Hunting and gathering as a way of life FOH 1-3, Cambridge Encyclopedia, April 22.
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Transcript of Hunting and gathering as a way of life FOH 1-3, Cambridge Encyclopedia, April 22.
![Page 1: Hunting and gathering as a way of life FOH 1-3, Cambridge Encyclopedia, April 22.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649f285503460f94c40a90/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Hunting and gathering as a way of life
FOH 1-3, Cambridge Encyclopedia,April 22
![Page 2: Hunting and gathering as a way of life FOH 1-3, Cambridge Encyclopedia, April 22.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649f285503460f94c40a90/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Four stages in the development of human societies?
![Page 3: Hunting and gathering as a way of life FOH 1-3, Cambridge Encyclopedia, April 22.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649f285503460f94c40a90/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Four stages in the development of human societies?
• Hunting and gathering• Agriculture• Preindustrial civilization• Industrial / modern society
![Page 4: Hunting and gathering as a way of life FOH 1-3, Cambridge Encyclopedia, April 22.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649f285503460f94c40a90/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Four stages in the development of human societies?
• Hunting and gathering (until c. 8000 BCE)• Agriculture (c. 8000 – 3000 BCE)• Preindustrial civilization (c. 3000 BCE –
1750 CE)• Industrial / modern society (c. 1750 CE ff)
![Page 5: Hunting and gathering as a way of life FOH 1-3, Cambridge Encyclopedia, April 22.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649f285503460f94c40a90/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Hunting and gathering (= foraging)
• How do people sustain themselves?• How do they relate to each other?
![Page 6: Hunting and gathering as a way of life FOH 1-3, Cambridge Encyclopedia, April 22.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649f285503460f94c40a90/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Sustaining themselves?
![Page 7: Hunting and gathering as a way of life FOH 1-3, Cambridge Encyclopedia, April 22.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649f285503460f94c40a90/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Gathering
• wild plants, fruits, tubers, seeds, nuts• eggs, honey, fish, small animals (lizards, etc.)
importance to diet? who does it? why? how much each day?
![Page 8: Hunting and gathering as a way of life FOH 1-3, Cambridge Encyclopedia, April 22.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649f285503460f94c40a90/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Hunting
• large animals (deer, mammoth, bison, etc.), small game (rabbits, birds), fish• for meat, skins, bones, feathers, etc.
importance to diet? who does it? why? how much each day?
![Page 9: Hunting and gathering as a way of life FOH 1-3, Cambridge Encyclopedia, April 22.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649f285503460f94c40a90/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Division of labor by gender and age
• Has to do more with traits of human infants
![Page 10: Hunting and gathering as a way of life FOH 1-3, Cambridge Encyclopedia, April 22.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649f285503460f94c40a90/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Division of labor by gender and age
• Has to do more with traits of human infants than with inherent abilities of adults:– Dependent on breast milk– Noisy– Cannot walk (fast/far)
• Women of childbearing age and anyone who cannot be quiet and travel far gathers foods
![Page 11: Hunting and gathering as a way of life FOH 1-3, Cambridge Encyclopedia, April 22.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649f285503460f94c40a90/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Nomadic = not permanently settled, moving from place to place
• Why?• What does this mean for how they live, what
they acquire and store?
• Surplus?
![Page 12: Hunting and gathering as a way of life FOH 1-3, Cambridge Encyclopedia, April 22.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649f285503460f94c40a90/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
• Surplus = anything of value beyond what is needed for day to day survival
• What form would it take in H & G societies?
![Page 13: Hunting and gathering as a way of life FOH 1-3, Cambridge Encyclopedia, April 22.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649f285503460f94c40a90/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Orientation to work and natural world
• Gathering and hunting until daily needs are met
• Natural world as source of all good things
• Access to land/water is usually shared by a group or open to all (not “private property”)
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How do they relate to each other?
• Live in bands = small groups of 15-50 people related by kinship– Relationships of partners, parent/child, siblings exist within those groups
• Bands may disperse and come together over year – as sustenance needs fluctuate
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How do they relate to each other?
• Egalitarian?
![Page 16: Hunting and gathering as a way of life FOH 1-3, Cambridge Encyclopedia, April 22.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649f285503460f94c40a90/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
How do they relate to each other?
• Egalitarian = treating each other as equals– Leadership “by example, not fiat”– People may “vote with their feet”
– Equal value attached to gathering and hunting
– Minimal surplus, little/no private property
![Page 17: Hunting and gathering as a way of life FOH 1-3, Cambridge Encyclopedia, April 22.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649f285503460f94c40a90/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
How do they relate to each other?
• Egalitarian• Reciprocity/sharing = idea that people should
give to each other without expecting anything in return immediately– Sharing of food– Sharing of responsibilities– Cooperative endeavors
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Hunting and gathering societies
• How do they live?– Subsistence through natural world– Nomadic– Little/no surplus
• How do they relate?– Bands– Egalitarian– Sharing
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How do they relate to each other?
• Egalitarian• Reciprocity/sharing?
![Page 20: Hunting and gathering as a way of life FOH 1-3, Cambridge Encyclopedia, April 22.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081519/56649f285503460f94c40a90/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Questions about H & G societies?