Human Populations

APESChapter 6

Activity:

• Reading assignment, section 1 ch 6 due Monday• Posted on Web-page

Rap Session:

• Discuss Human Populations…– Increase, decrease????– Where???

• Pros associated with this phenomenon…….• Problems associated with this phenomenon….

Poster in China, 1980’s

Lets Look At China• What do you know?

– Prior to 1970’s, China encouraged population growth– By 1970, resources were being depleted too fast– Govt. instituted program

• Families were encouraged to have no more than 1 child• Marry later in life• Birth control and abortions were easily accessible• By 1975, the # dropped from 2.8% to 1.8%• By 1979, reward and punishment system in place

– Social rewards for maintaining the 1 child status– Social scorn and ridicule for others w/more than 1

• Consequences:– .06% growth rate– Murder of baby girls– Unbalanced sex ratio

Human Population Growth• 7 billion!!

– Most growth is in poor, developing nations• Not equipped to handle it

– Population has doubled since 1967 world wide– ~80 million people per year (2.5 every second)

Video

• Video on Demand - The Habitable Planet: A Systems Approach to Environmental Science - Human Population Dynamics

• How will the world population change in the future?

Activity:

Where do you stand????If you don’t stand for something, you

will fall for anything!!!

Monday: Section 1 readingsCh 6 Section 1 readings:

What is the biggest discrepancy in China’s one child policy? Why does this work in China? Would it work here in the US?

Where is most of the human population occurring? What country is set to surpass China? Why is this problematic?

The world has doubled since what date? How many people are added every year? Every second? Think about that. The text talks about how different our population is today vs. prior to the 1800’s. Discuss this with regard to the rule of thumb and the doubling time.

Why has the world population boomed? Be specific. Compare the views of the economist to that of the environmental economist on this topic. Of course, there is more to it than just the number of people on the planet. Explain what IPAT is how this can be used as a predictor of future events. It can be used for good or bad. Explain this. Now discuss the scenario in China and its new Dust Bowl.

What is demography? What do they help us predict? Where do we tend to see the largest numbers of people globally? Where are the lowest densities? Why is this? Explain then why we sometimes see cites as “good for the environment”, and other areas of low density bad (pertaining to human populations). How does the age of an area factor into demographics? What can we expect to see in the elderly population in areas with low growth rates (such as China)? Now compare that to the expectation of a nation such as Madagascar? How will affect the country’s economy? Health care? Military? What about the sex ratio? Shouldn’t there always be a 50/50 split between boys and girls? Discuss the trend seen today in China; why are there more boys than girls? Discuss all aspects mentioned.

What is the formula for measuring population growth rate? What is TFR? What is replacement fertility? How do these factor into human populations? So how is it that global populations are still increasing exponentially?

What is the demographic transition? What is thought to cause this transition? List the stages (1-4) and define each. Will this apply to all nations? Explain.

Testing Comprehension Q’s #8, and 10.

Seeking Solution #2 and 3.

Rule of Thumb

• Estimate doubling times as follows:– 70/ the annual percentage growth rate

• Example:• 70/2.1 = 33.3

– In 33 years, a population with an AGR of 2.1 will double in 33 yrs!

– Is this a bad thing?• Pros to population increase

– Warfare– Economic reasons

• Cons to population increase– Depletion on resources– Economic reasons

Is our Population Growth really a Problem?

Ch 6 ContinuedSection 2 readings due Wednesday

Why has it Increased?

• Advances in:– Technology– Green revolution– Medical care– Improved sanitation– Etc.– D:\Chapter_06\C_Animation_and_Video_Files\Ani

mations\human_pop_growth\human_pop_growth_START.html

What about our Quality of Life?

• Increased numbers of people will put a strain on resources, taking away from future generations– We just borrow our planet from our children

• Stresses on social systems• Less space in which to live• Less food to eat• Less material wealth

IPAT Model:

• Model proposed in 74 to show how factors affect environments

• IPAT I = P X A X T– I = Impact– P = Population– A = Affluence– T = Technology

• The way in which our total impact on the environment results from the interaction among population, affluence, and technology

IPAT

• Population: Increased #’s mean more people, less space, more natural resource use, more waste.

• Affluence: Affluent societies have more stuff- greater per capita resource consumption

• Technology: Enhances our ability to exploit minerals, fossil fuels, oceans, etc. but can also reduce smokehouse emissions, harness renewable energy, etc.

Look @ China

• More people = more need for resources• People are becoming more affluent

– More wealth = more need for resources, more waste, etc.

– More agriculture: less land- soils are depleted• Dust bowl

– Rivers are drained– Etc.

• Example: Shark Fin Soup

Demography

• The study of human populations• HUMANS ARE SUBJECT TO THE SAME RULES

OF THE JUNGLE AS EVERYONE ELSE!!!!• We have SO FAR been able to raise our

carrying capacity with our technological advances, but there is a limit

Population size

Does the number of people tell the whole story? No. Human Impact depends on many factors

Many ways to look @ populations

• Age structure

Sex RatioNormally, 106 males for every 100 femalesChina in 2022: 120 males to 100 females

Demographic Transition

• Model of economic and cultural change to explain falling death and birth rates in Western nations.– Stable pre-industrialized state of high death and

birth rates to a Stable post-industrialized state of low death and birth rates.

• What is the cause?

– Thought to be temporary

Activity:

• Section 2 readings due tomorrow!!!

Activity: Section 2

• Empowering women• Wealth and affluence

– The haves and the have nots– Poverty and population growth go hand in hand.

Why?

• Conclusions??????

• The world has achieved equality in primary education between girls and boys, but only 2 out of 130 countries have achieved that target at all levels of education.

• Globally, 40 out of every 100 wage-earning jobs in the non-agricultural sector were held by women in 2011. This is a significant improvement since 1990.

• In many countries, gender inequality persists and women continue to face discrimination in access to education, work and economic assets, and participation in government. For example, in every developing region, women tend to hold less secure jobs than men, with fewer social benefits.

• Violence against women continues to undermine efforts to reach all goals.• Poverty is a major barrier to secondary education, especially among older

girls.• Women are largely relegated to more vulnerable forms of employment.

Major areas of concern:• Reproductive health

– From prevention to child-bearing and rearing

• Stewardship of natural resources– Most women on charge of securing water, food, fuel

• Economic empowerment– More women than men live in poverty

• Educational empowerment– 2/3rds of women worldwide are illiterate

• Political empowerment– Many social and legal institutions still do not guarantee women basic fundamental rights

• Empowerment throughout lifecycle– Women face different challenges @ different stages of life

Population and Society

• Empowering women changed the world ;)– Contraceptives– Education

• Contraceptive use– 20 African nations are less than 10%– China is at 86%– Worldwide is 54%

Not just China

• India was the 1st nation to implement population control policies– 1970 they introduced forced sterilization!!

• Government fell as a result

– Now it is trying to implement a 2 child per household policy

– Will overtake China’s population by 2030

• Thailand: education and family planning

Poverty and Population Growth

• HUGE correlation!!• Poor nations have

– Higher fertility rates– Higher birth rates – Higher infant mortality rates– Lower contraceptive use

• These trends affect distributions of people– 1960: 70% lived in developing nations– 2007: 82% lived in these areas– 99% of the next billion will live here!!!!!

Activity:

• Write a short summary of how wealth and affluence are adding to the problem

• Lab: “The power of doubling” tomorrow

QUESTION: ReviewWhat has accounted for the majority of the world’s population growth in recent years?

a) More women are having more babies.b) Death rates have dropped due to technology,

medicine, and food.c) Fewer women are using contraceptives.d) More people are dying worldwide.e) Nothing. The population has dropped in recent

years.

QUESTION: ReviewAccording to the I = P x A x T formula, what would happen if the U.S., with its consumptive lifestyle, increased its population to 1 billion people?

a) The population would automatically drop.

a) b The population would automatically increase.

b) c) The impact on the environment would increase.

c) D)The impact on the environment would decrease.

d) e) The impact on the environment would even out.

QUESTION: ReviewHow have humans been able to raise the environment’s carrying capacity for our species?

a) Through technologyb) By eliminating limiting factorsc) Through increased consumptiond) Spending more money on non-essential resourcese) By formulating population policy guidelines

QUESTION: ReviewAreas that lack significant numbers of people and have a low population density are:

a) No longer availableb) Best able to support higher densities of peoplec) Sensitive areas least able to support high densities

of peopled) Located around tropical and grassland arease) Located around coastal areas and rivers

QUESTION: ReviewWhat will keep a population size stable?

a) When TFR > replacement fertilityb) When TFR < replacement fertilityc) When TFR = replacement fertilityd) When more people are borne) When fertility rates increase

QUESTION: ReviewDescribe the relationship between growth rates and population size.

a) Falling growth rates automatically mean a smaller population.

b) Falling growth rates automatically mean a larger population.

c) Falling growth rates mean we no longer have a population problem.

d) Falling growth rates does not mean a smaller population, but that rates of increase are slowing.

e) Falling growth rates mean that the human population is in danger of extinction.

QUESTION: ReviewWhich of the following will NOT result in lower population growth rates?

a) Empowering womenb) Delayed marriage for womenc) Educating women d) Providing access to contraceptivese) All of these result in lower population growth

rates.

QUESTION: Weighing the IssuesIn 2001, the Bush administration withheld funds for international family planning. Should the U.S. fund family planning?

a) Yes, absolutely.b) Yes, but only in nations that follow U.S.-approved

programs.c) Only if it can influence the nation’s policies.d) Never under any circumstances. It’s not our job.e) No, we are too broke to help other nations.

QUESTION: Weighing the IssuesA fear of fewer workers and a weakened economy has led many policymakers in developed countries to offer incentives to women to have more children.

a) This is good, since children strengthen society.b) This is good, since developed nations can afford larger

populations.c) This is not good. Developed nations can increase

immigration to increase workers.d) This is not a good idea. Leaders must find other

solutionse) I don’t care, since I plan on living in the U.S. anyway.

QUESTION: Weighing the IssuesWould you rather live in a country with a larger population or smaller population?

a) Small population, so there will be more resources for me

b) Small population, so there will be more resources for others, including wildlife

c) Large population, so I can find a date d) Large population, because people are our

biggest resource

QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs

a) High birth and death rates cause population increases

b) High birth and death rates, but population is stable

c) High birth rates with low death rates cause population to increase

d) Low birth and death rates cause the population to decrease

e) Population stabilized due to government incentives

What happens during the “transitional” stage of the demographic transition?

QUESTION: Interpreting Graphs and Data

According to this age pyramid, Madagascar’s future population will be:

a) Balancedb) Largerc) Much largerd) Smallere) Much smaller