How to manage and prevent the different faces of pneumonia ...€¦ · Yende S, Am J Respir Crit...

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Session: How to manage and prevent Session: How to manage and prevent the different faces of pneumonia the different faces of pneumonia Severe CAP Severe CAP Garyfallia Poulakou Consultant, Infectious Diseases 4 th Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital of Athens Athens 19, 20 November 2015

Transcript of How to manage and prevent the different faces of pneumonia ...€¦ · Yende S, Am J Respir Crit...

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Session: How to manage and preventSession: How to manage and prevent

the different faces of pneumoniathe different faces of pneumonia

Severe CAPSevere CAP

Garyfallia PoulakouConsultant,

Infectious Diseases4th

Department of Internal  

Medicine, Attikon University 

Hospital of Athens

Athens 19, 20 November 2015

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TRANSPARENCY  DECLARATION

No conflicts of interest related to this 

presentation

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Definition and incidence of sCAP

• CAP is defined as• An acute illness with clinical features of lower 

respiratory tract infection, presenting with radiological 

infiltrations and no other explanation of the infection

• For sCAP there is not universally accepted 

definition 

• CAP that requires ICU admission

• (sCAP) represents 10 % of patients hospitalized 

with CAP, with an incidence that increases in 

recent years

Woodhead M et al, Crit Care. 2006;10(2):S1Mandell et al,  Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44(S2): S27‐72

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CAP: a disease with important consequences

• CAP is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality from infectious 

diseases in developed countries

• It affects more than 5 million adults and accounts for more than

million admissions each year in the United States

• Despite effective antibiotic therapy, about 12‐36% patients 

admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with severe CAP die within 

a short period of time

Murray CJ Lancet 1997;349:1498‐504Jemal J, JAMA 2005;294:1255‐9 Fine M, JAMA 1996;275:134‐41

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sCAP is on the rise

Data from 17,869 cases in UK: registered in the ICNARC Case Mix Programme 

Database

• While sCAP represents a 

small proportion of all 

ICU admissions, there is a 

progressive rise in the 

number of admissions 

with time  (128%)

• Overall mortality (50% 

survive to exit hospital) 

remains high, especially 

in those admitted later in 

their hospital stay

Woodhead H et al, Crit Care. 2006;10(2):S1

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Mortality of sCAP: stable, worsening or 

decreasing over time?• The UK database: stability ~30% ICU mortality• The CAPUCI I (2000‐2002) and II (2008‐2015) studies from Spain and 

European centers show a significantly decrease in mortality

• The CAPO International cohort shows increaseCAPO StudyIn-hospital mortality percentage and 95% confidence interval

CAPUCI Studies

Cavallazzi R, Respiratory Medicine (2015) 109, 743e750Woodhead H et al, Crit Care. 2006;10(2):S1, Gattarello S, Crit Care. 2015 Sep 10;19:335

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sCAP is a progressive disease

and the most common cause of sepsis and septic shock worldwide

Infection Local extension

Severe sepsis

Sepsis

Septic shock

LRTIMild CAP

LRTIMild CAP

Multiorgan 

dysfunction

Multiorgan 

dysfunction

Systemic inflammatory responseHypercoagulation

Acute organ dysfunctionHypotensionHypoperfusion

Hypotension non‐responsiveto fluid resuscitation Ewig et al, Eur R J 2006

Beal et al, JAMA 1994Nystrom et al, JAC 1998Rello J, Crit Care 2008

Pulmonary 

spreadAcute 

respiratory 

failure

Acute 

respiratory 

failure

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Why pneumonia remains a lethal condition?

Pathogen Inflammation

• Continuing excess 

mortality for 

more than 2 years 

after surviving an 

episode of CAP• Long term 

impaired 

functional status• Long term 

neurologic, 

cardiovascular, 

cognitive ,  

endocrine 

consequences

• Pathogen’s 

inherent 

toxicity• Antimicrobial 

resistance• Viral co‐

infections?

• Antibiotic 

development

Most hospital deaths occur after eradication of bacteria

Bordon J, Chest. 2010;138:279–83Iwashyna TJ, JAMA. 2010;304:1787–9Yende S, Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;177:1242–74

Johnstone, Medicine. 2008;87:329–34Waterer GW, Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2004;169:910–4

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IDSA / ATS Criteria for ICU admission

Major criteria (1 or more)Invasive mechanical ventilationSeptic shock with the need for vasopressorsMinor criteria (3 or more)Respiratory rate ≥30 breaths/minPaO2

/FiO2

≤250Multilobar infiltratesConfusion-disorientationUremia (BUN level≥20 mg/dL)Leucopenia (WBC count <4×109/L)Thrombocytopenia (platelet count <100×109/L)Hypothermia (core temperature <36 °C)vHypotension (SBP <90 mmHg) requiring aggressive fluid resuscitation

Delayed ICU transfer for 

respiratory arrest or shock is 

associated with 2–2.6‐fold 

increased risk for hospital 

mortality compared with direct 

admission from the emergency 

department

Renaud B, Crit CareMed. 2009;37:2867–74Restreppo MI, Chest. 2010;137:552–7Leroy O, Intensive Care Med. 1995;21(1):24–31.

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PSI for admission decisions in CAP

DEMOGRAPHICSAge

GenderNursing home

COMORBIDITIESNeoplasia

Liver DiseaseCHF

Cerebrovascular diseaseRenal Disease

PHYSICAL EXAMMental confusionRespiratory Rate

SBPHeart RateTemperature

LABORATORY/IMAGINGBUN,Glucose

Sodium, HematocritPleural effusion

Arterial PhOxygenation

Risk Class Mortality Admission recommendation

I 0.1 Outpatient

II 0.6 Outpatient

III 2.8 Outpatient or Brief Inpatient

IV 8.2 Inpatient

V 29.2 Inpatient Woodhead Eur R J 2005Fine, NEJM 1997

Restrepo and Anzueto Curr Opin Infect Dis 2006

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CURB‐65 for admission decisions in CAP

• C

onfusion• U

rea (>7mmol/L)• R espiratory rate ≥30/min• B

P (SBP ≤90mmHg or DBP ≤60mmHg• 65

(Age ≥65 years)1 point each

Score/ Risk 

ClassMortality Admission recommendation

0 0.7 Outpatient

1 2.1 Outpatient

2 7.2 Short Hospital stay/Supervised outpatient

3 14.5 Hospital, assess for ICU admission

4 40 Hospital, assess for ICU admission

5 57 Hospital, assess for ICU admissionMcFarlane et al, Thorax 2001; 56(S IV): 1‐96

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Comparison of PSI and CURB‐65

PSI• Well validated• Reduces admissions and costs

• Rather complex to calculate• Not based on severity of disease• Age bias against young without 

comorbidities

CURB‐65• Easy to remember• Easy to calculate• Disease severity; no comorbidities

• BUN?• Underestimates risk in elderly with 

comorbidities

Mandell et al,  Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44(S2): S27‐72Woodhead Eur R J 2005, Rello J Crit Care 2009

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Adapted PIRO score for sCAP

Rello J, et al, Crit Care Med. 2008Rello J et al, Eur Respir J. 2006;27:1210–1216Opal S, Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2005;6(suppl):S55–S60

The PIRO conceptAnalogy to the TNM cancer 

classificationP

redispositionI

nfectionR

esponseO

rgan dysfunction

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PIRO score for community‐acquired pneumonia: results 

fro the CAPUCI I study

Length of stay (LOS) in intensive care unit 

(ICU) and mechanical ventilation (MV) days 

on survivors according to PIRO score

Rello J et al, Critical Care Medicine 2009; 37(2):456‐462

Twenty‐eight‐day mortality rate according 

PIRO score

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The SMART‐COP score• A tool developed in the Australian CAP Study for the prediction of which 

patients will require intensive respiratory or vasopressors support. • Systolic blood pressure, • Multilobar chest radiography, • low Albumin levels, • Respiratory rate (age adjusted), • Tachycardia, • Confusion, • low Oxygen (age‐adjusted), • and arterial pH (<7.35)

Charles PG, Clin Infect Dis 2008;47(3):375-84

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Newly introduced scores

aiming to predict ICU referralThe SCAP score•Variables of the score grouped in six minor criteria 

• (confusion, urea >30 mg/dl, respiratory rate >30/ min, multilobar bilateral infiltrates, PaO2 

<54 mmHg or PaO2/FiO2 <250 and age >80 years) and •two major criteria 

• (arterial pH <7.35 or systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg) •At least, two minor criteria or one major criterion predicted SCAP with 

sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 60%The REA‐ICU index •11 criteria : male gender, age <80 years, comorbid conditions, respiratory rate 

>30 breaths/min, heart rate >125 beats/min, multilobar infiltrate or pleural 

effusion, WBC <3 or >20 G/l, hypoxemia [SO2 <90% or PaO2<60 mmHg], blood 

urea nitrogen >11 mmol/l, pH < 7.35 and Na<130 mEq/l.

Espan˜a PP, J Infect 2010;60(2):106-13Renaud et al Crit Care Med 2009;37(11):2867-74

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Microbiology of sCAP

• Streptococcus pneumoniae*• Legionella pneumophila*• Haemophilus influenza• Klebsiella pneumoniae• Viral infections (up to 1/3)• Mixed infections (up to 20%)• Anaerobes• Pseudomonas aeruginosa*

Risk factors•Severe COPD with frequent hospitalizations, 

Bronchiectasis, •Cystic fibrosis,•Those taking antibiotics for a long time(>10 mg for >1 

month)•Immunosuppressed patients (HIV, corticosteroid 

therapy, malnutrition)

• Account for 85% of CAP 

causes• 2/3 of deaths are attributed 

to pneumococcus

Alcoholics* Lethal pathogens 

Neuhaus and Ewig, Med Clin North Am. 2001;85:1413–1425Rello et al Chest. 2003;123:174–180Liapikou and Torres 2014

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Antibiotic treatment in sCAP

Speed matters

• Antimicrobial treatment for sCAP remains largely empirical, 

targeting the most likely pathogens

• Before the initiation of antibiotics, at least two samples of blood 

cultures should be obtained, one intravenous and the other from a 

vascular catheter

• Total duration of 7‐10 daysWoodhead CMI 2011

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Recommended treatment for sCAP• Patients without pseudomonal risk: an intravenous β‐

lactam plus 

either a macrolide or a respiratory fluoroquinolone 

• Patients with pseudomonas risk: • an antipseudomonal β‐lactam combined with either levofloxacin or 

ciprofloxacin or• the antipseudomonal β‐lactam can be combined with both an 

aminoglycoside and either azithromycin or a respiratory quinolone

• Anaerobic coverage (a cephalosporin with clindamycin) is indicated 

only in patients with a risk for aspiration, such as alcoholism,

loss of 

consciousness and oropharyngeal dysphagia due to neurological 

disease

Mandell LA, et al Clin InfectDis. 2007;44 Suppl 2:S27–72Woodhead et al, Clin Microbiol Infect. 2011;17(6):E1–59

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Combination treatments and the role of 

macrolides• From several studies, it has been reported that the benefit of 

combination therapy in patients with SCAP and septic shock is seen 

only when a macrolide is part of the regimen 

• This effect is probably attributed to the anti‐inflammatory properties of 

macrolides

• In one US study of patients with Pneumonia Severity Index class V, 

quinolone monotherapy had twice as high a mortality as the use of 

a b‐lactam/macrolide combination

Eur Respir J 2009;33(1): 153-9, Intensive Care Med 2010;36(4):612-20Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170(4): 440-4 Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51(11):3977-82

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• 13 studies• 5 prospective• 7 included ICU 

patients

O’

Brien E et al, Respir Investigation 2015

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Combined therapy provided a survival benefit in 

CAPUCI study

Gatarello S et al, Chest 2014 Jul 1;146(1):22e31

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Early initiation of treatment was associated 

with a survival benefit  in the CAPUCI study

Gatarello S et al, Chest 2014 Jul 1;146(1):22e31

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Combination therapy is associated with better survival in 

sCAP: CAPUCI study, non pneumococcal sCAP

Courtesy S. Gattarello and J. RelloGattarello S et al Crit Care 2015

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Prompt administration of antibiotics is associated with better 

survival curves : CAPUCI study , non pneumococcal sCAP

Gattarello S et al Crit Care 2015

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Biomarkers as tools for treatment duration 

and prognosis in sCAP• The SCC and ESCMID guidelines now include the use of biomarkers,

especially PCT, to assist in decisions regarding discontinuation

of empiric 

antibiotics (grade 2C). • The largest randomized trial published to date reported that a PCT 

guided strategy to treat suspected bacterial infections could reduce 

antibiotic exposure  • Moreover, PCT kinetics could be a tool for assessing the evolution of 

severe sepsis and septic shock• In their study, Schuetz and colleagues concluded that for ICU and in‐

hospital mortality, a 72‐h PCT decrease >80% had a negative predictive 

value of 91%, and no decrease or an increase in PCT over 72 h had a 

positive predictive value of 48%.Bouadma L et al, Lancet 2010;375(9713):463-74Schuez P et al, Care 2013;17(3):R115

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Corticosteroids in sCAPFor patients with sCAP, risk assessment should take into 

consideration patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary

disease and asthma that may have received intermittent treatment

with steroids before their septic episode, and, therefore, have 

iatrogenic adrenal insufficiency,

needing steroid replacement

Mandel L, Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44(S2); S27‐72

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Author / 

yearNo 

patientsDisease Type of corticosteroid, 

dosageDuration of 

treatmentMain outcome

Confalonieri et 

al./

200548 CAP requiring 

ICUHydrocortisone,240 mg/d

7 days Decrease mortality

Mikami et al./ 

2007 (open label)31 Hospitalized 

CAPPrednisolone 40 mg/d 3 days Early stabilization vital signs

Snijders et al./ 

2010213 Hospitalized 

CAPPrednisolone 40 mg/d 7 days Increase late failure

Fernandez‐

Serrano/ 201156 Hospitalized 

CAPMethylprednisolone, 620 mg 9 days

Gradual 

withdrawal

Decrease length of stay

Sabry et al.

201180 Hospitalized 

CAPHydrocortisone 300 mg/d 7 days Decreased duration of 

mechanical ventilation

Meijvis et al./ 

2011304 Hospitalized 

CAPDexamethasone 5 mg/d 4 days Reduced length of stay

Hyperglycemia

Torres et al/ 

2015112 sCAP and high 

inflammatory 

response

0.5 mg/kg per 12 hours of 

methylprednisolone5 days Decreased treatment failure

Blum et al/ 

2015785 Mild and sCAP Prednisone 50 mg daily 7 days Shorter median time to clinical 

stability  Hyperglycemia

SUMMARY OF RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIALS OF CORTICOSTEROIDS IN CAPAdapted from Sibila O,  Minerva Anestesiol 2014;80:1336‐44

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Results of the most recent meta‐analysis

(10 eligible RCTs comprising 1780 cases)

(i) corticosteroids shorten 

length of hospital stay for CAP,(ii) corticosteroids shorten 

length to clinical stability for 

CAP, and (iii) corticosteroids lower 

mortality for severe CAP 

Horita N et al, Sci Rep. 2015 Sep 16;5:14061.

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• According to the most recent 

meta‐analysis corticosteroids 

lower mortality for severe 

CAP

• The incidence of major 

complications was not 

greatly increased

Horita N et al, Sci Rep. 2015 Sep 16;5:14061.

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A large scale observational study from Japan

Low‐dose* corticosteroid use may be 

associated with reduced 28‐day mortality in 

patients with septic shock complicating CAP *[defined as intravenous infusion of 

methylprednisolone 0.5–2.5 mg∙kg−1∙day−1 (or 

an equivalent dose of dexamethasone, 

hydrocortisone, prednisolone or betamethasone)]

Tagami T, Eur Respir J 2015; 45: 463–472

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Conclusions• Despite the advent of new antibiotics and better treatment modalities in 

the ICU, sCAP still carries a significant mortality • The use of severity scores to guide ICU admission remains a priority, 

because delayed ICU admission is associated with higher mortality; 

however still do not have the ideal score for this purpose • Clinical experience and judgment should not be underestimated in

this setting• Early administration of combination antibiotic treatment represents a 

milestone in the management of sCAP; the combination of a β‐

lactam 

plus a macrolide showed survival benefits in the recent literature• Although several RCTs have been performed in the last years with

promising results, the use of corticosteroids in CAP remains controversial 

in clinical practice• Patients with severe CAP, septic shock and a high inflammatory response could be 

the most likely to benefit of adjuvant corticosteroid treatment

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Thank you for your attention

Athena, the ancient Greek Goddessof wisdom and justice