HOW WILL YOU

Ma ShuangCollege of Comprehensive Foundation Studies

Liaoning University

Background Knowledge 1

• Jeff Skilling (Malcolm Salter, 02.04.09, 04:26 PM EST )

Jeffrey Skilling, the former chief executive officer of Enron, continues to teach us how not to behave.

Jeffrey Keith "Jeff" Skilling (born November 25, 1953) was

the former president of Enron Corporation, headquartered in

Houston, Texas. In 2006 he was convicted of multiple federal

felony[ 重罪 ]charges relating to Enron's financial collapse,

including the conviction for fraud, conspiracy to commit fraud

and insider trading, and is currently serving a 24-year, four –

month prison sentence at the Federal Correctional Institution

in Englewood, Colorado.

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Background Knowledge 2

• Enron scandal Enron Corporation was an American energy, commodities, and services

company based in Houston, Texas. Before its bankruptcy on December 2, 2001, Enron employed approximately 22,000 staff and was one of the world's leading electricity, natural gas, communications, and pulp and paper companies, with claimed revenues of nearly $101 billion in 2000.Fortune named Enron "America's Most Innovative Company" for six consecutive years. At the end of 2001, it was revealed that its reported financial condition was sustained substantially by institutionalized, systematic, and creatively planned accounting fraud, known as the "Enron scandal". Enron has since become a popular symbol of willful corporate fraud and corruption. The scandal also brought into question the accounting practices and activities of many corporations throughout the United States and was a factor in the creation of the Sarba-

nes–Oxley Act of 2002. The scandal also affected the wider business world

by causing the dissolution of the Arthur Andersen accounting

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Background Knowledge 3

• Frederick Herzberg (弗雷德里克·赫茨伯格 )

Frederick Irving Herzberg (1923 – 2000) born in Massachusetts, was an

American psychologist who became one of the most influential names in

business management. He is most famous for introducing job enrichment and

the Motivator-Hygiene theory. His 1968 publication "One More Time, How Do

You Motivate Employees?" had sold 1.2 million reprints by 1987 and was the

most requested article from the Harvard Business Review.

Herzberg proposed the Motivation-Hygiene Theory (" 激励因素— 保健因素“理论）， also known as the Two factor theory （双因素理论 )(1959) of job satisfaction.

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Background Knowledge 4

• Two Factor Theory ： “ The Dual Structure Theory” ( 双因素理论）

According to his theory, people are influenced by two sets of factors:

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Herzberg proposed several key findings as a result of this identification.

• People are made dissatisfied by a bad environment, but they are seldom made satisfied by a good environment.

• The prevention of dissatisfaction is just as important as encouragement of motivator satisfaction.

• Hygiene factors operate independently of motivation factors. An individual can be highly motivated in his work and be dissatisfied with his work environment.

• All hygiene factors are equally important, although their frequency of occurrence differs considerably.

• Hygiene improvements have short-term effects. Any improvements result in a short-term removal of, or prevention of, dissatisfaction.

• Hygiene needs are cyclical （循环的） in nature and come back to a starting point. This leads to the "What have you done for me lately?" syndrome.

• Hygiene needs have an escalating zero point and no final answer.

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Terms and Expressions 1

• Activity-based costing( 作业成本法 )Activity-based costing (ABC) is a special costing model that identifies activities in an organization and assigns the cost of each activity with resources to all products and services according to the actual consumption by each. This model assigns more indirect costs (overhead ，经常开支 ) into direct costs compared to conventional costing models.

• Balanced scorecards （平衡记分卡） BSC is a strategic performance management tool - a semi-standard structured report, supported by proven design methods and automation tools, that can be used by managers to keep track of the execution of activities by the staff within their control and to monitor the consequences arising from these actions

• Four Ps (4P)They are elements of marketing mix: product, price, promotion & place.

• Five Forces (五力 )Five forces analysis is a framework for industry analysis and business strategy development formed by Michael E. Porter

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• Five Forces

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Terms and Expressions 2

Terms and Expressions 3

• marginal costs(Economics) The increase in total cost of production as a result of producing one more unit of output; since certain overhead costs are fixed, the marginal cost is almost always less than the total per-unit cost of production averaged over all units produced.

• work one’s tail off = work (one's) ass off; work (one's) buns off; work (one's) butt off

to work very hard; to work excessively or to the point of exhaustion

c.f.

laugh one’s tail off

Application of Tools of Cooperation

Members agree on what they want from their participation in the enterprise

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Little agreement in this quadrant

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Many Thanks