Hybrid Rice Development in Thailand

Suniyum Taprab1, Amorntip Muangprom 2, Watcharin Meerod 2

1 Rice research and development, Department of Rice, Thailand

2 National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Thailand Science Park, Pathumthani, Thailand

2

Population : 68 millionTotal Labor Force : 39 million

Total Area: 514,000 SQ.KM Agricultural area: 47 %

http://www.indexmundi.com/thailand/gdp_composition_by_sector.htmlhttp://www.nso.go.th http://www.bot.or.th

AgricultureAgriculture

ServicesServices

IndustriesIndustries

40% 40%

46% 46%

14% 14%

Labor Force by Occupation (2012)

Labor Force by Occupation (2012)

AgricultureAgriculture

ServicesServices

IndustriesIndustries

8%8%

53%53%

39%39%

GDP Composition by Sector (2012)

GDP Composition by Sector (2012)

Year 2 0 1 2 (GDP growth

= 6.4 %)

2012Year (GDP growth

= 6.4 %)

Land Used

Rice

Field crops

Fruit & Trees

Vegetables & Flora

Forage crops

Residents

Fallow

Others

Aerable

Land

20.8 mha

Poverty line

29,064 Baht/year

Number of farmers growing each cash crops

Farmers’ annual income(Baht)

Source: ศศช (NESDB,2014)

Cash crops Value (million Baht)

Ratio to GDP (%)

Labor employment

(million person)

Rubber 294,672 2.6 4.5 (11%)

Rice 644,875 5.7 10.7(27%)

Cassava 79,891 0.7 1.5 (4%)

Sugar cane 109,753 1.0 0.8 (2%)

Oil palm 13,742 0.1 0.4 (1%)

Total 1,142,934 10.1 ~ 45%

Value of cash crops, ratio to GDP and labor employment in 2013

Source: ศศช (NESDB,2014)

Area, Production and Yield of Paddy Rice, 2004–2013

Years Harvested area‘000 ha

Production‘000 t

Yieldt/ha

2004 9,993 28,538 2.9

2005 10,225 30,292 3.0

2006 10,165 29,642 2.9

2007 10,669 32,099 3.0

2008 10,669 31,651 3.0

2009 10,684 31,508 2.9

2010 12,435 32,396 2.8

2011 12,908 36,004 2.8

2012 13,345 38,102 2.9

2013 12,887 37,337 2.9

Source: Office of Agricultural Economics, 2014

Varieties of rice grown, 2001–2010

Years Modern Variety(%)

Traditional Variety(%)

2001 86 14

2002 87 13

2003 86 14

2004 88 12

2005 88 12

2006 91 9

2007 90 10

2008 90 10

2009 92 8

2010 93 7

Source: Office of Agricultural Economics, 2013

Areas of chemical and organic farming in 2004-2012

Years Chemical Farming(,000 ha)

Organic Farming(,000 ha)

2004 9,993 0.01

2005 10,225 0.02

2006 10,165 0.02

2007 10,669 0.01

2008 10,669 0.01

2009 10,684 0.02

2010 12,435 0.02

2011 12,908 0.02

2012 13,345 0.02Source: Office of Agricultural Economics, 2014; Panyakul,2013.

Info graphic by Choopong Eamoraphan

Cost comparison between organic and chemical farming per hectare

Organic Farming Chemical Farming

Seed 0 156

Fertilizer 65 175-208

Chemical substances 0 107-208

Fuel 65 65

Labour cost (not include owner)

0 541

Harvester rental 108 108

Land rental 0 312

Others 108 108

Total 346 1,572-1,706

Source : http://www.bangkokpost.com/print/396609/

Shares in Value of Rice Exports of Thailand by Major Trading Partner, 2011–2013

2011 2012 20131 United States 417.64 405.74 456.59

2 China 235.70 152.58 251.13

3 Benin 104.07 189.54 466.81

4 Cote d'lvoire 330.09 238.47 203.93

5 South Africa 332.47 226.14 231.62

6 Cameroon 98.80 140.54 135.67

7 Hong Kong 218.17 177.69 185.41

8 Malaysia 200.29 69.62 91.21

9 Nigeria 775.24 677.72 92.35

10 Mozambique 87.06 102.24 101.13

Total 6,432.39 4,632.77 4,420.37

Source: Ministry of Commerce

USD

Cost of Rice Production Per Hectare by Country

seed 1.4 MT

Rice mill23 MT

Broken rice2.0-2.5

MT

Consumption

10MT

Export7 MT

Export 06. MT

Domestic1.4-1.9

MT

Rice Flour Noodle Feed

Paddy37 MT

Rice bran 2.8-3.0

MT

FeedRice branoil

Thailand’s Rice Utilization in 2013

Snack

Rice Exports by Major Varieties in 2011-2013

28%37% 42%

38%33%

33%

31% 28% 22%

3% 2% 3%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2011 2012 2013

glutinous rice

parboiled rice

white rice

Hom Mali rice

Source: Ministry of Commerce,2014.

28%37% 42%

38%33%

33%

31% 28% 22%

3% 2% 3%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2011 2012 2013

glutinous rice

parboiled rice

white rice

Hom Mali rice

History of hybrid rice development

1979 : hybrid rice has been developed by Rice Department

starting with three-line hybrid system

1980 : Rice Department set up hybrid rice project

1981 : Rice Department collaborative with IRRI

1994 :Rice Department evaluated yield of hybrid rice varieties developed from the new male sterility rice lines and the Thai restorer lines. The results showed that some hybrid rice lines showed 50-70 % higher yield than

Thai elite lines

History of hybrid rice development

2001 : CP started hybrid research by introducing 8 hybrid varieties from China.

2011 : Rice Department released its first hybrid rice variety, (RDH1)

2012 : Rice Department in collaboration with public and private sectors evaluated yield of hybrids

2013 : Rice Department released RDH3 giving high yield

of 8.84 tons per hectare

2010 : CP released CP 304, a high yield hybrid rice of 7.5

tons/ha

Progress in hybrid rice research

BIOTEC:

Developed molecular markers linked to male sterility genes controlling TGMS

Studied two-line hybrid system by obtaining TGMS from IRRI

Evaluated sterility and fertility conditions

Studied genetic structure of Thai rice germplasm and rice germplasm from IRRI.

Studied on genes and proteins involved in temperaturesensitive male sterility (TGMS)

Source : Pitnjam et al, 2013; Chakhonkaen et al, 2013, Chueasiri, et al, 2014

Sangarwut, et al 2012

Generate F1 hybrids, and inter-station yield evaluations

Progress in hybrid rice research

Kasetsart University

Developed for both three and two line systems: - classification rice germplasm - making database of these rice germplasm - development of A lines,and R lines - evaluation of heterosis of F1 hybrids - study commercial seed production

Rajamangala University of Technology

- developed of two TGMS lines: - selecting high yielding male lines with disease and insect resistances - yield trials of F1 hybrid resulting in 8 hybrids with yield higher than 6.25 tons/hectare

Source :Funding: CPMO, NSTDA

Progress in hybrid rice research

- introduced a TGMS line (T29S) from Vietnam - develop new TGMS lines in several Thai genetic backgrounds - these TGMS lines will be used as female parents for two line hybrid development

Maejo university

Source :Funding: CPMO, NSTDA

Status/Impact of HR production

Total seed production by Crop Integration Business (CP) and Rice Department were about 100 tons in 2013. Planted area about 1,600 hectare

The average yields of HR on sample farms of CP was 7.58-9.42 tons per ha.

Yield, Cost and Profit of Hybrid Rice and Inbred

Hybrid Rice Inbred

Province A Province B Province C

Yield(ton/hectare)

7.0 7.5 7.5 5.6

Cost (USD/hectare)

786 783 891 1,220

Profit(USD/hectare

1,393 1,398 1,269 850

Constraints and Gaps in Hybrid Rice Development

Technology constraints - Few male sterile germplasm available (Somrith, 2007) - Low seed setting rate of A-lines - Effects of environments on sterility/fertility of TGMS lines - Impurity of hybrid seeds produced. - Hybrids yield still be unable to exceed 20% higher yield than that of the best inbred variety.

Social and economic constraints - Higher cost - Not favorable yet by farmers due to limitation of yield - Limitation on acceptance and misunderstanding for hybrid technology

Constraints and Gaps in Hybrid Rice Development

Capability constrains - Few research and breeder teams on hybrid rice (Somrith, 2007) - Limitations of research stations and field testing - Limitations of funding for research and investment - Low collaborations within and between countries

Policy constraints - No clear direction/Long term Plan. - Budget constraints

Opportunities for Hybrid Rice Development

Large diversity of rice germplasm

Technologies capability such as genomics and marker-assisted selection available

Future effective collaboration between good partners (outside and inside country) to share resources and knowledge

Potentially clear direction of government on hybrid research

Key strategies and policy options to promote HR development in

Thailand to 2020 and 2030 Increased capability of hybrid rice production -To develop male-sterile lines which suitable for Thailand -To produce hybrid seeds with reduced cost -To utilize new molecular technologies to speed up hybrid rice breeding

Technology Transfer- To set demonstration farm for farmer learning - Multi-location testing with farmer participation

Pubic and Private Partnership

- Changing material between private and public sectors - Public and private sector work together for regular varietal testing and evaluation - Public-private linkage is in an area of human capital development

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