Human reproduction completed
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Transcript of Human reproduction completed
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Human Reproduction
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• THIS POWER PONT PRESENTATION HAS BEED ALTERED AND MODIFIED FOR EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES THE ORIGINAL PRESENTATIONS CAN BE FOUND ON THE LINKS AT THE END OF THE PRESENTATION
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Battle of the sexes!!!
• Are males and females all that different?
• Well…..• Yes• And• No!
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Anatomy
Male Female
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Similarities
• 2 pouches• Testicles• Ovaries
• Start out inside body• Testicles “descend” before birth
• Fetus begins with “starter parts” that could develop into either gender.
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Around 7th Week…
• Baby’s body is “told” by DNA to become either male or female.
• “Unused” parts disintegrate• “Used” parts continue development• (see overhead)
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Male or Female???
• DNA determines baby’s gender• XX = Female• XY = Male• Depends on which egg & sperm get together.• Father determines baby’s gender.
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Anatomy – similaritiesFunction – VERY different!• Male
• Uncomplicated• Produce sperm
• 2-4 MILLION every day
• Female• Very
Complicated!• One egg• Once a month• Careful
coordination of hormones & body
• Timing perfect!
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Females
• Ovaries• 2 pouches
• Contain ova• Born with all of her eggs (~ 400,000)• Use up ~500• Won’t run out!
• Ovulation• One egg released from ovary to oviduct (fallopian
tube)
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Internal reproductive:
• Vagina• Cervix• Fallopian tube
(uterian tube/oviducts)• Fimbrae• Ovary• Uterus
- Endometrium- Myometrium- Perimetrium
cervixvagina
fimbriae
uterine tube
ovary
uterus
endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium
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Fimbrae & Fallopian Tube
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Oogenesis in the Ovary
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OogenesisOvary- contains 400,000 oocytes; release
about 500 in a lifetime• Ovary- under influence of FSH. The
follicles mature every 28 days• Primary follicle produces estrogens• And primary oocyte completes its 1st
division produces 2ndary oocyte and polar body
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Oogenesis• Aprox 1/2 way through the 28 day cycle the
follicle reaches the mature Vesticular or Graffian follicle stage.
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Oogenesis
• Estrogen levels rise and release LH and FSH and triggers ovulation.
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Oogenesis• The 2ndary oocyte travels down the uterine
tube to the uterus.• If fertilized by sperm, it will produce a zygote
Ovum in uterine tube
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After Ovulation
• Egg pushed along by cilia• Few days travel time to arrive in uterus
• Cervix – Opening between uterus & vagina
• Normally tiny• At birth – muscles pull open (dilation)
cervix to allow baby to pass through = Labor
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Menstrual Cycle
• Complex combination of 10-12 chemicals (hormones)
• Usually one egg once a month• All about timing!!!
• Uterus must be ready when egg gets there in case it was fertilized
• If no fertilization, tear down lining of uterus and rebuild for next month
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28-Day Cycle (average)
• Three Stages1. Tear Down2. Rebuild3. Extra nutrients/blood for potential baby
• No Baby?• Back to #1
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Chemicals (hormones)
• Regulate events in the body• Estrogen• Progesterone• LH (leuteinizing hormone)• FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)• Many others
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Day 1
• First menstrual blood & tissue• No baby = breaks down lining of uterus• 5-7 days of blood/tissue exits body
Pre-Ovulation
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~Day 14
• Ovulation = Egg released• Temp spikes slightly• Most fertile in next few days!
• Able to get pregnant
• Egg gets fertilized while traveling through oviduct.
Post-Ovulation
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If fertilized…
• Zygote begins to divide as it travels through oviduct
• Implants into lining of uterus
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If not fertilized…
• Egg travels through oviduct to uterus• Exits body with blood and tissues during
menstruation
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Birth Control Pills
• “Trick” body into thinking it’s pregnant• Extra hormones• No ovulation occurs• No ovulation = no egg = no fertilization = no baby!• No hormones taken for 7 days = menstruation
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Male
• Testes• Produce 2-4 million sperm every day • Outside body – why?
• Sperm like temps 1-2° cooler than body temp
• Vas Deferens• Tube sperm travel through
• Vasectomy• Cut/tie off tube – sperm can’t get out!
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Testes
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Male Reproductive System
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Male Reproductive System
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External structure of the penis:
• glans penis
• prepuce (foreskin)
• There is no verifiable health benefit to circumcision.
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Circumcision
foreskin glans penis urethral opening
suturesshaft
corona
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Semen
• Contains• 300-500 million sperm• Sperm food• pH buffers
• Allows sperm to survive for a couple of days inside female’s body (hostile environment)
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What is sperm?
• Then…• Used to think it was a tiny human
inside each cell• Spermists vs. Ovists
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Now…
• Contains Several Parts:
• Head• Chemical to dissolve
egg goo• Dad’s genetic
information (DNA)• Mitochondria
• Energy• Tail
• Swimming
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Prostate Gland
• Adds non-sperm stuff to semen• pH buffers• Nourishment
• Cancer very common• Slower-growing (usually)• Surgery for removal
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Bulbourethral gland
• Adds lubricant to aid travel of semen through the urethra
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Conception/Fertilization
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Conception/Fertilization
• Ejaculation• Release of 300-500 million sperm
• Egg needs to be in oviduct• Sperm to egg, not an easy task
• Go wrong direction : 2 paths – only 1 leads to an egg
• Get attacked by female’s white blood cells• Acidic environment• Current
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Once egg is located…• Dissolve protective goo surrounding egg• One gets through – enters egg• Instant biochemical change in zygote
• No more sperm allowed in
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Zygote begins development
Time Lapse Development
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Implants in uterine lining• Endometrium= outer lining of uterus
• Becomes placenta
• Uses mother’s nutrients• Continues development
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Fetal Development
• Anmion• Membrane surrounding baby• Contains amniotic fluid• Breaks just before birth = “water broke”
• Amniotic Fluid• The “water” – surrounding baby• Buoyant cradle for baby
• Protection• Free movement
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Fetal Dev (cont’d)
• Umbilical Cord• Blood vessels from placenta to baby• Mom’s & baby’s blood do not circulate together!
• Can have 2 different blood types• Diffusion
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Ancient beliefs
• Wak Wak tree
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Birth• Labor – muscles used to open cervix• Baby flips upside down
• Head first!• Feet first = Breech (bad)
• Cesarian Section (“C-section”) surgical removal of baby
• After baby is born mom delivers placenta (“afterbirth”) that detaches from uterus
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Breastfeeding
• Most nutritious option for baby• Milk changes as baby grows
• Antibodies from mom create immunity for baby• Studies have shown correlation between
breastfeeding and higher intelligence in baby.• Bond w/baby is stronger
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Twins/Multiple Births
• Two types• Monozygotic
• From one egg• Identical
• Dizygotic• From two eggs• Fraternal• Not identical
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Identical twins
• One zygote• Splits in 2• No one knows why!• Completely random =
does NOT run in families• Same exact DNA• Nature’s clones
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Fraternal Twins
• 2 separate eggs get fertilized with 2 different sperm cells• More than one egg got released
during ovulation• Siblings• Can be sisters• Brothers• Brother and sister
• Tends to run in families
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Conjoined Twins• Used to be called “Siamese” twins• First well known case was in Siam• Identical twins that never completely separated
during development• Sometimes can be separated, depending on what is
shared.
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REFERENCES
Human reproduction .Accessed from:http://www.iteachbio.com/.../Reproductive%20System/Human%20Reproductio...%E2%80%8E .Accessed:06/03/2014
27 REPRODUCTION.ACCESSED FROM:http://www.wcc.hawaii.edu/.../Marieb%20ZOOL%20142%20%20PPT/027%20...%E2%80%8E
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http://www.slideshare.net/promnqobi/human-reproduction-completed