/m
3)
diffu
sion
by
mec
han
ical
effe
cts
ofultr
asound
(520
kHz,
600
W)
&th
ephoto
lysi
s(1
08W
)ofultr
asound-g
ener
ated
H2O
2to
pro
duce
.O
Hle
dto
com
ple
tedec
olo
ratio
n(D
ye=
57
M),
40%
TO
Cre
mova
l&
anim
pro
vem
entofB
OD
5/T
OC
from
zero
to0.
45w
ithin
60m
in(initi
alpH
=5.
5).
206
(200
4)
Sonoly
sis
/H2O
2Vin
ylsu
lfone
reac
tive
dye
s[C
.IRea
ctiv
e-Yel
low
15N
=N,Red
22N
=N,
Blu
e28
,B
lue
220,
Bla
ck5N
=N;
Rem
azoldar
kbla
ckN
150%
]
Com
bin
edso
noly
sis
(20
kHz)
and
H2O
2(3
.49
mol/
L)sh
ow
edsy
ner
gist
icef
fect
,doublin
gth
edec
olo
riza
tion
(90
99%
dep
endin
gon
dye
,4
h)
rate
.
216
(200
3)
324
Dow
nloa
ded
by [M
osko
w St
ate U
niv B
ibliot
e] at
01:40
02 D
ecem
ber 2
013
-
Sonoly
sis/
UV
/H2O
2Cupro
phen
yle
yello
wRLC
=CSo
nic
atio
n(3
20kH
z)dra
mat
ical
lyen
han
ced
oxi
dat
ion
effici
ency
of
UV
(6at
11W
)+
H2O
2(0
.1m
l/L)
syst
em(p
H=
11)
by
impro
ving
oxy
gen
upta
ke&
tran
sfer
,th
eco
mbin
edpro
cess
achie
ving
94%
dye
(0.1
g/L)
rem
ova
lin
60m
info
llow
ing
pse
udo
firs
t-ord
erki
net
ics.
63(1
999)
Sonoly
sis
/UV
/TiO
2N
aphth
olblu
ebac
kN=N
Sim
ulta
neo
us
or
sequen
tialso
noly
sis
(640
kHz,
240
W)
and
photo
cata
lysi
s(1
g/L
TiO
2)
show
edad
diti
veef
fect
on
dec
olo
ratio
n(1
00%
in20
0m
in;50
M
dye
)w
hile
,in
term
sofm
iner
aliz
atio
n,
sim
ulta
neo
us
applic
atio
n(5
0%,4
h;80
%,12
h),
due
tom
ass
tran
sfer
impro
vem
entofre
acta
nts
&pro
duct
sto
and
from
TiO
2su
rfac
e,per
form
edbet
ter
than
sequen
tialap
plic
atio
n(10
00m
g/L)
rem
ova
l&
dec
olo
ratio
n(D
ye=
200
mg/
L)in
2h
with
[H2O
2]/
[FeS
O4]=
1000
/400
atpH
=3,
while
subse
quen
tco
agula
tion
atpH
=7
10w
ith10
0m
g/L
PAC
&2m
g/L
poly
mer
reduce
dfloc
settlin
gtim
e,en
han
ced
dec
olo
ratio
nan
dre
duce
dso
luble
Fein
effluen
t.
131
(199
7)
Fento
n+
chem
ical
coag
ula
tion
Dis
per
se-B
lueN
=N10
6,Yel
low
AQ
54;Rea
ctiv
e-B
lueA
Q49
,Yel
low
N=N
84
Coag
ula
tion
(pH
=5
7):Rem
ova
lper
molFe
+3[C
OD
,D
YE]:
Dis
per
se(0
.74
0.93
mM
FeCl 3
)=
[460
.24
77g,
525.
767
2.7]
;Rea
ctiv
e(1
.85
2.78
mM
FeCl 3
)=
[37.
486
.5g,
109.
519
2.7
g].Fe
nto
n(p
H=
3;30
min
;[F
e+2]:
[H2O
2]=
1:0.
21:
0.37
):Rem
ova
lper
molFe
+2[C
OD
,D
YE]:
Dis
per
se=
[14
80g,
3.7
20.8
g];Rea
ctiv
e=
[114
.21
99.6
g,11
8.9
489.
2g].
Com
bin
ed:B
oth
dye
s,90
%CO
D&
99%
dye
rem
ova
l.
101
(200
4)
O3/c
oag
ula
tion
Azo
dye
man
ufa
cturing
was
tew
ater
(subje
cted
toch
lorinat
ion)
Rem
ova
l:A
fter
Ozo
nat
ion
[70
min
;56
mg
O3
/min
;1.
6L/
min
;pH
=10
.3]CO
D=
25%
,Colo
r=
43%
..A
fter
subse
quen
tCa(
OH
) 2co
agula
tion
[787
mg/
L,pH
=12
]CO
D=
50%
,TO
C=
42%
,Colo
r=
62%
.;ef
fect
ive
rem
ova
lofch
loro
org
anic
saf
ter
two
stag
es.
186
(199
8)
Coag
ula
tion/O
3Te
xtile
was
tew
ater
Coag
ula
tion
[Al 2
(SO
4) 3
,60
ppm
;poly
elec
troly
te0.
6ppm
]re
sulte
din
657
5%&
20%
reduct
ion
ofCO
D&
abso
rban
ce(initi
alCO
D=
890
mg/
L),w
hile
subse
quen
tozo
nat
ion
(3m
g/m
in,10
15
min
)ga
vea
further
90%
&20
25%
reduct
ion
ofre
sidual
colo
r&
CO
D.O
zonat
ion
pre
ceded
by
coag
ula
tion
gave
wors
ere
sult.
209
(199
4)
Multi
stag
e(c
oag
ula
tion/O
3)
Dye
man
ufa
cturing
was
tew
ater
Singl
est
age
coag
ula
tion
(2.5
%,v/
v,Fe
Cl 2
;35
mg/
Lpoly
mer
;pH
=8.
5)fo
llow
edby
ozo
nat
ion
(pH
=11
;90
min
)ac
hie
ved
[19%
CO
D,88
%co
lor]
and
[67%
CO
D,99
.3%
colo
r]re
mova
l,re
spec
tivel
y(initi
alCO
D=
7700
mg/
L;Colo
r=
6700
0A
DM
I).Thre
etim
esre
pet
ition
ofth
ese
quen
cew
hile
keep
ing
tota
lozo
nat
ion
time
sam
e(3
at30
min
)ac
hie
ved
>90
%CO
D&
99.9
9%co
lor
rem
ova
l,th
esu
per
iority
of
multi
stag
etrea
tmen
tbei
ng
less
convi
nci
ng
for
was
tew
ater
with
sim
ple
rco
mposi
tion.
86(1
998)
330
Dow
nloa
ded
by [M
osko
w St
ate U
niv B
ibliot
e] at
01:40
02 D
ecem
ber 2
013
-
Coag
ula
tion/U
V-
Fento
nIn
tegr
ated
pla
ntco
nta
inin
gva
riet
yofpro
cess
esra
ngi
ng
from
des
izin
gto
dye
ing
and
ulti
mat
efinis
hin
g
UV
(20
W)/
TiO
2(1
g/L)
/H2O
2(1
0m
M)/
Fe+2
(1
mM
)trea
tmen
t(p
H=
4)fo
llow
ing
coag
ula
tion
trea
tmen
tac
hie
ved
com
ple
tedec
olo
ratio
n(3
0m
in)
&a
max
imal
48%
(ove
rth
atac
hie
ved
by
coag
ula
tion)
CO
Dre
mova
l(1
h),
the
CO
Dofra
w,co
agula
ted,an
doxi
diz
edsa
mple
bei
ng
1063
,55
6,&
269
mg/
L,re
spec
tivel
y.
18(2
003)
Coag
ula
tion/c
arbon
adso
rptio
nC.I
reac
tiveN
=Nre
d45
,C.I
reac
tiveN
=Ngr
een
8Rem
ova
l(D
ye=
1g/L
):A
fter
AlC
l 36H
2O
coag
ula
tion
[0.8
g/L;
pH
=3.
5]:RR
45[Colo
r98
.8%
,TO
C98
.1%
,CO
D93
.4%
];RG
8[C
olo
r99
%,
TO
C96
.9%
,CO
D83
.8%
].A
fter
carb
on
adso
rptio
n[0
.24
&0.
84g/
L;2
hr]:RR
45[C
olo
r99
.9%
,TO
C99
.7%
,CO
D95
.7%
];RG
8[Colo
r99
.9%
,TO
C99
.2%
,CO
D91
.3%
].H
alfth
eco
agula
ntco
nsu
mptio
nan
dlo
wer
volu
me
ofsl
udge
form
atio
nin
com
par
ison
todye
rem
ova
lby
coag
ula
tion
only
.
163
(200
4)
Photo
cata
lysi
s/ad
sorp
tion
(pow
der
edac
tivat
edca
rbon,PA
C)
Hum
icac
id(n
atura
lco
loring
mat
ter)
34
hirra
dia
tion
induce
ddec
reas
ein
UV
280,
UV
254,
TO
Can
dCO
Dan
dsi
multa
neo
us
impro
vem
entofbio
deg
radab
ility
with
no
sign
ifica
nt
dec
reas
ein
adso
rptiv
ityofsu
bse
quen
tPA
C.
22(1
996)
Solv
entex
trac
tion
(&dye
reco
very
)/Fe
nto
nre
agen
t
1-D
iazo
-2-n
aphth
ol-4-
sulfonic
acid
(aci
ddye
inte
rmed
iate
)
82%
Ext
ract
ion
usi
ng
solv
ent(t
rial
kyla
min
eN
235)
and
subse
quen
tdye
reco
very
by
strippin
gle
dto
95%
dec
olo
ratio
nofth
eorigi
nal
effluen
t.Su
bse
quen
tra
ffinat
etrea
tmen
t(a
fter
lime
neu
tral
izat
ion)
by
Fento
nre
agen
tac
hie
ved
achro
mat
icef
fluen
tw
ithCO
D
98%
afte
rco
nse
cutiv
e4
cycl
esw
ithonly
8%to
talw
eigh
tlo
ss)
spen
tPA
Cby
WA
O(1
502
50 C
,O
2par
tialpre
ssure
0.69
1.3
8M
pa)
,an
dre
cycl
ing
the
rege
ner
ated
carb
on.
191
(200
2)
Adso
rptio
n(C
uFe
2O
4)/
cata
lytic
com
bust
ion
Aci
dN
=NRed
BD
ye,pre
conce
ntrat
edon
adso
rben
t/ca
taly
stCuFe
2O
4(>
95%
rem
ova
lfr
om
100
mg/
L;pH
99
%co
lor
and
97%
CO
Dre
ject
ion
ofdye
com
pound
while
the
hom
oge
neo
us
copper
sulfat
eca
taly
zed
WA
O(1
60
225
C,O
2par
tialpre
ssure
0.69
1.3
8M
pa)
reduce
d90
%CO
Dfr
om
conce
ntrat
e(1
20m
in).
55(2
000)
Mem
bra
ne/
wet
air
oxi
dat
ion,W
AO
Dye
ing
was
tew
ater
conta
inin
gRea
ctiv
eblu
e,In
dig
o,Su
lfur
bla
ck&
oth
erpro
cess
chem
ical
s
Rep
laci
ng
O2
with
stro
nge
roxi
dan
tH
2O
2(5
0%ofst
oic
hio
met
ric
amount)
&ad
din
gCu-A
Cca
taly
st(2
g/L)
,80
%TO
C&
90%
colo
rw
asre
move
dfr
om
mem
bra
ne
conce
ntrat
eby
WO
under
mild
conditi
on
(110
C,T
ota
lP
=50
kPa)
in30
min
118
(199
8)
Mem
bra
ne/
sonic
atio
n/
WA
ORea
ctiv
eTC
Turq
uois
eblu
eCI2
5N
Fm
embra
ne
(1.5
Mpa;
flux
=0.
084
m/h
)re
move
d90
.3%
CO
D&
98.7
%co
lor
from
pure
dye
solu
tion
(CO
D=
1500
mg/
L),w
hile
WO
(190
C,O
2pre
ssure
=0.
69M
pa;
pH
=7)
reduce
d90
%CO
Dfr
om
dilu
ted
(CO
D=
500
700
mg/
L)co
nce
ntrat
e(1
20m
in).
Sonic
atio
n(1
50/3
50W
,av
g./p
eak;
40kH
z;30
min
)w
ases
sentia
lto
mak
em
embra
ne
rete
nta
tefr
om
act
ua
lwa
stew
ate
rto
be
amen
able
tosu
bse
quen
tW
O.
54(1
999)
Mem
bra
ne/
O3
Rea
ctiv
e(R
emaz
olblu
eB
B,
Intrac
orn
gold
enye
llow
VS-
GA
,Rem
azolre
dRB
)&
salt
NF
mem
bra
ne
(9.4
1L/m
in;Re
=83
8)ge
ner
ated
reusa
ble
per
mea
te(8
5%oforigi
nal
volu
me)
with
>99
%ofco
lor
&Cu,an
donly
15%
ofsa
ltre
mova
lw
hile
subse
quen
tozo
nat
ion
(7.7
3m
g/L.
min
,pH
=11
)re
move
dco
lor
from
the
conce
ntrat
efo
llow
ing
1stord
erki
net
ics,
the
rate
dec
reas
ing
with
incr
easi
ng
initi
aldye
colo
r.
222
(199
8)
UV-F
ento
n/c
oag
ula
tion
/mem
bra
ne
Rea
ctiv
eN=N
(Pro
cion
Red
HE7B
)Com
ple
teco
lor
rem
ova
l(D
ye=
50m
g/L)
and
79%
TO
Cre
mova
lw
ithin
20m
inby
photo
-Fen
ton
(pH
=3;
[H2O
2]/
[Fe+
2]=
20:1
;4
at15
WU
Vla
mp).
How
ever
9tim
esin
crea
sein
dis
solv
edso
lids
war
rants
subse
quen
tco
agula
tion/m
embra
ne
syst
emfo
rre
use
indye
/rin
sepro
cess
.
88(1
999)
334
Dow
nloa
ded
by [M
osko
w St
ate U
niv B
ibliot
e] at
01:40
02 D
ecem
ber 2
013
-
Phys
icoch
emic
al/
mem
bra
ne
(UF/
NF)
Synth
etic
text
ilem
anufa
cturing
was
tew
ater
Raw
wat
er:Conduct
ivity
(mS/
cm)
2.06
;S.
S.(m
g/L)
82.6
;CO
D(m
g/L)
1640
;Turb
idity
(NTU
)15
.65;
Inord
erto
reuse
the
wat
erin
rinse
pro
cess
es,it
isnec
essa
rya
neg
ligib
leCO
Dan
da
conduct
ivity
low
erth
an1
mS/
cm.Phys
icoch
emic
al(p
H=
8.5,
CD
KF
ER20
=20
0m
g/L,
Cnal
co,fl
occ
ula
nt=
1m
g/L)
:50
%CO
Dre
mova
l;N
Fm
embra
ne
(flow
rate
=40
0L/
h,TM
P=
1M
Pa)
:10
0%CO
Dre
mova
l,85
%co
nduct
ivity
rete
ntio
n.[R
eusa
ble
]
25(2
002)
Phys
icoch
emic
al/
mem
bra
ne
(N
F)Te
xtile
was
tew
ater
Raw
wat
er:Conduct
ivity
(mS/
cm)
4.53
;CO
D(m
g/L)
1630
.Phys
icoch
emic
al(p
H=
12,Fe
+2=
700
mg/
L):72
.5%
CO
Dre
mova
l;N
Fm
embra
ne
(flow
rate
=20
0L/
h,TM
P=
20bar
,flux
=8
10L/
m2h):
CO
D90
%;co
mple
tedec
olo
riza
tion]
121
(199
7)
Photo
chem
ical
/bio
(Fungi
)K
raft
E1
effluen
t(c
onta
inin
glig
nin
and
colo
red
com
pounds
like
quin
ones
,ch
alco
nes
,st
ilben
es)
Only
photo
cata
lysi
s[5
0m
gsa
nd-im
mobili
zed
ZnO
(10%
,w/w
)/1
0ml
effluen
t;Li
ght(2
54nm
)in
tensi
ty=
108W
/m2;pH
=6.
5;2h
r]:10
0%dec
olo
ratio
n,80
%CO
2fo
rmat
ion,90
%CO
Dre
duct
ion;O
nly
bio
=57
%dec
olo
ratio
n;photo
(10m
in)-
bio
(Le
nti
nu
laed
odes
fungi
,96
h):
73%
dec
olo
ratio
n,;
bio
(5d
+3
d,2
cycl
es)-
photo
(20
min
):10
0%dec
olo
ratio
n
178
(199
8)
Thin
-film
photo
reac
tor
conta
inin
gphoto
synth
etic
bac
teria
Aci
dN
=Nblu
e92
TiO
2-c
oat
edre
acto
rirra
dia
ted
with
UV
and
fluore
scen
tlig
ht(3
ofea
chty
pe
at6
W)
faci
litat
eddec
olo
riza
tion
effici
ency
(80%
;15
mg
dye
/gM
LSS/
d)
ofphoto
synth
etic
bac
teria
(with
outan
yin
hib
ition
induce
dby
UV
radia
tion)
by
avoid
ing
alga
lgr
ow
than
dits
adhes
ion
on
reac
tor.
83(2
003)
Fe(I
II)/
photo
(sola
r)as
sist
edbio
logi
cal
syst
em
5-am
ino-6
-met
hyl
-2-
ben
zim
idaz
olo
ne
(AM
BI)
;dye
inte
rmed
iate
The
300
min
(shortes
tposs
ible
toyi
eld
the
bes
tco
mbin
edre
sult)
aera
ted,Fe
(III
)/lig
htpre
trea
tmen
t(F
e+3
=1
mm
ol/
L;40
0W
;80
mW
cm2
)ac
hie
ved
100%
AM
BI(1
mm
ol/
L)deg
radat
ion
and
40%
DO
Cre
mova
l,w
hile
subse
quen
tim
mobili
zed
bio
logi
calco
lum
n(6
L/h)
com
ple
ted
the
min
eral
izat
ion.Pilo
t-sc
ale
inve
stig
atio
nunder
sola
rra
dia
tion
reco
mm
ended
Fe(I
II)/
H2O
2/l
ightfo
r10
times
fast
erre
actio
n.
187
(200
3)
(Con
tin
ued
onn
ext
page
)
343
Dow
nloa
ded
by [M
osko
w St
ate U
niv B
ibliot
e] at
01:40
02 D
ecem
ber 2
013
-
TAB
LE4
.Typ
ical
Exa
mple
sofCom
bin
atio
ns
Bet
wee
nB
iolo
gica
lTre
atm
entan
dO
ther
Tech
nolo
gies
(Con
tin
ued
)
Tech
nolo
gyD
ye/w
aste
wat
erD
etai
lsRef
eren
ce(y
ear)
Ele
ctro
n-b
eam
trea
tmen
t/bio
Mix
edra
ww
aste
wat
erpre
dom
inat
ely
from
dye
ing
pro
cess
&8%
from
poly
este
rfiber
pro
duct
ion
Pilo
tpla
ntin
vest
igat
ion
(flow
rate
=10
00m
3/d
)in
volv
ing
low
dose
(1kG
y)E-b
eam
pre
trea
tmen
tre
veal
eden
han
ced
bio
trea
tmen
tper
form
ance
requirin
gre
duce
d(h
alf)
resi
den
cetim
e(H
RT)
for
sam
edeg
ree
ofre
mova
l.W
ithth
ew
aste
wat
erbei
ng
origi
nal
lybio
deg
radab
le,th
ero
leofE-b
eam
was
,in
contras
tto
usu
alan
ticip
atio
nofco
nve
rsio
nofnonbio
deg
radab
leportio
n,to
conve
rtth
ebio
deg
radab
leportio
nto
further
easi
erfo
rms.
81(2
004)
AO
P(P
eroxo
n,O
3+
H2O
2;photo
-Fen
ton
with
ozo
ne,
O3+
H2O
2+
UV
+Fe
+2)
/bio
4,4
-Din
itrost
ilben
e-2,
2-
dis
ulfonic
acid
(DN
S)C=C
,fluore
scen
tw
hite
nin
gag
entpre
curs
or
[Initi
al:CO
D=
2840
mg/
L;B
OD
28/C
OD
=0.
04].
Per
oxo
n(M
ola
rra
tio,
DO
C:O
3:H
2O
2=
1:1:
1/3)
or
photo
-Fen
ton
with
ozo
ne
(DO
C:O
3:H
2O
2:Fe
+2=
1:0.
3:1:
1/20
;U
V15
0W
)re
aliz
edsi
mila
r60
%CO
D,50
%D
OC
&60
%A
OX
rem
ova
l,w
hile
the
bio
deg
radat
ion
of
the
5tim
esdilu
ted
pre
oxi
diz
edsa
mple
achie
ved
ove
rall
80%
CO
Dre
mova
l.So
leozo
nat
ion,how
ever
,ac
hie
ved
bet
ter
dec
olo
ratio
nth
anth
eab
ove
two.In
situ
.OH
form
atio
nw
ithoutnee
dofU
Vre
com
men
ded
due
tost
rong
UV-a
bso
rbin
gco
mpounds
inth
isw
aste
wat
er.
85(2
003)
Bio
/AO
P(P
eroxo
n,
O3+H
2O
2)/
bio
Stilb
eneC
=C-b
ased
fluore
scen
tw
hite
nin
gag
ent
[Initi
al:CO
D=
1980
mg/
L;B
OD
28/C
OD
=0.
44].
AO
Ppre
trea
tmen
tprior
bio
logi
caltrea
tmen
tdid
nothav
ean
yim
pro
vem
entef
fect
ove
rso
lebio
deg
radat
ion;hen
cea
reve
rsed
sequen
cew
asad
opte
d.
Bio
logi
calpre
trea
tmen
tre
move
d60
%CO
D&
55%
DO
C(D
isso
lved
Org
anic
Car
bon)
while
the
final
bio
deg
radat
ion
follo
win
gth
ein
term
edia
teA
OP
(Mola
rra
tio,D
OC:O
3:H
2O
2=
1:1:
1/3)
trea
tmen
tac
hie
ved
anove
rall
84%
CO
D&
71%
DO
Cre
mova
l.
85(2
003)
Cla
riflocc
ula
tion/b
io/A
OP
(H2O
2/U
V)
Woolsc
ouring
effluen
tCla
riflocc
ula
tion
follo
wed
by
aero
bic
bio
logi
caltrea
tmen
tre
move
d>
90%
CO
D&
allB
OD
;how
ever
,re
mai
nin
gCO
D(1
000
mg/
L)&
inte
nse
colo
rw
arra
nte
dsu
bse
quen
tH
2O
2/U
V[M
ola
rra
tio,CO
D:
H2O
2=
1:1;
40W
]trea
tmen
tw
hic
h,des
pite
pre
sence
ofst
rong
UV
abso
rbin
gco
mpounds,
achie
ved
100%
dec
olo
ratio
n(3
0m
in),
75%
CO
D&
85%
TO
Cre
mova
l(6
0m
in)
irre
spec
tive
ofpH
.
170
(200
4)
344
Dow
nloa
ded
by [M
osko
w St
ate U
niv B
ibliot
e] at
01:40
02 D
ecem
ber 2
013
-
Bio
/flocc
ula
tion/O
3+
H2O
2
Text
ilew
aste
wat
erA
ctiv
ated
sludge
trea
tmen
tfo
llow
edby
flocc
ula
tion
real
ized
85%
,99
.5%
&85
%D
OC,B
OD
&CO
Dcr
rem
ova
l(I
niti
alva
lues
,m
g/L,
277,
220,
780)
,w
hile
subse
quen
tO
3+
H2O
2trea
tmen
t(6
0m
in;
[H2O
2]:[
DO
C]=
1:1)
achie
ved
com
ple
tere
mova
lofB
OD
&ove
r50
%re
mova
lofre
sidual
DO
C,CO
Dcr
.Conve
rsel
y,si
ngl
eozo
nat
ion
resu
lted
inlo
wer
CO
Dre
mova
lan
din
crea
sed
BO
D(b
iodeg
radab
ility
).
126
(200
4)
[O3]/
bio
/[O
3]
Was
tew
ater
from
pla
nts
dye
ing
&finis
hin
gnat
ura
l/sy
nth
etic
fiber
s
Pre
ozo
nat
ion,due
tose
lect
ive
pre
fere
nce
ofO
3fo
rsi
mple
rorg
anic
com
pound,si
gnifi
cantly
dec
reas
edre
adily
bio
deg
radab
leCO
Dw
ithoutap
pre
ciab
lyaf
fect
ing
solu
ble
iner
tCO
D.Post
ozo
nat
ion
achie
ved
hig
her
colo
ran
din
ertCO
Dre
mova
lin
volv
ing
50%
less
ozo
ne
dose
com
par
edto
pre
ozo
nat
ion
atsa
me
conta
cttim
e&
ozo
ne
flux
rate
.
158
(200
2)
Bio
/san
dfilte
r(S
F)/O
3W
aste
wat
erfr
om
pla
nts
dye
ing
&finis
hin
gnat
ura
l/sy
nth
etic
fiber
s
Rem
ova
lofsu
spen
ded
solid
(&hen
ceCO
D)
by
bio
logi
cal&
SFpre
trea
tmen
ten
han
ced
subse
quen
ttw
ose
quen
ces
ofozo
nat
ion
(30
min
,40
g/m
3),
achie
ving,
inco
ntras
tto
60%
CO
Dre
mova
lby
ozo
nat
ion
alone
(with
outpre
trea
tmen
t),a
com
bin
ed65
%&
78%
CO
Dre
mova
laf
ter
firs
t&
seco
nd
ozo
nat
ion
cycl
e,re
spec
tivel
y.Com
ple
tedec
olo
ratio
nal
low
edw
aste
wat
erre
use
indye
ing
even
lightco
lors
.
43(2
001)
Bio
(anae
robic
/aer
obic
)/O
3/b
io(A
erobic
)Se
greg
ated
conce
ntrat
eddye
bat
hco
nta
inin
gC.I
reac
tive
Bla
ck5
&hig
hsa
ltco
nce
ntrat
ions.
Alth
ough
bio
logi
calpre
trea
tmen
tac
hie
ved
>70
%dec
olo
ratio
n,an
dozo
nat
ion
incr
ease
dbio
deg
radab
ility
info
llow
ing
aero
bic
reac
tor,
hig
hozo
ne
dose
of6
gO3/g
DO
Cw
asre
quired
toac
hie
veco
mbin
ed>
95%
dec
olo
ratio
n&
80%
DO
Cre
mova
lw
hile
notm
ore
than
30%
DO
Cw
asre
move
dby
bio
logi
calre
acto
r;in
tern
alre
cycl
ebet
wee
nozo
nat
ion
&ae
robic
stag
ere
com
men
ded
for
reduci
ng
ozo
ne
dose
.
124
(200
3)
Bio (an
aero
bic
aer
obic
)/O
3
Colo
red
was
tew
ater
conta
inin
gm
elan
oid
ins
Ozo
nat
ion
(1.6
g/h
11.5
g/h)
ofbio
logi
cally
(anae
robic
aer
obic
)pre
trea
ted
was
tew
ater
(CO
D=
4580
,TO
C=
1000
,m
g/L)
achie
ved
719
3%dec
olo
ratio
n&
152
5%CO
Dre
mova
lin
30m
in
165
(200
3)
(Con
tin
ued
onn
ext
page
)
345
Dow
nloa
ded
by [M
osko
w St
ate U
niv B
ibliot
e] at
01:40
02 D
ecem
ber 2
013
-
TAB
LE4
.Typ
ical
Exa
mple
sofCom
bin
atio
ns
Bet
wee
nB
iolo
gica
lTre
atm
entan
dO
ther
Tech
nolo
gies
(Con
tin
ued
)
Tech
nolo
gyD
ye/w
aste
wat
erD
etai
lsRef
eren
ce(y
ear)
Bio
(anoxi
c/ae
robic
)/O
3Rea
ctiv
eN=N
bla
ck5
(vin
ylsu
lfonic
acid
),Rea
ctiv
eN=N
red
198
(vin
ylsu
lfonic
acid
&tria
zine)
,Rem
azolD
unke
lbla
uH
R(M
etal
lized
azo)N
=N,
Rem
azolG
old
gelb
RN
LN=N
,Rea
ctiv
eN=N
yello
w25
(Dic
hlo
roquin
oxa
line)
,Rea
ctiv
eN=N
Red
159
(Dic
hlo
rofluro
pyr
imid
ine)
Sequen
cing
anoxi
c/ae
robic
pro
cess
along
with
par
tialoxi
dat
ion
by
ozo
nat
ion
(concu
rren
tw
ithae
robic
phas
e)in
are
circ
ula
ted
syst
emyi
elded
com
ple
tedec
olo
ratio
nan
dsh
ow
edsy
ner
gist
icen
han
ced
bio
logi
calD
OC
rem
ova
l(9
0%)
asw
ellas
low
erco
nsu
mptio
nof
O3(5
mg/
mg
DO
C).
111
(199
8)
Bio
logi
cal+
phys
icoch
emic
al/O
3
Jean
sfinis
hin
gpla
nt
was
tew
ater
mix
edw
ithdom
estic
WW
(
50%
reduct
ion
inozo
ne
consu
mptio
n(0
.8m
ol
O3/m
olD
OC)
asco
mpar
edto
singl
euse
ofozo
nat
ion
only
.
30(2
003)
Bio
/O3/g
ranula
rac
tivat
edC(G
AC)
Dom
estic
+te
xtile
indust
ry(5
070
%)
was
tew
ater
Feed
wat
er[o
nG
AC]:
CO
D=
128
135
mg/
L,TO
C=
161
8m
g/L;
C-a
dso
rptio
nis
less
effe
ctiv
eaf
ter
the
ozo
nat
ion,re
sidual
CO
D(>
70)
&co
lor
(ove
roptic
aldet
ectio
n)
unsu
itable
for
reuse
;B
io+F
locc
ula
tion+O
3+G
AC
pro
pose
d.
23(1
999)
O3/b
iolo
gica
lac
tivat
edC
(BA
C)
Nat
ura
lco
loring
mat
ter
(Hum
icsu
bst
ance
s)B
iodeg
radab
leD
OC
incr
ease
dby
pre
ozo
nat
ion
was
subse
quen
tlybio
deg
raded
rath
erth
anbei
ng
sim
ply
adso
rbed
on
BA
Can
d,
ther
eby,
incr
ease
dB
AC
serv
ice
time.
221
(199
7)
Coag
ula
tion
or
cata
lytic
H2O
2/b
ioB
asic
dye
Chem
ical
pre
cipita
tion
(FeC
l 3=
400
mg/
L;pH
=9.
5),des
pite
resu
lting
in41
%CO
Dre
mova
lfr
om
raw
was
tew
ater
,co
uld
notim
pro
vebio
deg
radab
ility
.A
fter
par
tialoxi
dat
ion
(H2O
2/C
OD
=1;
Fe+3
=50
0m
g/L;
pH
=3.
5;1
day
)63
%CO
Dre
mova
l&
was
tew
ater
bio
deg
radab
ility
was
achie
ved.
15(1
999)
346
Dow
nloa
ded
by [M
osko
w St
ate U
niv B
ibliot
e] at
01:40
02 D
ecem
ber 2
013
-
Bio
logi
calfixe
dG
AC
bed
Aci
dN
=N(T
ectil
on
Red
2B,
Tect
ilon
ora
nge
3G)
GA
Cbed
inocu
late
dw
ithsp
ecia
lch
rom
ophoric
bond-c
leav
ing
&ar
om
atic
ring-
clea
ving
bac
teria,
afte
rin
itial
accl
imat
izat
ion
per
iod,
outp
erfo
rmed
conve
ntio
nal
GA
Cbed
;th
ebac
terial
activ
ity,how
ever
,dec
reas
edaf
ter
certai
nper
iod
due
tola
ckofnutrie
ntan
d/o
rdis
solv
edoxy
gen.[D
ye=
100
mg/
L].
218
(199
6)
Bio
(anoxi
c/ae
robic
)/o
xyge
nen
rich
edB
AC
Mix
edte
xtile
dye
ing
printin
g(R
eact
ive
blu
edye
)an
dal
kali
pee
ling
was
tew
ater
The
initi
alco
nta
ctbio
-film
syst
emim
pro
ved
bio
deg
radab
ility
while
subse
quen
tB
AC
syst
em,due
toen
han
ced
bio
deg
radat
ion
induce
dby
hig
hD
Ole
velm
ainta
ined
by
hig
hpre
ssure
(0.4
Mpa)
,ac
hie
ved
hig
htu
rbid
ity,co
lor,
CO
D,&
NH
3-N
rem
ova
lw
ithco
ncu
rren
tpro
longe
dca
rbon-b
edlif
e,th
eper
form
ance
esse
ntia
llybei
ng
bet
ter
than
norm
alB
AC
or
pure
GA
Cpro
cess
.
177
(200
4)
Bio
logi
calfluid
ized
GA
Cbed
Ble
ached
kraf
tm
illse
condar
yef
fluen
tco
nta
inin
gre
frac
tory
org
anic
slik
elig
nin
,w
hic
hm
aybe
consi
der
edto
be
repre
senta
tive
ofdye
stru
cture
.
57%
DO
Cre
mova
l(initi
al=
280
330
mg/
L;0.
9g
DO
C/k
gA
C.d)
by
phys
ical
adso
rptio
non
GA
Can
dbio
mas
sfo
llow
edby
bio
deg
radat
ion
&des
orp
tion
achie
ving
par
tialbio
rege
ner
atio
nof
GA
Cw
asobse
rved
.Com
bin
edb
iore
gener
atio
n/p
hys
ical
(US
IR)
par
tialre
gener
atio
n(5
0%ofG
AC
volu
me)
ach
ieve
d30
40%
impro
ved
rem
ova
lw
ith2%
wei
ghtlo
ss/r
egen
erat
ion,w
hic
his
smal
ler
than
loss
due
toso
lere
gener
atio
nby
phys
ical
met
hod.
217
(199
4)
Bio
+re
circ
ula
ted
pow
der
edac
tivat
edC
(PA
C)
/flocc
ula
tion
Dom
estic
effluen
tm
ixed
with
reac
tive
dye
(Cib
acorn
yello
wCR01
,Cib
acorn
yello
wF3
R,
Cib
acorn
red
C2G
,Cib
acorn
red
CR,
Cib
acorn
Red
FB,
Cib
acorn
blu
eFB
,Le
vafix
yello
wK
R,Le
vafix
red
KG
R,Rem
azolre
d,
Rem
azolbla
ck)
/sal
ts/a
uxi
liary
chem
.
[Initi
alCO
D=
775
4035
,pH
=9
12];
Rec
ircu
latio
nofPA
C(1
3m
g/L)
resu
lted
inef
fect
ive
rem
ova
lofdye
san
dhal
oge
nat
ed/r
efra
ctory
org
anic
sal
ong
with
optim
um
use
ofPA
Cw
hic
his
only
par
tially
load
edif
notre
cycl
ed.
156
(199
9)
Pow
der
edac
tivat
edca
rbon
or
org
anic
flocc
ula
ntad
diti
on
inbio
logi
calsy
stem
Cotton
text
ilew
aste
wat
erO
nly
bio
(SRT
=30
day
s,H
RT
=16
day
s):94
%CO
Dre
mova
l,36
%dec
olo
ratio
n.Com
bin
ed(P
AC
=20
0m
g/L
or
Org
anic
flocc
ula
nt=
120
mg/
L):D
ecolo
ratio
nim
pro
ved
up
to78
%,th
eorg
anic
flocc
ula
nt
pro
duci
ng
less
exce
sssl
udge
than
PAC.
161
(200
2)
Pow
der
edac
tivat
edca
rbon
additi
on
inbio
logi
calsy
stem
(PA
CT)
Aci
dN
=Nora
nge
7,C.I.15
510
The
beh
avio
rofCO
Dre
mova
lw
asth
esa
me
butth
edye
rem
ova
lw
asbet
ter
inth
ePA
CT
than
inth
eco
nve
ntio
nal
activ
ated
sludge
pro
cess
.49
(199
7)
(Con
tin
ued
onn
ext
page
)
347
Dow
nloa
ded
by [M
osko
w St
ate U
niv B
ibliot
e] at
01:40
02 D
ecem
ber 2
013
-
TAB
LE4
.Typ
ical
Exa
mple
sofCom
bin
atio
ns
Bet
wee
nB
iolo
gica
lTre
atm
entan
dO
ther
Tech
nolo
gies
(Con
tin
ued
)
Tech
nolo
gyD
ye/w
aste
wat
erD
etai
lsRef
eren
ce(y
ear)
Pow
der
edac
tivat
edca
rbon
additi
on
inbio
logi
calsy
stem
Aci
dN
=Nora
nge
7,C.I.
1551
0U
nder
ahig
her
bio
mas
sco
nce
ntrat
ion
(>3
g/L)
,th
eca
rbon
par
ticle
sar
etrap
ped
inth
efloc
mat
rix
and
lose
thei
rpro
per
ties
ofad
sorp
tion
hin
der
ing
mic
robia
lgr
ow
than
ddye
rem
ova
l.
141
(199
7)
Pow
der
edac
tivat
edca
rbon
additi
on
inbio
logi
calsy
stem
Dis
per
sed,direc
t,ac
id&
bas
icdye
s;an
ionic
/nonio
nic
det
erge
nts
.
Rem
ova
lef
fici
ency
rise
sfr
om
55.8
to75
.6%
(CO
D)
and
from
78to
98.5
%(T
OC).
The
nitr
ifica
tion
den
itrifi
catio
nca
pac
ityofth
esy
stem
also
incr
ease
s,pro
bab
lydue
tohig
hco
nce
ntrat
ion
of
nitr
ifyi
ng
den
itrifyi
ng
bac
teria
on
the
PAC
surf
ace.
197
(198
4)
Fluid
ized
bed
reac
tor
conta
inin
gco
mple
xpel
lets
ofw
hite
rot
fungu
s&
activ
ated
carb
on
Aci
dN
=Nvi
ole
t7
Com
ple
xm
ycel
ium
pel
lets
with
abla
ckco
reofac
tivat
edca
rbon
(pre
par
atio
n:5
mlin
ocu
lum
+0.
6g
A.C
+200
mlm
ediu
m),
by
reta
inin
gnec
essa
ryfu
nga
lm
etab
olit
es,outp
erfo
rmed
stan
dal
one
applic
atio
noffu
ngi
or
activ
ated
C,or
even
sim
ple
additi
on
of
activ
ated
Cin
fungi
reac
tor;
the
dec
olo
ratio
n(9
5%)
bei
ng
bet
ter
inre
pea
ted
bat
chre
acto
r(5
0g
wet
com
ple
xpel
let/
L;20
hre
tentio
n;
500
mg/
Ldye
)th
anin
contin
uous
reac
tor.
235
(200
0)
Act
ivat
edca
rbon
(AC)-
amen
ded
anae
robic
bio
reac
tor
Hyd
roly
zed
reac
tiveN
=Nre
d2,
Aci
dN
=Nora
nge
7A
C,in
additi
on
toits
adso
rptio
nca
pac
ity,as
abio
logi
cally
rege
ner
able
redox
med
iato
rdue
toquin
one
surf
ace
group
on
it,en
han
ced
azo
dye
reduct
ion,ac
hie
ving
979
0%dec
olo
ratio
nfo
r13
0day
s[4
2m
g/L
dye
;35
g/L
VSS
;H
RT
=5.
5hr;
10g/
LA
C].
234
(200
3)
Bio
/NF
Dilu
ted
wooldye
ing
bat
hco
nta
inin
gm
etal
com
ple
x&
acid
dye
(origi
nal
dye
conce
ntrat
ion
8g/
L)
Dilu
ted
dye
bat
h(C
OD
=2
g/L)
afte
rac
tivat
edsl
udge
trea
tmen
t(C
OD
=20
0m
g/L)
was
subje
cted
tonan
ofiltr
atio
nth
atre
sulte
din
reuse
stan
dar
dper
mea
te(f
urther
99%
colo
r&
88%
CO
Dre
mova
l)w
ithle
ssfo
ulin
gas
com
par
edto
that
for
direc
tnan
ofiltr
atio
nofdye
bat
hs.
Ozo
nat
ion
ofm
embra
ne
rete
nta
tebef
ore
recy
clin
gto
activ
ated
sludge
pro
cess
was
reco
mm
ended
.
33(2
001)
Bio
/mem
bra
ne
(+al
um
inum
poly
chlo
ride)
Dom
estic
+Te
xtile
indust
ry(8
0%by
org
anic
load
)w
aste
wat
er
Mic
rofiltr
atio
n(3
00,0
00D
,cr
oss
-flow
)fo
llow
edby
nan
ofiltr
atio
n(1
50D
,10
bar
,sp
iral
wound)
along
with
alum
inum
poly
chlo
ride
(70
mg/
L)pro
duce
dre
cycl
able
wat
er(C
OD
